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351:, sometimes severely enough to be more of an impairment than the unusual bone growth. Mental effects also vary according to the specific underlying syndrome. In most cases of skeletal dysplasia, such as achondroplasia, mental function is not impaired. However, there are syndromes which can affect the cranial structure and growth of the brain, severely impairing mental capacity. Unless the brain is directly affected by the underlying disorder, there is little to no chance of mental impairment that can be attributed to dwarfism.
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recognizable features in individuals with this genetic disorder. Some are short stature, narrow chest, "facial features such as a prominent forehead, underdevelopment of the upper jaw, cheekbones and eye sockets (midface hypoplasia), and a squared-off jaw." It is considered a more severe skeletal dysplasia, but is very rare, with the exact number of those affected unknown. Prognosis is largely on a case-by-case basis depending on the severity, and life expectancy may not be impacted unless there are respiratory complications.
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45:
994:(WDG) are a multi-sport event for athletes of short stature. The WDG have been held every four years since 1993 and are the world's largest sporting event exclusively for athletes with dwarfism. The Dwarf Sports Association UK organizes between 5 and 20 events per month for athletes with restricted growth conditions in the UK. For instance, swimming and bicycling are often recommended for people with skeletal dysplasias, since those activities put minimal pressure on the spine.
388:
706:, by screening for the specific variations that result in the condition. However, due to the number of causes of dwarfism, it may be impossible to determine definitively if a child will be born with dwarfism. Dwarfism resulting from malnutrition or a hormonal abnormality may be treated with an appropriate diet or hormonal therapy. Growth hormone deficiency may be remedied via
261:
639:. If dwarfism is caused by a medical disorder, the person is referred to by the underlying diagnosed disorder. Disorders causing dwarfism are often classified by proportionality. Disproportionate dwarfism describes disorders that cause unusual proportions of the body parts, while proportionate dwarfism results in a generally uniform stunting of the body.
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The dwarfism often takes the form of simple short stature, without any deformities, thus leading to proportionate dwarfism. In societies where poor nutrition is widespread, the average height of the population may be reduced below its genetic potential by the lack of proper nutrition. Sometimes there is no definitive cause of short stature.
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In daily life, little people face numerous obstacles because the environment is tailored to average-sized individuals. Some little people can only use ATMs, kitchens, toilets, and sinks with aids. Low stools and step stools play a special role, as they can be used in various ways to bridge the height
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The terms "little person", "LP" and "person of short stature" are the preferred terms of those with this disorder, and while many are uncomfortable with "dwarf" it remains a common term in some areas. However, the plural "dwarfs" as opposed to "dwarves" is generally preferred in the medical context,
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is usually suspected because of obvious physical features (e.g., unusual configuration of face or shape of skull), because of an obviously affected parent, or because body measurements (arm span, upper to lower segment ratio) indicate disproportion. Bone X-rays are often key to diagnosing a specific
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Serious chronic illnesses may produce dwarfism as a side effect. Harsh environmental conditions, such as malnutrition, may also produce dwarfism. These types of dwarfism are indirect consequences of the generally unhealthy or malnourished condition of the individual, and not of any specific disease.
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To be mobile, some individuals use customized scooters or bicycles, as it can be problematic, depending on the type of short stature, to walk longer distances. With specially adapted vehicles, most individuals of short stature can drive without further hindrances. Generally, pedal extensions and an
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and his talent agency, "Shortywood
Productions", which Rossi uses to provide funding for his pit bull rescue operation, "Shorty's Rescue". Rossi's three full-time employees, featured in the series, are little people and aspiring actors. In September 2014, Creative Business House along with Donnons
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Pain and disability may be ameliorated by physical therapy, braces or other orthotic devices, or by surgical procedures. The only simple interventions that increase perceived adult height are dress enhancements, such as shoe lifts or hairstyle. Growth hormone is rarely used for shortness caused by
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Genetic mutations of most forms of dwarfism caused by bone dysplasia cannot be altered yet, so therapeutic interventions are typically aimed at preventing or reducing pain or physical disability, increasing adult height, or mitigating psychosocial stresses and enhancing social adaptation. Forms of
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is a condition of people and animals marked by unusually small size or short stature. In humans, it is sometimes defined as an adult height of less than 147 centimetres (4 ft 10 in), regardless of sex; the average adult height among people with dwarfism is 120 centimetres (4 ft).
