Eastern Bloc media and propaganda

2535: 2504: 4275: 2951: 2776: 2594: 1987: 2386: 3097: 2807: 2748: 2105: 2009: 4441: 3125: 2893: 2719: 2475: 2304: 2922: 2159: 2071: 4566:(and until his death), effectively permitting no foreign travel inside the Soviet Union such that outsiders did not know of the political processes that had taken place therein. During this period, and even for 25 years after Stalin's death, the few diplomats and foreign correspondents that were permitted inside the Soviet Union were usually restricted to within a few miles of Moscow, their phones were tapped, their residences were restricted to foreigner-only locations and they were constantly followed by Soviet authorities. Dissenters who approached such foreigners were arrested. For many years after World War II, even the best informed foreigners did not know the number of arrested or executed Soviet citizens, or how poorly the Soviet economy had performed. 4373: 4340: 2836: 2446: 2417: 2193: 4407: 2864: 2690: 2246: 1059: 4085: 2138: 1952:, where initial control could be less overt because of shared allied occupation rules, the Soviet SVG set up the Deutsche Verwaltung für Volksbildung (DVV) in the fall of 1945. The SVAG and DVV controlled and approved all publication licenses needed to publish newspapers, books, journals and other materials. Those agencies also provided the top publishing priorities and would apportion paper used for printing to the various publications in accordance with those priorities. The SVAG initially licensed some private publishers which required the employment of a greater number of censors. 4028: 3718: 3406: 4502: 4173: 3995: 3826: 3690: 3526: 3178: 4220: 4121: 3785: 3492: 3977: 3956: 1280:, the state owned and operated the means of mass communication. The ruling authorities viewed media as a propaganda tool, and widely practiced censorship to exercise almost full control over the information dissemination. The press in communist countries was an organ of, and completely reliant on, the state. Until the late 1980s, all Eastern Bloc radio and television organizations were state-owned (and tightly controlled), while print media was usually owned by political organizations, mostly by the local communist party. 4999:(in Russian магнитиздат) is the process of re-copying and self-distributing live audiotape recordings in the Soviet Union that were not available commercially. The process of magnitizdat was less risky than publishing literature via samizdat, since any person in the USSR was permitted to own a private reel-to-reel tape recorder, while paper duplication equipment was under the control of the state. "Tamizdat" refers to literature published abroad (там, tam, meaning "there"), often from smuggled manuscripts. 4475: 3891: 3229: 4678: 3672: 2515: 4006: 4286: 3065: 2605: 1998: 4152: 4418: 4319: 2224: 2170: 2082: 2457: 4532: 3945: 3587: 3346: 2360: 2280: 3357: 4452: 3380: 4039: 33: 3206: 2643: 3323: 3468: 3446: 849: 4074: 3757: 3435: 4819: 3503: 2546: 1804: 1141: 4351: 4384: 2334: 3240: 2486: 2428: 2204: 4297: 3537: 4786:. Stalin personally edited the book, rewriting entire chapters by hand. The book claimed, for instance, that American bankers and industrialists provided capital for the growth of German war industries, while deliberately encouraging Hitler to expand eastward. The book also included the claim that, during the Pact's operation, Stalin rejected Hitler's offer to share in a division of the world, without mentioning 2116: 2397: 3635: 2315: 3302: 2035: 2257: 4132: 2616: 1402:, censorship became one of the most overt instruments used to manipulate political, intellectual and cultural developments in East Germany. Art societies and associations that had existed prior to World War II were dissolved and all new theatres and art societies had to register with SVAG. Art exhibits were put under a blanket ban unless censorship organs approved them in advance. 4805:, the Soviet SVAG and DVV initially controlled all publication priorities. In the initial months of 1946, the Soviets were unsure how to merge propaganda and censorship efforts in East Germany. The SVAG engaged in a broad propaganda campaign that moved beyond customary political propaganda to engage in the practice at unions, women's organizations and youth organizations. 3923: 1238: 3902: 1414:(Büro für Urheberrechte). The HV determined the degree of censorship and the method of publishing and marketing works. The Bureau for Copyright appraised the work, then decided if it or another publication was permitted to be published in East Germany or in foreign country. For theatres, a "repertory commission" was created that consisted of the 1710:, jailed for six years with two years exile, jailed again in 1983 for violating Article 62 of the Soviet penal code, Anti-Soviet Agitation and Propaganda and sentenced to ten years imprisonment and five years of exile, after which he became ill, was moved to a hospital after international pressure, where he died. 1944:

In many instances toward the end of the Eastern Bloc's existence, the ruling communist parties' messages in the press increasingly diverged from reality, which contributed to the declining faith of the public in communist rule. At the same time, some press in the Eastern Bloc became more open in the

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and Soviet secret police to suppress real and potential opposition. Communist regimes in the Eastern Bloc saw even marginal groups of opposition intellectuals as a potential threat because of the basis underlying communist power. The suppression of dissidence and opposition was a central prerequisite

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After a long visa procurement process, western visitors driving over the West German border to East Germany had their car strip-searched for prohibited Western "propaganda material". Nevertheless, the East German authorities found it extremely difficult to prevent their citizens listening to Western

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techniques in an attempt to prevent citizens from listening to them. In late 1950, RFE began to assemble a full-fledged foreign broadcast staff and became more than just a "mouthpiece for exiles" who had fled Eastern Bloc countries. While RFE was cleared of charges that it gave Hungarian listeners

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presented unique issues because of rules for the occupying powers in the divided Germany (e.g. regarding media control) that prevented the outright seizure of all media outlets. The Soviet occupation administration (SVAG) directed propaganda and censorship policies to East German censorship organs

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carefully controlled foreign visitors in order to restrict the flow of information coming out of (and into) Romania. Accordingly, activities in Romania remained, until the late 1960s, largely unknown to the outside world. As a result, until 1990, very little information regarding labour camps and

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After East Germany's official establishment, while the original constitution provided that "censorship of the media is not to occur", both official and unofficial censorship occurred, although to a lesser extent during its later years. Thereafter, official East German censorship was supervised and

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and limited reception of western radio and television broadcasts. In addition, some regimes heavily restricted the flow of information from their countries to outside of the Eastern Bloc by heavily regulating the travel of foreigners and segregating approved travelers from the domestic population.

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The defining characteristic of communism as implemented in the Eastern Bloc was the unique symbiosis of the state with society and the economy, resulting in politics and economics losing their distinctive features as autonomous and distinguishable spheres. Initially, Stalin directed systems that

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The book referred to "the American falsifiers and their British and French associates", claimed "s far back as in 1937 it became perfectly clear that a big war was being hatched by Hitler with the direct connivance of Great Britain and France", blasted "the claptrap of the slanderers" and stated

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Throughout the Bloc, the various ministries of culture held a tight rein on writers. Cultural products reflected the propaganda needs of the state and Party-approved censors exercised strict control in the early years. During the Stalinist period, even the weather forecasts were changed if they

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The communist party exercised control over the media and was responsible for censorship. Media served as an important form of control over information and thus of society. Eastern Bloc authorities viewed the dissemination and portrayal of knowledge as vital to the survival of communism and thus

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countries. Copies were often made in small quantities of handwritten or typed documents, while recipients were expected to make additional copies. Samizdat traders used underground literature for self-analysis and self-expression under the heavy censorship of the Eastern Bloc. The practice was

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The major newspapers were traditionally the daily official publications of the local communist party. Newspapers served as the main party organs of record and provided official political roadmaps for officials and other readers who needed to be informed. In some countries, the press provided a

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While over 15 million Eastern Bloc residents migrated westward from 1945 to 1949, emigration was effectively halted in the early 1950s, with the Soviet approach to controlling national movement emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc. Furthermore, the Eastern Bloc experienced economic

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Despite outward similarities in press policy, large differences existed in the roles and functions of the mass media in Eastern Bloc countries. Where the press was allowed more freedom, such as in Poland, Hungary, and Yugoslavia, a national subtext and a significant element of entertainment

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Youth newspapers and magazines were owned by youth organizations affiliated with the communist party. The governing body in the Soviet Union was "USSR State Committee for Television and Radio Broadcasting", or USSR Gosteleradio (Государственный комитет по телевидению и радиовещанию СССР,

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apparatus to supervise media. Censors employed auxiliary tools such as: the power to launch or close down any newspaper, radio or television station, licensing of journalists through unions and the power of appointment. Party bureaucrats held all leading editorial positions. One or two

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The State propaganda of communism becomes in the long run a means for the eradication of the last traces of bourgeois propaganda dating from the old régime; and it is a powerful instrument for the creation of a new ideology, of new modes of thought, of a new outlook on the world.

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theory as the protagonist of history pushing toward the inevitable result of historical materialism as a "vanguard of the working class", Party leaders were claimed to be as infallible and inevitable as the purported historical end itself. Propaganda often worked itself beyond

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A 1960 study concluded that RFE possessed considerably more listeners than the BBC or VOA. The study concluded that the BBC was regarded as the most objective and the VOA had suffered a notable decline since it stopped critical broadcasts on the communist world after the

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defined it as follows: "I myself create it, edit it, censor it, publish it, distribute it, and get imprisoned for it." One of the longest-running and well-known samizdat publications was the information bulletin "Хроника текущих событий" (Khronika Tekushchikh Sobitiy;

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1980s in countries such as Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. In Yugoslavia, the press after Tito's reign turned increasingly nationalistic. Only in Romania and Albania did the press remain under tight dictatorial control right up until the end of the Eastern Bloc.

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representatives of censorship agencies modeled on the Soviet GLAVLIT (Main Administration for the Protection of Official and Military Secrets) worked directly in all editorial offices. No story could be printed or broadcast without their explicit approval.

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commentary. The name "Black channel" was a play on words deriving from the term German plumbers used for a sewer. The program was meant to counter ideas received by some from West German television because the geography of the divided

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mis-development by central planners resulting in those countries following a path of extensive rather than intensive development and thus lagging far behind their western European counterparts in per capita Gross Domestic Product.

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By 1945, these additional annexed countries totaled approximately 180,000 further square miles (465,000 km), or slightly more than the area of West Germany, East Germany and Austria combined. Other nations were converted into

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in 1949 during a congregation visit, died from torture and prison deprivation and was buried in an unmarked grave. Communist authorities subsequently attempted to erase all evidence of his stay in prison, and most documents were

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Communist leaders in the Eastern Bloc openly discussed the existence of propaganda efforts. Communist propaganda goals and techniques were tuned according to the target audience. The most broad classification of targets was:

1653:", but, the victim of constant beatings and torture (much of her hair was torn from the roots), and confronted with Zilber's testimony — which implicated her — she eventually gave in and admitted to the charges. 5999:"Reprezentanţii represiunii: anchetatorul rafinat, torţionarul sadic şi bufonul balcanizat" ("The Representatives of Repression: The Refined Inquirer, the Sadistic Torturer and the Balkanized Buffoon"), at Memoria.ro 1296:

stifled alternative concepts and critiques. Several state communist party newspapers were published. Radio was initially the dominant medium, with television being considered low on the priority list when compiling

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author and journalist who wrote a book that was rejected for discrepancies with Soviet ideology, was arrested in 1972, spent five years in prison, arrested again in 1980 for defending members of the

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flourished. In some cases, newspapers and magazines served as the most visible part of liberalizing forces, such as in Poland in 1956 and 1980–81, in Hungary in 1956, and in Czechoslovakia in 1968.

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with the intent to counter Soviet propaganda directed against American leaders and policies, and disseminate pro-Western propaganda directed against Soviet leaders and policies. These included

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embassy, and then secretly tried, found guilty, sentenced to death and was executed by hanging in June 1958. His trial and execution were made public only after the sentence was carried out.

271: 4798:"aturally, the falsifiers of history and slanderers are called falsifiers and slanderers precisely because they do not entertain any respect for facts. They prefer to gossip and slander." 1095:(the leading people). The Soviets encouraged the admiration of everything Russian and the reproduction of their own communist structural hierarchies in each of the Bloc states. 2345: 1768:, used subtle imagery or allegories within their works to criticize regimes. This did not prevent state scrutiny, as with the case of Bogza coming under the scrutiny of the 1498:

poet who grew disillusioned with Romanian communist doctrine after 1949, and was repeatedly sanctioned for disobedience. In 1985, after being beaten for weeks on end by the

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RFE was developed out of a belief that the Cold War would eventually be fought by political rather than military means. In January 1950, it obtained a transmitter base at

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In each country, leading bodies of the ruling communist party exercised hierarchical control of the censorship system. Each communist party maintained a department of its

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through its "sector for propaganda and censorship". While the initial SVAG policies did not appear to differ greatly from those in the western occupation zones governing

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Where Did They All Come From? Typology and Geography of European Mass Migration In the Twentieth Century; EUROPEAN POPULATION CONFERENCE CONGRES EUROPEEN DE DEMOGRAPHE

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around Dresden, which consequently earned the latter the nickname "valley of the clueless" (despite the fact that some Western radio was still available there).

942:, all eastern and central European capitals were controlled by the Soviet Union. During the final stages of the war, the Soviet Union began the creation of the 5775: 568: 387: 7802: 7583: 5968: 1487:

Throughout the Eastern Bloc, artists or those attempting to disseminate dissenting views were repressed, with a few of the more prominent victims including:

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organs. State and party ownership of print, television and radio media served as an important manner in which to control information and society in light of

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Western countries invested heavily in powerful transmitters which enabled broadcasters to be heard in the Eastern Bloc, despite attempts by authorities to

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The logo used here is the logo of the media in the USSR during the Eastern Bloc era. Most of the media had already dissolved or changed its name and logo.

