Early Middle Ages - Knowledge

3599: 4216: 2592: 434: 4136: 3816: 816: 1836: 142: 3580: 906: 4819: 792: 1243: 3642:. Religious orders would not proliferate until the high Middle Ages. For the typical Christian at this time, religious participation was largely confined to occasionally receiving mass from wandering monks. Few would receive this as often as once a month. By the end of this period, individual practice of religion was becoming more common, as monasteries started to transform into something approximating modern churches, where some monks might even give occasional sermons. 1169: 1715: 6875: 2190: 2174: 1051: 336: 3013:(893–927), the state was the largest and one of the most powerful political entities of Europe, and it consistently threatened the existence of the Byzantine empire. From the middle of the 10th century Bulgaria was in decline as it entered a social and spiritual turmoil. It was in part due to Simeon's devastating wars, but was also exacerbated by a series of successful Byzantine military campaigns. Bulgaria was conquered after a long resistance in 1018. 3388: 2248:

vassals, who could in turn sublet the land to lower sub-vassals. This all had the effect of weakening the power of the king as his kingdom grew, since the result was that the land became controlled not just by more princes and vassals, but by multiple layers of vassals. This also allowed his nobles to attempt to build their own power base, though given the strict salic tradition of hereditary kingship, few would ever consider overthrowing the king.

6865: 2390: 1452: 715: 43: 3977: 1313: 1999: 3120: 2371:. This system featured a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations. Each man was bound to serve his superior in return for the latter's protection. This made for confusion of territorial sovereignty since allegiances were subject to change over time and were sometimes mutually contradictory. Feudalism allowed the state to provide a degree of public safety despite the continued absence of bureaucracy and written records. 6885: 2648: 2162: 4833: 2866: 3531:(modern-day Greece), which accumulated over 10,000 books. Scholars travelled from one monastery to another in search of the texts they wished to study. Travelling monks were often given funds to buy books, and certain monasteries which held a reputation for intellectual activities welcomed travelling monks who came to copy manuscripts for their own libraries. One of these was the 2364:

teams of oxen. Illuminated manuscripts depict two-wheeled ploughs with both a mouldboard, or curved metal ploughshare, and a coulter, a vertical blade in front of the ploughshare. The Romans had used light, wheel-less ploughs with flat iron shares that often proved unequal to the heavy soils of northern Europe.

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With nearly the entire nation freshly ravaged by the Vikings, England was in a desperate state. The long-suffering English later responded with a massacre of Danish settlers in 1002, leading to a round of reprisals and finally to Danish rule (1013), though England regained independence shortly after.

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was the most politically important, richest and largest city in Europe. Around 100 AD, it had a population of about 450,000, and declined to a mere 20,000 during the early Middle Ages, reducing the sprawling city to groups of inhabited buildings interspersed among large areas of ruins and vegetation.

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made it a superb fighting unit. The Romans preferred infantry to cavalry because infantry could be trained to retain the formation in combat, while cavalry tended to scatter when faced with opposition. While a barbarian army could be raised and inspired by the promise of plunder, the legions required

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which abstracts the principles of Roman law in such a way that they can be applied to any situation. The level of literacy was considerably higher in the Byzantine Empire than in the Latin West. Elementary education was much more widely available, sometimes even in the countryside. Secondary schools

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The study of nature was pursued more for practical reasons than as an abstract inquiry: the need to care for the sick led to the study of medicine and of ancient texts on drugs; the need for monks to determine the proper time to pray led them to study the motion of the stars; and the need to compute

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Compared to the earlier two-field system, a three-field system allowed for significantly more land to be put under cultivation. Even more important, the system allowed for two harvests a year, reducing the risk that a single crop failure will lead to famine. Three-field agriculture created a surplus

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among the sons of a dead land holder. This meant that, when the king granted a prince land in reward for service, that prince and all of his descendants had an irrevocable right to that land that no future king could undo. Likewise, those princes (and their sons) could sublet their land to their own

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The gradual breakdown and transformation of economic and social linkages and infrastructure resulted in increasingly localized outlooks. This breakdown was often fast and dramatic as it became unsafe to travel or carry goods over any distance; there was a consequent collapse in trade and manufacture

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expanded Frankish influence into Germany by rebuilding the German church, with the result that, within a century, the German church was the strongest church in western Europe. Yet despite this, Charles Martel refused to overthrow the Frankish king. His son, Pepin the Short, inherited his power, and

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It is difficult to establish exactly when Islam first appeared in Russia because the lands that Islam penetrated early in its expansion were not part of Russia at the time, but were later incorporated into the expanding Russian Empire. Islam reached the Caucasus region in the middle of the seventh

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who invaded the coasts of northern Europe. They were targeted not only because they stored books but also precious objects that were looted by invaders. In the earliest monasteries, there were no special rooms set aside as a library, but from the sixth century onwards libraries became an essential

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would have several fields, each subdivided into 1-acre (4,000 m) strips of land. An acre measured one "furlong" of 220 yards by one "chain" of 22 yards (that is, about 200 m by 20 m). A furlong (from "furrow long") was considered to be the distance an ox could plough before taking a rest; the

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which began in 541 and recurred periodically for 150 years thereafter killed as many as 100 million people across the world. Some historians such as Josiah C. Russell (1958) have suggested a total European population loss of 50 to 60 per cent between 541 and 700. After the year 750, major epidemic

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had provided safe conditions for trade and manufacture, and a unified cultural and educational milieu of far-ranging connections. As this was lost, it was replaced by the rule of local potentates, sometimes members of the established Romanized ruling elite, sometimes new lords of alien culture. In

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side of the Roman empire, and in Greek. Late Roman attempts to translate Greek writings into Latin had limited success. As the knowledge of Greek declined, the Latin West found itself cut off from some of its Greek philosophical and scientific roots. For a time, Latin-speakers who wanted to learn

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Viking raiding expeditions were separate from, though coexisted with, regular trading expeditions. Apart from exploring Europe via its oceans and rivers, with the aid of their advanced navigational skills, they extended their trading routes across vast parts of the continent. They also engaged in

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in the 12th century. Because the system required a major rearrangement of real estate and of the social order, it took until the 11th century before it came into general use. The heavy wheeled plough was introduced in the late 10th century. It required greater animal power and promoted the use of

981:(died 804) at its close were founded alike on their valued literacy. For the formerly Roman area, there was another 20 per cent decline in population between 400 and 600, or a one-third decline for 150–600. In the 8th century, the volume of trade reached its lowest level. The very small number of 3520:

placed books in the care of a librarian who supervised their use. In some monastic reading rooms, valuable books would be chained to shelves, but there were also lending sections as well. Copying was also another important aspect of monastic libraries, this was undertaken by resident or visiting

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varied, but the custom made marriages annullable by application to the Pope. North of Italy, where masonry construction was never extinguished, stone construction was replacing timber in important structures. Deforestation of the densely wooded continent was under way. The 10th century marked a

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The Abbasids built their capital in Baghdad after replacing the Umayyad caliphs from all but the Iberian peninsula. The influence held by Muslim merchants over African-Arabian and Arabian-Asian trade routes was tremendous. As a result, Islamic civilization grew and expanded on the basis of its

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and for three days fire and slaughter ensued as bodies filled the streets, palaces were stripped of their valuables, and the invaders interrogated and tortured those citizens thought to have hidden wealth. As newly converted Christians, the Goths respected church property, but those who found

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The Eastern Roman or "Byzantine" Empire aimed to retain control of the trade routes between Europe and the Orient, which made the Empire the richest polity in Medieval Europe. Making use of their sophisticated warfare and superior diplomacy, the Byzantines managed to fend off assaults by the

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on Christmas Day, 800. Upon Charlemagne's death, his empire had united much of modern-day France, western Germany and northern Italy. The years after his death illustrated how Germanic his empire remained. Rather than an orderly succession, his empire was divided in accordance with Frankish

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used it to further expand Frankish influence. Unlike his father, however, Pepin decided to seize the Frankish kingship. Given how strongly Frankish culture held to its principle of inheritance, few would support him if he attempted to overthrow the king. Instead, he sought the assistance of

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had sprung up as monks sought separation from the world. These monasteries remained independent from local princes, and as such constituted the "church" for most northern Europeans during this time. Being independent from local princes, they increasingly stood out as centres of learning, of

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in the absence of administrative governance. Some lived only for war and pillage and disdained Roman ways. Other peoples had been in prolonged contact with the Roman civilization, and were, to a certain degree, romanized. "A poor Roman plays the Goth, a rich Goth the Roman," said King

3674:. Various barbarian tribes went from raiding and pillaging the island to invading and settling. They were entirely pagan, having never been part of the Empire, though they experienced Christian influence from the surrounding peoples, such as those who were converted by the mission of 3095:—known as Vladimir the Great), the Rus' also embarked on predatory military campaigns against the Byzantine Empire, some of which resulted in trade treaties. The importance of Russo-Byzantine relations to Constantinople was highlighted by the fact that Vladimir I of Kiev, son of 2471:

With the means to travel (longships and open water), desire for goods led Scandinavian traders to explore and develop extensive trading partnerships in new territories. Some of the most important trading ports during the period include both existing and ancient cities such as

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a central government and taxation to pay for salaries, constant training, equipment, and food. The decline in agricultural and economic activity reduced the empire's taxable income and thus its ability to maintain a professional army to defend itself from external threats.

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was a process which started in the 9th century. Islamic rule over Sicily was effective from 902, and the complete rule of the island lasted from 965 until 1061. The Islamic presence on the Italian Peninsula was ephemeral and limited mostly to semi-permanent soldier camps.

3484:, including a notation for zero, were developed by Hindu mathematicians in the 5th and 6th centuries. Muslim mathematicians learned of it in the 7th century and added a notation for decimal fractions in the 9th and 10th centuries. Around 1000, Gerbert of Aurillac (later 3630:. The institutional structure of Christianity in the west during this period is different from what it would become later in the Middle Ages. As opposed to the later church, the church of the early Middle Ages consisted primarily of the monasteries. The practice of 3747:, the Apostle of the Germans, propagated Christianity in the Frankish Empire during the 8th century. He helped shape Western Christianity, and many of the dioceses he proposed remain until today. After his martyrdom, he was quickly hailed as a saint. By 1000, even 1876:

The Lombard state was relatively Romanized, at least when compared to the Germanic kingdoms in northern Europe. It was highly decentralized at first, with the territorial dukes having practical sovereignty in their duchies, especially in the southern duchies of

960:, as well as several other centres, managed to obtain supplies of Mediterranean luxury goods well into the 6th century, but then lost their trading links. Administrative, educational and military infrastructure quickly vanished, and the loss of the established 1301:, which formerly denoted a subdivision of the Byzantine army, came to refer to a region governed by a strategos. The reform led to the emergence of great landed families which controlled the regional military and often pressed their claims to the throne (see 586:

had broken down, and the Roman army was composed mainly of barbarians and soldiers recruited for a single campaign. The general decline in discipline also led to the use of smaller shields and lighter weaponry. Not wanting to share the glory, Eastern Emperor

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would take place between 711 and 750. The end of the sudden Islamic Caliphate expansion ended around this time. The final Islamic dominion eroded the areas of the Iron Age Roman Empire in the Middle East and controlled strategic areas of the Mediterranean.

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philosophers, scientists, and engineers of the Islamic world contributed enormously to technology, both by preserving earlier traditions and by adding their own inventions and innovations. Scientific and intellectual achievements blossomed in the period.

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Manors became largely self-sufficient, and the volume of trade along long-distance routes and in market towns declined during this period, though never ceased entirely. Roman roads decayed and long-distance trade depended more heavily on water transport.

2288:) in exchange for being consecrated as the new Frankish king. Given that Pepin's claim to the kingship was now based on an authority higher than Frankish custom, no resistance was offered to Pepin. With this, the Merovingian line of kings ended, and the 4333:(or Samanid Empire) rose up in Central Asia. The Sunni Islam empire was a Tajik state and had a Zoroastrian theocratic nobility. It was the next native Persian dynasty after the collapse of the Sassanid Persian empire, caused by the Arab conquest. 603:, who was on the way with reinforcements. While the Romans were fully engaged, the Greuthung cavalry arrived. Only one-third of the Roman army managed to escape. This represented the most shattering defeat that the Romans had suffered since the 1352:

noted, "the technological base of Byzantine society was more advanced than that of contemporary western Europe: iron tools could be found in the villages; water mills dotted the landscape; and field-sown beans provided a diet rich in protein".

3527:. In the Byzantine world, religious houses rarely maintained their own copying centres. Instead they acquired donations from wealthy donors. In the tenth century, the largest collection in the Byzantine world was found in the monasteries of 3665:

used his office as a temporal power, expanded Rome's missionary efforts to the British Isles, and laid the foundations for the expansion of monastic orders. Roman church traditions and practices gradually replaced local variants, including

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were a nomadic Turkic people who managed to develop a multiethnic commercial state which owed its success to the control of much of the waterway trade between Europe and Central Asia. The Khazars also exacted tribute from the

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found that dated from the 8th century supports this (which represents less than 2 per cent of the number of shipwrecks dated from the 1st century). There was also reforestation and a retreat of agriculture centred around 500.

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in 680 the armies of the Bulgars and Slavs advanced to the south of the Balkan mountains, defeating again the Byzantines who were then forced to sign a humiliating peace treaty which acknowledged the establishment of the

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Harbeck, Michaela; Seifert, Lisa; Hänsch, Stephanie; Wagner, David M.; Birdsell, Dawn; Parise, Katy L.; Wiechmann, Ingrid; Grupe, Gisela; Thomas, Astrid; Keim, P; Zöller, L; Bramanti, B; Riehm, JM; Scholz, HC (2013).