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Individuals with dwarfism often face prejudice and stereotypes. Research by Klein (2019) has demonstrated that awareness of the stigmatization of this group can promote full participation in society. The research by Green and Pinter (2018) in the field of humor and social psychology can provide
489:
and cell reproduction. If this hormone is lacking, stunted or even halted growth may become apparent. Children with this disorder may grow slowly and puberty may be delayed by several years or indefinitely. Growth hormone deficiency has no single definite cause. It can be caused by mutations of
634:
In men and women, the sole requirement for being considered a dwarf is having an adult height under 147 cm (4 ft 10 in) and it is almost always sub-classified with respect to the underlying condition that is the cause of the short stature. Dwarfism is usually caused by a genetic
510:
Metatropic means "changing form" and refers to this form of skeletal dysplasia as there is an abnormality in the growth plates. Skeletal changes continue over time and may need surgical intervention to help protect the lungs. Symptoms starting at birth may be mild or can be fatal. There are
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individually adjusted seat at the correct height are required. Some little people are tall enough to drive without pedal extensions. Usually, patients with skeletal dysplasia with limited mobility can receive allowances or grants for vehicle assistance through
813:
is contested, and scholars have proposed varying theories about the origins of the being, including that dwarfs may have originated as nature spirits or as beings associated with death, or as a mixture of concepts. Competing etymologies include a basis in the
447:
short limbs, increased spinal curvature, and distortion of skull growth. In achondroplasia the body's limbs are proportionately shorter than the trunk (abdominal area), with a larger head than average and characteristic facial features. Achondroplasia is an
735:, though availability is limited and the cost is high in terms of money, discomfort, and disruption of life. Most people with dwarfism do not choose this option, and it remains controversial. For other types of dwarfism, surgical treatment is not possible.
354:
The psycho-social limitations of society may be more disabling than the physical symptoms, especially in childhood and adolescence, but people with dwarfism vary greatly in the degree to which social participation and emotional health are affected.
955:
difference. Stools are also useful as footrests while sitting, as the legs of short people dangle in the air when sitting on an average chair, which can be painful and uncomfortable in the long run and may hinder fine motor skills during work.
312:, one has a small trunk, with average-sized limbs. Proportionate dwarfism is marked by a short torso with short limbs, thus leading to a height that is significantly below average. There may be long periods without any significant growth.
595:
and diagnostic imaging may be used to determine the exact condition. In a person's youth, growth charts that track height can be used to diagnose subtle forms of dwarfism that have no other striking physical characteristics.
168:, both the limbs and torso are unusually small. Intelligence is usually normal, and most people with it have a nearly normal life expectancy. People with dwarfism can usually bear children, although there are additional
375:, like driving or using countertops built for taller people. Other common attributes of dwarfism such as bowed knees and unusually short fingers can lead to back problems and difficulty in walking and handling objects.
723:. If the cause is prepubescent hyposecretion of growth hormone, supplemental growth hormone may correct the abnormality. If the receptor for growth hormone is itself affected, the condition may prove harder to treat.
276:. There is a wide range of physical characteristics. Variations in individuals are identified by diagnosing and monitoring the underlying disorders. There may not be any complications outside adapting to their size.
280:
is a common replacement of the term 'dwarfism', especially in a medical context. Short stature is clinically defined as a height within the lowest 2.3% of those in the general population. However, those with mild
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era. It is also not considered accurate as it is not a medical term or diagnosis, though it is sometimes used as a slang term to describe those who are particularly short, whether or not they have dwarfism.
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Individuals with dwarfism are capable of actively participating in various aspects of society. They have access to education, sports, and can pursue careers, engaging in a wide range of professions.
727:
is another possible cause of dwarfism that can be treated through hormonal therapy. Injections of thyroid hormone can mitigate the effects of the condition, but lack of proportion may be permanent.
410:
Dwarfism can result from many medical conditions, each with its own separate symptoms and causes. Extreme shortness in humans with proportional body parts usually has a hormonal cause, such as
268:
symptoms, as shown here next to a person with dwarfism. All small dog breeds exhibit dwarfism (the standard size of dogs, without interference from humans, is the same as that of the wolves).
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where she described children and an extremely short man, respectively. Later some people of short stature considered the word to be offensive because it was the descriptive term applied to
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bone dysplasias, since the height benefit is typically small (less than 5 cm ) and the cost high. The most effective means of increasing adult height by several inches is
378:
Children with dwarfism are particularly vulnerable to teasing and ridicule from classmates. Because dwarfism is relatively uncommon, children may feel isolated from their peers.