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poet who was imprisoned in 1958, at the age of 74, spending four years in prison, where he became ill, and died of cancer a few months after his release.

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for the security of communist power within the Eastern Bloc, though the degree of opposition and dissident suppression varied by country and period.

959: 6611: 4603: 3611: 1317: 1382:, weather reports were doctored so that the temperatures were not seen to rise above or fall below the levels which dictated that work must stop. 627: 4883: 1868: 1205: 5748: 5698: 5512: 787: 4855: 1840: 1177: 6703:

Mickelson, Sig, "America's Other Voice: the Story of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty" (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1983): Mickelson 30.

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Official organ of the Lithuanian Communist Party, the Supreme Soviet of Lithuanian SSR and the Council of Ministers of the Lithuanian SSR

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artist arrested in 1946 for possessing a caricature of Joseph Stalin his friend had drawn on a cigarette box, Getman was sent to Siberian

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Official organ of the Armenian Communist Party, the Supreme Soviet of Armenian SSR and the Council of Ministers of the Armenian SSR

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prisons in Romania appeared in the West. When such information appeared, it was usually in Romanian émigré publications. Romania's

2906: 2732: 1854: 1568:, Anestin was barred from publishing for a five-year period (1944–1949), and ultimately imprisoned. He died soon after his release. 1476: 1325: 1191: 1107:" in Soviet parlance) and the rule of law subduing discretional intervention by the state. The Soviets mandated expropriation and 880: 277: 1730:

archbishop critical of Bolshveism who was arrested in 1947 and sentenced to eight years in a Soviet prison, where he died in 1953.

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Communist Party documents reveal a more detailed classification of specific targets (workers, peasants, youth, women, etc.).

1074: 4790:. Historical studies, official accounts, memoirs and textbooks published in the Soviet Union used that depiction of events 2008: 8822: 7716: 3138: 3130: 3110: 3054: 2898: 2724: 1902: 1707: 1019: 505: 322: 206: 99: 64: 9117: 9112: 9022: 8842: 5901:

White Book, published by the Information Bureau of the Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People's Republic (No date).

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significant source of income for the ruling communist parties. Radio and television was controlled by the state. The

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arrested in 1949 for purported Ukrainian nationalist rhetoric and sentenced to 20 years of hard labor in copper mines.

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clergyman openly critical of the Communist regime, Durcovici was placed under surveillance in 1947, arrested by the

9107: 8012: 7968: 7827: 7708: 7644: 5050: 5008: 4240: 4032: 3722: 3410: 3363: 1419: 549: 317: 170: 84: 5978: 1604:, was sentenced to ten years more imprisonment and was subsequently beaten to death in a Soviet forced labor camp. 8135: 7915: 7798: 7649: 7588: 5779: 5030: 4791: 4640: 4579: 4570: 4506: 4479: 4177: 4078: 3999: 3895: 3830: 3761: 3694: 3530: 3509: 3439: 3288: 3233: 3182: 2820: 1688: 1660: 1527: 1495: 1379: 1359: 1347: 1343: 1087:

Throughout the Eastern Bloc, both in the USSR and elsewhere, Russia was given prominence, and referred to as the

1027: 1023: 1015: 744: 451: 405: 191: 129: 114: 8028: 7659: 5727:"Les défis de l'identité: Étude sur la problématique de l'identité dans la période post-communiste en Roumanie" 4876: 4840: 4607: 4578:

secret police were able to suppress information leaking to the west about resistance to the regime. Stalinist

4224: 4125: 3789: 3496: 1861: 1825: 1785: 1339: 1321: 1198: 1162: 1011: 669: 226: 211: 160: 1338:. Censorship institutions in the countries of the Bloc were organized differently. For example, censorship in 9102: 8757: 7920: 7669: 7426: 7156:

Pike, David (1997), "Censortship in Soviet-Occupied Germany", in Gibianskii, Leonid; Naimark, Norman (eds.),

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Strict censorship existed in the Eastern Bloc, though it was at times circumvented by those engaging in

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businessman and former politician critical of Soviet rule who was executed by the Soviet Union in 1941.

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Dissent and Opposition in Communist Eastern Europe: Origins of Civil Society and Democratic Transition

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Censorship in the Soviet Union and its Cultural and Professional Results for Arts and Art Libraries

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was the clandestine copying and distribution of government-suppressed literature or other media in

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Major, Patrick; Mitter, Rana (2004), "East is East and West is West?", in Major, Patrick (ed.),

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Notable Media for the Youth Organizations and Movements in the Eastern Bloc and the Soviet Union

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International broadcaster for East Germany since 1959 (final broadcast bitter about "takeover")

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was available across most of the GDR. Technical and diplomatic considerations meant attempts at

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Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography

6367: 5969:"Un caricaturist uitat: Ion Valentin Anestin ("A Forgotten Caricaturist: Ion Valentin Anestin"" 5822: 4942:

fraught with danger as harsh punishments were meted out to people caught possessing or copying

4686: 1516:- thirteen writers, poets, artists, musicians and actors were secretly executed on orders from 1082: 1035: 578: 478: 8517: 7754: 6034: 5998: 5847: 5726: 4201: 4185: 1677:

dissident who was imprisoned from 1956 to 1960, 1962 to 1967, and again from 1983 to 1988 for

458: 9132: 8775: 8769: 7935: 7847: 7806: 7620: 7516: 6320: 4966: 4782: 4644: 4105: 4091: 3970: 3937: 2408: 1659:- A Hungarian political activist who spoke of a 25-point program ending Soviet repression in 1355: 1329: 1259: 1247: 1078: 1043: 900: 749: 734: 612: 367: 348: 7953: 6010: 5080:

Broadcasts were often banned in Eastern Europe and communist authorities used sophisticated

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of 1948. Unlike the rest of the Eastern Bloc, relative freedom existed for three years in

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Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1939–1941: Documents from the Archives of The German Foreign Office

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Nazi-Soviet Relations, 1939–1941: Documents from the Archives of The German Foreign Office

4465: 2137: 1749: 1723: 1375: 8: 9097: 7900: 7879: 7873: 5931: 4701:). Areas with no reception (black) were jokingly referred to as "Valley of the Clueless" 4690: 4457: 4431: 2972: 2885: 2877: 2041: 1114:

The Soviet-style "replica regimes" that arose in the Bloc not only reproduced the Soviet

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party, the applicable theatre union and the East German office for theatrical affairs.

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Library of Congress—The U.S. Naval Academy Collection of Soviet & Russian TV

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in 1949, sentenced to death for "counterrevolutionary activities" and executed at the

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Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism

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Chiorean, Claudia Talaşman, "Promovarea mitului Erei Noi în perioada 1989–2000 prin

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was clearly identified whereas it was loosely structured, but no less efficient, in

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The First Domino: International Decision Making during the Hungarian Crisis of 1956

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In the Soviet Union, in accordance with the official ideology and politics of the

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Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty

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Fantasies of Salvation: Democracy, Nationalism, and Myth in Post-Communist Europe

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Advice for East German propagandists on how to deal with the Solidarity movement

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in which the villainous king was revealed as none other than Yugoslavian leader

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Western Stations were (unlike in other Eastern bloc countries) soon abandoned.

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Nekrich, Aleksandr Moiseevich; Ulam, Adam Bruno; Freeze, Gregory L. (1997),

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Across the Blocs: Exploring Comparative Cold War Cultural and Social History

6054: 4957:), which contained anonymously published pieces dedicated to the defense of 4151: 4005: 2514: 1461:

in many agencies and institutions, such as the State Statistical Committee (

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State control of mass communications in the USSR and its European satellites

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We were the people: voices from East Germany's revolutionary autumn of 1989

6312: 5076:

and on July 4 of the same year, RFE completed its first broadcast aimed at

5073: 5062: 4958: 4938: 4802: 4758: 4377: 4344: 4290: 4279: 3949: 3682: 3591: 3483: 3385: 3350: 3070: 3047: 3036: 3028: 3020: 3012: 2996: 2980: 2964: 2789: 2768: 2761: 2609: 2598: 2526: 2450: 2421: 2197: 2002: 1991: 1949: 1922: 1717: 1625: 1549: 1454: 1394: 1277: 1242: 1070: 1031: 975: 943: 939: 932: 912: 904: 853: 820: 196: 22: 5061:

similarly broadcast language-specific programming to countries behind the

4771:

discussions of the Soviet Union potentially becoming the fourth Axis Power

9058: 8965: 8960: 8637: 8621: 8493: 7703: 5069: 4996: 4974: 4925: 4710: 4417: 4411: 3628: 3389: 3146: 2711: 2326: 2250: 2048: 1955: 1918: 1621: 1531: 1507: 1442: 1354:

as early as 1944, though it was somewhat relaxed in Yugoslavia after the

1062: 916: 808: 659: 649: 299: 258: 236: 8362: 6853:

Ceauşescu and the Securitate: coercion and dissent in Romania, 1965–1989

5053:(BBC). The Soviet Union responded by attempting aggressive, electronic 4738:) could be received in most of East Germany, except in parts of Eastern 4318: 3517: 3275:

Press agency controlled by the federal government through its Presidium

2456: 2223: 2169: 2081: 1362:

until Soviet-style censorship was fully applied in 1948, along with the

830:

Circumvention of dissemination controls occurred to some degree through

8266: 8250: 5784: 5753: 5703: 4943: 4843: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4587: 4575: 4523: 3356: 3169: 2539: 2508: 2359: 2279: 1828: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1769: 1692: 1642: 1593: 1587: 1557: 1539: 1467: 1462: 1165: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 967: 860: 827:

as a potential threat to the bases underlying communist power therein.

816: 812: 622: 500: 8469: 4553: 4451: 3379: 8857: 8832: 8533: 8378: 8298: 8176: 7693: 7556: 5899:

The Counter-revolutionary Conspiracy of Imre Nagy and his Accomplices

4726: 4682: 4038: 3864: 2796: 1765: 1670: 1617: 1523: 1285: 979: 510: 312: 4818: 4705:

while ARD was said to stand for "Außer (except) Rügen und Dresden" .

3322: 3205: 2642: 1803: 1140: 950:

that were originally effectively ceded to it by Nazi Germany in the

8863:

Ukrainian Television Ch.1/Ukrainian Television Ch.2 (Ukrainian SSR)

8322: 8073: 7328:

From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939–1941

7160:

The Establishment of Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe, 1944–1949

5780:"Istorii. 'Notele' către Securitate ale disidentului Gheorghe Ursu" 5090: 4934: 4921: 4681:

Penetration of West German TV reception (grey) in East Germany for

4647:, where the director of the National Theatre produced a version of 4636: 4303: 3729:

Official international broadcasting station of Bulgaria since 1930

3467: 3445: 2935: 1335: 872: 848: 831: 684: 382: 8509: 4350: 3502: 2545: 8862: 8653: 8418: 8314: 8120: 7739: 7698: 4961:

in the USSR. Several people were arrested in connection with the

4757:, which contained documents recovered from the Foreign Office of 4731: 4383: 3796:

Official international broadcasting station of Poland since 1936

2914: 2333: 2096: 1674: 1650: 1646: 1446: 1371: 995: 987: 971: 888: 362: 306: 263: 7100:

Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German–Soviet Relations, 1922–1941

6609:

History of Dissident Movement in the USSR. The birth of Samizdat

4296: 3239: 2485: 2427: 2203: 1042:

was also wrongfully considered part of the Bloc in spite of the

8709: 8541: 8485: 8066: 7508: 7283:

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany

6871:

Closed Borders: The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement

5057:

of VOA, along with some other Western broadcasts, in 1949. The

4739: 4623:

Propaganda of communist supporters outside the communist states

3551: 3536: 2654: 2556: 1978: 1530:

Prime Minister who had supported Hungary's withdrawal from the

1503: 1370:

would have otherwise suggested that the sun might not shine on

1237: 963: 955: 931:

as republics creating the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (

7310:

The East European economy in context: communism and transition

3916: 3880: 2115: 8144: 7983: 5101:, focusing instead on world news, American culture and jazz. 4765:, including its secret protocol dividing eastern Europe, the 4709:

Some propaganda would "retell" the western news, such as the

4052: 4020: 3922: 2396: 2295: 1583: 1579: 1538:, was later arrested by Soviet authorities after leaving the 876: 175: 4582:, which had become increasingly paranoid and isolated after 4131: 3634: 3623:

since 1926 (intended primarily for West German consumption)

3301: 2314: 1913:. TASS had affiliates in 14 Soviet republics, including the 9050: 9038: 8982: 8827: 8751: 8445: 7487:

Radio Berlin International final English broadcast - Part 2

7482:

Radio Berlin International final English broadcast - Part 1

7389:"Research on the History of Television Programs of the GDR" 7265:

Impunity and human rights in international law and practice

5834: 4193: 4165: 4145: 4113: 3649: 3117: 2856: 2256: 2034: 1906: 1628: 1450: 1438: 221: 186: 49: 4761:

revealing Soviet conversations with Germany regarding the

2615: 1582:

camps. He is one of the few artists to record life in the

1408:

Head office for publishing companies and bookselling trade

7455: 7410: 7298: 6592: 6580: 6568: 6556: 6317:

Age of Delirium: The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Union

5734: 5331:

The American Heritage New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy

1472: 6925:

A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century

4734:

meant that West German television signals (particularly

1046:

that occurred in 1948, followed by the formation of the

5749:"Cazul Gheorghe Ursu. SRI a ascuns crimele Securităţii" 3901: 1760:(Security Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs). 6997:

The dream that failed: reflections on the Soviet Union

5920:"Mai multe începuturi de drum" ("Several Road Starts") 3147:

Notable communist party newspapers in the Eastern Bloc

1956:

Notable Communist Party newspapers in the Soviet Union

1410:(Hauptverwaltung Verlage und Buchhandel, HV), and the 1307: 6072: 6011:"memoria.ro - bibliotecă digitală de istorie recentă" 5911: 5909: 5907: 2285:

Official publication of the Central Committee of the

2262:

Official publication of the Central Committee of the

2229:

Official publication of the Central Committee of the

1457:

controlled radio and television broadcasting and the

1130: 644:

De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania

7303:, Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 272848 7238:

Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953

1645:, Constante tried to fend off false accusations of " 903:, central and eastern Ukraine were annexed into the 6839: 6502: 6490: 6461: 5025:such signals. In 1947, VOA started broadcasting in 4554:

Control of information flow out of the Eastern Bloc

2788:Official international broadcasting station of the 1406:carried out by two governmental organizations, the 7433:Translations of propaganda materials from the GDR. 7215: 7157: 7135: 7014: 6770:Regulation of Migration: International Experiences 5904: 4915: 1099:rejected Western institutional characteristics of 7346:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II 7097: 7012: 6824:Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century and After 6544: 6422:"East Germany Struggles, 5 Years After Wall Fell" 5002: 3982:By Fernsehen der DDR starting in 1969 (in color) 2370:Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union 1548:- His work centered on denouncing Stalin and the 9089: 6941:Hardt, John Pearce; Kaufman, Richard F. (1995), 6747: 6745: 6082:Procesul Comunismului. Episcopii Romano-Catolici 5876:"Hungary: U.S. President To Honor 1956 Uprising" 5333:, Third Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005. 4630:Because the communist party was portrayed under 1284:Гостелерадио СССР), which was in charge both of 1253: 7465:- comparison of articles on Cold War topics in 7195: 6634:"Владимир Буковский, "И возвращается ветер..."" 5396: 5201:, New York: Manchester University Press, 1995, 4639:plays into traditional productions, such as in 4302:Official organ of the Central Committee of the 1706:poet who was arrested in 1973 and charged with 7118:Post-communism and the Media in Eastern Europe 6398:. Intertel from Transdiffusion. Archived from 5962: 5960: 5585: 5583: 5581: 7969: 7524: 7073:To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949 7037:The UNHCR and World Politics: A Perilous Path 6943:East-Central European Economies in Transition 6742: 6540: 6538: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6234: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5812: 5716: 5392: 5390: 5242: 5240: 5238: 4604:Propaganda in the People's Republic of Poland 4562:effectively sealed off outside access to the 4326:Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization 3046:The official TV and radio broadcaster of the 1318:Censorship in the People's Republic of Poland 823:leaderships viewing even marginal groups of 781: 7262: 7013:Lipschitz, Leslie; McDonald, Donogh (1990), 6961:The Origins of the Second World War, 1933-41 6940: 6525: 6523: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6221: 6219: 6206: 6204: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6133: 6131: 6118: 6116: 5766: 5658:October 7, 1949 Constitution of East Germany 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5432: 5381: 5366: 5354: 5211: 5137: 3552:Notable Electronic Media in the Eastern Bloc 2655:Notable electronic media in the Soviet Union 2557:Other notable newspapers in the Soviet Union 2339:Lithuanian SSR newspaper, printed in Kaunas 7052: 6345: 6333: 6250: 6049: 6047: 5957: 5690: 5578: 5572: 5528: 5308: 4753:published a collection of documents titled 2143:Official Russian language newspaper of the 1624:political writer who was imprisoned by the 1118:, but also adopted the methods employed by 7976: 7962: 7531: 7517: 7213: 7115: 6751: 6736: 6724: 6712: 6691: 6682:, Vol. 45, No. 1 (Jan., 1951), pp. 151–153 6671: 6669: 6535: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6231: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6171: 5937: 5678: 5641: 5639: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5568: 5566: 5497: 5482: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5465: 5387: 5235: 5156: 5154: 5152: 4157:Second Polish TV channel (since 1970) by 2131:Sovetskaya Belorussiya – Belarus' Segodnya 1346:. Strict censorship was introduced in the 803:was controlled directly by each country's 788: 774: 7985:National media in the former Eastern Bloc 7301:Falsifiers of History (Historical Survey) 7177: 6922: 6785: 6680:The American Journal of International Law 6520: 6514: 6467: 6419: 6274: 6216: 6201: 6143: 6128: 6113: 6003: 5740: 5684: 5534: 5493: 5491: 5438: 5377: 5375: 5336: 5278: 4903:Learn how and when to remove this message 1888:Learn how and when to remove this message 1775: 1471:), accessible by special permit from the 1225:Learn how and when to remove this message 887:was declared in 1920. With the defeat of 7675:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 7343: 7034: 6904: 6850: 6821: 6351: 6339: 6291: 6289: 6256: 6244: 6044: 5841: 5797: 5791: 5589: 5414: 5314: 5296: 5262:, Texas A&M University Press, 2004. 5252: 5246: 5223: 4676: 4137:First Polish TV channel (since 1952) by 4044:Official Bulgarian TV since 1959 by the 2907:Lithuanian National Radio and Television 2733:Lithuanian National Radio and Television 1641:- During repeated interrogations by the 1482: 1326:Censorship of images in the Soviet Union 1236: 1057: 881:Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia 847: 7307: 7253: 7235: 7196:Pollack, Detlef; Wielgohs, Jan (2004), 6994: 6976: 6666: 6529: 6478: 6438: 6393: 6387: 6306: 6280: 6262: 6225: 6210: 6189: 6168: 5666: 5636: 5624: 5607: 5595: 5563: 5471: 5459: 5426: 5360: 5348: 5217: 5149: 5143: 5125: 4808: 4767:1939 German-Soviet Commercial Agreement 4717:("The Black Channel"), which contained 1734:Metropolitan Ioann (Vasiliy Bodnarchuk) 1352:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 1040:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia 9090: 8043:Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia 7994:Eastern Bloc information dissemination 7779:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 7411:Russian Museum of Radio and TV website 7361: 7325: 7280: 7070: 6923:Grenville, John Ashley Soames (2005), 6907:Eastern Europe, Central Europe, Europe 6886: 6767: 6162: 6137: 6122: 5557: 5522: 5488: 5453: 5408: 5372: 5342: 5302: 5284: 5229: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5160: 5131: 2936:Public Broadcasting Company of Ukraine 1268:Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia 885:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 8833:Belarus Television (Byelorussian SSR) 7957: 7745:1949 East German State Railway strike 7717:World Federation of Democratic Youth 7512: 7133: 6979:Soviet Defectors: The KGB Wanted List 6958: 6868: 6449: 6286: 6268: 5420: 5191: 5179:Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above 4946:materials. Former Soviet dissident 4745:Eastern Bloc leaders, including even 4593: 1075:Eastern Bloc emigration and defection 8853:Lietuvos Televizija (Lithuanian SSR) 7616:Soviet response to the Marshall Plan 7492:GDR Censporship regarding Literature 7155: 7093:, United Nations Population Division 7088: 6803: 6195: 6183: 5966: 5929:, interview with Ioana Zlotescu, in 5746: 5672: 5645: 5630: 5618: 5601: 5290: 5181:, Amsterdam, New York, Rodopi, 2007 4841:adding citations to reliable sources 4812: 4792:until the Soviet Union's dissolution 4231:Governed TV and radio broadcasts by 3055:Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union 2848:First Estonian TV station (1955) by 1903:Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union 1826:adding citations to reliable sources 1797: 1708:Anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda 1560:Butcher") published by the magazine 1163:adding citations to reliable sources 1134: 1091:(the most prominent nation) and the 1020:Socialist Republic of Czechoslovakia 323:World Federation of Democratic Youth 8815:Leningrad Television (Russian SFSR) 7017:German unification: economic issues 6383:Chapter 10: Communism and Education 5166: 4852:"Eastern Bloc media and propaganda" 3873:Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company 3856:Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company 3839:Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company 1837:"Eastern Bloc media and propaganda" 1308:Censorship and squashing of dissent 1174:"Eastern Bloc media and propaganda" 909:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 871:that followed, coinciding with the 13: 7838:Sovietization of the Baltic states 7299:Soviet Information Bureau (1948), 7075:, Texas A&M University Press, 6806:Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia 5823:"Torţionarul Stanică rămâne liber" 4788:the Soviet offers to join the Axis 4776:In response, one month later, the 3309:Revolutionary Trade Union Movement 3079:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 1131:Media and information restrictions 1103:, multi-party governance (dubbed " 946:by occupying several countries as 879:in 1919, Belarus was declared the 397:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 14: 9149: 7709:World Federation of Trade Unions 7381: 7364:Stalin and the Cold War in Europe 6420:Mitchener, Brandon (1994-11-09). 5733:, Vol. 25, Nr. 1/2003 (hosted by 3247:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 1782:Printed media in the Soviet Union 1667:, and was executed the next year. 1586:, where he survived by sketching 1477:Soviet Union also censored images 801:Eastern Bloc media and propaganda 8926:Public Radio of the Armenian SSR 7926:January 1991 events in Lithuania 7584:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 7538: 7222:, University Press of Kentucky, 5967:Vida, Mariana (August 4, 2006). 5696: 5051:British Broadcasting Corporation 5009:British Broadcasting Corporation 4817: 4530: 4500: 4473: 4450: 4439: 4416: 4405: 4382: 4371: 4349: 4338: 4317: 4295: 4284: 4273: 4218: 4171: 4150: 4130: 4119: 4083: 4072: 4037: 4026: 4004: 3993: 3975: 3954: 3943: 3921: 3900: 3889: 3824: 3783: 3755: 3716: 3688: 3670: 3633: 3585: 3535: 3524: 3501: 3490: 3475:Hungarian Working People's Party 3466: 3453:Hungarian Working People's Party 3444: 3433: 3404: 3378: 3364:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 3355: 3344: 3321: 3300: 3238: 3227: 3204: 3176: 3123: 3095: 3063: 2949: 2920: 2891: 2862: 2834: 2805: 2774: 2746: 2717: 2688: 2641: 2614: 2603: 2592: 2544: 2533: 2513: 2502: 2484: 2473: 2455: 2444: 2426: 2415: 2395: 2384: 2358: 2332: 2313: 2302: 2278: 2255: 2244: 2222: 2202: 2191: 2168: 2157: 2136: 2114: 2103: 2080: 2069: 2033: 2007: 1996: 1985: 1802: 1506:jail hospital, where he died of 1139: 1036:Soviet zone of German occupation 318:World Federation of Trade Unions 31: 7650:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 7021:, International Monetary Fund, 6730: 6718: 6706: 6697: 6685: 6651: 6626: 6598: 6586: 6574: 6562: 6550: 6545:Nekrich, Ulam & Freeze 1997 6508: 6496: 6484: 6455: 6413: 6357: 6297:Communist Propaganda Techniques 6100: 6028: 5985: 5892: 5868: 5803: 5651: 5503: 5402: 5320: 5272: 4916:Clandestine information passing 4828:needs additional citations for 4480:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 3896:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 3234:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 2821:National State Teleradiocompany 1813:needs additional citations for 1150:needs additional citations for 9128:Mass media in the Soviet Union 8848:Rigas Televīzija (Latvian SSR) 7348:, Cambridge University Press, 7057:, Taylor & Francis, Inc., 6891:, Taylor & Francis Group, 6593:Soviet Information Bureau 1948 6581:Soviet Information Bureau 1948 6569:Soviet Information Bureau 1948 6557:Soviet Information Bureau 1948 6394:Hancock, Dafydd (2001-01-01). 5737:); retrieved November 19, 2007 5111: 5003:Western role in propaganda war 4608:Propaganda in the Soviet Union 3875:in 1963 and rebranded in 1973 3189:Greek newspaper, organ of the 1786:Television in the Soviet Union 1322:Censorship in the Soviet Union 1: 8758:Bulgarian National Television 7931:January 1991 events in Latvia 7921:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 7670:Socialist Republic of Romania 7645:People's Republic of Bulgaria 7637:People's Republic of Albania 7606:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 7451:"CNN Cold War Knowledge Bank" 7427:Blinken Open Society Archives 7344:Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1995), 7102:, Columbia University Press, 6959:Henig, Ruth Beatrice (2005), 6905:Graubard, Stephen R. (1991), 6790:, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 5977:(in Romanian). Archived from 5758:(in Romanian). Archived from 5708:(in Romanian). Archived from 5699:"Despărţire de Iordan Chimet" 5119: 4059:Bulgarian National Television 4033:People's Republic of Bulgaria 3723:People's Republic of Bulgaria 3508:Official media outlet of the 3411:People's Republic of Bulgaria 2365:Polish language newspaper to 1445:censored all printed matter, 1254:Media and information control 1089:naibolee vıdayuşayasya naciya 1053: 838: 760:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 8843:First Channel (Georgian SSR) 7916:Collapse of the Soviet Union 7906:Fall of communism in Albania 7498:"Literaturzensur in der DDR" 7366:, Rowman & Littlefield, 7263:Roht-Arriaza, Naomi (1995), 7200:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 6840:Department of State (1948), 6426:International Herald Tribune 5099:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 5087:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 4507:People's Republic of Romania 4178:People's Republic of Romania 4079:People's Republic of Hungary 4000:People's Republic of Albania 3863:Radio Bucuresti Programul 3 3846:Radio Bucuresti Programul 2 3831:People's Republic of Romania 3762:People's Republic of Hungary 3695:People's Republic of Albania 3531:People's Republic of Romania 3510:Polish United Workers' Party 3440:People's Republic of Hungary 3330:Czechoslovak Socialist Party 3183:People's Republic of Albania 1794:Internet in the Soviet Union 1665:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 1566:Soviet occupation of Romania 1536:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 1502:, he was transported to the 1416:Ministerium für Volksbildung 1348:People's Republic of Albania 1028:People's Republic of Albania 1024:People's Republic of Romania 1016:People's Republic of Hungary 755:Fall of communism in Albania 710:Polish Round Table Agreement 665:Cuban intervention in Angola 7: 7891:End of communism in Hungary 7660:Hungarian People's Republic 7500:(in German). Archived from 7281:Shirer, William L. (1990), 7267:, Oxford University Press, 7071:Miller, Roger Gene (2000), 7039:, Oxford University Press, 6999:, Oxford University Press, 6977:Krasnov, Vladislav (1985), 6887:Frucht, Richard C. (2003), 6786:Churchill, Winston (1953), 6661:Chronicle of Current Events 5397:Pollack & Wielgohs 2004 5033:(RFE), the American-backed 4954:Chronicle of Current Events 4225:People's Republic of Poland 4126:People's Republic of Poland 3790:People's Republic of Poland 3497:People's Republic of Poland 3289:Czechoslovak People's Party 3264:Communist Party of Slovakia 3090:Belarusian Telegraph Agency 1514:Night of the Murdered Poets 1246:December 13, 1981, reports 1012:People's Republic of Poland 883:. After more conflict, the 843: 143:Allied and satellite states 10: 9154: 9118:International broadcasting 9113:Television in East Germany 8976:Radio Berlin International 8598:Neue Berliner Illustrierte 7655:German Democratic Republic 7254:Roberts, Geoffrey (2002), 7236:Roberts, Geoffrey (2006), 6760: 5858:, Princeton, 1998, p.138. 