3181:(Byzantium), learning (in the sense of formal education involving literature) was maintained at a higher level than in the West. The classical education system, which would persist for hundreds of years, emphasized 1758:

had been wiped out in the years after the end of the Western Roman Empire, between the 5th and 8th centuries, new political and social infrastructure began to develop. Much of this was initially Germanic and pagan.

1376:. The enlightened Macedonian rulers scorned the rulers of Western Europe as illiterate barbarians and maintained a nominal claim to rule over the West. Although this fiction had been exploded with the coronation of 4329:. Within 150 years of gaining control of Persia, the caliphs were forced to cede power to local dynastic emirs who only nominally acknowledged their authority. After the Abbasids lost their military dominance, the 1380:

in Rome (800), the Byzantine rulers did not treat their Western counterparts as equals. Generally, they had little interest in political and economic developments in the barbarian (from their point of view) West.

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began in the early fifth century, and by the sixth century the island would consist of many small kingdoms engaged in ongoing warfare with each other. The Germanic kingdoms are now collectively referred to as

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was weak and divided. Impossible to guess at the time, but by the end of the century, the Lombardic kingdom would be extinct, while the Frankish kingdom would have nearly reassembled the Western Roman Empire.

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The site of the Grand Mosque was originally a pagan temple, then a Visigothic Christian church, before the Umayyad Moors at first converted the building into a mosque and then built a new mosque on the site.

3158:, where Roman influences lasted longer. In the 7th century, however, learning expanded in Ireland and the Celtic lands, where Latin was a foreign language and Latin texts were eagerly studied and taught. The 898:, the language of the smaller Roman-era population of what is now England disappeared with barely a trace in the territories settled by the Anglo-Saxons, although the Brittanic kingdoms of the west remained 411:

from horseback. The Goths sought refuge in Roman territory (376), agreeing to enter the Empire as unarmed settlers. However many bribed the Danube border-guards into allowing them to bring their weapons.

1775:, local princes typically auctioned off ecclesiastical offices, causing priests and bishops to function as though they were yet another noble under the patronage of the prince. In contrast, a network of 1342:. The population of the imperial capital fluctuated between 300,000 and 400,000 as the emperors undertook measures to restrain its growth. The only other large Christian cities were Rome (50,000) and 2351:

strip shape of the acre field also reflected the difficulty in turning early heavy ploughs. In the idealized form of the system, each family got thirty such strips of land. The three-field system of

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has caused the ecclesiastical offices to become the property of local princes, and as such the monasteries constituted the only church institution independent of the local princes. In addition, the

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which were exercised by the legions, reserve their compassion and their eloquence for their own sufferings, when the provinces were invaded and desolated by the arms of the successful Barbarians."

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But Christianization made rapid progress and proved itself the long-term solution to the problem of barbarian raiding. The territories of Scandinavia were soon to be fully Christianized Kingdoms:

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Khanate. The Danube Bulgars were quickly slavicized and, despite constant campaigning against Constantinople, accepted Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. Through the efforts of missionaries

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departed from Byzantine allegiance. Various states owing various nominal allegiances fought constantly over territory until events came to a head in the early 11th century with the coming of the

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Cini Castagnoli, G.C., Bonino, G., Taricco, C. and Bernasconi, S.M. 2002. "Solar radiation variability in the last 1400 years recorded in the carbon isotope ratio of a Mediterranean sea core",

3781:, e.g. the 4th year of the reign of Robert II (the Pious) of France. The use of the modern "anno domini" system of dating was largely confined to chroniclers of universal history, such as the 1165:. The Emperor himself was afflicted, and within the span of less than a year, an estimated 200,000 Constantinopolites—two out of every five city residents—had died of the disease. 3638:

was relatively weak, and its power was mostly confined to central Italy. Individualized religious practice was uncommon, as it typically required membership in a religious order, such as the

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The interaction between the culture of the newcomers, their warband loyalties, the remnants of classical culture, and Christian influences, produced a new model for society, based in part on

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intact, was the sole unifying cultural influence in the West, preserving Latin learning, maintaining the art of writing, and preserving a centralized administration through its network of

993:, with a crop grown in one field and the other left fallow and ploughed under to eliminate weeds. Systematic agriculture largely disappeared and yields declined. It is estimated that the 6231: 2843:

eventually acknowledged Roman ecclesiastical authority, the clergy of Constantinople succeeded in converting to Eastern Christianity two of the largest states of early medieval Europe,

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remaining in force in many areas of Europe until the 19th century) and commissioned the building of the largest and most architecturally advanced edifice of the early Middle Ages, the

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The empire lacked the resources, and perhaps the will, to reconstruct the professional mobile army destroyed at Adrianople, so it had to rely on barbarian armies to fight for it. The

3464:(867–1056), Byzantium enjoyed a golden age and a revival of classical learning. There was little original research, but many lexicons, anthologies, encyclopedias, and commentaries. 2038:

descended and Irish-influenced people of western Scotland were Christian from the fifth century onward, the Picts adopted Christianity in the sixth century under the influence of

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Western Europe remained less developed compared to the Islamic world, with its vast network of caravan trade, or China, at this time the world's most populous empire under the

2263:, which is typically considered the battle that saved Europe from Muslim conquest, but by the fact that he greatly expanded Frankish influence. It was under his patronage that 1297:

To counter these threats a new system of administration was introduced. The regional civil and military administration were combined in the hands of a general, or strategos. A

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in 372–375 ended the history of these kingdoms. The Huns, a confederation of central Asian tribes, founded an empire. They had mastered the difficult art of shooting composite

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would absorb all of the kingdoms in the south, both Anglo-Saxon and Briton. In Wales consolidation of power would not begin until the ninth century under the descendants of

240:, a characterization based on the relative scarcity of literary and cultural output from this time. The term is rarely used by academics today. The Eastern Roman Empire, or 1404:. By the 9th century, the Slavs had expanded into sparsely inhabited territories to the south and east from these natural frontiers, peacefully assimilating the indigenous 328:

during the period from 150 to 400 suggest a fall from 65 million to 50 million, a decline of more than 20 percent. Some scholars have connected this de-population to the

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ordained in succession. The early Middle Ages are characterized by the urban control of bishops and the territorial control exercised by dukes and counts. The rise of

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in the beginning of the period gradually gave way to more stabilized societies and states as the origins of contemporary Eastern Europe began to take shape during the

2324:. West Francia would be ruled by Carolingians until 987 and East Francia until 911, after which time the partition of the empire into France and Germany was complete. 1384:

Against this economic background the culture and the imperial traditions of the Eastern Roman Empire attracted its northern neighbours—Slavs, Bulgars, and Khazars—to

4353: 5566: 8635: 4049:. From 622 to 632, Muhammad as the leader of a Muslim community in Medina was engaged in a state of war with the Meccans. In the proceeding decades, the area of 1910:

was defeated and forced to surrender his kingdom to Charlemagne in 774. The Lombard kingdom ended and a period of Frankish rule was initiated. The Frankish king

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Laury Sarti, "Perceiving War and the Military in Early Christian Gaul (ca. 400–700 A.D.)" (= Brill's Series on the Early Middle Ages, 22), Leiden/Boston 2013,

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in 527–565. Not only did Justinian restore some western territories to the Roman Empire, including Rome and the Italian peninsula itself, but he also codified

6694: 4523: 3079:(967 or 968), instigated by the Byzantines, led to the collapse of the Bulgarian state and the occupation of the east of the country by the Rus'. An ensuing 2520:

warfare, looting and enslaving numerous Christian communities of Medieval Europe for centuries, contributing to the development of feudal systems in Europe.

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in 614, and by the ninth century boasted a catalogue of 666 manuscripts, including religious works, classical texts, histories and mathematical treatises.

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The Early Middle Ages marked the beginning of the cultural distinctions between Western and Eastern Europe north of the Mediterranean. Influence from the

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in 867 marked the end of the period of political and religious turmoil and introduced a new golden age of the empire. While the talented generals such as

6830: 1346:(30,000). Even before the 8th century was out, the Farmer's Law signalled the resurrection of agricultural technologies in the Roman Empire. As the 2006 8500: 2355:

was first developed in the 9th century: wheat or rye was planted in one field, the second field had a nitrogen-fixing crop, and the third was fallow.

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missionaries had been spreading Arian Christianity throughout northern Europe, though by 700 the religion of northern Europeans was largely a mix of

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and reduced their prestige. After their success in overrunning Iberia, the conquerors moved northeast across the Pyrenees. They were defeated by the

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By the early 8th century, notwithstanding the shrinking territory of the empire, Constantinople remained the largest and the wealthiest city west of

4069:. Umar defeated the rebellion of several Arab tribes in a successful campaign, unifying the entire Arabian peninsula and giving it stability. Under 2259:

was effectively the strongest prince in the kingdom. His accomplishments were highlighted, not just by his famous defeat of invading Muslims at the

1995:. Christianity began to take hold among the Anglo-Saxons in the sixth century, with 597 given as the traditional date for its large-scale adoption. 4354: 5846: 3150:

teaching and learning moved to monastic and cathedral schools, with the study of biblical texts at the centre of education. The education of the

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elaborated a project of scholarly development aimed at resuscitating classical knowledge by establishing programs of study based upon the seven

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of oats that could be used to feed horses. This surplus allowed for the replacement of the ox by the horse after the introduction of the padded

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wiped out large rural populations. Most of the details about the epidemics are lost, probably due to the scarcity of surviving written records.

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for export. Major industries that depended on trade, such as large-scale pottery manufacture, vanished almost overnight in places like Britain.

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explained how classical education fits into the Christian worldview: Christianity is a religion of the book, so Christians must be literate.

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continued in the footsteps of his father and grandfather. He further expanded and consolidated the Frankish kingdom (now commonly called the

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was almost entirely displaced by the migrations. Whereas the peoples of France, Italy, Spain and Portugal continued to speak the dialects of

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merchant economy, in contrast to their Christian, Indian, and Chinese peers who built societies from an agricultural landholding nobility.

2823:, the latter of which emerged under the aegis of the Frankish Empire in the early 9th century. Great Moravia was ultimately overrun by the 1058: 2804:, disappeared as a political force with the fall of Khazaria, while Islam of Volga Bulgaria has survived in the region up to the present. 2612:

impacted the Christianization and hence almost every aspect of the cultural and political development of the East from the preeminence of

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form of Christianity that considers God the Son to have been created by, and thus inferior to, God the Father, rather than the two being

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The Abbasids flourished for two centuries but slowly went into decline with the rise to power of the Turkish army they had created, the

4208:, to the Muslims. The Muslims would bring Alexandria under control and the fall of Egypt would be complete by 642. Between 647 and 709, 3229:

In the ancient world, Greek was the primary language of science. Advanced scientific research and teaching was mainly carried on in the

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around 896. The Slavic state became a stage for confrontation between the Christian missionaries from Constantinople and Rome. Although

4799: 882:(wandering of the peoples), the earlier settled populations were sometimes left intact though usually partially or entirely displaced. 269:

greatly affected later European social structure and history. Europe experienced a return to systematic agriculture in the form of the

6258:: Or, Sketches of the social condition of Europe, from the fifth to the twelfth century. (1846). New-York: Leavitt, Trow & company 2662:

Most European nations were praying for mercy: "Sagittis hungarorum libera nos, Domine" - "Lord save us from the arrows of Hungarians"

1388:, in search of either pillage or enlightenment. The movement of the Germanic tribes to the south triggered the great migration of the 1207:

by Avars and Persians. Within several decades, Heraclius completed a holy war against the Persians, taking their capital and having a

873:. Arianism found some favour in the Roman Empire before being eclipsed by the Chalcedonian position and then suppressed as heretical. 8580: 2092:

and his descendants, Wessex would at first survive, then coexist with, and eventually conquer the Danes. It would then establish the

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speakers. The new peoples greatly altered established society, including law, culture, religion, and patterns of property ownership.

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produced a Latin encyclopedia in 630. Private libraries would have existed, and monasteries would also keep various kinds of texts.

1228: 857:. The Germanic peoples knew little of cities, money, or writing, and were mostly pagan, though they were increasingly converting to 7854: 4355: 3163: 2393:

Scandinavian settlements and raiding territory. Note : yellow in England and southern Italy covers the Viking expansion from

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In the culture of Europe, several features surfaced soon after 1000 that mark the end of the early Middle Ages: the rise of the

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In 681 the Bulgars founded a powerful and ethnically diverse state that played a defining role in the history of early medieval

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Climatic conditions in Western Europe began to improve after 700. In that year, the two major powers in western Europe were the

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began in the 4th century with the Goths and continued throughout the early Middle Ages, led in the 6th to 7th centuries by the

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In the course of the 11th century, Islam's scientific knowledge began to reach Western Europe, via Islamic Spain. The works of

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was stable and well developed. The Franks, in contrast, were barely any different from their barbarian Germanic ancestors. The

5490: 3939: 79: 8520: 6298: 5288: 4524: 4250:, attacked in 664, would be subjugated by 712. Sindh became the easternmost province of the Umayyad. The Umayyad conquest of 3197:. Pupils read and reread classic works and wrote essays imitating their style. By the 4th century, this education system was 1637: 17: 1922:" and the territory north of that swath of papally-governed land was ruled primarily by Lombard and Frankish vassals of the 6210: 5353: 3351:) was responsible for the increase in the interest in speculative inquiry; from this interest would follow the rise of the 3076: 2785: 1933:

maintained its sovereignty in the face of the pretensions of both the Western and Eastern Empires. In the 9th century, the

611:. The core army of the Eastern Roman Empire was destroyed, Valens was killed, and the Goths were freed to lay waste to the 4521: 7436: 6754: 6729: 6669: 4362: 3819: 3067:(died 972) achieved the first major expansion of Kievan Rus' territorial control, fighting a war of conquest against the 86: 5561: 4357: 3598: 1787:. The centralized administrative systems of the Romans did not withstand the changes, and the institutional support for 7290: 6845: 5594: 5154: 4745: 4283: 3905:, or "emperor of the world" as he styled himself. But later church reforms enhanced its independence and prestige: the 3088: 1568: 1446: 732: 60: 3777:

Speculation that the world would end in the year 1000 was confined to a few uneasy French monks. Ordinary clerks used

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raids on Britain began before 800, increasing in scope and destructiveness over time. In 865 a large, well-organized

1983: 1966: 754: 179:, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th to the 10th century. They marked the start of the 126: 5909:

Faith Wallis, "'Number Mystique' in Early Medieval Computus Texts", pp. 179-99 in T. Koetsier and L. Bergmans, eds.