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As popular media has become more widespread, the number of works depicting dwarfs have increased dramatically. Dwarfism is depicted in many books, films, and TV series such as
440:
The most recognizable and most common form of dwarfism in humans is achondroplasia, which accounts for 70% of dwarfism cases, and occurs in 4 to 15 out of 100,000 live births.
187:
is responsible for most other cases. There are many other less common causes. Treatment of the condition depends on the underlying cause. Those with genetic disorders such as
604:
skeletal dysplasia, but are not the sole diagnostic tool. Most children with suspected skeletal dysplasias are referred to a genetics clinic for diagnostic confirmation and
296:
one has an average-sized trunk with short limbs and a larger forehead. Facial features are often affected and individual body parts may have problems associated with them.
1931:
1102:
art in which dwarfs are likely to have been seen as a divine manifestation, with records indicating that they were able to reach high positions in society at the time.
289:, males grow up to 165 cm (5 feet 5 inches). Though that is short in a relative context, it does not fall into the extreme ranges of the growth charts.
611:
During an initial medical evaluation of shortness, the absence of disproportion and other clues listed above usually indicates causes other than bone dysplasias.
591:
Dwarfism is often diagnosed in childhood on the basis of visible symptoms. A physical examination can usually suffice to diagnose certain types of dwarfism, but
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was a dwarf. Recent scholarship has suggested that ancient
Egyptians held dwarfs in high esteem. Several important mythological figures of the North American
702:
Many types of dwarfism are currently impossible to prevent because they are genetically caused. Genetic conditions that cause dwarfism may be identified with
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size can restrict lung growth and reduce pulmonary function. Some forms of dwarfism are associated with disordered function of other organs, such as the
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1896:
323:
Physical effects of malformed bones vary according to the specific disease. Many involve joint pain caused by abnormal bone alignment, or from
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Disorders that cause dwarfism may be classified according to one of hundreds of names, which are usually permutations of the following roots:
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in the genome. If a pair of achondroplasia alleles are present, the result is fatal, usually perinatally. Achondroplasia is a mutation in the
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2477:
2583:
1743:
2333:"A Loss-of-Function Mutation in Natriuretic Peptide Receptor 2 (Npr2) Gene Is Responsible for Disproportionate Dwarfism in cn/cn Mouse"
2836:
1670:"Skeletal dysplasia, growth hormone treatment and body proportion: comparison with other syndromic and non-syndromic short children"
1744:"University of Pennsylvania, Arts and Sciences: 'The Effect of Adolescent Experience on Labor Market Outcomes: The Case of Height'"
1573:
Pauli, RM; Adam, MP; Ardinger, HH; Pagon, RA; Wallace, SE; Bean, LJH; Mefford, HC; Stephens, K; Amemiya, A; Ledbetter, N (2012).
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In art, literature, and movies, dwarfs are rarely depicted as ordinary people who are very short but rather as a species apart.
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provide opportunities for dwarfs to compete nationally and internationally in the
Americas and Europe, respectively. The
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Depictions of dwarfism are also found in
European paintings and many illustrations. Many European paintings (especially
460:. In the context of achondroplasia, this mutation causes FGFR3 to become constitutively active, inhibiting bone growth.
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to raise awareness and boost self-confidence of people living with dwarfism. A number of reality television series on
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Numerous studies have demonstrated reduced employment opportunities. Severe shortness is associated with lower income.
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1029:. In the next couple of decades, more wrestlers became prominent in North America including foreign wrestlers like
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Green; Pinter, C.M. ; K (2018). "Humor, comedy, and consumer behavior: A social psychological perspective".
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Short stature or stunted growth during youth is usually what brings the condition to medical attention. Skeletal
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in 2014, focused on showing the lives of women living with dwarfism in various cities around the United States.
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1385:
1344:
972:
876:(a type of demonic being). The being may not have gained associations with small stature until a later period.
805:—that dwells in mountains and in the earth, and is associated with wisdom, smithing, mining, and crafting. The
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502:(growth hormone insensitivity) is another cause. Those with growth hormone issues tend to be proportionate.
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fuse. Individual accommodations such as specialized furniture, are often used by people with dwarfism. Many
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The appropriate term for describing a person of particularly short stature (or with the genetic condition
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can lead to ridicule in childhood and discrimination in adulthood. In the United
Kingdom, United States,
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In addition to the medical aspect of the condition there are social aspects. For a person with dwarfism,
898:", whose etymology indicates a "tiny biting insect", came into prominence in the mid-19th century after
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Extreme shortness (in the 60–90 cm or 2–3 feet range) can, if not accommodated for, interfere with
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1200:
802:
372:
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was used to describe dwarfs (primarily proportionate); however, some now consider this term offensive.