5856:Princeton University Press 5747:Goşu, Armand (July 2006). 5660:, German Document Archive 5047:Radio France International 5006: 4919: 4597: 4569:Similarly, the regimes in 4564:Soviet Socialist Republics 4537:German Democratic Republic 4521: 4493: 4464: 4430: 4396: 4364: 4331: 4309: 4264: 4208: 4192: 4164: 4144: 4112: 4098: 4065: 4051: 4019: 4013:Radio Televizioni Shqiptar 3986: 3969: 3936: 3915: 3884: 3879: 3862: 3845: 3816: 3800: 3776: 3748: 3733: 3709: 3681: 3666:Radio Berlin International 3664: 3648: 3627: 3606: 3580: 3575: 3544:Communist Party of Romania 3515: 3481: 3458: 3424: 3395: 3370: 3335: 3314: 3294: 3279: 3270:Czechoslovak Press Agency 3269: 3252: 3245:Official newspaper of the 3218: 3213:Party of Labour of Albania 3196: 3191:Party of Labour of Albania 3167: 3116: 3088: 3083:Soviet Socialist Republics 3053: 3035: 3019: 3003: 2987: 2971: 2942: 2913: 2884: 2855: 2827: 2800: 2795: 2767: 2739: 2710: 2678: 2625: 2580: 2524: 2495: 2466: 2437: 2406: 2375: 2343: 2324: 2293: 2270: 2237: 2231:Communist Party of Estonia 2216: 2211:Communist Party of Estonia 2209:Official newspaper of the 2182: 2177:Communist Party of Moldova 2175:Official newspaper of the 2150: 2145:Communist Party of Belarus 2128: 2123:Communist Party of Belarus 2121:Official newspaper of the 2094: 2089:Communist Party of Ukraine 2087:Official newspaper of the 2062: 2047: 2025: 1976: 1779: 1314:Censorship in East Germany 1311: 1257: 1068: 948:Soviet Socialist Republics 865:Russian Revolution of 1917 9065:Soviet Information Bureau 9031: 9017:Program 1 Polskiego Radia 8875: 8858:Canalul 1 (Moldavian SSR) 8744: 8437: 8259:Haqiqat-e Inquilab-e Saur 8051: 8008:Media of the Soviet Union 8000: 7991: 7866: 7843:Information dissemination 7820: 7770:1956 Hungarian Revolution 7760:1953 East German uprising 7728: 7686: 7629: 7566: 7546: 7240:, Yale University Press, 7214:Puddington, Arch (2003), 7182:, Duke University Press, 6873:, Yale University Press, 6851:Deletant, Dennis (1995), 6804:Cook, Bernard A. (2001), 5725:Gabriela Blebea Nicolae, 4778:Soviet Information Bureau 4271: 4169: 4117: 4082: 4070: 4046:Bulgarian Communist Party 4036: 4024: 3941: 3887: 3822: 3819:Radio România Actualități 3802:Program 1 Polskiego Radia 3781: 3714: 3583: 3431: 3419:Bulgarian Communist Party 3342: 3225: 3174: 3058: 2947: 2944:Soviet Central Television 2683: 2300: 2287:Communist Party of Latvia 2264:Communist Party of Latvia 2242: 2189: 2101: 2057:Soviet Information Bureau 1983: 1790:Radio in the Soviet Union 1564:. Following the start of 1554:Măcelarul din Piaţa Roşie 1290:Radio in the Soviet Union 1272:Soviet Information Bureau 954:. These included eastern 863:took power following the 680:1984 Los Angeles Olympics 9123:Propaganda organizations 8919:Radio Peace and Progress 8823:Armenia 1 (Armenian SSR) 7828:Emigration and defection 7665:Polish People's Republic 7362:Wettig, Gerhard (2008), 7178:Philipsen, Dirk (1993), 7116:O'Neil, Patrick (1997), 6995:Laqueur, Walter (1994), 6822:Crampton, R. J. (1997), 6808:, Taylor & Francis, 6503:Department of State 1948 6491:Department of State 1948 6462:Department of State 1948 5433:Hardt & Kaufman 1995 5367:Hardt & Kaufman 1995 5355:Hardt & Kaufman 1995 5197:Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline, 5104: 4930:Polish underground press 4515:Union of Communist Youth 4488:Socialist Union of Youth 4210:Radio i Telewizja Polska 3817:Radio Bucuresti-România 3743:Bulgarian National Radio 3417:Propaganda organ of the 3211:Propaganda organ of the 1602:Ukrainian Helsinki group 856:(until 31 December 1992) 825:opposition intellectuals 501:Czechoslovakia 1976–1990 9108:Eastern Bloc mass media 7886:Fall of the Berlin Wall 7812:1981 protests in Kosovo 7750:Rebellion of Cazin 1950 7308:Turnock, David (1997), 6299:, printed in the US by 6055:"Beato Anton Durcovici" 5573:Major & Mitter 2004 5529:Major & Mitter 2004 4763:Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact 4658:Communist theoretician 3930:Československá televize 3909:Československá televize 3768:First radio station by 3703:Radiodifuzioni Shqiptar 2055:Press agency under the 1764:Other artists, such as 1364:Czechoslovak Revolution 1008:Soviet satellite states 952:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 895:, after the March 1921 807:, which controlled the 745:End of the Soviet Union 720:Fall of the Berlin Wall 280: (until 1948) 255: (until 1977) 244: (until 1989) 178: (until 1961) 157: (until 1961) 8185:Sotsialistik Qazaqstan 7326:Wegner, Bernd (1997), 7285:, Simon and Schuster, 7035:Loescher, Gil (2001), 6768:Böcker, Anita (1998), 6368:Yevgeny Preobrazhensky 5515:June 11, 2008, at the 5510:The Commissar vanishes 5085:false hope during the 4706: 4703:(Tal der Ahnungslosen) 4675: 4324:Official organ of the 3848:Radio România Cultural 3542:Official voice of the 3362:Official paper of the 2497:Sotsialistık Qazaqstan 2014:Official organ of the 1776:List of media entities 1663:to a crowd during the 1250: 1083:Eastern Bloc economies 1066: 857: 434:Protests and uprisings 8828:AzTV (Azerbaijan SSR) 8819:Republican stations: 8108:Republican newspapers 7936:Breakup of Yugoslavia 7473:between 1945 and 1991 7423:RFE Czechoslovak Unit 7089:Mynz, Rainer (1995), 6846:, Department of State 6321:Yale University Press 6295:John C. Clews (1964) 5918:Raluca Alexandrescu, 5007:Further information: 4967:Natalya Gorbanevskaya 4783:Falsifiers of History 4751:U.S. State Department 4680: 4670: 4598:Further information: 4015:in 1960 (color 1981) 3932:in 1970 (color 1973) 3911:in 1953 (color 1975) 3388:newspaper printed in 2797:Belarusian Television 1780:Further information: 1758:Służba Bezpieczeństwa 1552:, in a series titled 1483:Prominent individuals 1330:Anti-Soviet agitation 1312:Further information: 1260:Deutscher Fernsehfunk 1258:Further information: 1248:Martial law in Poland 1240: 1111:of private property. 1079:Eastern Bloc politics 1069:Further information: 1061: 851: 750:Post-Soviet conflicts 735:Breakup of Yugoslavia 638:Albanian–Soviet split 349:Anti-Soviet partisans 292:Related organizations 9103:Communist propaganda 8752:Televizioni Shqiptar 8172:(Karelo-Finnish SSR) 8081:Komsomolskaya Pravda 7784:1970 Polish protests 7765:1956 Poznań protests 7630:Soviet-allied states 7134:Olsen, Neil (2000), 6869:Dowty, Alan (1989), 6788:The Second World War 6678:by John B. Whitton, 6371:The ABC of Communism 6303:and in Great Britain 6035:Tismăneanu, Vladimir 5706:, Nr. 849, June 2006 5258:Granville, Johanna, 5177:Senn, Alfred Erich, 4837:improve this article 4809:Bypassing censorship 4685:(regional channels 4665:The ABC of Communism 4600:Communist propaganda 4495:Scînteia Tineretului 4267:Komsomolskaya Pravda 3988:Televizioni Shqiptar 1822:improve this article 1679:anti-Soviet activity 1590:for the authorities. 1546:Ion Valentin Anestin 1412:Bureau for Copyright 1159:improve this article 1048:Non-Aligned Movement 893:Polish–Ukrainian War 730:Barricades in Latvia 675:1980 Moscow Olympics 655:Cuban Missile Crisis 9138:Cold War propaganda 8193:Sovettik Kyrgyzstan 7901:Romanian revolution 7874:Revolutions of 1989 7755:1953 Plzeň uprising 7504:on 9 February 2007. 7463:on 9 December 2008. 7395:on 8 December 2008. 6676:Cold War Propaganda 6373:(1969 translation: 5932:Observator Cultural 5848:Vladimir Tismăneanu 5712:on 16 October 2007. 4713:television program 4620:External propaganda 4617:Domestic propaganda 4558:Beginning in 1935, 4458:Lithuanian Komsomol 4202:Televiziunea Româna 4186:Televiziunea Româna 3262:Publication of the 3077:Established by the 2989:All Union Programme 2973:Soviet TV Channel 1 2886:Lietuvos Televizija 2880:(color since 1974) 2878:Latvijas Televizija 2876:Started in 1954 by 2760:Started in 1962 by 2042:Soviet Labor Unions 2040:Mouthpiece for the 1426:radio stations and 1105:bourgeois democracy 994:) and northeastern 986:), part of eastern 958:(incorporated into 925:Transcaucasian SFSR 715:Revolutions of 1989 9047:(Byelorussian SSR) 8933:(Byelorussian SSR) 8838:ETV (Estonian SSR) 8794:Central Television 8662:Politikin Zabavnik 8550:Jugend und Technik 8371:Slobodna Dalmacija 8347:Rabotnichesko Delo 8201:Moldova Socialistă 8129:Sovetskaya Latviya 8124:(Byelorussian SSR) 8113:Sovetskaya Rossiya 8088:Pionerskaya Pravda 8062:Central newspapers 7911:Singing Revolution 7794:June 1976 protests 7579:Soviet occupations 7438:2004-02-02 at the 7416:2009-02-21 at the 7330:, Berghahn Books, 7164:, Westview Press, 6909:, Westview Press, 6663:Archive at memo.ru 6621:Ludmila Alekseyeva 6614:2005-10-27 at the 6547:, pp. 202–205 6517:, pp. 512–524 6059:www.santiebeati.it 5995:Ruxandra Cesereanu 5881:2008-07-09 at the 5838:, November 9, 2006 5828:2020-11-26 at the 4991:Tatyana Velikanova 4715:Der schwarze Kanal 4707: 4594:Propaganda efforts 4399:Sovetskaya Molodëz 4312:Pionerskaya Pravda 4104:Second channel by 4057:Second Channel by 3808:Easy listening by 3741:Since 1930 by the 3398:Rabotnichesko Delo 2999:TV Channel (1960) 2983:TV channel (1938) 2938:(1956–1965 start) 2439:Sovetakan Hayastan 2391:Karelo-Finnish SSR 2273:Sovetskaya Latviya 2218:Sovetskaya Estonia 2152:Moldova Socialistă 1418:(MfV), the ruling 1251: 1067: 992:Karelo-Finnish SSR 960:two different SSRs 858: 705:Singing Revolution 479:Novocherkassk 1962 9085: 9084: 9076:Czech News Agency 8956:Deutschlandsender 8951:Berliner Rundfunk 8291:Neues Deutschland 8275:Mladá fronta DNES 8153:Czerwony Sztandar 7951: 7950: 7896:Velvet Revolution 7858:Telephone tapping 7832:list of defectors 7621:Tito–Stalin split 7373:978-0-7425-5542-6 7064:978-0-7146-8464-2 6464:, p. preface 5887:Radio Free Europe 5382:Roht-Arriaza 1995 5305:, pp. 96–100 5281:, pp. 370–71 5199:Stalin's Cold War 5187:978-90-420-2225-6 5059:BBC World Service 5031:Radio Free Europe 5017:Radio Free Europe 4971:Yuri Shikhanovich 4948:Vladimir Bukovsky 4913: 4912: 4905: 4887: 4645:Tito–Stalin split 4586:and the death of 4551: 4550: 4545:Free German Youth 4390:Estonian Komsomol 4238: 4237: 4090:First channel by 3965:starting in 1956 3963:Fernsehen der DDR 3656:Radio station by 3640:Radio station by 3619:Radio station by 3608:Deutschlandsender 3598:Radio station by 3577:Berliner Rundfunk 3549: 3548: 3338:Neues Deutschland 3328:Published by the 3307:Published by the 3287:Published by the 3281:Lidová Demokracie 3144: 3143: 3027:Fourth (of four) 2995:Second (of four) 2850:Eesti Televisioon 2823:(started in 1956 2702:Radio station by 2652: 2651: 2554: 2553: 2346:Czerwony Sztandar 2064:Radianska Ukraina 2016:Central Committee 1898: 1897: 1890: 1872: 1754:Radio Free Europe 1750:Jerzy Popiełuszko 1724:Mečislovas Reinys 1700:Valeriy Marchenko 1608:Vasile Voiculescu 1510:later in the day. 1387:central committee 1376:Nicolae Ceauşescu 1356:Tito–Stalin split 1302:industrialisation 1235: 1234: 1227: 1209: 1093:rukovodyaşy narod 1044:Tito–Stalin Split 929:officially merged 901:Polish–Soviet War 869:Russian Civil War 798: 797: 633:Sino-Soviet split 613:Tito–Stalin split 608:Czechoslovak coup 586: 585: 526:Ukraine 1989–1991 464:East Germany 1953 406:Soviet occupation 9145: 9078:(Czechoslovakia) 9053:(Lithuanian SSR) 8945:Rundfunk der DDR 8909:(Lithuanian SSR) 8907:Lietuvos radijas 8901:Latvijas Radio 1 8810:Moscow Programme 8766:(Czechoslovakia) 8737:(Czechoslovakia) 8403:Večernje novosti 8387:Sportske novosti 8358:(Czechoslovakia) 8342:(Czechoslovakia) 8331:Politika Ekspres 8278:(Czechoslovakia) 8169:Neuvosto-Karjala 8156:(Lithuanian SSR) 8148:(Lithuanian SSR) 7978: 7971: 7964: 7955: 7954: 7740:Goryani Movement 7720: 7712: 7678: 7640: 7574:Yalta Conference 7533: 7526: 7519: 7510: 7509: 7505: 7464: 7459:. Archived from 7409: 7401: 7396: 7391:. Archived from 7376: 7358: 7340: 7322: 7304: 7295: 7277: 7259: 7250: 7232: 7221: 7210: 7192: 7174: 7163: 7152: 7141: 7130: 7112: 7094: 7085: 7067: 7049: 7031: 7020: 7009: 6991: 6981:, Hoover Press, 6973: 6955: 6937: 6919: 6901: 6883: 6865: 6847: 6836: 6818: 6800: 6782: 6772:, Het Spinhuis, 6755: 6749: 6740: 6734: 6728: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6704: 6701: 6695: 6689: 6683: 6673: 6664: 6659: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6630: 6624: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6584: 6578: 6572: 6566: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6542: 6533: 6527: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6505:, pp. 32–77 6500: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6391: 6385: 6364:Nikolai Bukharin 6361: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6331: 6310: 6304: 6293: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6229: 6223: 6214: 6208: 6199: 6198:, pp. 227–8 6193: 6187: 6186:, pp. 225–6 6181: 6166: 6160: 6141: 6135: 6126: 6120: 6111: 6108:România Literară 6104: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6088: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6067: 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1999: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1960: 1959: 1935:Byelorussian SSR 1893: 1886: 1882: 1879: 1873: 1871: 1830: 1806: 1798: 1459:First Department 1264:Rundfunk der DDR 1230: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1210: 1208: 1167: 1143: 1135: 1101:market economies 921:Byelorussian SSR 790: 783: 776: 699: 646: 597: 442:Poland 1944–1989 426:Operation Jungle 345: 344: 341: 339: 293: 144: 54: 52: 46: 35: 34: 25: 19: 18: 9153: 9152: 9148: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9143: 9142: 9088: 9087: 9086: 9081: 9027: 8947:(East Germany) 8915:(Russian SFSR) 8889:First Programme 8883:All-Union Radio 8871: 8740: 8702:Svet kompjutera 8433: 8427:Zëri i Popullit 8204:(Moldavian SSR) 8047: 8018:State Committee 7996: 7987: 7982: 7952: 7947: 7862: 7816: 7803:Soviet reaction 7789:Croatian Spring 7733: 7731: 7724: 7718: 7710: 7682: 7676: 7638: 7625: 7611:Berlin