5224: 2999:

was the first European national Church to gain independence with its own Patriarch while conducting services in the

2088:) attempted a conquest, breaking or diminishing Anglo-Saxon power everywhere but in Wessex. Under the leadership of 8515: 7876: 7421: 7016: 4209: 3705: 3701: 3623: 3135: 2562: 842: 307: 93: 3645:

During the early Middle Ages, the divide between Eastern and Western Christianity widened, paving the way for the

2312:

inheritance custom, which resulted in instability that plagued his empire until the last king of a united empire,

8741: 8615: 8550: 7595: 7446: 7049: 6914: 6348: 6120: 6010: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3548: 3481: 3398: 3378: 3123: 2107:

Viking raids and invasion were no less dramatic for the north. Their defeat of the Picts in 839 led to a lasting

1903: 1460: 1131:

predecessor, historians began referring to the empire as "Byzantine", after the original name of Constantinople,

348: 31: 5171: 3444:

was closed in 526. There was also a school in Alexandria which remained open until the Arab conquest (640). The

2239:. The Frankish kingdom grew through a complex development of conquest, patronage, and alliance building. Due to 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 7806: 7233: 7066: 7004: 6714: 6654: 6626: 6385: 6127: 5626: 4809: 4702: 4578: 4282:

At the end of the 8th century, the former Western Roman Empire was decentralized and overwhelmingly rural. The

3324:

began to circulate recommending the restoration of old schools and the founding of new ones across the empire.

1970: 1954: 1601:

on 30 April and worked their way northward. Tariq's forces were joined the next year by those of his superior,

1231:

which was considerably facilitated by religious disunity and the proliferation of heretical movements (notably

1138:

migrating barbarians. Their dreams of subduing the Western potentates briefly materialized during the reign of

736: 64: 4525: 4360: 3359:. In the 12th and 13th centuries, many of those schools founded under the auspices of Charlemagne, especially 75: 7959: 7441: 7350: 6800: 6631: 6269: 4769: 4552: 4522: 4501: 4483: 4089:

extended over the whole Sassanid Persian Empire and to more than two-thirds of the Eastern Roman Empire. The

3215:

was more skeptical of the value of classical learning, asking "What indeed has Athens to do with Jerusalem?"

3087:(971). The Rus' withdrew and the Byzantine Empire incorporated eastern Bulgaria. Both before and after their 1873:. The next two hundred years were occupied in trying to conquer these territories from the Byzantine Empire. 1438: 1204: 689:", wrote Gibbon. Honorius was left with only worthless courtiers to advise him. In 410, the Visigoths led by 5879:

Stephen C. McCluskey, "Gregory of Tours, Monastic Timekeeping, and Early Christian Attitudes to Astronomy",

5377:"Yersinia pestis DNA from Skeletal Remains from the 6th Century AD Reveals Insights into Justinianic Plague" 3937: 3909:, the building of the first great Transalpine stone cathedrals and the collation of the mass of accumulated 8570: 8555: 8450: 4546: 3626:

traces Christianity during the Middle Ages—the period after the fall of the Western Roman Empire until the

3500:

on how to perform calculations with these numerals was translated into Latin in Spain in the 12th century.

3445: 1979: 1508: 7976: 7487: 7400: 7395: 7011: 6810: 6115: 5830:"Philip Schaff: ANF03. Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian - Christian Classics Ethereal Library" 5771: 4902: 4342: 4065:

was conquered and settled by Muslims, but the environment was considered harsh and the settlers moved to

4046: 2031: 1812: 1492: 1361: 966:

led to the collapse of the schools and to a rise of illiteracy even among the leadership. The careers of

685:

had Stilicho summarily beheaded (408). Stilicho submitted his neck, "with a firmness not unworthy of the

329: 188: 150: 4242:

between 706 and 715 and loosely held by the Umayyads from 715 to 738. This conquest was consolidated by

1780:

scholarship, and as religious centres where individuals could receive spiritual or monetary assistance.

8711: 7847: 7570: 7456: 7451: 6907: 6805: 6795: 6759: 6601: 6503: 6093:

The Early Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century

4859: 4719: 4271: 2220: 2101: 1298: 176: 4471: 3942: 3941: 1348: 1115:

successor to the classical Roman Empire. The inhabitants continued to regard themselves as Romans, or

918: 8495: 8455: 7896: 7426: 7180: 7141: 6528: 6291: 6238: 5603: 4779: 4774: 4361: 4359: 4074: 3879:

held regular trade fairs behind castle walls, a tentative return of economic life to western Europe.

3585: 2996: 1934: 1768: 1552: 1528: 1442: 899: 870: 4061:

found it a suitable place to construct a base. Later the area was settled and a mosque was erected.

1107:

disintegrated into a mosaic of warring Germanic kingdoms in the 5th century, effectively making the

351: 8756: 8595: 8323: 8085: 8045: 8035: 7983: 6779: 4997: 4631: 4625: 4597: 4425: 4358: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 3851:, recently converted to Orthodox Christianity, flourished as the largest state in Europe. Iceland, 3827: 3728: 3224: 2686: 2538: 2277: 2070: 1816: 1262: 1258: 1220: 571: 312:

Starting in the 2nd century, various indicators of Roman civilization began to decline, including

8373: 8281: 7580: 7575: 7431: 7089: 6483: 6453: 6137: 5099: 5036: 4956: 4764: 4652: 4246:

between 738 and 740. It was under the Umayyads from 740 to 748 and under the Abbasids after 748.

4215: 4181: 3740: 3675: 3639: 3263: 3159: 2988: 2367:

The return to systemic agriculture coincided with the introduction of a new social system called

2304: 2156: 2050: 1743: 1739: 1524: 1434: 1302: 1247: 883: 866: 725: 53: 1551:. Over the next centuries Muslim forces were able to take further European territory, including 1014:

provided an eyewitness account that describes the characteristic findings of smallpox. Waves of

8545: 8535: 8124: 8055: 8040: 7521: 7480: 7255: 7084: 6840: 6596: 6370: 5523: 4658: 4507: 4177: 4126: 3957: 3203: 3072: 2906: 2860: 2844: 2761: 2749: 1430: 1373: 1291: 1224: 1216: 1212: 1172: 1120: 798: 100: 6037: 5205: 5146: 8655: 8630: 8560: 8243: 7971: 7744: 7702: 7672: 7335: 7200: 6659: 6551: 6508: 5988: 5315: 4888: 4689: 3823: 3800:, in Islamic Spain, at this time the world's largest city contained 450,000 inhabitants. The 3796:

had a population of about 300,000, but Rome had a mere 35,000 and Paris 20,000. By contrast,

3724: 2992: 2811:

started to expand aggressively into Byzantine possessions on the Balkans. The first attested

2465: 1776: 1747: 1203:

became depopulated. In 626 Constantinople, by far the largest city of early medieval Europe,

5245: 5138: 5094: 948:, and the Iberian Mediterranean coast, Roman culture lasted until the 6th or 7th centuries. 582:(378). By this time, the distinction in the Roman army between Roman regulars and barbarian 8716: 8650: 8405: 8318: 8296: 8219: 8215: 8144: 8060: 8005: 8000: 7823: 7667: 7556: 7390: 7385: 7325: 7260: 7165: 6878: 6820: 6616: 6523: 6493: 6478: 6284: 5443: 4971: 3871:, abandoned for many centuries, was again England's main economic centre by 1000. By 1000, 3409: 3356: 3239: 3178: 3108: 3064: 3010: 2870: 2617: 2244: 2136: 1856: 1796: 1147: 1108: 1104: 1087: 1035: 631: 627: 608: 579: 550: 542: 229: 205: 192: 4413: 3862:

In Europe, a formalized institution of marriage was established. The proscribed degree of

2591: 8: 8675: 8540: 8410: 8200: 8129: 7886: 7859: 7842: 7830: 7652: 7608: 7355: 7285: 7228: 7145: 6971: 6764: 6744: 6724: 6689: 6621: 6533: 6400: 6270:

Age of spirituality : late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century

6147: 4794: 4607: 4572: 4568: 4431: 3891: 3732: 3667: 3570: 3532: 3437: 3364: 3269: 3143: 3100: 3084: 3003: 2949: 2937: 2933: 2913: 2289: 2256: 2209: 2124: 1962: 1958: 1261:(in 674–77 and 717), the empire of the 8th and early 9th century was rocked by the great 1192: 1162: 994: 914: 838: 221: 5829: 5447: 4975: 4526: 2893:. The Khazars managed to oust the Bulgars from Southern Ukraine into lands along middle 8761: 8395: 8311: 8301: 8134: 8097: 8027: 7966: 7949: 7903: 7813: 7727: 7541: 7461: 7365: 7149: 7101: 7096: 6999: 6989: 6946: 6938: 6868: 6704: 6679: 6581: 6458: 6410: 6405: 6395: 6333: 6105: 5466: 5431: 5403: 5376: 5277: 4922: 4914: 4893: 4824: 4723: 4713: 4683: 4495: 4441: 4314: 4300: 4239: 4086: 3961: 3461: 3243: 3208: 3167: 3104: 3092: 2956:

alphabet, developed in the capital Preslav. The local vernacular dialect, now known as

2886: 2752:, the Khazars pragmatically allied themselves with Constantinople and clashed with the 2702: 2682: 2550: 2432:

The Viking Age spans the period roughly between the late 8th and mid-11th centuries in

2300: 2152: 2093: 2085: 2066: 2027: 1930: 1923: 1882: 1704: 1590: 1548: 1536: 1476: 1392:, who occupied the vacated territories. In the 7th century, they moved westward to the 1357: 1211:

monarch assassinated. Yet Heraclius lived to see his spectacular success undone by the

937: 693: 686: 682: 274: 266: 245: 225: 5817:

Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century

5073: 4983: 1771:

had barely started to spread in northern Europe by this time. Through the practice of

878: 324:

shipwrecks from the 3rd century as from the first. Estimates of the population of the

8525: 8427: 8415: 8400: 8380: 8291: 8238: 8210: 8192: 7995: 7871: 7864: 7677: 7603: 7531: 7340: 7315: 7295: 7275: 7265: 7155: 7137: 7106: 6956: 6930: 6864: 6606: 6576: 6566: 6556: 6473: 6463: 6448: 6206: 6167: 5928: 5669: 5622: 5590: 5496: 5471: 5427: 5408: 5300: 5284: 5150: 5139: 5040: 4926: 4402: 4306: 4296: 4263: 4118: 4094: 3497: 3485: 3040: 2792:

in Western Europe. Islam eventually penetrated into Eastern Europe in the 920s when

2765: 2621: 2441: 2343: 2281: 2273: 2228: 2049:

was the pre-eminent power c. 600–700, absorbing several weaker Anglo-Saxon and

2019: 1915: 1890: 1800: 1764: 1719: 1668: 1606: 1544: 1484: 1184: 1015: 895: 862: 772: 340: 321: 249: 184: 8670: 4224: 3797: 1902:

The Lombard state was well-organized and stabilized by the end of the long reign of

8286: 8276: 8102: 8050: 7954: 7818: 7707: 7657: 7635: 7630: 7561: 7330: 7245: 7190: 7160: 7111: 7071: 7054: 7044: 6979: 6951: 6825: 6774: 6769: 6709: 6674: 6586: 6543: 6513: 6435: 6353: 6323: 6216: 6078: 5461: 5451: 5398: 5388: 5372: 5335: 4979: 4906: 4804: 4751: 4677: 4664: 4396: 4255: 4082: 3883: 3717: 3713: 3695: 3646: 3615: 3360: 3044: 2972: 2960:

or Old Church Slavonic, was established as the language of books and liturgy among

2941: 2706: 2629: 2625: 2609: 2574: 2546: 2534: 2425: 2307:. Though the exact reasons are unclear, Charlemagne was crowned "Roman Emperor" by 2202: 2089: 1987: 1878: 1830: 1672: 1564: 1286: 1069: 1011: 768: 604: 366: 286: 278: 241: 233: 196: 146: 5784:

Barford, P. M. (2001). The Early Slavs. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press

2961: 2111:

heritage in northernmost Scotland, and it led to the combination of the Picts and

1527:, while they entirely toppled the Sasanids. In the mid 7th century, following the 681:. In the fit of anti-barbarian hysteria which followed, the Western Roman Emperor 433: 8660: 8600: 8485: 8333: 8328: 8306: 8226: 8180: 7937: 7891: 7789: 7766: 7749: 7722: 7507: 7370: 7345: 7133: 7116: 6961: 6835: 6749: 6719: 6443: 6360: 6255: 6245: 5548: 5456: 5393: 5322: 5231: 5212: 5080: 5022: 5004: 4858:

For more detail on the various starting and ending dates used by historians, see

4670: 4603: 4584: 4386: 4310: 4243: 3953: 3493: 3332: 3048: 2976: 2953: 2828: 2789: 2694: 2313: 2260: 2148: 2132: 2120: 1911: 1895: 1680: 1664: 1653: 1645: 1602: 1594: 1512: 1426: 1369: 1318: 575: 290: 217:

is used to emphasize developments characteristic of the earlier medieval period.