1910:
1524:
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608:. Since about the year 2000, genetic tests for some of the specific disorders have become available.
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469:
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184:
140:
2232:"Metatropic dysplasia | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program"
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1037:. Although the term is seen by some as pejorative, many past and current midget wrestlers including
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Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is a medical condition in which the body produces insufficient
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226:, and other English-speaking countries, labels that some people with dwarfism accept include
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A defining characteristic of dwarfism is an adult height less than 2.3% of the CDC standard
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said they take pride in the term due to its history in the industry and its marketability.
790:
528:
495:
491:
2914:
Gulliver's
Travels: Complete, Authoritative Text with Biographical and Historical Contexts
2823:
The Talmud – Chapter VI. Death Of Jacob And His Sons – Moses – The
Deliverance From Egypt.
2018:
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may attach special moral or aesthetic significance to their "apartness" or misshapenness.
8:
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The most common and recognizable form of dwarfism in humans (comprising 70% of cases) is
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How are the terms "dwarf," "little person," and "person of short stature" commonly used?
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2080:"Living with achondroplasia in an average-sized world: an assessment of quality of life"
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2002:
1985:
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Social prejudice against extreme shortness may reduce social and marital opportunities.
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313:
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Disproportionate dwarfism is characterized by shortened limbs or a shortened torso. In
3057:
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418:. Achondroplasia is responsible for the majority of human dwarfism cases, followed by
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2007:
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180:
121:
72:
20:
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disproportionate dwarfism was discovered recently and is caused by a mutant gene.
3068:
2967:
2552:
The Lives Of Dwarfs: Their
Journey From Public Curiosity Toward Social Liberation
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1901:
1400:
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592:
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136:
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2406:
1271:
1142:) of the 16th–19th centuries depict dwarfs by themselves or with others. In the
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is often delayed or impaired into adulthood. This dwarfism type is caused by an
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This article is about the medical condition. For the legendary creature, see
3079:
1605:"Anesthetic management of achondroplastic dwarf undergoing cesarean section"
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2150:
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200:
44:
16:
Small size of an organism, caused by growth deficiency or genetic mutations
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2301:
2011:
1986:"Achondroplastic dwarfism. Effects of treatment with human growth hormone"
563:. Severe shortness with skeletal distortion also occurs in several of the
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2852:
2095:
1038:
1018:
1014:
761:
479:
365:
336:
1934:. Seattle Children's Hospital, Research & Foundation. Archived from
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nationally and internationally. They are included in some events in the
938:
insights to reduce stereotypes and promote a more objective perception.
387:
2978:
2916:, Palgrave Macmillan 1995 (p. 21). The quote has been misattributed to
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1088:
917:
649:
444:
309:
161:
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2418:
1681:
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1212:
806:
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600:
332:
223:
2711:
2052:
Dwarfism: medical and psychosocial aspects of profound short stature
1776:"Science Blog – Short children more likely to be bullied at school"
1248:
1080:
950:
Pedal extenders for short statured individuals (skeletal dysplasia)
719:
dwarfism associated with the endocrine system may be treated using
403:
328:
2894:
The
Children of Aataentsic: A History of the Huron People to 1660
2078:
Gollust SE, Thompson RE, Gooding HC, Biesecker BB (August 2003).
1823:
1150:
482:
2387:. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 2007-08-27
2049:
1725:. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 2007-09-27
880:
possibly because the plural "dwarves" was popularized by author
3021:
2788:, John F. Nunn, University of Oklahoma Press, 2002, pp. 78–79,
2694:"little people, BIG DESIGN -Custom Furniture for Little People"
2693:
2077:
1395:
1143:
1116:
1084:
895:
453:
340:
248:
219:
2984:
2920:, who wrote to Swift in praise of the book just a day earlier.
1367:, a city in Brazil historically noted for its dwarf population
264:
Dwarfism occurs in animals as well as humans; horses can have
260:
1154:
1147:
1139:
1106:
1030:
399:
391:
348:
344:
324:
96:
2972:
1984:
Escamilla RF, Hutchings JJ, Li CH, Forsham P (August 1966).
285:
may not be affected by dwarfism. In some cases of untreated
84:
1983:
1005:" had its heyday in the 1950s–'70s, when wrestlers such as
576:
327:
compression. Early degenerative joint disease, exaggerated
191:
can sometimes be treated with surgery or physical therapy.