Blockade 7562: 7561: 7542: 7537: 7496: 7449: 7440:Wayback Machine 7418:Wayback Machine 7407: 7399: 7387: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7356: 7338: 7320: 7293: 7275: 7248: 7230: 7208: 7190: 7172: 7150: 7128: 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Sharpe, 6935: 6917: 6899: 6881: 6863: 6855:, M.E. Sharpe, 6834: 6816: 6798: 6780: 6763: 6758: 6752:Puddington 2003 6750: 6743: 6737:Puddington 2003 6735: 6731: 6725:Puddington 2003 6723: 6719: 6713:Puddington 2003 6711: 6707: 6702: 6698: 6692:Puddington 2003 6690: 6686: 6674: 6667: 6657: 6656: 6652: 6642: 6640: 6632: 6631: 6627: 6623:. Vilnius, 1992 6616:Wayback Machine 6604: 6603: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6579: 6575: 6567: 6563: 6555: 6551: 6543: 6536: 6528: 6521: 6513: 6509: 6501: 6497: 6489: 6485: 6477: 6468: 6460: 6456: 6448: 6439: 6430: 6428: 6418: 6414: 6405: 6403: 6396:"Fade to black" 6392: 6388: 6362: 6358: 6350: 6346: 6338: 6334: 6311: 6307: 6294: 6287: 6279: 6275: 6267: 6263: 6255: 6251: 6243: 6232: 6224: 6217: 6209: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6182: 6169: 6161: 6144: 6136: 6129: 6121: 6114: 6105: 6101: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6078: 6077: 6073: 6063: 6061: 6053: 6052: 6045: 6033: 6029: 6019: 6017: 6009: 6008: 6004: 5991: 5990: 5986: 5965: 5958: 5948: 5947: 5938: 5915: 5914: 5905: 5897: 5893: 5889:, June 20, 2006 5883:Wayback Machine 5873: 5869: 5846: 5842: 5830:Wayback Machine 5821:George Tărâţă, 5818: 5817: 5813: 5808: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5788:, July 10, 2007 5776:Mirela Corlăţan 5772: 5771: 5767: 5745: 5741: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5695: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5656: 5652: 5644: 5637: 5629: 5625: 5617: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5588: 5579: 5571: 5564: 5556: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5517:Wayback Machine 5508: 5504: 5496: 5489: 5481: 5472: 5464: 5460: 5452: 5439: 5431: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5395: 5388: 5380: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5353: 5349: 5341: 5337: 5325: 5321: 5313: 5309: 5301: 5297: 5289: 5285: 5277: 5273: 5257: 5253: 5245: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5216: 5212: 5196: 5192: 5176: 5167: 5159: 5150: 5142: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5107: 5037:in Berlin, the 5019: 5005: 4987:Alexander Lavut 4932: 4920:Main articles: 4918: 4909: 4898: 4892: 4889: 4846: 4844: 4834: 4822: 4811: 4653:Josip Broz Tito 4610: 4596: 4556: 4531: 4529: 4501: 4499: 4474: 4472: 4440: 4438: 4406: 4404: 4372: 4370: 4339: 4337: 4285: 4283: 4274: 4272: 4243: 4219: 4217: 4172: 4170: 4120: 4118: 4073: 4071: 4027: 4025: 3994: 3992: 3944: 3942: 3890: 3888: 3825: 3823: 3784: 3782: 3756: 3754: 3717: 3715: 3689: 3687: 3586: 3584: 3554: 3525: 3523: 3491: 3489: 3434: 3432: 3405: 3403: 3345: 3343: 3228: 3226: 3199:Zëri i Popullit 3177: 3175: 3149: 3124: 3122: 3096: 3094: 3064: 3062: 2979:Main (of four) 2950: 2948: 2921: 2919: 2892: 2890: 2863: 2861: 2835: 2833: 2806: 2804: 2775: 2773: 2747: 2745: 2718: 2716: 2689: 2687: 2657: 2628:Vo Slavu Rodiny 2604: 2602: 2593: 2591: 2583:Krasnaya Zvezda 2559: 2534: 2532: 2503: 2501: 2480:Azerbaijani SSR 2474: 2472: 2445: 2443: 2416: 2414: 2385: 2383: 2348: 2303: 2301: 2245: 2243: 2192: 2190: 2158: 2156: 2104: 2102: 2070: 2068: 2020:Communist Party 1997: 1995: 1986: 1984: 1958: 1894: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1831: 1829: 1819: 1807: 1796: 1778: 1685:Anton Durcovici 1635:prison in 1951. 1500:Romanian Police 1485: 1449:supervised all 1439:Communist Party 1332: 1310: 1298:five-year plans 1274: 1256: 1231: 1220: 1214: 1211: 1168: 1166: 1156: 1144: 1133: 1116:command economy 1085: 1056: 911:. In 1922, the 846: 841: 805:communist party 794: 765: 764: 700: 697: 690: 689: 642: 618:Berlin Blockade 598: 596:Cold War events 595: 588: 587: 511:Kazakhstan 1986 342: 337: 335: 328: 327: 294: 291: 284: 283: 145: 142: 135: 134: 55: 50: 44: 42: 32: 23: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9151: 9141: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9079: 9073: 9067: 9062: 9056: 9055: 9054: 9048: 9035: 9033: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9025: 9020: 9014: 9009: 9003: 8997: 8991: 8989:Radio Bulgaria 8986: 8980: 8979: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8942: 8941: 8940: 8939:(Georgian SSR) 8934: 8928: 8923: 8922: 8921: 8910: 8904: 8898: 8897:(Estonian SSR) 8892: 8879: 8877: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8869: 8868: 8867: 8866: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8791: 8785: 8779: 8773: 8772:(East Germany) 8767: 8761: 8755: 8748: 8746: 8742: 8741: 8739: 8738: 8730: 8722: 8714: 8706: 8698: 8690: 8689:(Soviet Union) 8682: 8674: 8673:(East Germany) 8666: 8658: 8650: 8649:(Soviet Union) 8642: 8641:(Soviet Union) 8634: 8626: 8625:(East Germany) 8618: 8617:(East Germany) 8610: 8609:(East Germany) 8602: 8601:(East Germany) 8594: 8586: 8578: 8577:(East Germany) 8574:Kultur im Heim 8570: 8562: 8554: 8553:(East Germany) 8546: 8538: 8537:(East Germany) 8530: 8522: 8521:(East Germany) 8514: 8513:(East Germany) 8506: 8505:(East Germany) 8502:Form und Zweck 8498: 8497:(East Germany) 8490: 8482: 8481:(East Germany) 8474: 8466: 8458: 8450: 8449:(East Germany) 8441: 8439: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8431: 8423: 8415: 8407: 8399: 8391: 8383: 8375: 8367: 8359: 8351: 8343: 8335: 8327: 8319: 8311: 8303: 8295: 8294:(East Germany) 8287: 8279: 8271: 8263: 8255: 8254:(East Germany) 8247: 8239: 8231: 8223: 8215: 8207: 8206: 8205: 8197: 8189: 8181: 8180:(Georgian SSR) 8173: 8165: 8164:(Estonian SSR) 8157: 8149: 8141: 8133: 8125: 8117: 8116:(Russian SFSR) 8105: 8102:Sovetsky Sport 8098: 8091: 8084: 8077: 8070: 8055: 8053: 8049: 8048: 8046: 8045: 8040: 8039: 8038: 8033: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8020:(Gosteleradio) 8004: 8002: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7981: 7980: 7973: 7966: 7958: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7945: 7944: 7943: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7876: 7870: 7868: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7824: 7822: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7814: 7809: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7736: 7734: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7722: 7714: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7680: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7633: 7631: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7602: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7576: 7570: 7568: 7564: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7554: 7548: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7536: 7535: 7528: 7521: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7447: 7442: 7430: 7420: 7405: 7397: 7383: 7382:External links 7380: 7378: 7377: 7372: 7359: 7354: 7341: 7336: 7323: 7318: 7305: 7296: 7291: 7278: 7273: 7260: 7251: 7246: 7233: 7228: 7211: 7206: 7193: 7188: 7175: 7170: 7153: 7148: 7131: 7126: 7113: 7108: 7095: 7086: 7081: 7068: 7063: 7050: 7045: 7032: 7027: 7010: 7005: 6992: 6987: 6974: 6969: 6956: 6951: 6938: 6933: 6920: 6915: 6902: 6897: 6884: 6879: 6866: 6861: 6848: 6837: 6832: 6819: 6814: 6801: 6796: 6783: 6778: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6741: 6729: 6717: 6705: 6696: 6684: 6665: 6650: 6625: 6597: 6585: 6573: 6561: 6549: 6534: 6519: 6515:Churchill 1953 6507: 6495: 6483: 6466: 6454: 6437: 6412: 6386: 6356: 6344: 6332: 6305: 6285: 6273: 6261: 6249: 6230: 6215: 6200: 6188: 6167: 6142: 6127: 6112: 6099: 6071: 6043: 6037:"Memorie...", 6027: 6002: 5984: 5981:on 2007-09-27. 5956: 5936: 5925:2012-09-06 at 5903: 5891: 5867: 5840: 5811: 5809:Olaru, p.41-42 5802: 5790: 5765: 5762:on 2006-07-18. 5739: 5715: 5697:Ursu, Andrei. 5689: 5685:Philipsen 1993 5677: 5665: 5650: 5635: 5623: 5606: 5594: 5577: 5562: 5533: 5521: 5502: 5487: 5470: 5458: 5437: 5425: 5413: 5401: 5386: 5371: 5359: 5347: 5335: 5319: 5307: 5295: 5283: 5279:Grenville 2005 5271: 5251: 5234: 5222: 5210: 5190: 5165: 5148: 5136: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5106: 5103: 5078:Czechoslovakia 5043:Deutsche Welle 5004: 5001: 4983:Sergei Kovalev 4917: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4825: 4823: 4816: 4810: 4807: 4721:programs from 4625: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4595: 4592: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4541: 4539: 4527: 4519: 4518: 4511: 4509: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4484: 4482: 4470: 4462: 4461: 4455: 4448: 4446:Lithuanian SSR 4436: 4428: 4427: 4421: 4414: 4402: 4394: 4393: 4387: 4380: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4354: 4347: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4322: 4315: 4307: 4306: 4300: 4293: 4270: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4229: 4227: 4215: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4198: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4182: 4180: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4155: 4148: 4142: 4141: 4135: 4128: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4088: 4081: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4042: 4035: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4009: 4002: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3959: 3952: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3926: 3919: 3913: 3912: 3905: 3898: 3886: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3869: 3867: 3860: 3859: 3852: 3850: 3843: 3842: 3835: 3833: 3821: 3814: 3813: 3806: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3766: 3764: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3739: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3713: 3711:Radio Bulgaria 3707: 3706: 3699: 3697: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3675: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3654: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3638: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3617: 3615: 3612:Stimme der DDR 3604: 3603: 3596: 3594: 3582: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3540: 3533: 3521: 3513: 3512: 3506: 3499: 3487: 3479: 3478: 3471: 3464: 3456: 3455: 3449: 3442: 3430: 3422: 3421: 3415: 3413: 3401: 3393: 3392: 3383: 3376: 3368: 3367: 3360: 3353: 3341: 3333: 3332: 3326: 3319: 3316:Svobodné Slovo 3312: 3311: 3305: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3285: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3260: 3258: 3250: 3249: 3243: 3236: 3224: 3216: 3215: 3209: 3202: 3194: 3193: 3187: 3185: 3173: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3131:Lithuanian SSR 3120: 3114: 3113: 3107: 3105: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3060: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3025: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3009: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2993: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2977: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2961: 2959: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2932: 2930: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2903: 2901: 2899:Lithuanian SSR 2888: 2882: 2881: 2874: 2872: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2846: 2844: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2819:TV channel by 2817: 2815: 2802: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2786: 2784: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2758: 2756: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2729: 2727: 2725:Lithuanian SSR 2714: 2708: 2707: 2704:Latvijas Radio 2700: 2698: 2685: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2639: 2634: 2631: 2623: 2622: 2619: 2612: 2589: 2586: 2578: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2542: 2530: 2522: 2521: 2518: 2511: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2489: 2482: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2453: 2441: 2435: 2434: 2431: 2424: 2412: 2404: 2403: 2400: 2393: 2381: 2373: 2372: 2363: 2356: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2330: 2322: 2321: 2318: 2311: 2309:Lithuanian SSR 2299: 2291: 2290: 2283: 2276: 2268: 2267: 2260: 2253: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2227: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2207: 2200: 2188: 2180: 2179: 2173: 2166: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2141: 2134: 2126: 2125: 2119: 2112: 2100: 2092: 2091: 2085: 2078: 2066: 2060: 2059: 2053: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2038: 2031: 2023: 2022: 2012: 2005: 1982: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1957: 1954: 1915:Lithuanian SSR 1896: 1895: 1810: 1808: 1801: 1777: 1774: 1762: 1761: 1747: 1741: 1731: 1721: 1711: 1697: 1682: 1668: 1654: 1639:Lena Constante 1636: 1633:Lubyanka (KGB) 1615: 1605: 1591: 1572:Nikolai Getman 1569: 1543: 1521: 1511: 1484: 1481: 1400:denazification 1360:Czechoslovakia 1309: 1306: 1304:of the 1950s. 1255: 1252: 1233: 1232: 1147: 1145: 1138: 1132: 1129: 1055: 1052: 1010:, such as the 938:At the end of 899:following the 875:'s entry into 845: 842: 840: 837: 796: 795: 793: 792: 785: 778: 770: 767: 766: 763: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 725:January Events 722: 717: 712: 707: 701: 696: 695: 692: 691: 688: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 599: 594: 593: 590: 589: 584: 583: 582: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 553: 552: 546: 545: 544: 543: 538: 536:Lithuania 1991 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 497: 496: 491: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 455: 454: 449: 436: 435: 431: 430: 429: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 400: 399: 393: 392: 391: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 352: 351: 343: 334: 333: 330: 329: 326: 325: 320: 315: 310: 303: 295: 290: 289: 286: 285: 282: 281: 275: 261: 256: 250: 245: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 192:Czechoslovakia 189: 184: 179: 173: 168: 163: 158: 152: 146: 141: 140: 137: 136: 133: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 56: 41: 40: 37: 36: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9150: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9095: 9093: 9077: 9074: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9060: 9057: 9052: 9049: 