4135: 3815: 3618:, early medieval Christians inherited a church united by major creeds, a stable 2987:. Literature, art, and architecture were thriving with the establishment of the 832:

The Goths and Vandals were only the first of many bands of peoples that flooded

332:(300–700), when a decrease in global temperatures impaired agricultural yields. 8690: 8610: 8565: 8505: 8470: 8262: 8175: 8080: 7988: 7779: 7613: 7536: 7320: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7280: 7270: 7185: 7128: 7021: 6984: 6739: 6684: 6638: 6591: 6571: 6415: 6338: 6157: 4838: 4729: 4695: 4613: 4459: 4435: 4098: 3926: 3906: 3793: 3782: 3760: 3756: 3744: 3679: 3662: 3650: 3619: 3251: 3032: 3022: 2984: 2979:

was developed around 885–886, and was afterwards also introduced with books to

2898: 2848: 2793: 2777: 2690: 2600:

tribes in central, eastern and southern Europe during the 7th to 9th centuries

2542: 2513: 2264: 2252: 2213: 2116: 2097: 1938: 1899:. It was primarily the codification of the oral legal tradition of the people. 1649: 1409: 1385: 1306: 1270: 1254: 1196: 1155: 1128: 1124: 1112: 1007: 978: 962: 833: 469: 317: 209:, for the early part of the period, emphasizes elements of continuity with the 3682:. In the East, the conquests of Islam reduced the power of the Greek-speaking 3480:, lost in the West, were translated from Arabic to Latin in Spain. The modern 1835: 1199:

tribes. After the devastations by the Slavs and the Avars, large areas of the

8705: 8645: 8530: 8445: 8390: 8250: 8170: 8065: 7915: 7908: 7801: 7754: 7647: 7503: 7416: 7215: 6498: 6226: 6068: 5571: 5134: 5032: 4789: 4784: 4313:

of caliphs, was the third of the Islamic caliphates. Under the Abbasids, the

4085:

in 651, and the conquest of Armenia was begun in the 640s. In this time, the

4078: 4058: 4034: 3863: 3683: 3671: 3452:(425), seems to have dissolved around this time. It was refounded by Emperor 3449: 3394: 3387: 3352: 3327:

Institutionally, these new schools were either under the responsibility of a

3254:

led them to study and teach mathematics and the motions of the Sun and Moon.

3198: 3190: 3154:

continued with little interruption in Italy, Spain, and the southern part of

3068: 2957: 2917: 2820: 2734: 2678: 2638: 2613: 2570: 2437: 2352: 2165:

Europe in 814. Charlemagne's empire included most of modern France, Germany,

1975: 1906:(717–744), but its collapse was sudden. Unsupported by the dukes, King 1861: 1826: 1618: 1579: 1232: 990: 616: 270: 255:

Many of the listed trends reversed later in the period. In 800, the title of

141: 7472: 3272:

as part of the Carolingian Renaissance. Charlemagne carried out a reform in

2796:

exploited the decline of Khazar power in the region to adopt Islam from the

1103:

in 395 was followed by the division of the empire between his two sons. The

1006:, which was eradicated in the late 20th century, did not definitively enter 905: 815: 8680: 8480: 8385: 8231: 8205: 8114: 7796: 7784: 7732: 7692: 7687: 7551: 7546: 7375: 7205: 7076: 6994: 6664: 6561: 6365: 6088: 5475: 5412: 4818: 3789: 3654: 3579: 3517: 3281: 3096: 2968: 2670: 2461: 2457: 2360: 2342:

Around 800 there was a return to systematic agriculture in the form of the

2321: 2317: 2308: 2285: 2269: 2182: 2062: 2035: 2003: 1992: 1919: 1792: 1723: 1468: 1365: 1343: 1328: 1236: 1151: 1100: 891: 850: 698: 416: 408: 344: 325: 313: 210: 4957:"Human impact and climate changes – synchronous events and a causal link?" 3111:

from 867 to 1056), a singular honour sought in vain by many other rulers.

1889:

in 575, the Lombards did not even elect a king; this period is called the

1265:, punctuated by dynastic struggles between various factions at court. The 1242: 1168: 619:

comments, "The Romans, who so coolly and so concisely mention the acts of

8620: 8368: 8363: 8355: 8340: 8165: 8070: 7881: 7717: 7682: 7662: 7642: 7620: 7585: 7360: 7238: 7223: 7195: 7031: 6815: 6518: 6425: 6307: 6121:

The Closing of the Western Mind: The Rise of Faith and the Fall of Reason

5804:

Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Jeremy Marcelino II

5617:

Kennedy, Hugh (1995). "The Muslims in Europe". In McKitterick, Rosamund,

4619: 4419: 4235: 4090: 3887: 3778: 3752: 3627: 3604: 3528: 3523: 3508: 3453: 3340: 3230: 3171: 3147: 2808: 2781: 2698: 2597: 2433: 2347: 2296: 2236: 2178: 2046: 1714: 1547:, which conquered the rest of Mediterranean North Africa and most of the 1543:. This expansion of Islam continued under Umar's successors and then the 1516: 1504: 1480: 1377: 1176: 1139: 999: 967: 791: 776: 674: 669:; on 31 December 406, the frontier gave way and these tribes surged into 405: 370: 262: 180: 161: 5753: 1657: 1472: 8151: 8139: 8109: 8075: 8015: 7697: 7123: 6390: 6276: 4918: 4739: 4641: 4477: 4267: 4205: 4106: 4102: 3848: 3809: 3536: 3477: 3305: 3212: 3000: 2945: 2832: 2742: 2445: 2384: 2337: 2189: 2173: 1907: 1755: 1695:

in 801. The Umayyads in Hispania proclaimed themselves caliphs in 929.

1626: 1587: 1560: 1520: 1464: 1372:) presided over the cultural flowering in Constantinople, known as the 927: 739: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 670: 507: 394: 378: 335: 6014: 5562:"Byzantine Empire. The successors of Heraclius: Islam and the Bulgars" 3867:

return of urban life, with the Italian cities doubling in population.

3456:

in 849. Higher education in this period focused on rhetoric, although

2452:, Scandinavian warriors and traders raided and explored most parts of 2316:, died in 887, which resulted in a permanent split of the empire into 1893:. The first written legal code was composed in poor Latin in 643: the 1072:

were able to reestablish Roman rule in Italy and most of North Africa.

841:

of the Ostrogoths. The subjects of the Roman empire were a mixture of

8585: 8422: 8157: 8119: 7712: 7526: 7170: 6699: 6468: 6249: 6083:

Medieval Foundations of the Western Intellectual Tradition: 400–1400.

4562: 4375: 3914: 3895: 3852: 3457: 3417: 3413: 3344: 3336: 3328: 3313: 3297: 3273: 3127: 3059:

incursions from the east and moved his capital to the more strategic

3028: 2921: 2753: 2368: 2333: 2240: 1978:

was in a state of political and economic collapse at the time of the

1784: 1692: 1684: 1598: 1405: 1332: 1188: 1143: 1132: 1065: 982: 933: 825:

ruled large parts of what is now France, Spain, Andorra and Portugal.

822: 806: 643: 596: 592: 498: 444: 443:

in 372–375 triggered the Germanic migrations of the 5th century. The

390: 374: 6899: 5862:

Linda E. Voigts, "Anglo-Saxon Plant Remedies and the Anglo-Saxons",

5206:

Scientists Identify Genes Critical to Transmission of Bubonic Plague

4910: 1451: 1050: 714: 638:, the western empire's half-Vandal military commander, stripped the 385:(present-day Romania) and on the steppes north of the Black Sea the 236:. In the 19th century the early Middle Ages were often labelled the 42: 8575: 8271: 8092: 7920: 7835: 7774: 7737: 7380: 7175: 6734: 6611: 6488: 6232:

Framing the early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean 400-800

5430:; Krause, Johannes (28 November 2012). Gilbert, M. Thomas P (ed.). 4706: 4489: 4453: 4406: 4379: 4330: 4275: 4251: 4220: 4030: 3910: 3902: 3901:

In 1000, the papacy was firmly under the control of German Emperor

3422: 3309: 3293: 3235: 3194: 3139: 2840: 2772:. In doing so, they effectively blocked the northward expansion of 2677:

and in Central Europe creating a number of successor states in the

2501: 2394: 2389: 2224: 2217: 2128: 2007: 1866: 1822: 1760: 1676: 1622: 1614: 1532: 1488: 1208: 1158: 1003: 957: 953: 887: 858: 854: 846: 690: 678: 635: 2745:, they were in contact with the trade emporia of India and Spain. 2096:

and rule until the establishment of an Anglo-Danish kingdom under

1945:, who conquered the whole of the south by the end of the century. 1926:

until the rise of the city-states in the 11th and 12th centuries.

1312: 8490: 8345: 8257: 7250: 7061: 6375: 6095:(New York: Cornell University Press) Howard B. Clark, translator. 5527: 5426:

Bos, Kirsten; Stevens, Philip; Nieselt, Kay; Poinar, Hendrik N.;

4733: 4465: 4392: 4326: 3976: 3856: 3836: 3801: 3772: 3748: 3289: 3182: 3119: 3056: 3052: 2925: 2882: 2874: 2824: 2801: 2797: 2769: 2757: 2726: 2717: 2710: 2674: 2558: 2493: 2449: 2232: 2198: 2166: 2081: 2077: 2039: 1998: 1942: 1788: 1641: 1630: 1401: 1339: 1336: 1274: 1266: 1200: 941: 802: 654: 612: 600: 583: 524: 448: 257: 230:

a small rise in average temperatures in the North Atlantic region

4270:; the area would fall under their full control in 720. With the 3751:

had become Christian, leaving only more remote parts of Europe (

1127:

in 1453. Despite this, to distinguish it from its predominantly

8510: 6100:

A History of Private Life II: Revelations of the Medieval World

5853:, (Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin Pr.) 1962, see esp. pp. 120-133. 5028: 4648: 4637: 4539: 4201: 4070: 4062: 4042: 3872: 3868: 3844: 3840: 3736: 3709: 3635: 3631: 3512: 3489: 3473: 3441: 3321: 3277: 2929: 2902: 2890: 2836: 2738: 2647: 2509: 2505: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2453: 2194: 2108: 2058: 2054: 1870: 1848: 1772: 1731: 1688: 1610: 1540: 1397: 1282: 1278: 588: 481: 473: 282: 6132:

Dark Age Economics: The Origins of Towns and Trade AD 600–1000

4520: 4352: 3936: 2865: 2303:). His reign also saw a cultural rebirth, commonly called the 8475: 8465: 8460: 7932: 7927: 5819:, (Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Pr., 1976), pp. 307-323. 5806:, (Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Pr., 1976), pp. 100-129. 5742:

Cantor, Norman. "The Civilization of the Middle Ages". p. 170

5726:

Cantor, Norman. "The Civilization of the Middle Ages". p. 189

5714:

Cantor, Norman. "The Civilization of the Middle Ages". p. 165

5700:

Cantor, Norman. "The Civilization of the Middle Ages". p. 148

5691:

Cantor, Norman. "The Civilization of the Middle Ages". p. 147

5654:

Cantor, Norman. "The Civilization of the Middle Ages". p. 102

5215:", News Release, National Institutes of Health, 18 July 1996. 4259: 4247: 4093:, or the First Islamic Civil War, lasted for the entirety of 4050: 4038: 3876: 3429: 3348: 3317: 3186: 3151: 2894: 2812: 2773: 2730: 2722: 2673:

pressured the agricultural populations both in the Byzantine

2582: 2554: 2497: 2489: 2280:. Pepin agreed to support the pope and to give him land (the 2161: 2112: 2023: 2015: 1886: 1852: 1575: 1556: 1389: 945: 910: 666: 662: 658: 639: 490: 386: 382: 377:, creating formidable confederations which opposed the local 6038:"Heredity with Especial Reference to Certain Eye Affections" 5956:

Cantor, Norman. "The Civilization of the Middle Ages". p 153

5772:"The Economy of Medieval Europe: Expanding Trade and Cities" 3847:, the country with the least raiding activity, in the 12th. 3126:

In the early Middle Ages, cultural life was concentrated at

3081:

direct military confrontation between the Rus' and Byzantium

2995:

along with the distinct Preslav Ceramics School. In 927 the

2971:

in 864, Bulgaria became a cultural and spiritual hub of the

2251:

This increasingly fragmented arrangement was highlighted by

1667:, escaped to Spain and founded a new Umayyad dynasty in the 8605: 5793:

Cantor, Norman. "The Civilization of the Middle Ages". p 52

5666:

The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 2, c. 700–c. 900

4590: 4558: 4066: 4054: 3658: 3155: 3060: 2477: 2272:, who was himself newly vulnerable due to fallout with the 1735: 1583: 1500: 1393: 1022: 650: 516: 440: 401: 220:

The period saw a continuation of trends evident since late

5885:

The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages

5868:

The Scientific Enterprise in Antiquity and the Middle Ages

5369: 3886:, the reawakening of city life, and the appearance of the 1742:

in Italy. The Lombards had been thoroughly Romanized, and

5979:

Pasciuti, Daniel; Chase-Dunn, Christopher (21 May 2002).