2767:
Philadelphia, The
Children's Hospital of (25 March 2014).
2407:"Clinical Aspects of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults"
2026:"The Pituitary Gland & Growth Disorders: An Overview"
1906:
836:
819:
90:
2989:
2357:"DWARFISM (Algorithmic Diagnosis of Symptoms and Signs)"
971:
Dwarfs have support and compete in sport by a number of
2981:(Includes a list of Canadian Provincial support groups)
2641:
Klein, A. (2019). "Stigmatization and Little People".
1801:. Little People of America. 2006-07-09. Archived from
1572:
872:), and comparisons have been made with the Old Indian
339:
or nerve roots can cause pain and disability. Reduced
2994:
2404:
1954:
1952:
368:
may decline and family relationships may be affected.
93:
87:
81:
2999:
2405:
Jørgensen, Jens O.L.; Christiansen, Jens S. (2005),
1966:. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
1531:. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
78:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
635:variant; achondroplasia is caused by a mutation on
75:
1949:
1094:Artistic representations of dwarfism are found on
575:may cause proportionate, yet temporary, dwarfism.
2975:(Includes a list of International support groups)
2226:
2224:
1924:
1717:
1715:
1713:
658:= middle, i.e., bones of the forearm or lower leg
478:. Growth hormone, also called somatotropin, is a
3117:
2932:"The Dwarf Fashion Show Debuts in New York City"
2590:. MedicineNet, Inc. 9 March 2003. Archived from
2513:. George Allen & Unwin. pp. Appendix F.
1881:
1799:"Dwarfism Resources: Frequently Asked Questions"
2073:
2071:
1519:
1517:
1515:
916:'s dwarfs used for public amusement during the
661:acromelic = end, i.e., bones of hands and feet.
490:specific genes, damage to the pituitary gland,
2828:
2373:
2221:
1710:
1663:
1661:
1602:
452:disorder caused by the presence of an altered
2659:
2054:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1909:(Public Broadcasting Service). Archived from
1667:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1146:, it is said that the second born son of the
1098:vases and other ancient artifacts, including
759:as depicted in a 19th-century edition of the
652:= root, i.e., bones of the upper arm or thigh
494:, poor nutrition, or even stress (leading to
2766:
2678:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2259:"Metatropic dysplasia: MedlinePlus Genetics"
2185:. UK Child Growth Foundation. Archived from
2175:
2068:
1550:"Restricted growth (dwarfism) – NHS Choices"
1512:
1001:has had the involvement of dwarf athletes. "
463:
406:, with his wife Senetites and their children
207:provide services to aid individuals and the
2806:"Dwarfs Commanded Respect In Ancient Egypt"
2542:
2084:American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A
2050:Hall, Judith A.; Adelson, Betty M. (2005).
1977:
1768:
1658:
1115:devotes nine chapters to the adventures of
1044:
858:
843:
2611:
2576:
2517:
2442:
2164:. National Institute of Health. 2008-09-26
2158:"Achondroplasia – Genetics Home Reference"
1629:
1477:. National Institute of Health. 2008-08-04
1067:Ivory statuette of a woman with dwarfism,
2555:. Rutgers University Press. p. 295.
2001:
884:, describing a race of characters in his
172:depending upon the underlying condition.
1863:"Growth Charts – Clinical Growth Charts"
1121:
1062:
945:
747:
708:injections of human growth hormone (HGH)
618:
386:
259:
2961:Little People of the World Organization
2548:
2506:
2413:, vol. 33, KARGER, pp. 1–20,
2253:
2251:
1894:
1603:Çevik, Banu; Çolakoğlu, Serhan (2010).
1207:Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory
797:, originally referring to a being from
664:micromelic = entire limbs are shortened
505:
3118:
2896:McGill-Queen's University Press, 1987
2125:Ancient Egypt: Kingdom of the Pharaohs
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
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1463:
738:
521:spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita
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2127:, R. Hamilton, p. 47, Paragon, 2006,
1736:
984:Dwarf Athletic Association of America
255:
2923:
2841:American Journal of Medical Genetics
2779:
2662:Journal of Applied Social Psychology
2248:
2210:. Johns Hopkins Medicine. 2022-02-03
1598:
1596:
1391:List of the verified shortest people
690:Examples include achondroplasia and
394:, court official and priest for the
2507:Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel (1955).
2411:Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults
1782:
1335:Dwarfs and pygmies in Ancient Egypt
1059:Dwarfs and pygmies in Ancient Egypt
977:athletics at the Summer Paralympics
458:fibroblast growth factor receptor 3
13:
2451:(2007) translated by Angela Hall.