9046: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9030: 9024: 9023:Radio Romania 9021: 9018: 9015: 9013: 9012:Radio Polonia 9010: 9007: 9006:Kossuth Rádió 9004: 9001: 8998: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8984: 8981: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8938: 8937:Radio Georgia 8935: 8932: 8931:Radio Belarus 8929: 8927: 8924: 8920: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8908: 8905: 8903:(Latvian SSR) 8902: 8899: 8896: 8893: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8874: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8820: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8805:Programme Two 8803: 8801: 8800:Programme One 8798: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8789: 8786: 8783: 8780: 8777: 8774: 8771: 8768: 8765: 8762: 8759: 8756: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8743: 8736: 8735: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8723: 8720: 8719: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8707: 8704: 8703: 8699: 8696: 8695: 8691: 8688: 8687: 8683: 8680: 8679: 8675: 8672: 8671: 8667: 8664: 8663: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8651: 8648: 8647: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8627: 8624: 8623: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8611: 8608: 8607: 8603: 8600: 8599: 8595: 8592: 8591: 8587: 8584: 8583: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8571: 8568: 8567: 8566:Književna reč 8563: 8560: 8559: 8555: 8552: 8551: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8515: 8512: 8511: 8507: 8504: 8503: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8483: 8480: 8479: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8459: 8456: 8455: 8451: 8448: 8447: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8436: 8429: 8428: 8424: 8421: 8420: 8416: 8413: 8412: 8411:Večernji list 8408: 8405: 8404: 8400: 8397: 8396: 8392: 8389: 8388: 8384: 8381: 8380: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8368: 8365: 8364: 8360: 8357: 8356: 8352: 8349: 8348: 8344: 8341: 8340: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8328: 8325: 8324: 8320: 8317: 8316: 8312: 8309: 8308: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8264: 8262:(Afghanistan) 8261: 8260: 8256: 8253: 8252: 8248: 8245: 8244: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8235:Esti Budapest 8232: 8229: 8228: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8208: 8203: 8202: 8198: 8196:(Kirghiz SSR) 8195: 8194: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8166: 8163: 8162: 8158: 8155: 8154: 8150: 8147: 8146: 8142: 8140:(Latvian SSR) 8139: 8138: 8134: 8132:(Latvian SSR) 8131: 8130: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8103: 8099: 8097: 8096: 8092: 8090: 8089: 8085: 8083: 8082: 8078: 8076: 8075: 8071: 8069: 8068: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8058:Soviet Union 8057: 8056: 8054: 8050: 8044: 8041: 8037: 8036:Printed media 8034: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8009: 8006: 8005: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7990: 7986: 7979: 7974: 7972: 7967: 7965: 7960: 7959: 7956: 7942: 7941:Yugoslav Wars 7939: 7938: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7881: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7865: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7833: 7829: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7776: 7775:Prague Spring 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7727: 7721: 7715: 7713: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7687:Organizations 7685: 7679: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7628: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7589:Baltic states 7587: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7565: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7534: 7529: 7527: 7522: 7520: 7515: 7514: 7511: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7472: 7469:magazine and 7468: 7462: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7437: 7434: 7431: 7428: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7415: 7412: 7406: 7404: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7385: 7375: 7369: 7365: 7360: 7357: 7355:0-521-55879-4 7351: 7347: 7342: 7339: 7337:1-57181-882-0 7333: 7329: 7324: 7321: 7319:0-415-08626-4 7315: 7312:, Routledge, 7311: 7306: 7302: 7297: 7294: 7292:0-671-72868-7 7288: 7284: 7279: 7276: 7274:0-19-508136-6 7270: 7266: 7261: 7258:, vol. 4 7257: 7252: 7249: 7247:0-300-11204-1 7243: 7239: 7234: 7231: 7229:0-8131-9045-2 7225: 7220: 7219: 7212: 7209: 7207:0-7546-3790-5 7203: 7199: 7194: 7191: 7189:0-8223-1294-8 7185: 7181: 7176: 7173: 7171:0-8133-3534-5 7167: 7162: 7161: 7154: 7151: 7149:0-85598-432-5 7145: 7140: 7139: 7132: 7129: 7127:0-7146-4765-9 7123: 7120:, Routledge, 7119: 7114: 7111: 7109:0-231-10676-9 7105: 7101: 7096: 7092: 7087: 7084: 7082:0-89096-967-1 7078: 7074: 7069: 7066: 7060: 7056: 7051: 7048: 7046:0-19-829716-5 7042: 7038: 7033: 7030: 7028:1-55775-200-1 7024: 7019: 7018: 7011: 7008: 7006:0-19-510282-7 7002: 6998: 6993: 6990: 6988:0-8179-8231-0 6984: 6980: 6975: 6972: 6970:0-415-33262-1 6966: 6963:, Routledge, 6962: 6957: 6954: 6952:1-56324-612-0 6948: 6944: 6939: 6936: 6934:0-415-28954-8 6930: 6927:, Routledge, 6926: 6921: 6918: 6916:0-8133-1189-6 6912: 6908: 6903: 6900: 6898:0-203-80109-1 6894: 6890: 6885: 6882: 6880:0-300-04498-4 6876: 6872: 6867: 6864: 6862:1-56324-633-3 6858: 6854: 6849: 6845: 6844: 6838: 6835: 6833:0-415-16422-2 6829: 6826:, Routledge, 6825: 6820: 6817: 6815:0-8153-4057-5 6811: 6807: 6802: 6799: 6797:0-395-41056-8 6793: 6789: 6784: 6781: 6779:90-5589-095-2 6775: 6771: 6766: 6765: 6754:, p. 131 6753: 6748: 6746: 6739:, p. 117 6738: 6733: 6726: 6721: 6715:, p. 214 6714: 6709: 6700: 6693: 6688: 6681: 6677: 6672: 6670: 6662: 6654: 6639: 6635: 6629: 6622: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6601: 6594: 6589: 6582: 6577: 6570: 6565: 6558: 6553: 6546: 6541: 6539: 6531: 6526: 6524: 6516: 6511: 6504: 6499: 6492: 6487: 6480: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6463: 6458: 6451: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6427: 6423: 6416: 6402:on 2013-04-16 6401: 6397: 6390: 6384: 6380: 6379:0-14-040005-2 6376: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6360: 6354:, p. 273 6353: 6352:Crampton 1997 6348: 6342:, p. 269 6341: 6340:Crampton 1997 6336: 6330: 6329:0-300-08705-5 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6309: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6290: 6282: 6277: 6270: 6265: 6259:, p. xiv 6258: 6257:Deletant 1995 6253: 6246: 6245:Deletant 1995 6241: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6227: 6222: 6220: 6212: 6207: 6205: 6197: 6192: 6185: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6165:, p. 640 6164: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6140:, p. 490 6139: 6134: 6132: 6125:, p. 639 6124: 6119: 6117: 6109: 6103: 6085: 6083: 6075: 6060: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6040: 6036: 6031: 6016: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5996: 5992:(in Romanian) 5988: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5963: 5961: 5954: 5951:Nicole Sima, 5949:(in Romanian) 5945: 5943: 5941: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5927:archive.today 5924: 5921: 5916:(in Romanian) 5912: 5910: 5908: 5900: 5895: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5877: 5871: 5865: 5864:0-691-04826-6 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5844: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5819:(in Romanian) 5815: 5806: 5800:, p. 331 5799: 5798:Deletant 1995 5794: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5777: 5773:(in Romanian) 5769: 5761: 5757: 5755: 5750: 5743: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5719: 5711: 5707: 5705: 5700: 5693: 5686: 5681: 5675:, p. 236 5674: 5669: 5659: 5654: 5647: 5642: 5640: 5632: 5627: 5620: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5604:, p. 219 5603: 5598: 5592:, p. 247 5591: 5590:Crampton 1997 5586: 5584: 5582: 5574: 5569: 5567: 5560:, p. 127 5559: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5530: 5525: 5519:(The Newseum) 5518: 5514: 5511: 5506: 5499: 5494: 5492: 5485:, p. 125 5484: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5467: 5462: 5456:, p. 489 5455: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5434: 5429: 5423:, p. 114 5422: 5417: 5410: 5405: 5399:, p. xiv 5398: 5393: 5391: 5383: 5378: 5376: 5368: 5363: 5356: 5351: 5345:, p. 156 5344: 5339: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5316: 5315:Crampton 1997 5311: 5304: 5299: 5292: 5287: 5280: 5275: 5269: 5268:1-58544-298-4 5265: 5261: 5255: 5249:, p. 150 5248: 5247:Graubard 1991 5243: 5241: 5239: 5232:, p. 794 5231: 5226: 5219: 5214: 5208: 5207:0-7190-4201-1 5204: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5162: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5145: 5140: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5113: 5109: 5108: 5102: 5100: 5094: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4979:Victor Krasin 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4907: 4904: 4896: 4885: 4882: 4878: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4854: – 4853: 4849: 4848:Find sources: 4842: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4826:This section 4824: 4820: 4815: 4814: 4806: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4747:Joseph Stalin 4743: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4560:Joseph Stalin 4546: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4449: 4447: 4437: 4435: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4413: 4403: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4379: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4346: 4336: 4334: 4333:Pioner Kanch’ 4330: 4327: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4305: 4301: 4298: 4294: 4292: 4281: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4234: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4127: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4080: 4068: 4064: 4061:(1974 start) 4060: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4034: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4003: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3951: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3899: 3897: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3810:Polskie Radio 3807: 3805: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3779: 3778:Radio Polonia 3775: 3771: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3750:Kossuth Rádió 3747: 3744: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3673: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3636: 3632: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3545: 3541: 3538: 3534: 3532: 3522: 3520: 3519: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3500: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3473:Organ of the 3472: 3469: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3461:Esti Budapest 3457: 3454: 3451:Organ of the 3450: 3447: 3443: 3441: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3402: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3352: 3340: 3339: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3256: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3235: 3223: 3222: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3172: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3140: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3093: 3091: 3087: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2928:Ukrainian SSR 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2744: 2742: 2741:Radio Belarus 2738: 2734: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2611: 2600: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2423: 2413: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2392: 2382: 2380: 2379: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2329: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2310: 2298: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2252: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2199: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2167: 2165: 2164:Moldavian SSR 2155: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2133: 2132: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2111: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2077: 2076:Ukrainian SSR 2067: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2030: 2029: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2004: 1993: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1953: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1931:Ukrainian SSR 1928: 1927:Moldavian SSR 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1892: 1889: 1881: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1839: – 1838: 1834: 1833:Find sources: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1811:This section 1809: 1805: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1744:Georgi Markov 1742: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1518:Joseph Stalin 1515: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1492:Gheorghe Ursu 1490: 1489: 1488: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1403: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1281: 1279: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1239: 1229: 1226: 1218: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1176: – 1175: 1171: 1170:Find sources: 1164: 1160: 1154: 1153: 1148:This section 1146: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1120:Joseph Stalin 1117: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1064: 1060: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1003: 1001: 1000:Moldavian SSR 997: 993: 989: 985: 984:Lithuania SSR 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 936: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 897:Peace of Riga 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 867:. During the 866: 862: 855: 850: 836: 833: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 791: 786: 784: 779: 777: 772: 771: 769: 768: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 740:Yugoslav Wars 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 702: 694: 693: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 645: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 628:Secret Speech 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 