5927:. United States: Getty Publications. pp. 15, 38–40. 5541:

Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census

2212:

established themselves in the power vacuum of the former

1364:

expanded the frontiers, the Macedonian emperors (such as

642:

frontier of troops to fend off invasions of Italy by the

3763:

lands) to be Christianized during the High Middle Ages.

2042:, and the Welsh had been Christian since the Roman era. 389:, a Germanic people, established at least two kingdoms: 8590: 6193:

Tradition and Authority in the Western Church, 300–1140

5952: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5722: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5687: 5685: 5650: 5648: 5425: 5336:"Roman Empire Population | UNRV.com Roman History" 4184:

occurred between 634 and 750. Starting in 633, Muslims

3268:

In the late 8th century, there was renewed interest in

1851:, carved out a state in the north, with its capital at 5587:

Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security

3234:

about science had access to only a couple of books by

2741:. Through a network of Jewish itinerant merchants, or 1839:

The Lombard possessions in Italy: The Lombard Kingdom

1503:, the second Caliph, the Muslims decisively conquered 6179:

Early Medieval Philosophy (480–1150): An Introduction

5987:. University of California, Riverside. Archived from 5122:

A History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

4941:

Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire (200 BC – AD 400)

4200:

began, the Eastern Roman Empire had already lost the

4192:

would begin in 634 and would be complete by 638. The

3043:). The Kievan state began with the rule (882–912) of 2243:, inheritance rights were absolute, and all land was 2069:, establishing a hierarchy that would last until the 2010:, excavated in 1882. Viking Ship Museum, Oslo, Norway 6011:"Сумбур. Страны и города. Демография древнего Киева" 5941: 5729: 5717: 5703: 5682: 5645: 5432:"Yersinia pestis: New Evidence for an Old Infection" 4891:(1942). "Petrarch's Conception of the 'Dark Ages'". 4814: 4266:, swept up the Iberian peninsula and by 719 overran 3804:

had a trade network in northern Europe, including a

3622:, and a well-developed philosophical tradition. The 3420:(r. 528–65). The work includes a section called the 2756:. Despite initial setbacks, they managed to recover 1613:

rule—except for small areas in the north-northwest (

630:

succeeded in buying off the Goths with tribute. The

252:

conquered the southern part of the Roman territory.

5900:(Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1998), pp. 149-57. 5866:, 70(1979):250-268; reprinted in M. H. Shank, ed., 5787: 5619:

The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 500 – c. 700

4141:The Islamic expansion of the 7th and 8th centuries 3649:in the 11th century. In the West, the power of the 3590:

Frontispiece of Incipit from the Vatican manuscript

3511:were targeted in the eighth and ninth centuries by 3408:Byzantium's great intellectual achievement was the 1847:The Lombards, who first entered Italy in 568 under 1656:in 732. The Umayyads were overthrown in 750 by the 1491:had been severely weakened by a long succession of 1253:Although Heraclius's successors managed to salvage 228:, especially in urban centres, a decline of trade, 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6065:, vol. I 1966. Michael M. Postan, et al., editors. 5978: 5898:Astronomies and Cultures in Early Medieval Europe, 5276: 4212:and established their authority over that region. 4053:was conquered by the Muslims. During the reign of 3704:, the only centralized institution to survive the 3460:'s logic was covered in simple outline. Under the 1767:, Christianized paganism, and Arian Christianity. 1463:was greatly affected by the rise of Islam and the 998:diseases did not appear again in Europe until the 6172:The Beginnings of Western Science: 600 BC–1450 AD 5172:"LacusCurtius • Excerpta Valesiana – Latter Part" 3657:became the first Bishop of Rome to use the title 1471:first invaded historically Roman territory under 1273:tribes profited from these disorders and invaded 607:(216 BC), according to the Roman military writer 447:captured and looted the city of Rome in 410; the 8703: 6252:, Dickson College, Australian Capital Territory. 5883:, 81(1990):9-22; reprinted in M. H. Shank, ed., 4860:Middle Ages § Terminology and periodisation 3731:and replaced in the 8th to 9th centuries by the 3412:("Body of Civil Law"), a massive compilation of 3238:(c. 470–524) that summarized Greek handbooks by 1843:and the Lombard Duchies of Spoleto and Benevento 1154:. However, his reign also saw the outbreak of a 665:launched an attack across the frozen Rhine near 175:), sometimes controversially referred to as the 6112:(University of Toronto) Peter Munz, translator. 5363: 4484:Joint Persian-Avar-Slav Siege of Constantinople 4097:'s reign. After the recorded peace treaty with 4047:series of battles to conquer the Arabian region 3898:, and the beginnings of vernacular literature. 3689: 3535:in Italy, which was founded by the Irish abbot 3516:aspect of monastic life in Western Europe. The 2235:, the dominant state of early medieval Western 1754:Though much of Roman civilization north of the 1679:, and his grandson Charlemagne established the 1574:The Muslim conquest of Hispania began when the 5911:Mathematics and the Divine: A Historical Study 5668:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 87–90. 5551:(1987, Edwin Mellon Press) by Tertius Chandler 5325:, By Heather Whipps, LiveScience, 23 June 2008 3037:routes connecting Northern Europe to Byzantium 2800:missionaries. The state religion of Khazaria, 1986:(traditionally referred to as an invasion) by 701:and in other churches were the fortunate few. 615:, including the armories along the Danube. As 439:The destruction of the Gothic kingdoms by the 203:11th to 14th centuries). The alternative term 7502: 7488: 6915: 6292: 5488: 4284:Islamic conquest and rule of Sicily and Malta 3806:route connecting the Baltic to Constantinople 3542: 3099:, became the only foreigner to marry (989) a 2127:. The Vikings combined with the Gaels of the 1683:across the Pyrenees in part of what today is 1660:and most of the Umayyad clan were massacred. 1605:. During the eight-year campaign most of the 4950: 4948: 4881: 4127:Muslim Expansions in 7th & 8th Centuries 3055:river valley in order to protect trade from 1855:. At first, they were unable to conquer the 1795:in England had also started to convert from 1059:Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty 5981:"Estimating The Population Sizes of Cities" 5663: 5621:, pp. 249–272. Cambridge University Press. 5492:Great Decisions: Foreign Policy Association 3146:reduced the scope of education, and by the 3114: 1929:In the south, a period of chaos began. The 1593:in the year 711, under their Berber leader 7495: 7481: 6922: 6908: 6299: 6285: 6186:The Frankish Church Under the Carolingians 6174:(Chicago: The University of Chicago Press) 5495:. Foreign Policy Association. p. 96. 5274: 3401:experienced a wide-scale cultural revival. 3347:(a discipline that corresponds to today's 3257: 2760:and eventually penetrated as far south as 1698: 1487:. The Byzantines and neighbouring Persian 244:, survived, though in the 7th century the 5985:Urbanization and Empire Formation Project 5465: 5455: 5402: 5392: 5297:Princes and Peasants: Smallpox in History 4945: 4258:) would begin in 711 and end by 718. The 4045:. Muhammad spent his last ten years in a 4029:The rise of Islam begins around the time 3370: 2748:Once they found themselves confronted by 2701:before being replaced by the short lived 977:) at the beginning of this period and of 755:Learn how and when to remove this message 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 8752:10th-century disestablishments in Europe 6306: 5887:, (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 2000). 5870:, (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Pr., 2000). 5489:Hoepli-Phalon, Nancy (31 January 2006). 5279:The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in history 5092: 5066: 4954: 4214: 3859:were all declared Christian about 1000. 3814: 3118: 2864: 2388: 2188: 2172: 2160: 2057:held a similar status c. 700–800. 2034:continued their separate evolution. The 1997: 1834: 1801:arrival of Christian missionaries in 597 1713: 1450: 1311: 1241: 1167: 904: 646:in 402–03 and by other Goths in 406–07. 574:, the Goths revolted and confronted the 334: 320:have identified only 40 percent as many 140: 6202:(Liverpool: Liverpool University Press) 6035: 5133: 5074:The Battle of Adrianople: A Reappraisal 4887: 4073:'s leadership, the empire, through the 2916:. Bulgaria withstood the pressure from 2567:Principality of Serbia (early medieval) 1029: 14: 8704: 6085:(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press) 5584: 3948:Consult particular article for details 1885:. For a decade following the death of 1625:. This territory, under the Arab name 7476: 6929: 6903: 6280: 5922: 4290: 3225:History of science § Middle Ages 2653:Magyar campaigns in the 10th century 415:The discipline and organization of a 316:, seaborne commerce, and population. 8747:6th-century establishments in Europe 6200:Daily Life in the Age of Charlemagne 6063:Cambridge Economic History of Europe 5751: 5020: 4112: 3142:and learning decreased in the West. 3039:and to the Orient (for example: the 2807:In the beginning of the period, the 2448:in Sweden). During this period, the 2231:(496), laying the foundation of the 737:adding citations to reliable sources 708: 599:without waiting for Western Emperor 455: 273:, which adopted such innovations as 65:adding citations to reliable sources 36: 7437:History of the Mediterranean region 6884: 6329:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 6273:from The Metropolitan Museum of Art 5419: 5093:Kerrigan, Michael (22 March 2017). 4553:Second Arab siege of Constantinople 4149: Muhammad's conquests, 622–632 4109:acceded to the position of Caliph. 4033:and his followers took flight, the 3725:Christianization of Germanic tribes 3467: 3138:and with urban centres in decline, 2877:, Bulgarian capital from 893 to 972 2786:Second Arab Siege of Constantinople 1239:) in the areas converted to Islam. 704: 301: 261:was revived in Western Europe with 24: 6421:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 6056: 5256:from the original on 4 August 2002 5169: 4502:First Arab siege of Constantinople 4347: 4182:Eastern Roman Empire and Arab wars 3931: 2142: 1569:Sicily and parts of southern Italy 1447:History of Islam in southern Italy 649:Fleeing before the advance of the 343:; the original was buried with an 25: 8773: 8686:Western European and Others Group 6851:Historiography in the Middle Ages 6262: 6142:The Evolution of Medieval Thought 5243: 5225:The History of the Bubonic Plague 4210:Muslims swept across North Africa 4157: Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661 3982:Arab expansion in the 7th century 3766: 3739:playing an important role in the 3071:and inflicting a serious blow on 2669:Turkic and Iranian invaders from 2523: 2193:The Palatine Chapel (Octagon) in 1967:Scotland in the early Middle Ages 1726:helmet from the early 7th century 1497:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 1161:, now known retroactively as the 1002:of the 14th century. The disease 7422:Bibliography of European history 7017:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 6883: 6874: 6873: 6863: 6152:Rome: Profile of a City 312–1308 5754:"No. 1318: Three-Field Rotation" 4831: 4817: 4274:, the Muslim subjugation of the 4165: Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750 4134: 3975: 3820:St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim 3706:fall of the Western Roman Empire 3624:history of medieval Christianity 3597: 3578: 3386: 3136:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 3091:(conventionally dated 988 under 3047:, who extended his control from 2646: 2590: 2563:Slavic migrations to the Balkans 1415: 1285:. After the decisive victory at 1049: 814: 790: 713: 432: 308:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 41: 7447:History of Western civilization 7050:Christianity in the Middle Ages 6349:Christianity in the Middle Ages 6344:Decline of Hellenistic religion 6191:Karl Frederick Morrison, 1969. 6036:Dowling, Francis (9 May 1903). 6029: 6003: 5972: 5959: 5916: 5903: 5890: 5873: 5856: 5840: 5822: 5809: 5796: 5778: 5764: 5745: 5694: 5657: 5632: 5611: 5606:of the Iranian Sassanid Empire. 5578: 5554: 5532: 5516: 5482: 5346: 5328: 5309: 5283:. University of Chicago Press. 5268: 5237: 5218: 5198: 5189: 5163: 5145:. New York: Palgrave. pp. 5127: 5114: 4746:Christianization of Kievan Rus' 4515: 3563:Christianity in the 8th century 3559:Christianity in the 7th century 3555:Christianity in the 6th century 3549:Christianity in the Middle Ages 3124:Abbey of Santo Domingo de Silos 2948:, the spread, initially of the 2788:and several decades before the 2709:north of the Black Sea and the 2681:. After the dissolution of the 2624:. The turmoil of the so-called 2397:, called by the name of Norman 2223:following his victory over the 1629:, became part of the expanding 724:needs additional citations for 52:needs additional citations for 32:Early Medieval Europe (journal) 30:For the scholarly journal, see 7291:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 7234:Christianity in the modern era 7005:Christianity in late antiquity 6627:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 6073:The Medieval World 300 to 1300 5913:, (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2005). 5664:McKitterick, Rosamond (1995). 5354:The population of ancient Rome 5316:How Smallpox Changed the World 5141:Early Medieval Europe 300–1000 5086: 5053: 5014: 4998:Fall of Rome Recorded in Trees 4990: 4933: 4852: 4810:Wales in the Early Middle Ages 4703:Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte 4579:First Iconoclastic Controversy 3920: 3503: 3207:(started 396, completed 426), 3016: 2940:, mainly their disciples like 2201:, now the central part of the 1971:Wales in the early Middle Ages 1955:History of Anglo-Saxon England 1841:(Neustria, Austria and Tuscia) 1638:second siege of Constantinople 1331:, comparable only to Sassanid 1309:for characteristic examples). 1294:on the borders of the Empire. 805:is the only extant example of 13: 1: 7442:History of the European Union 6801:Disability in the Middle Ages 6474:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 6406:Rise of the Venetian Republic 6221:The Making of the Middle Ages 6134:(New York: St Martin's Press) 4984:10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00144-1 4869: 4770:Early medieval European dress 4446: 4101:and the suppression of early 3436:As for higher education, the 3399:Byzantium in the 10th century 2378: 2169:, Austria and northern Italy. 1671:in 756. Charles Martel's son 1439:Muslim conquest of the Levant 1021:For almost a thousand years, 971: 940:, southern Italy and Sicily, 355: 200: 154: 6195:(Princeton University Press) 6154:(Princeton University Press) 6098:Georges Duby, editor, 1988. 6042:The Cincinnati Lancet-Clinic 5602:century as part of the Arab 5522:6th century mosaic from the 5457:10.1371/journal.pone.0049803 5394:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003349 4547:Umayyad conquest of Hispania 3890:, the founding of the first 3716:marked the beginning of the 3690:Christianization of the West 3521:monks and took place in the 3492:with counters engraved with 3446:University of Constantinople 2327: 1663:A surviving Umayyad prince, 1531:, Islam penetrated into the 1191:confronted invasions by the 1010:until about 581 when Bishop 7: 7401:Russian invasion of Ukraine 7012:Crisis of the Third Century 6198:Pierre Riché, (1978) 1988. 6124:(London: William Heinemann) 6075:, (New York: MacMillen Co.) 4903:Medieval Academy of America 4758: 4409:converts to Chalcedonianism 4343:Timeline of the Middle Ages 4336: 4196:started in 639. Before the 3830:and Byzantine architecture. 3826:draws its inspiration from 3808:through Russia, as did the 3482:Hindu–Arabic numeral system 3304:, or scientific education ( 2932:, and in 806 destroyed the 2885:established the khanate of 2854: 2693:dominated territories from 2466:north-eastern North America 2100:, and then again until the 1813:Kingdom of Italy (medieval) 1539:permanently become part of 1495:, especially the climactic 869:, which is the position of 151:Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram 10: 8778: 7457:Military history of Europe 7452:Maritime history of Europe 6602:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 6235:, Oxford University Press. 6184:Rosamond McKittrick, 1983 6177:John Marenbon (1983) 1988. 6102:(Harvard University Press) 5640:Advances in Space Research 4800:Medieval History of Africa 4340: 4294: 4272:Islamic conquest of Persia 4116: 3951: 3924: 3770: 3693: 3552: 3546: 3543:Christianity West and East 3261: 3222: 3218: 3089:conversion to Christianity 3020: 2873:from around 900, found in 2858: 2532: 2382: 2331: 2146: 1952: 1948: 1820: 1810: 1709: 1702: 1424: 1205:withstood a combined siege 1033: 894:that today constitute the 876:During the migrations, or 766: 687:last of the Roman generals 673:. There soon followed the 305: 296: 29: 27:Period of European history 8456:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 8436: 8354: 8191: 8026: 7897:Standard Average European 7765: 7594: 7514: 7427:Genetic history of Europe 7409: 7214: 7030: 6970: 6937: 6859: 6788: 6647: 6542: 6529:Mongol invasion of Europe 6434: 6314: 6256:Glimpses of the dark ages 6188:(London: Longmans, Green) 5027:. Oxford History of Art. 4780:English medieval clothing 4775:Early medieval literature 4075:Muslim conquest of Persia 3735:, with Anglo-Saxons like 3586:Sacramentarium Gelasianum 3288:, or literary education ( 2997:Bulgarian Orthodox Church 2784:achieved the same at the 2221:converted to Christianity 2123:, the predecessor of the 1791:largely disappeared. The 1769:Chalcedonian Christianity 1529:Muslim conquest of Persia 1443:Umayyad conquest of Spain 989:The Romans had practiced 871:Chalcedonian Christianity 694:captured the city of Rome 591:ordered an attack on the 426:The Barbarians' Invasions 365:Early in the 3rd century 8596:Lancaster House Treaties 8086:Christian existentialism 8046:Ancient Roman philosophy 8036:Ancient Greek philosophy 6244:2 September 2011 at the 5760:. University of Houston. 5758:Engines of Our Ingenuity 5589:. Routledge. p. 3. 5585:Hunter, Shireen (2004). 5547:11 February 2008 at the 5321:6 September 2008 at the 5295:Originally published as 4964:Quaternary International 4955:Berglund, B. E. (2003). 4845: 4632:Bloody Verdict of Verden 4626:Battle of Roncevaux Pass 4598:Blood court at Cannstatt 4585:Battle of Tours/Poitiers 4238:region was conquered by 4198:Muslim invasion of Egypt 4194:Muslim conquest of Egypt 4190:Muslim conquest of Syria 3729:Hiberno-Scottish mission 3607:- Baptism and Martyrdom. 3115:Transmission of learning 2889:under the leadership of 2705:and the more successful 2539:Western Turkic Khaganate 2278:Iconoclastic Controversy 2084:Viking army (called the 2071:Norman invasion of Wales 1935:Muslims conquered Sicily 1817:Italy in the Middle Ages 1806: 1263:Iconoclastic Controversy 1179:'s wife, and her retinue 8374:Equality before the law 7581:Romano-Germanic culture 7432:History of Christianity 6484:Investiture Controversy 6454:Second Bulgarian Empire 6223:(Yale University Press) 5100:Encyclopedia Britannica 5037:Oxford University Press 5021:Nees, Lawrence (2002). 5003:2 February 2022 at the 4765:Early Christian Ireland 4653:Carolingian Renaissance 4571:, establishment of the 4221:Grand Mosque of Cordoba 4204:and its Arab ally, the 3741:Carolingian Renaissance 3676:Augustine of Canterbury 3640:Order of Saint Benedict 3264:Carolingian Renaissance 3258:Carolingian Renaissance 3160:Carolingian Renaissance 3083:(970–971) ended with a 2305:Carolingian Renaissance 2181:was crowned emperor by 2157:Carolingian Renaissance 2006:, a 9th-century Viking 1699:Birth of the Latin West 1535:region, of which parts 1493:Byzantine–Sasanian wars 1349:Encyclopædia Britannica 1248:Walls of Constantinople 1183:Justinian's successors 919:Gourdon, Saône-et-Loire 634:proved less fortunate. 8742:10th century in Europe 8536:Eastern European Group 8125:Continental philosophy 8056:Judeo-Christian ethics 8041:Hellenistic philosophy 7522:Cradle of civilization 7256:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 6841:Post-classical history 6597:Fall of Constantinople 6504:Capet–Plantagenet feud 6371:First Bulgarian Empire 6239:Early Medieval History 6110:The Carolingian Empire 5925:Books A Living History 5923:Lyons, Martyn (2011). 