183:whereby the limbs are diminutive.
14:
3147:
2954:
2929:
1593:
1119:, a dwarf avatar of Lord Vishnu.
782:) has developed euphemistically.
614:
429:
2995:Restricted Growth Association UK
2454:Dictionary of Northern Mythology
2284:"Orphanet: Metatropic dysplasia"
1312:International Dwarf Fashion Show
1161:nation are portrayed as dwarfs.
1128:The Dwarf Don Sebastián de Morra
941:
924:
243:
71:
43:
2907:
2886:
2816:
2798:
2760:
2736:
2722:
2704:
2686:
2653:
2634:
2605:
2500:
2485:
2470:
2398:
2381:"Dwarfism: Tests and diagnosis"
2325:
2276:
2200:
2137:
2118:
1897:"Big Enough. What is Dwarfism?"
1855:
1837:
1816:
1723:"Dwarfism: Treatment and drugs"
1274:, the short-lived reality show
1051:Cultural depictions of dwarfism
966:
904:Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands
1932:"Dwarfism and Bone Dysplasias"
1849:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1542:
1488:
1439:
1421:Dwarf hamster (disambiguation)
1386:List of dwarfism organisations
743:
320:and not a skeletal dysplasia.
308:are common. In case of spinal
164:or a short torso. In cases of
1:
2934:. Glammonitor. Archived from
2835:Kozma, Chahira (2005-12-27).
2208:"Metatropic Dysplasia |"
1432:
1310:Leur Une Chance, created the
963:or rehabilitation providers.
932:
713:
697:
573:Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
519:Other causes of dwarfism are
170:risks to the mother and child
2825:URL accessed April 23, 2007.
2614:"OCCUPATIONS AND AVOCATIONS"
1668:Hagenäs L, Hertel T (2003).
1381:List of people with dwarfism
1371:Kingdom of the Little People
1055:List of people with dwarfism
1021:was the first holder of the
586:
420:spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia
7:
2990:Dwarf Sports Association UK
2529:Online Etymology Dictionary
2183:"Growth Hormone Deficiency"
1895:Kennedy, Dan (2006-08-08).
1327:
1179:The Man with the Golden Gun
1023:National Wrestling Alliance
988:Dwarf Sports Association UK
678:spondylo = of the vertebrae
630:(growth hormone deficiency)
160:is characterized by either
10:
3152:
2549:Adelson, Betty M. (2005).
1345:Ellis–Van Creveld syndrome
1048:
1017:toured North America, and
835:), the Indo-European root
467:
433:
373:activities of daily living
246:). Historically, the term
56:, with dwarfism caused by
18:
3089:
3003:
2837:"Dwarfs in ancient Egypt"
2786:Ancient Egyptian Medicine
2716:www.bestlilextensions.com
2236:Rarediseases.info.nih.gov
1960:"Dwarfism: Complications"
1676:. 60 Suppl 3 (3): 65–70.
1027:World Midget Championship
470:Growth hormone deficiency
464:Growth hormone deficiency
412:growth hormone deficiency
382:
195:can also be treated with
185:Growth hormone deficiency
158:Disproportionate dwarfism
141:growth hormone deficiency
127:
111:
63:
51:
42:
37:
2973:Little People of America
2643:Journal of Social Issues
2621:Little People of America
1447:"Definition of DWARFISM"
1225:Little People, Big World
1045:Art and media depictions
733:distraction osteogenesis
514:
2979:Little People of Canada
2162:Genetics Home Reference
1471:"MedlinePlus: Dwarfism"
1240:(and its TV adaptation
838:
821:
794:
557:osteogenesis imperfecta
240:person of short stature
52:Ethan Crough, a man in
2510:The Return of the King
1237:A Song of Ice and Fire
1182:(and later parodied in
1135:
1076:
999:professional wrestling
997:Since its early days,
951:
902:used it in her novels
859:
844:
775:
672:chondro = of cartilage
631:
407:
335:, and constriction of
269:
197:growth hormone therapy
166:proportionate dwarfism
25:Dwarf (disambiguation)
23:. For other uses, see
2769:"Skeletal Dysplasias"
1305:features dwarf actor
1125:
1066:
949:
900:Harriet Beecher Stowe
887:The Lord of the Rings
842:(whence modern Dutch
751:
622:
565:mucopolysaccharidoses
525:diastrophic dysplasia
468:Further information:
434:Further information:
424:diastrophic dysplasia
390:
263:
216:height discrimination
189:osteochondrodysplasia
2853:10.1002/ajmg.a.31068
2309:"Causes of Dwarfism"
2096:10.1002/ajmg.a.20127
1778:. 3.scienceblog.com.