603:Marshall Plan 601: 600: 592: 591: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 556: 555: 554: 551: 548: 547: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 495: 492: 490: 487: 486: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 453: 450: 448: 445: 444: 443: 440: 439: 438: 437: 433: 432: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 403: 402: 401: 398: 395: 394: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 355: 354: 353: 350: 347: 346: 340: 332: 331: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 308: 304: 302: 301: 297: 296: 288: 287: 279: 276: 273: 269: 268:North Vietnam 265: 262: 260: 257: 254: 251: 249: 246: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 156: 153: 151: 148: 147: 139: 138: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 81: 78: 76: 73: 71: 68: 66: 63: 61: 58: 57: 53: 47: 39: 38: 30: 29: 26: 21: 20: 9133:Eastern Bloc 9000:Magyar Rádió 8983:Radio Tirana 8913:Radio Moscow 8895:Eesti Raadio 8732: 8729:(Yugoslavia) 8724: 8721:(Yugoslavia) 8716: 8713:(Yugoslavia) 8708: 8705:(Yugoslavia) 8700: 8697:(Yugoslavia) 8692: 8684: 8681:(Yugoslavia) 8676: 8668: 8665:(Yugoslavia) 8660: 8657:(Yugoslavia) 8652: 8644: 8636: 8633:(Yugoslavia) 8628: 8620: 8612: 8606:Neue Werbung 8604: 8596: 8593:(Yugoslavia) 8588: 8582:Lakáskultúra 8580: 8572: 8569:(Yugoslavia) 8564: 8561:(Yugoslavia) 8556: 8548: 8545:(Yugoslavia) 8540: 8532: 8529:(Yugoslavia) 8524: 8516: 8508: 8500: 8492: 8484: 8478:Eulenspiegel 8476: 8473:(Yugoslavia) 8468: 8465:(Yugoslavia) 8460: 8452: 8444: 8425: 8422:(Yugoslavia) 8417: 8414:(Yugoslavia) 8409: 8406:(Yugoslavia) 8401: 8395:Trybuna Ludu 8393: 8390:(Yugoslavia) 8385: 8382:(Yugoslavia) 8377: 8374:(Yugoslavia) 8369: 8361: 8353: 8345: 8337: 8334:(Yugoslavia) 8329: 8326:(Yugoslavia) 8321: 8318:(Yugoslavia) 8313: 8310:(Yugoslavia) 8305: 8302:(Yugoslavia) 8297: 8289: 8283:Népszabadság 8281: 8273: 8265: 8257: 8249: 8241: 8233: 8230:(Yugoslavia) 8225: 8222:(Yugoslavia) 8217: 8214:(Yugoslavia) 8209: 8199: 8191: 8188:(Kazakh SSR) 8183: 8175: 8167: 8159: 8151: 8143: 8136: 8127: 8119: 8111: 8100: 8094: 8086: 8079: 8072: 8065: 8013:Broadcasting 7993: 7984: 7878: 7842: 7552:Soviet Union 7540:Eastern Bloc 7502:the original 7470: 7466: 7461:the original 7454: 7408:(in Russian) 7400:(in English) 7393:the original 7363: 7345: 7327: 7309: 7300: 7282: 7264: 7255: 7237: 7217: 7197: 7179: 7159: 7137: 7117: 7099: 7090: 7072: 7054: 7036: 7016: 6996: 6978: 6960: 6942: 6924: 6906: 6888: 6870: 6852: 6842: 6823: 6805: 6787: 6769: 6732: 6727:, p. 37 6720: 6708: 6699: 6687: 6675: 6658:(in Russian) 6653: 6641:. Retrieved 6638:www.vehi.net 6637: 6628: 6607: 6605:(in Russian) 6600: 6595:, p. 65 6588: 6583:, p. 45 6576: 6571:, p. 19 6564: 6552: 6532:, p. 96 6530:Roberts 2002 6510: 6498: 6493:, p. 78 6486: 6481:, p. 97 6479:Roberts 2002 6457: 6452:, p. 67 6429:. Retrieved 6425: 6415: 6404:. Retrieved 6400:the original 6389: 6370: 6359: 6347: 6335: 6316: 6313:David Satter 6308: 6296: 6283:, p. 48 6281:Turnock 1997 6276: 6271:, p. 19 6264: 6252: 6247:, p. ix 6228:, p. 23 6226:Laqueur 1994 6213:, p. 22 6211:Laqueur 1994 6191: 6110:", p.138-139 6107: 6102: 6090:. Retrieved 6081: 6074: 6062:. Retrieved 6058: 6039:Stalinism... 6038: 6030: 6018:. 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Served 14 3071:Soviet Union 3059:wire service 3048:Soviet Union 3037:Gosteleradio 2965:Soviet Union 2957:Russian SFSR 2842:Estonian SSR 2790:Soviet Union 2782:Russian SFSR 2769:Radio Moscow 2762:Belteleradio 2626: 2599:Russian SFSR 2581: 2527:Kyrgyz Tuusu 2525: 2496: 2467: 2451:Armenian SSR 2438: 2422:Georgian SSR 2407: 2376: 2344: 2325: 2294: 2271: 2238: 2217: 2198:Estonian SSR 2183: 2151: 2129: 2095: 2063: 2026: 1992:Russian SFSR 1977: 1950:East Germany 1947: 1943: 1939: 1923:Estonian SSR 1899: 1884: 1875: 1865: 1858: 1851: 1844: 1832: 1820:Please help 1815:verification 1812: 1763: 1714:Jüri Jaakson 1657:József Dudás 1561: 1553: 1550:Soviet Union 1486: 1466: 1455:Gosteleradio 1436: 1424: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1395:East Germany 1392: 1384: 1368: 1333: 1294: 1282: 1278:Eastern Bloc 1275: 1243:Trybuna Ludu 1241: 1221: 1212: 1202: 1195: 1188: 1181: 1169: 1157:Please help 1152:verification 1149: 1125: 1113: 1108: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1086: 1071:Eastern Bloc 1032:East Germany 1030:, and later 1004: 998:(became the 976:Estonian SSR 944:Eastern Bloc 940:World War II 937: 933:Soviet Union 913:Russian SFSR 905:Soviet Union 859: 854:Eastern Bloc 829: 821:Eastern Bloc 800: 799: 574:to Hong Kong 569:East Germany 521:Tbilisi 1989 506:Romania 1977 474:Hungary 1956 469:Georgia 1956 305: 298: 197:East Germany 24:Eastern Bloc 8966:Radio DDR 2 8961:Radio DDR 1 8638:Novy Vostok 8622:Neues Leben 8558:Jugoslavija 8494:Filmspiegel 8307:Oslobođenje 8243:Esti Hírlap 7867:Dissolution 7807:Martial law 7730:Revolts and 7704:Warsaw Pact 6694:, p. 7 6559:, p. 9 6163:Frucht 2003 6138:Frucht 2003 6123:Frucht 2003 5731:Ethnologies 5723:(in French) 5687:, p. 9 5662:(in German) 5558:Frucht 2003 5531:, p. 6 5500:, p. 1 5498:O'Neil 1997 5483:O'Neil 1997 5466:O'Neil 1997 5454:Frucht 2003 5409:Böcker 1998 5343:Wettig 2008 5303:Wettig 2008 5230:Shirer 1990 5161:Wettig 2008 5132:Wettig 2008 5070:Lampertheim 4997:Magnitizdat 4975:Pyotr Yakir 4926:Magnitizdat 4725:with added 4719:bowdlerized 4711:East German 4412:Latvian SSR 4366:Noorte Hääl 4200:Started by 4184:Started by 4011:Started by 3928:Started by 3907:Started by 3871:Started by 3854:Started by 3837:Started by 3812:since 1926 3701:Started by 3660:since 1964 3644:since 1953 3629:Radio DDR 1 3602:since 1946 3390:East Berlin 3031:TV Channel 3015:TV Channel 2967:TV channel 2934:Started by 2905:Started by 2870:Latvian SSR 2731:Started by 2706:since 1925 2696:Latvian SSR 2349: [ 2327:Kauno Tiesa 2289:in Russian 2266:in Latvian 2251:Latvian SSR 2233:in Russian 1919:Latvian SSR 1622:East German 1540:Yugoslavian 1534:during the 1532:Warsaw Pact 1508:peritonitis 1443:Goskomizdat 1393:Initially, 1300:during the 1109:etatization 1063:Berlin Wall 917:Ukraine SSR 852:Map of the 809:state media 660:Vietnam War 650:Berlin Wall 579:North Korea 516:Brașov 1987 484:Prague 1968 447:Poznań 1956 300:Warsaw Pact 259:South Yemen 237:North Korea 150:Afghanistan 70:Byelorussia 9098:Censorship 9092:Categories 8996:(Bulgaria) 8760:(Bulgaria) 8745:Television 8454:Dolgozó nő 8355:Rudé právo 8350:(Bulgaria) 8267:Laiko Vima 8251:Freie Erde 8161:Rahva Hääl 8052:Newspapers 8029:Television 7821:Conditions 7799:Solidarity 7732:opposition 7429:, Budapest 6450:Henig 2005 6431:2007-05-12 6406:2006-02-20 6269:Olsen 2000 6015:Memoria.ro 5785:Cotidianul 5754:Revista 22 5735:Érudit.org 5704:Revista 22 5421:Dowty 1989 5120:References 4863:newspapers 4780:published 4643:after the 4588:Mao Zedong 4576:Securitate 4547:newspaper 4524:Junge Welt 4517:newspaper 3221:Rudé právo 3170:Laiko Vima 2540:Kyrgyz SSR 2509:Kazakh SSR 2367:Sovietized 2185:Rahva Hääl 1848:newspapers 1770:Securitate 1728:Lithuanian 1696:destroyed. 1693:Securitate 1643:Securitate 1594:Vasyl Stus 1588:propaganda 1558:Red Square 1468:spetskhran 1463:Goskomstat 1428:Western TV 1185:newspapers 1054:Conditions 968:Latvia SSR 861:Bolsheviks 839:Background 817:propaganda 813:censorship 670:Afghan War 623:Korean War 459:Plzeň 1953 338:Opposition 278:Yugoslavia 232:Mozambique 130:Uzbekistan 115:Tajikistan 85:Kazakhstan 65:Azerbaijan 9008:(Hungary) 9002:(Hungary) 8985:(Albania) 8790:(Romania) 8778:(Hungary) 8754:(Albania) 8614:Neuer Weg 8590:Naša žena 8585:(Hungary) 8534:Guter Rat 8526:Galaksija 8489:(Romania) 8457:(Romania) 8438:Magazines 8430:(Albania) 8366:(Romania) 8299:Novi list 8286:(Hungary) 8270:(Albania) 8246:(Hungary) 8238:(Hungary) 8177:Komunisti 7880:Die Wende 7853:Economies 7694:Cominform 7677:(to 1948) 7639:(to 1961) 7567:Formation 7557:Communism 7142:, Oxfam, 6196:Pike 1997 6184:Pike 1997 5756:, Nr. 852 5673:Pike 1997 5646:Pike 1997 5631:Pike 1997 5619:Pike 1997 5602:Pike 1997 5291:Cook 2001 4963:Chronicle 4893:July 2021 4727:communist 4637:agit prop 4513:Romanian 4356:Armenian 3865:Radio3Net 3041:TV/radio 2468:Kommunist 2409:Komunisti 1878:July 2021 1766:Geo Bogza 1738:Ukrainian 1704:Ukrainian 1671:Enn Tarto 1618:Arno Esch 1598:Ukrainian 1576:Ukrainian 1528:Hungarian 1526:- former 1524:Imre Nagy 1374:. Under 1286:Soviet TV 1215:July 2021 1034:from the 980:Lithuania 541:Riga 1991 531:Baku 1990 421:Lithuania 313:Cominform 217:Kampuchea 120:Turkmenia 100:Lithuania 90:Kirghizia 45:Republics 9032:Agencies 9019:(Poland) 8994:Horizont 8784:(Poland) 8518:Für Dich 8398:(Poland) 8363:Scînteia 8323:Politika 8074:Izvestia 8001:Overview 7848:Politics 7436:Archived 7414:Archived 6612:Archived 6323:, 2001, 5923:Archived 5879:Archived 5826:Archived 5513:Archived 5091:autonomy 5049:and the 4944:censored 4935:Samizdat 4922:Samizdat 4304:Komsomol 4254:Country 4214:TV/radio 4204:in 1968 4188:in 1956 4108:in 1971 4094:in 1957 3858:in 1952 3841:in 1928 3772:in 1925 3735:Horizont 3705:in 1938 3565:Country 3518:Scînteia 3157:Country 2909:In 1957 2735:In 1926 2668:Country 2633:military 2588:military 2570:Country 2567:Purpose 1966:Country 1718:Estonian 1675:Estonian 1612:Romanian 1496:Romanian 1336:samizdat 990:(became 982:(became 974:(became 966:(became 873:Red Army 844:Creation 832:samizdat 685:Gulf War 489:Invasion 363:Bulgaria 227:Mongolia 202:Ethiopia 171:Bulgaria 105:Moldavia 9041:(USSR) 8885:(USSR) 8796:(USSR) 8686:Sputnik 8670:Sibylle 8654:Pogledi 8646:Oktyabr 8470:Džuboks 8419:Vjesnik 8315:Pobjeda 8227:Dnevnik 8121:Zvyazda 7699:COMECON 7599:Romania 7594:Hungary 7138:Albania 6761:Sources 6301:Praeger 6041:, p.294 5082:jamming 5055:jamming 5041:(VOA), 5027:Russian 4877:scholar 4732:Germany 4668:wrote: 4662:in his 4649:Macbeth 4641:Hungary 4580:Albania 4571:Romania 4543:German 4486:of the 4358:Pioneer 3610:(later 2097:Zvyazda 2018:of the 1862:scholar 1689:Romania 1661:Hungary 1651:treason 1649:" and " 1647:Titoism 1447:Goskino 1432:jamming 1380:Romania 1372:May Day 1344:Hungary 1276:In the 1199:scholar 996:Romania 988:Finland 972:Estonia 907:as the 891:in the 889:Ukraine 550:Dissent 452:1980–89 411:Estonia 388:Ukraine 378:Romania 368:Croatia 358:Albania 307:Comecon 264:Vietnam 253:Somalia 248:Romania 212:Hungary 207:Grenada 155:Albania 125:Ukraine 80:Georgia 75:Estonia 60:Armenia 48:of the 9061:(USSR) 8891:(USSR) 8734:Vlasta 8710:Svijet 8678:Signal 8542:Izgled 8486:Femeia 8339:Pravda 8067:Pravda 7719:(WFDY) 7711:(WFTU) 7471:Pravda 7370: 7352: 7334: 7316: 7289: 7271: 7244: 7226: 7204: 7186: 7168: 7146: 7124: 7106: 7079: 7061: 7043: 7025: 7003: 6985: 6967: 6949: 6931: 6913: 6895: 6877: 6859: 6830: 6812: 6794: 6776: 6643:May 2, 6377: 6327: 6092:May 2, 6064:May 2, 6020:May 2, 5862: 5266: 5205: 5185: 5015:, and 4928:, and 4879: 4872: 4865: 4858: 4850: 4769:, and 4740:Saxony 4606:, and 4460:daily 4426:daily 4392:daily 4360:daily 4260:Notes 4248:Media 3571:Notes 3559:Media 3366:(SED) 3255:Pravda 3163:Notes 3154:Media 3128: 3100: 3068: 3029:Soviet 3013:Soviet 2997:Soviet 2981:Soviet 2954: 2925: 2896: 2867: 2839: 2810: 2779: 2751: 2722: 2693: 2674:Notes 2662:Media 2576:Notes 2564:Media 2378:Totuus 1979:Pravda 1972:Notes 1963:Media 1864: 1857: 1850: 1843: 1835: 1792:, and 1626:Soviet 1596:- a 1556:("The 1504:Jilava 1475:. The 1451:cinema 1340:Poland 1328:, and 1270:, and 1201: 1194: 1187: 1180: 1172: 1081:, and 1038:. The 1026:, the 1022:, the 1018:, the 1014:, the 964:Latvia 956:Poland 564:Poland 559:Soviet 494:Moscow 416:Latvia 383:Serbia 373:Poland 242:Poland 161:Angola 110:Russia 95:Latvia 9072:(GDR) 9045:BelTA 8876:Radio 8718:Tempo 8694:Start 8510:FRÖSI 8379:Sport 8211:Borba 8145:Tiesa 8024:Radio 6087:(PDF) 5832:, in 5782:, in 5729:, in 5105:Notes 4884:JSTOR 4870:books 4257:Logo 4251:Type 4053:BNT 2 4021:BNT 1 3581:radio 3568:Logo 3562:Type 3296:Práce 3160:Logo 2963:Main 2829:ETV 1 2684:radio 2671:Logo 2665:Type 2573:Logo 2353:] 2296:Tiesa 1969:Logo 1869:JSTOR 1855:books 1716:- An 1673:- An 1620:- An 1584:Gulag 1580:Gulag 1562:Gluma 1206:JSTOR 1192:books 927:were 877:Minsk 182:Congo 176:China 166:Benin 9051:ELTA 9039:TASS 8971:DT64 8726:Tina 8462:Duga 8446:Atze 8219:Delo 8137:Cīņa 8095:Trud 7467:Time 7368:ISBN 7350:ISBN 7332:ISBN 7314:ISBN 7287:ISBN 7269:ISBN 7242:ISBN 7224:ISBN 7202:ISBN 7184:ISBN 7166:ISBN 7144:ISBN 7122:ISBN 7104:ISBN 7077:ISBN 7059:ISBN 7041:ISBN 7023:ISBN 7001:ISBN 6983:ISBN 6965:ISBN 6947:ISBN 6929:ISBN 6911:ISBN 6893:ISBN 6875:ISBN 6857:ISBN 6828:ISBN 6810:ISBN 6792:ISBN 6774:ISBN 6645:2022 6375:ISBN 6325:ISBN 6094:2022 6066:2022 6022:2022 5860:ISBN 5835:Ziua 5264:ISBN 5203:ISBN 5183:ISBN 5035:RIAS 4856:news 4697:and 4291:USSR 4194:TVR2 4166:TVR1 4146:TVP2 4114:TVP1 3971:DFF2 3917:ČST2 3881:ČST1 3650:DT64 3139:TASS 3118:ELTA 3111:TASS 2915:UT-1 2857:LTV1 2610:USSR 2239:Cīņa 2028:Trud 2003:USSR 1933:and 1909:and 1907:NKVD 1841:news 1736:- A 1726:- A 1702:- a 1687:- A 1629:NKVD 1610:- A 1574:- a 1494:- a 1350:and 1288:and 1178:news 1065:1975 923:and 815:and 698:Fall 222:Laos 187:Cuba 51:USSR 9070:ADN 9059:APN 8788:TVR 8782:TVP 8776:MTV 8770:DFF 8764:ČST 8630:NIN 7456:CNN 6619:by 6381:), 5023:jam 4839:by 4801:In 4736:ARD 4699:SFB 4687:NDR 4683:ARD 3961:By 3938:DFF 2049:APN 1948:In 1911:GRU 1824:by 1473:KGB 1420:SED 1378:in 1161:by 1002:). 978:), 970:), 962:), 935:). 272:PRG 9094:: 8110:: 8064:: 7805:/ 7801:/ 7777:/ 7453:. 7425:, 6744:^ 6668:^ 6636:. 6537:^ 6522:^ 6469:^ 6440:^ 6424:. 6366:, 6319:, 6315:. 6288:^ 6233:^ 6218:^ 6203:^ 6170:^ 6145:^ 6130:^ 6115:^ 6057:. 6046:^ 6013:. 5997:, 5971:. 5959:^ 5939:^ 5906:^ 5885:, 5854:, 5850:, 5778:, 5751:. 5701:. 5638:^ 5609:^ 5580:^ 5565:^ 5536:^ 5490:^ 5473:^ 5440:^ 5389:^ 5374:^ 5329:, 5237:^ 5168:^ 5151:^ 5110:1. 5093:. 5072:, 5065:. 5045:, 5011:, 4989:, 4985:, 4981:, 4977:, 4973:, 4969:, 4924:, 4794:. 4773:. 4695:BR 4693:, 4691:HR 4689:, 4602:, 4282:/ 4100:m2 4067:m1 3885:TV 3614:) 2801:TV 2648:- 2621:- 2601:/ 2520:- 2491:- 2433:- 2402:- 2351:pl 1994:/ 1937:. 1929:. 1925:, 1921:, 1917:, 1788:, 1784:, 1772:. 1453:, 1441:, 1366:. 1324:, 1320:, 1316:, 1292:. 1266:, 1262:, 1077:, 1073:, 1050:. 919:, 915:, 811:, 270:, 7977:e 7970:t 7963:v 7834:) 7830:( 7532:e 7525:t 7518:v 6647:. 6434:. 6409:. 6096:. 6084:" 6080:" 6068:. 6024:. 4906:) 4900:( 4895:) 4891:( 4881:· 4874:· 4867:· 4860:· 4833:. 1891:) 1885:( 1880:) 1876:( 1866:· 1859:· 1852:· 1845:· 1818:. 1681:. 1520:. 1228:) 1222:( 1217:) 1213:( 1203:· 1196:· 1189:· 1182:· 1155:. 789:e 782:t 775:v 274:) 266:(

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