5896:Stephen C. McCluskey, 5567:Enyclopedia Britannica 5538:City populations from 5524:Basilica of San Vitale 5246:"An Empire's Epidemic" 5195:McEvedy 1992, op. cit. 5095:"Battle of Adrianople" 5059:Heather, Peter, 1998, 4508:First Bulgarian Empire 4227: 4081:in 650, some areas of 3958:Early Muslim conquests 3831: 3628:Protestant Reformation 3371:Byzantium's golden age 3204:De Doctrina Christiana 3131: 2993:Ohrid Literary Schools 2967:After the adoption of 2878: 2861:First Bulgarian Empire 2429: 2417:10th century expansion 2346:, or strip, system. A 2205: 2186: 2170: 2047:Kingdom of Northumbria 2011: 1918:, given the pope the " 1844: 1797:Anglo-Saxon polytheism 1727: 1475:, first Caliph of the 1459:From the 7th century, 1456: 1431:Early Muslim conquests 1374:Macedonian Renaissance 1324: 1292:First Bulgarian Empire 1250: 1180: 1121:fall of Constantinople 1111:in Constantinople the 922: 799:Mausoleum of Theodoric 362: 352:Rædwald of East Anglia 281:stabilized in much of 277:and the heavy plough. 164: 8737:9th century in Europe 8732:8th century in Europe 8727:7th century in Europe 8722:6th century in Europe 8656:Three Seas Initiative 8631:Pacific Islands Forum 8496:British–Irish Council 8244:Greek Orthodox Church 7703:Industrial Revolution 7673:Scientific Revolution 7336:Industrial Revolution 6162:Pagans and Christians 5230:15 April 2008 at the 5176:penelope.uchicago.edu 4690:Settlement of Iceland 4640:raid on Lindisfarne; 4341:Further information: 4218: 3894:, the rediscovery of 3839:in the 10th century, 3824:Ottonian architecture 3818: 3771:Further information: 3553:Further information: 3448:, founded by Emperor 3122: 3051:southwards along the 2868: 2620:to the spread of the 2411:9th century expansion 2392: 2192: 2176: 2164: 2001: 1984:series of settlements 1838: 1821:Further information: 1748:Kingdom of the Franks 1717: 1454: 1356:The ascension of the 1323:ivory plaque, ca. 945 1315: 1245: 1171: 1081:Justinian's conquests 991:two-field agriculture 908: 451:followed suit in 455 338: 330:Dark Ages Cold Period 173:early medieval period 144: 18:Early medieval Europe 8651:Special Relationship 8061:Christian philosophy 8006:Western Christianity 7668:Age of Enlightenment 7542:Hellenistic Kingdoms 7391:European debt crisis 7386:European integration 7326:Age of Enlightenment 7166:Republic of Florence 6821:Medieval reenactment 6617:Renaissance Humanism 6524:Medieval Warm Period 6494:Republic of Florence 6308:European Middle Ages 6250:Clio History Journal 6017:on 19 September 2006 5574:on 22 December 2007. 5072:Eisenberg, Robert, " 5039:. pp. 109–112. 4889:Mommsen, Theodore E. 4659:Byzantine Iconoclasm 4470:602–629: Last great 3433:and other classics. 3410:Corpus Juris Civilis 3379:Macedonian Byzantium 3357:Christian philosophy 3240:Nicomachus of Gerasa 3179:Eastern Roman Empire 3109:Eastern Roman Empire 2737:, and the Greeks of 2618:Eastern Christianity 2405:8th century homeland 2284:, which created the 2177:On 25 December 800, 2137:Kingdom of the Isles 1937:. The cities on the 1857:Exarchate of Ravenna 1400:and eastward to the 1221:Palaestina provinces 1109:Eastern Roman Empire 1105:Western Roman Empire 1036:Eastern Roman Empire 1030:Eastern Roman Empire 733:improve this article 632:Western Roman Empire 628:Eastern Roman Empire 609:Ammianus Marcellinus 580:Battle of Adrianople 572:Gothic War (376–382) 369:migrated south from 275:three-field planting 195:, and preceding the 193:Western Roman Empire 61:improve this article 8676:West Nordic Council 8541:Eastern Partnership 8130:Analytic philosophy 7831:Classical tradition 7653:Early modern period 7609:Classical antiquity 7604:European Bronze Age 7356:Revolutions of 1848 7286:Early modern France 7067:Anglo-Saxon England 6972:Classical antiquity 6534:Kingdom of Portugal 6401:Old Church Slavonic 6386:Anglo-Saxon England 6181:(London: Routledge) 6148:Richard Krautheimer 5448:2012PLoSO...749803B 5352:Storey, Glenn R., " 5275:Hopkins DR (2002). 4976:2003QuInt.105....7B 4901:(2). Cambridge MA: 4795:Medieval demography 4608:Carolingian dynasty 4593:, British historian 4573:Kingdom of Asturias 4569:Battle of Covadonga 4561:, last king of the 4432:Plague of Justinian 3733:Anglo-Saxon mission 3668:Celtic Christianity 3571:Medieval Christians 3533:monastery of Bobbio 3438:Neoplatonic Academy 3393:Miniature from the 3276:. The English monk 3270:Classical Antiquity 3164:classical education 3004:Old Church Slavonic 2952:, and later of the 2938:Cyril and Methodius 2914:Southeastern Europe 2713:in Central Europe. 2626:Barbarian invasions 2257:Mayor of the Palace 2125:Kingdom of Scotland 2119:, which became the 1963:History of Cornwall 1959:History of Brittany 1640:(717) weakened the 1435:Arab–Byzantine wars 1396:, southward to the 1163:Plague of Justinian 995:Plague of Justinian 915:Treasure of Gourdon 851:Nestorian Christian 400:The arrival of the 279:Barbarian migration 234:increased migration 222:classical antiquity 76:"Early Middle Ages" 8135:Post-structuralism 8098:Christian humanism 7728:Universal suffrage 7462:Crusading movement 7366:Russian Revolution 7201:Hundred Years' War 7097:Maritime republics 7000:Early Christianity 6990:Hellenistic period 6947:Paleolithic Europe 6715:In popular culture 6680:Crusading movement 6552:Hundred Years' War 6411:Civitas Schinesghe 6396:Carolingian Empire 6381:Kingdom of Croatia 6334:Barbarian kingdoms 6106:Heinrich Fichtenau 5752:Lienhard, John H. 5428:Dewitte, Sharon N. 5360:, 1 December 1997. 5211:2007-10-07 at the 5079:2015-11-12 at the 5024:Early Medieval Art 5011:, 13 January 2011. 4825:Middle Ages portal 4724:Holy Roman Emperor 4714:Battle of Lechfeld 4684:Harald I of Norway 4542:empire established 4496:Isidore of Seville 4442:Benedict of Nursia 4315:Islamic Golden Age 4301:Islamic Golden Age 4291:Caliphs and empire 4240:Qutayba ibn Muslim 4228: 4087:Rashidun Caliphate 3962:Rashidun Caliphate 3913:into a formulated 3832: 3822:, Germany, 1010s. 3653:expanded. In 607, 3462:Macedonian dynasty 3343:. The teaching of 3244:Isidore of Seville 3168:Carolingian Empire 3132: 3105:Macedonian dynasty 3101:Byzantine princess 3093:Vladimir I of Kiev 2975:Slavic world. The 2962:Orthodox Christian 2901:) and along lower 2887:Old Great Bulgaria 2879: 2827:, who invaded the 2703:Old Great Bulgaria 2551:Old Great Bulgaria 2458:south-western Asia 2430: 2301:Carolingian Empire 2206: 2187: 2171: 2153:Carolingian Empire 2135:and establish the 2094:Kingdom of England 2086:Great Heathen Army 2028:Scottish highlands 2012: 1931:Duchy of Benevento 1924:Holy Roman Emperor 1845: 1785:feudal obligations 1728: 1705:Barbarian kingdoms 1669:Emirate of Cordoba 1654:Battle of Poitiers 1609:was brought under 1591:Visigothic Kingdom 1525:Roman North Africa 1477:Rashidun Caliphate 1457: 1358:Macedonian dynasty 1325: 1251: 1181: 1068:(r. 527–565), the 938:Gallia Narbonensis 923: 363: 267:Carolingian Empire 246:Rashidun Caliphate 226:population decline 165: 8712:Early Middle Ages 8699: 8698: 8526:Council of Europe 8428:International law 8381:Constitutionalism 8239:Eastern Orthodoxy 7745:Post–Cold War era 7678:Age of Revolution 7532:Greco-Roman world 7470: 7469: 7396:COVID-19 pandemic 7341:French Revolution 7316:Habsburg monarchy 7296:Cossack Hetmanate 7276:Portuguese Empire 7266:Absolute monarchy 7261:Thirty Years' War 7156:Holy Roman Empire 7081:Bulgarian Empire 7040:Early Middle Ages 6957:Bronze Age Europe 6931:History of Europe 6897: 6896: 6806:Basic topics list 6607:Swiss mercenaries 6557:Wars of the Roses 6464:Kingdom of Poland 6449:Holy Roman Empire 6316:Early Middle Ages 6168:David C. Lindberg 6164:(New York: Knopf) 5290:978-0-226-35168-1 5244:Maugh, Thomas H. 4472:Roman–Persian War 4414:Battle of Vouillé 4403:Battle of Tolbiac 4307:Abbasid Caliphate 4297:Abbasid Caliphate 4264:Al-Samh ibn Malik 4219:The 10th-century 4206:Ghassanid Kingdom 4119:Umayyad Caliphate 4113:Islamic expansion 4095:Ali ibn Abi Talib 3884:medieval communes 3843:in the 11th, and 3486:Pope Sylvester II 3427:still taught the 3361:cathedral schools 3107:(which ruled the 3085:Byzantine victory 3041:Volga trade route 2766:Caucasian Albania 2750:Arab expansionism 2622:Cyrillic alphabet 2442:Germanic Iron Age 2282:Donation of Pepin 2274:Byzantine Emperor 2229:Battle of Tolbiac 2167:the Low Countries 2020:northern Scotland 2014:Western Britain ( 1916:Donation of Pepin 1891:Rule of the Dukes 1765:Germanic paganism 1720:Sutton Hoo helmet 1636:The unsuccessful 1607:Iberian Peninsula 1597:. They landed at 1549:Iberian Peninsula 1545:Umayyad Caliphate 1485:Roman Mesopotamia 1461:Byzantine history 1455:Europe around 650 1362:Nicephorus Phocas 896:Romance languages 773:Germanic kingship 765: 764: 757: 697:sanctuary in the 677:and bands of the 561: 560: 359: 620–625 CE 347:leader, probably 341:Sutton Hoo helmet 289:greatly affected 250:Umayyad Caliphate 215:early Middle Ages 169:Early Middle Ages 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 8769: 8571:EU Customs Union 8103:Secular humanism 8051:Christian ethics 8001:East–West Schism 7984:Physical culture 7708:Great Divergence 7658:Age of Discovery 7497: 7490: 7483: 7474: 7473: 7331:Great Divergence 7246:Age of Discovery 7191:Late Middle Ages 7161:High Middle Ages 7072:Byzantine Empire 7055:Christianization 7045:Migration Period 6980:Classical Greece 6952:Neolithic Europe 6924: 6917: 6910: 6901: 6900: 6887: 6886: 6877: 6876: 6867: 6826:Medieval studies 6670:Church and State 6544:Late Middle Ages 6436:High Middle Ages 6354:Christianization 6324:Migration Period 6301: 6294: 6287: 6278: 6277: 6217:Richard Southern 6211:978-9004-25618-7 6079:Marcia L. Colish 6069:Norman F. Cantor 6050: 6049: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6013:. Archived from 6007: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5976: 5970: 5963: 5957: 5954: 5939: 5938: 5920: 5914: 5907: 5901: 5894: 5888: 5877: 5871: 5860: 5854: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5826: 5820: 5813: 5807: 5800: 5794: 5791: 5785: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5749: 5743: 5740: 5727: 5724: 5715: 5712: 5701: 5698: 5692: 5689: 5680: 5679: 5661: 5655: 5652: 5643: 5636: 5630: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5570:. Archived from 5558: 5552: 5536: 5530: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5469: 5459: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5406: 5396: 5373:Besansky, Nora J 5367: 5361: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5332: 5326: 5313: 5307: 5294: 5282: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5241: 5235: 5222: 5216: 5202: 5196: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5144: 5131: 5125: 5120:Gibbon, Edward, 5118: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5090: 5084: 5070: 5064: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5018: 5012: 4996:Curry, Andrew, " 4994: 4988: 4987: 4961: 4952: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4885: 4863: 4856: 4841: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4827: 4822: 4821: 4805:Turkic expansion 4752:Battle of Maldon 4678:Alfred the Great 4665:Treaty of Verdun 4451: 4448: 4397:Romulus Augustus 4256:Visigothic Spain 4178:Muslim conquests 4164: 4156: 4148: 4138: 4105:' disturbances, 4077:, expanded into 4015: 4006: 4001: : Abu Bakr 3997: 3992: : Muhammad 3988: 3979: 3907:Cluniac movement 3718:High Middle Ages 3696:Christianization 3647:East-West Schism 3616:early Christians 3601: 3582: 3496:. A treatise by 3468:Islamic learning 3390: 3333:monastic schools 3320:). From 787 on, 3166:appeared in the 2973:Eastern Orthodox 2942:Clement of Ohrid 2920:tribes like the 2869:Ceramic icon of 2847:around 864, and 2762:Caucasian Iberia 2707:Khazar Khaganate 2658: 2650: 2630:High Middle Ages 2610:Byzantine Empire 2594: 2575:Duchy of Croatia 2547:Khazar Khaganate 2535:Byzantine Empire 2440:, following the 2424: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2090:Alfred the Great 2053:kingdoms, while 1988:Germanic peoples 1831:Medieval Corsica 1673:Pippin the Short 1317:Christ crowning 1213:Muslim conquests 1148:his codification 1086: 1080: 1053: 1043:Byzantine Empire 1012:Gregory of Tours 976: 973: 821:Around 500, the 818: 794: 784:Migration Period 769:Migration Period 760: 753: 749: 746: 740: 717: 709: 705:Migration Period 605:Battle of Cannae 549: 541: 523: 515: 506: 497: 489: 480: 468: 456: 436: 373:and reached the 367:Germanic peoples 360: 357: 302:Collapse of Rome 287:Viking expansion 242:Byzantine Empire 202: 197:High Middle Ages 187:, following the 185:European history 160:, a Carolingian 159: 156: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 8777: 8776: 8772: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8767: 8766: 8757:Historical eras 8702: 8701: 8700: 8695: 8661:UKUSA Agreement 8601:Lublin Triangle 8486:Baltic Assembly 8438: 8432: 8350: 8187: 8022: 7892:Eurolinguistics 7761: 7750:Information age 7723:Interwar period 7590: 7510: 7501: 7471: 7466: 7405: 7371:Interwar period 7346:Napoleonic Wars 7210: 7181:Mongol invasion 7134:Crown of Aragon 7026: 6966: 6962:Iron Age Europe 6933: 6928: 6898: 6893: 6855: 6836:Neo-medievalism 6784: 6720:Itinerant court 6643: 6538: 6459:Georgian Empire 6444:Norman Conquest 6430: 6376:Frankish Empire 6310: 6305: 6265: 6246:Wayback Machine 6140:, (1962) 1988. 6116:Charles Freeman 6108:, (1957) 1978. 6059: 6057:Further reading 6054: 6053: 6034: 6030: 6020: 6018: 6009: 6008: 6004: 5994: 5992: 5977: 5973: 5964: 5960: 5955: 5942: 5935: 5921: 5917: 5908: 5904: 5895: 5891: 5878: 5874: 5861: 5857: 5845: 5841: 5828: 5827: 5823: 5814: 5810: 5801: 5797: 5792: 5788: 5783: 5779: 5770: 5769: 5765: 5750: 5746: 5741: 5730: 5725: 5718: 5713: 5704: 5699: 5695: 5690: 5683: 5676: 5662: 5658: 5653: 5646: 5637: 5633: 5616: 5612: 5597: 5583: 5579: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5549:Wayback Machine 5537: 5533: 5521: 5517: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5487: 5483: 5424: 5420: 5387:(5): e1003349. 5368: 5364: 5351: 5347: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5323:Wayback Machine 5314: 5310: 5291: 5273: 5269: 5259: 5257: 5250:www.ph.ucla.edu 5242: 5238: 5232:Wayback Machine 5223: 5219: 5213:Wayback Machine 5203: 5199: 5194: 5190: 5180: 5178: 5168: 5164: 5157: 5132: 5128: 5119: 5115: 5105: 5103: 5091: 5087: 5081:Wayback Machine 5071: 5067: 5058: 5054: 5047: 5019: 5015: 5005:Wayback Machine 4995: 4991: 4959: 4953: 4946: 4939:Hopkins, Keith 4938: 4934: 4911:10.2307/2856364 4886: 4882: 4872: 4867: 4866: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4837: 4832: 4830: 4823: 4816: 4761: 4756: 4671:Rurikid Dynasty 4604:Pepin the Short 4529: 4527: 4518: 4513: 4449: 4387:Saint Augustine 4365: 4363: 4350: 4348:Beginning years 4345: 4339: 4311:Abbasid dynasty 4309:, ruled by the 4303: 4295:Main articles: 4293: 4244:Nasr ibn Sayyar 4174: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4130: 4129: 4121: 4115: 4041:to the city of 4027: 4026: 4025: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4013: 4004: 3995: 3986: 3980: 3971: 3970: 3964: 3954:Spread of Islam 3952:Main articles: 3945: 3943: 3934: 3929: 3923: 3775: 3769: 3698: 3692: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3602: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3583: 3574: 3573: 3565: 3551: 3545: 3506: 3494:Arabic numerals 3470: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3391: 3382: 3381: 3373: 3363:, would become 3266: 3260: 3227: 3221: 3144:De-urbanization 3117: 3035:controlled the 3025: 3019: 2977:Cyrillic script 2907:Danube Bulgaria 2863: 2857: 2829:Pannonian Basin 2790:Battle of Tours 2691:Avar Khaganates 2667: 2666: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2642: 2641: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2595: 2586: 2585: 2577: 2533:Main articles: 2526: 2462:northern Africa 2422: 2421: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2398: 2387: 2381: 2340: 2332:Main articles: 2330: 2314:Charles the Fat 2261:Battle of Tours 2245:divided equally 2233:Frankish Empire 2214:Roman provinces 2159: 2149:Frankish Empire 2147:Main articles: 2145: 2143:Frankish Empire 2121:Kingdom of Alba 2102:Norman Invasion 2018:), eastern and 1980:Roman departure 1973: 1953:Main articles: 1951: 1912:Pepin the Short 1896:Edictum Rothari 1862:Ducatus Romanus 1833: 1819: 1811:Main articles: 1809: 1789:chattel slavery 1761:Arian Christian 1712: 1707: 1701: 1687:, reconquering 1681:Marca Hispanica 1665:Abd-ar-rahman I 1642:Umayyad dynasty 1621:regions in the 1603:Musa ibn Nusair 1595:Tariq ibn Ziyad 1513:Roman Palestine 1449: 1427:Spread of Islam 1425:Main articles: 1418: 1370:Constantine VII 1322: 1319:Constantine VII 1097: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1084: 1078: 1075: 1054: 1045: 1044: 1038: 1032: 974: 879:Völkerwanderung 863:non-trinitarian 847:Arian Christian 843:Roman Christian 830: 829: 828: 827: 826: 819: 811: 810: 795: 786: 785: 779: 767:Main articles: 761: 750: 744: 741: 730: 718: 707: 595:infantry under 576:main Roman army 568: 567: 566: 565: 564: 563: 562: 547: 539: 521: 513: 504: 495: 487: 478: 466: 461:Germanic tribes 452: 437: 428: 427: 358: 339:Replica of the 310: 304: 299: 291:Northern Europe 285:, although the 157: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8775: 8765: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8693: 8691:Westernization 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8671:Visegrád Group 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8611:Nordic Council 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8506:Bucharest Nine 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8471:Arctic Council 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8442: 8440: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8383: 8378: 8377: 8376: 8366: 8360: 8358: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8337: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8315: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8269: 8268: 8267: 8266: 8265: 8255: 8254: 8253: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8236: 8235: 8234: 8224: 8223: 8222: 8197: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8185: 8184: 8183: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8162: 8161: 8149: 8148: 8147: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8090: 8089: 8088: 8081:Existentialism 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8032: 8030: 