1525:"Dwarfism: Symptoms"
1071:(Naqada II), in the
529:pseudoachondroplasia
506:Metatropic dysplasia
496:psychogenic dwarfism
2938:on 26 November 2015
2892:Trigger, Bruce G.,
2730:"Adaptive Products"
2612:Fred Short (2008).
2584:"Midget definition"
1618:(6). Archived from
1451:Merriam-webster.com
1219:A Son of the Circus
739:Society and culture
710:during early life.
541:primordial dwarfism
283:skeletal dysplasias
199:before the child's
3090:External resources
2966:2021-05-10 at the
2930:Stark, Stephanie.
2361:WrongDiagnosis.com
2313:WrongDiagnosis.com
1277:The Littlest Groom
1191:Gulliver's Travels
1173:The Wild Wild West
1136:
1077:
952:
799:Germanic mythology
776:
632:
628:pituitary dwarfism
626:, an actress with
606:genetic counseling
450:autosomal dominant
416:pituitary dwarfism
408:
318:endocrine disorder
314:Sexual development
270:
256:Signs and symptoms
3113:
3112:
2419:10.1159/000088338
1869:. 11 January 2019
1824:"LittlePeople UK"
1682:10.1159/000074504
1625:on July 13, 2018.
1406:Phyletic dwarfism
1318:, beginning with
1283:The Station Agent
1231:The Little Couple
1073:Prehistoric Egypt
992:World Dwarf Games
961:governmental help
890:books resembling
569:storage disorders
545:Cockayne syndrome
533:hypochondroplasia
492:Turner's syndrome
485:which stimulates
287:hypochondroplasia
193:Hormone disorders
150:
149:
145:genetic disorders
131:Hyposecretion of
54:Columbus, Indiana
32:Medical condition
3143:
3131:Growth disorders
3001:
3000:
2985:Little People UK
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2927:
2921:
2911:
2905:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2871:. Archived from
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2810:Sciencedaily.com
2802:
2796:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2669:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2618:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2531:. Dictionary.com
2521:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2474:
2468:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2154:
2148:
2141:
2135:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2028:. Archived from
2022:
2016:
2015:
2005:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1892:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1795:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1755:
1749:. Archived from
1748:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1719:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1638:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1590:
1575:"Achondroplasia"
1570:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1521:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1443:
1321:Little Women: LA
1280:, and the films
1201:The Wizard of Oz
1100:ancient Egyptian
1011:Lord Littlebrook
1003:Midget wrestling
882:J. R. R. Tolkien
871:
868:
865:
862:
856:
853:
850:
847:
841:
834:
831:
828:
824:
721:hormonal therapy
692:chondrodystrophy
549:Kniest dysplasia
396:Ancient Egyptian
181:genetic disorder
122:medical genetics
103:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
80:
77:
47:
35:
34:
21:Dwarf (folklore)
3151:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3085:
3084:
3012:
2968:Wayback Machine
2957:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2928:
2924:
2912:
2908:
2891:
2887:
2878:
2876:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2784:
2780:
2765:
2761:
2752:
2750:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2671:
2670:
2658:
2654:
2649:(4): 1133–1150.
2639:
2635:
2626:
2624:
2623:. lpaonline.org
2616:
2610:
2606:
2597:
2595:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2547:
2543:
2534:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2505:
2501:
2494:Preferred Terms
2491:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2447:
2443:
2429:
2403:
2399:
2390:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2365:
2363:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2317:
2315:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2293:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2263:Medlineplus.gov
2257:
2256:
2249:
2240:
2238:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2192:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2167:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2142:
2138:
2123:
2119:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2048:
2044:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2019:
1982:
1978:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1916:
1914:
1902:POV (TV series)
1893:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1783:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1756:on 10 July 2007
1753:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1711:
1702:
1700:
1666:
1659:
1650:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1630:
1622:
1607:
1601:
1594:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1534:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1401:Mulibrey nanism
1360:Island dwarfism
1330:
1243:Game of Thrones
1112:Bhagavat Purana
1061:
1047:
969:
944:
935:
927:
869:
866:
863:
854:
851:
848:
832:
829:
826:
746:
741:
716:
704:genetic testing
700:
684:trophy = growth
675:osteo = of bone
617:
593:genetic testing
589:
553:Turner syndrome
537:Noonan syndrome
517:
508:
472:
466:
438:
432:
385:
298:Spinal stenosis
266:achondroplastic
258:
211:they may face.
137:pituitary gland
107:
74:
70:
33:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3149:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3071:
3060:
3041:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:Classification
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2956:
2955:External links
2953:
2950:
2949:
2922:
2918:Alexander Pope
2906:
2885:
2827:
2815:
2797:
2778:
2759:
2744:"DSAuk Events"
2735:
2721:
2703:
2685:
2668:(12): 677–692.
2652:
2633:
2604:
2575:
2561:
2541:
2516:
2499:
2484:
2469:
2441:
2427:
2397:
2372:
2345:
2324:
2300:
2275:
2247:
2220:
2199:
2174:
2149:
2136:
2117:
2067:
2060:
2042:
2017:
1976:
1964:MayoClinic.com
1948:
1923:
1880:
1854:
1836:
1815:
1781:
1767:
1735:
1709:
1657:
1628:
1592:
1565:
1541:
1529:MayoClinic.com
1511:
1487:
1462:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1376:Laron syndrome
1373:
1368:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1196:Jonathan Swift
1069:Gerzeh culture
1046:
1043:
968:
965:
943:
940:
934:
931:
926:
923:
780:achondroplasia
773:Lorenz Frølich
745:
742:
740:
737:
725:Hypothyroidism
715:
712:
699:
696:
688:
687:
686:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
667:
666:
665:
662:
659:
653:
624:Lavinia Warren
616:
615:Classification
613:
588:
585:
561:hypothyroidism
516:
513:
507:
504:
500:Laron syndrome
476:growth hormone
465:
462:
436:Achondroplasia
431:
430:Achondroplasia
428:
414:, once called
384:
381:
380:
379:
376:
369:
363:
360:
294:achondroplasia
257:
254:
209:discrimination
205:support groups
177:achondroplasia
148:
147:
133:growth hormone
129:
125:
124:
115:
109:
108:
106:
105:
67:
65:
61:
60:
58:achondroplasia
49:
48:
40:
39:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3148:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2903:
2902:0-7735-0627-6
2899:
2895:
2889:
2875:on 2013-01-05
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2847:(4): 303–11.
2846:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2824:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2794:0-8061-3504-2
2791:
2787:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2731:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2681:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2594:on 2011-06-23
2593:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2564:
2562:9780813535487
2558:
2554:
2553:
2545:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2512:
2511:
2503:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2480:
2473:
2467:
2466:0-85991-513-1
2463:
2460:
2457:, pp. 67–68.
2456:
2455:
2450:
2449:Simek, Rudolf
2445:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2428:3-8055-7992-6
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2341:
2334:
2328:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2209:
2203:
2189:on 2009-01-16
2188:
2184:
2178:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2133:1-4054-8288-5
2130:
2126:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2090:(4): 447–58.
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2072:
2063:
2061:0-8018-8121-8
2057:
2053:
2046:
2032:on 2013-02-10
2031:
2027:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1996:(2): 104–10.
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1938:on 2007-05-04
1937:
1933:
1927:
1913:on 2009-03-13
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1825:
1819:
1805:on 2006-05-16
1804:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1777:
1771:
1752:
1745:
1739:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1662:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:M.E.J. Anesth
1606:
1599:
1597:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1501:
1500:Lpaonline.org
1497:
1491:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1416:Pygmy peoples
1414:
1412:
1411:Short stature
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
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1089:moviemakers
1039:Hornswoggle
1019:Sky Low Low
1015:Fuzzy Cupid
791:Old English
789:stems from
762:Poetic Edda
744:Terminology
480:polypeptide
366:Self-esteem
337:spinal cord
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3120:Categories
3075:DiseasesDB
2879:2008-11-12
2753:2016-02-27
2712:"Products"
2627:2023-11-18
2598:2008-11-18
2568:8 December
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1642:"Dwarfism"
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1433:References
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933:Acceptance
918:freak show
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714:Management
698:Prevention
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567:and other
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2748:Dsauk.org
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1829:3 October
1674:Horm. Res
1350:Gigantism
1261:In Bruges
1213:Bad Santa
1133:Velázquez
1081:Novelists
867:deception
825:(meaning
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785:The noun
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646:location
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587:Diagnosis
333:scoliosis
238:(LP), or
230:(plural:
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3126:Dwarfism
2964:Archived
2861:16380966
2773:Chop.edu
2525:"midget"
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1867:Cdc.gov
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