8024: 8023: 8021: 8020: 8019: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7993: 7992: 7991: 7981: 7980: 7979: 7974: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7952: 7947: 7946: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7925: 7924: 7923: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7901: 7900: 7899: 7894: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7868: 7867: 7857: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7816: 7811: 7810: 7809: 7799: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7771: 7769: 7763: 7762: 7760: 7759: 7758: 7757: 7752: 7742: 7741: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7645: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7618: 7617: 7616: 7614:Late antiquity 7606: 7600: 7598: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7567: 7566: 7565: 7564: 7559: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7529: 7524: 7518: 7516: 7512: 7511: 7500: 7499: 7492: 7485: 7477: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7413: 7411: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7321:Russian Empire 7318: 7313: 7311:British Empire 7308: 7306:Dutch Republic 7303: 7301:Swedish Empire 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7281:Spanish Empire 7278: 7273: 7271:Ottoman Empire 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7242: 7241: 7231: 7226: 7220: 7218: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7186:Serbian Empire 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7120: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7058: 7057: 7047: 7042: 7036: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7024: 7022:Late antiquity 7019: 7014: 7009: 7008: 7007: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6985:Roman Republic 6982: 6976: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6943: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6927: 6926: 6919: 6912: 6904: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6891: 6881: 6871: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6831:Misconceptions 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6639:Little Ice Age 6636: 6635: 6634: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6592:Western Schism 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6548: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6440: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6346: 6341: 6339:Late antiquity 6336: 6331: 6326: 6320: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6304: 6303: 6296: 6289: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6264: 6263:External links 6261: 6260: 6259: 6253: 6236: 6224: 6214: 6203: 6196: 6189: 6182: 6175: 6165: 6158:Robin Lane Fox 6155: 6145: 6144:(Random House) 6135: 6128:Richard Hodges 6125: 6113: 6103: 6096: 6086: 6076: 6066: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6028: 6002: 5991:on 21 May 2011 5971: 5967:Europe in 1050 5958: 5940: 5933: 5915: 5902: 5889: 5872: 5855: 5839: 5821: 5815:Pierre Riché, 5808: 5802:Pierre Riché, 5795: 5786: 5777: 5763: 5744: 5728: 5716: 5702: 5693: 5681: 5674: 5656: 5644: 5642:29: 1989–1994. 5631: 5610: 5596:978-0765612830 5595: 5577: 5553: 5531: 5515: 5501: 5481: 5442:(11): e49803. 5418: 5381:PLOS Pathogens 5362: 5345: 5327: 5308: 5289: 5267: 5236: 5217: 5197: 5188: 5170:Thayer, Bill. 5162: 5156:978-0230006737 5155: 5135:Collins, Roger 5126: 5113: 5085: 5065: 5052: 5045: 5013: 4989: 4944: 4932: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4839:History portal 4828: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4726: 4716: 4710: 4699: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4651:initiates the 4645: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4614:Saint Boniface 4612:754: death of 4610: 4600: 4594: 4589:735: death of 4587: 4581: 4575: 4565: 4557:721: death of 4555: 4549: 4543: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4504: 4498: 4494:636: death of 4492: 4488:632: death of 4486: 4480: 4476:615: death of 4474: 4468: 4464:597: death of 4462: 4460:Pope Gregory I 4456: 4444: 4440:547: death of 4438: 4436:Constantinople 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4399: 4389: 4385:430: Death of 4383: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4338: 4335: 4292: 4289: 4225:Córdoba, Spain 4186:conquered Iraq 4168: 4167: 4161: 4159: 4153: 4151: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4117:Main article: 4114: 4111: 4099:Hassan ibn Ali 4021: 4020: 4019: : Uthman 4011: 4002: 3993: 3983: 3981: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3965: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3927:Muslim history 3925:Main article: 3922: 3919: 3794:Constantinople 3783:Venerable Bede 3768: 3767:Europe in 1000 3765: 3714:urban communes 3694:Main article: 3691: 3688: 3680:Pope Gregory I 3663:Pope Gregory I 3651:Bishop of Rome 3620:Biblical canon 3603: 3596: 3595: 3594: 3584: 3577: 3576: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3566: 3547:Main article: 3544: 3541: 3505: 3502: 3469: 3466: 3392: 3385: 3384: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3278:Alcuin of York 3262:Main article: 3259: 3256: 3252:date of Easter 3223:Main article: 3220: 3217: 3116: 3113: 3021:Main article: 3018: 3015: 2899:Volga Bulgaria 2859:Main article: 2856: 2853: 2815:polities were 2794:Volga Bulgaria 2778:Eastern Europe 2687:Western Turkic 2679:Pontic steppes 2659:Magyar region 2652: 2645: 2644: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2634: 2596: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2578: 2543:Avar Khaganate 2531: 2530: 2525: 2524:Eastern Europe 2522: 2426:Viking raiding 2419: 2418: 2412: 2406: 2399: 2383:Main article: 2380: 2377: 2329: 2326: 2253:Charles Martel 2144: 2141: 2131:to become the 2117:House of Alpin 1950: 1947: 1939:Tyrrhenian Sea 1808: 1805: 1711: 1708: 1703:Main article: 1700: 1697: 1650:Charles Martel 1617:) and largely 1586:) invaded the 1479:, who entered 1423: 1422: 1417: 1414: 1386:Constantinople 1307:Bardas Sklerus 1255:Constantinople 1156:bubonic plague 1129:Latin-speaking 1125:Ottoman Empire 1113:Greek-speaking 1091: 1090: 1088:Eastern Empire 1082: 1074: 1073: 1064:Under Emperor 1056: 1055: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1034:Main article: 1031: 1028: 1008:Western Europe 979:Alcuin of York 963:cursus honorum 834:Western Europe 820: 813: 812: 796: 789: 788: 787: 783: 782: 781: 780: 763: 762: 721: 719: 712: 706: 703: 559: 558: 554: 553: 551:Eastern Empire 545: 543:Western Empire 536: 535: 530: 529: 528: 519: 511: 502: 493: 485: 476: 463: 462: 454: 453: 438: 431: 430: 429: 425: 424: 423: 422: 318:Archaeologists 306:Main article: 303: 300: 298: 295: 206:late antiquity 147:jewelled cover 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8774: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8636:PROSUR/PROSUL 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8531:Craiova Group 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8446:ABCANZ Armies 8444: 8443: 8441: 8435: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8388: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8353: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8270: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8259: 8256: 8252: 8251:Protestantism 8249: 8245: 8242: 8241: 8240: 8237: 8233: 8230: 8229: 8228: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8207: 8204: 8203: 8202: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8194: 8190: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8171:Sovereigntism 8169: 8167: 8164: 8160: 8159: 8155: 8154: 8153: 8150: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8091: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8066:Scholasticism 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8033: 8031: 8029: 8025: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7997: 7994: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7982: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7968: 7965: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7929: 7926: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7917: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7902: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7844: 7841: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7832: 7829: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7808: 7805: 7804: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7756: 7755:War on terror 7753: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7743: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7649: 7648:Modern period 7646: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7622: 7619: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7601: 7599: 7597: 7593: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7534: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7504:Western world 7498: 7493: 7491: 7486: 7484: 7479: 7478: 7475: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7417:Art of Europe 7415: 7414: 7412: 7408: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7216:Modern period 7213: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7095: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7029: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7006: 7003: 7002: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6973: 6969: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6925: 6920: 6918: 6913: 6911: 6906: 6905: 6902: 6890: 6882: 6880: 6872: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6861: 6858: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6787: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6640: 6637: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6541: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6499:Scholasticism 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6361:Rise of Islam 6359: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6302: 6297: 6295: 6290: 6288: 6283: 6282: 6279: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6227:Chris Wickham 6225: 6222: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6183: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6163: 6159: 6156: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6138:David Knowles 6136: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6114: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6032: 6016: 6012: 6006: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5975: 5968: 5965:Cantor, 1993 5962: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5936: 5934:9781606060834 5930: 5926: 5919: 5912: 5906: 5899: 5893: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5852: 5851:Roman Science 5848: 5847:William Stahl 5843: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5818: 5812: 5805: 5799: 5790: 5781: 5773: 5767: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5723: 5721: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5697: 5688: 5686: 5677: 5675:9780521362924 5671: 5667: 5660: 5651: 5649: 5641: 5635: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5614: 5607: 5605: 5598: 5592: 5588: 5581: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5563: 5557: 5550: 5546: 5543: 5542: 5535: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5504: 5502:9780871242167 5498: 5494: 5493: 5485: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5414: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5366: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5324: 5320: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5305:0-226-35177-7 5302: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5281: 5280: 5271: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5240: 5233: 5229: 5226: 5221: 5214: 5210: 5207: 5201: 5192: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5158: 5152: 5148: 5143: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5123: 5117: 5102: 5101: 5096: 5089: 5082: 5078: 5075: 5069: 5062: 5056: 5048: 5046:9780192842435 5042: 5038: 5034: 5033:New York City 5030: 5026: 5025: 5017: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4999: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4958: 4951: 4949: 4942: 4936: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4861: 4855: 4851: 4840: 4829: 4826: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4790:Indo-Sassanid 4788: 4786: 4785:Human history 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4753: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4538:7th century: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4530: 4509: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4485: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4461: 4457: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4367: 4366: 4344: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4298: 4288: 4285: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4160: 4152: 4144: 4143: 4137: 4128: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4018: 4012: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3994: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3978: 3969:Rise of Islam 3963: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3949: 3932:Rise of Islam 3928: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3888:burgher class 3885: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3864:consanguinity 3860: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3684:patriarchates 3681: 3677: 3673: 3672:British Isles 3669: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3606: 3600: 3587: 3581: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3450:Theodosius II 3447: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3432: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3400: 3396: 3395:Paris Psalter 3389: 3380: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3355:tradition of 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3255: 3253: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3199:Christianized 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3069:Khazar Empire 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3031:dynasty, the 3030: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3007: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2958:Old Bulgarian 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2918:Pontic steppe 2915: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2821:Great Moravia 2818: 2814: 2810: 2809:Slavic tribes 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2735:Crimean Goths 2732: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2683:Hunnic Empire 2680: 2676: 2672: 2660: 2649: 2640: 2639:Magyar tribes 2633: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2614:Caesaropapism 2611: 2599: 2593: 2584: 2583:Slavic tribes 2576: 2572: 2571:Great Moravia 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2528: 2527: 2521: 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2427: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2376: 2372: 2370: 2365: 2362: 2356: 2354: 2353:crop rotation 2349: 2345: 2339: 2335: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2219: 2216:in Gaul, and 2215: 2211: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1976:Roman Britain 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1827:King of Italy 1824: 1818: 1814: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1744:their kingdom 1741: 1737: 1733: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1706: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1511:, as well as 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1420: 1419: 1416:Rise of Islam 1413: 1412:populations. 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1321: 1320: 1314: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1303:Bardas Phocas 1300: 1295: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1233:Monophysitism 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1135: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1099:The death of 1089: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1052: 1037: 1027: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 992: 987: 984: 980: 969: 965: 964: 959: 955: 949: 947: 943: 939: 935: 930: 929: 920: 916: 912: 907: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 886:north of the 885: 884:Roman culture 881: 880: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 835: 824: 817: 809:architecture. 808: 804: 800: 793: 778: 774: 770: 759: 756: 748: 745:November 2018 738: 734: 728: 727: 722:This section 720: 716: 711: 710: 702: 700: 695: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 624: 622: 618: 617:Edward Gibbon 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 585: 581: 577: 573: 557: 552: 546: 544: 538: 537: 533: 532: 531: 526: 520: 518: 512: 509: 503: 500: 494: 492: 486: 483: 477: 475: 471: 465: 464: 460: 459: 458: 457: 450: 446: 442: 435: 421: 418: 413: 410: 407: 403: 398: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 353: 350: 346: 342: 337: 333: 331: 327: 323: 322:Mediterranean 319: 315: 309: 294: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 271:feudal system 268: 264: 260: 259: 253: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 218: 216: 212: 208: 207: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 163: 152: 148: 143: 139: 131: 128: 120: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: – 77: 73: 72:Find sources: 66: 62: 56: 55: 50:This article 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 19: 8681:Western Bloc 8481:AUSCANNZUKUS 8437:Contemporary 8386:Human rights 8232:Latin Church 8206:Christianity 8156: 8115:Conservatism 7960:contemporary 7797:Architecture 7733:World War II 7693:Emancipation 7688:Abolitionism 7625: 7576:Romanization 7571:Roman legacy 7552:Roman Empire 7376:World War II 7229:Early modern 7206:Kalmar Union 7077:Papal States 7039: 6995:Roman Empire 6660:Architecture 6632:Great Famine 6622:Universities 6562:Hussite Wars 6479:Great Schism 6366:Papal States 6315: 6268: 6230: 6220: 6199: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6161: 6151: 6141: 6131: 6119: 6109: 6099: 6092: 6089:Georges Duby 6082: 6072: 6062: 6045: 6041: 6031: 6019:. 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