855:
597:
703:
140:
1025:
913:
449:
155:
132:
298:
people. There was an exception, because otherwise "the owners of slaves would often be deprived of their legal property against their will." This meant that if slave owners did not intend to free their property and their stay in the
Netherlands was shorter than 6 months, or with special court permission up to 12 months, the slaves were not freed. If slaves were not sent back within this time window, they would have to be freed. It is unclear how consistently this rule was enforced.
822:
35:
144:
141:
143:
580:
confrontations were settled to the detriment of the slaves. After a final battle on August 31, the uprising was crushed. The two leaders Tula and
Carpata, as well as 29 other insurgents, were executed by the local authorities. It is not impossible that the uprising in CuraƧao was inspired by the uprising in Saint-Domingue (
146:
145:
833:
returned from exile, he placated the
British by not allowing a continuation of the Dutch slave trade. This made them willing to give back the Dutch colonies that had come under British control during the wars, although the British retained the Cape Colony. Finally, the Dutch slave trade was abolished
804:
Towards the end of the 18th century, protests against slavery began to grow. The long sea voyages under bad conditions caused many casualties. Shipwrecks occurred regularly. Christian groups in particular drew attention to the poor living conditions of the slaves. But there was also protest about the
268:
merchants often took slaves with them to the
Netherlands as servants. Later, mainly since the 18th century, slaves would come over with plantation owners, however, this affected relatively few people. On average between 1729 and 1775, 10 people of African descent (not necessarily slaves) would travel
995:
In all Dutch traders shipped and sold between 550,000 and 850,000 slaves in the
Atlantic area: first to Brazil, later mainly to Suriname and the Antilles. Historian Matthias van Rossum estimates that throughout history between 660,000 and 1,135,000 slaves were traded in order to provide labor to the
786:
resulted in a defeat for the Dutch
Republic and had major consequences for the Dutch merchant navy and thus the slave trade. The British captured many Dutch ships, causing Dutch involvement in the slave trade to fall sharply. In 1784, after the war, the slave trade was resumed. This was short-lived,
681:
with plantations that were worked by
African slaves. In 1763, the slaves of the Berbice colony led by Cuffy (Kofi, Coffy) revolted, which was eventually brutally suppressed with the help of six naval ships carrying 600 soldiers. This slave revolt was the first major revolt on the American continent.
560:
of 1763, the slave trade with the
Spaniards on CuraƧao largely dried up. The slave trade continued despite the low profit margins, partly because many traders also had interests in plantations in Suriname. They needed the slaves for this, and the trade was therefore viable if a profit was made from
544:
was granted to
Britain in 1713, it meant the decline for trade via CuraƧao, as the British had their own marketplaces. Initially, the GWC had the monopoly on the slave trade. However, in 1730, the GWC gave up the monopoly on the transport of slaves from Africa to South America, and in 1738 also the
523:
In the 18th century, the slave trade grew enormously. There were years in which more than 100,000 slaves were transported by Dutch slavers. However, the French and the
British had taken over the position of the Dutch Republic. The Dutch Republic also found the slave trade to be very not profitable.
466:
Domingo Grillo and Ambrosio Lomelino to trade slaves from Africa. Grillo and Lomelino hired the GWC to transport slaves from the African coast to South America. In the contract with GWC, it was stipulated that the Dutch would deliver 24,000 slaves in 7 years, approximately 3,500 slaves per year, in
920:
The abolition of slavery was referred to as "emancipation". Parties were organized in which King William III was presented as a key figure and benefactor of the freed slaves. The Dutch government paid compensation of 300 guilders per slave to the owner as compensation for the lost property (In the
694:(VOC) areas slaves were traded earlier than in GWC areas, and until the end of the eighteenth century more slaves were traded and held in VOC areas than in GWC areas. Around 1750 there were an estimated 75,500 slaves in settlements under VOC rule, compared to 64,000 slaves in areas under GWC rule.
939:
In Suriname, the former slaves were placed under state supervision for a period of ten years and so they often continued to work on the same plantations. During this period, released plantation workers between the ages of 15 and 60 were obliged to conclude an employment contract. This measure was
552:
In 1713, immediately after the War of the Spanish Succession, CuraƧao's central position as a regional slave market came to an abrupt end. Slave ships continued to arrive during the following years, but sales stagnated. In 1716, the number of unsold trade slaves (slaves supplemented under the GWC
515:
In 1689, the GWC declared CuraƧao an open market. Merchants from all nationalities were now welcome, however now that trade could only take place on the free market, there was no trade possible with the Spanish colonies. In 1689 and 1691, the GWC did have a few contracts with Porcio; however, the
996:
Dutch settlement areas in Asia. In addition to the VOC itself, this also concerns slave ownership of the European, Eurasian and non-European inhabitants of these areas. When slavery was abolished in 1863, the registers speak of 32,911 persons in Suriname and approximately 11,800 in the Antilles.
297:
published a resolution on the status of the 'unfree people' in the free Netherlands. In which it was emphasized that all people should in principle be recognized and regarded as free people. Slaves that travelled to the Netherlands have obtained their freedom legally and will be regarded as free
838:, which, among other things, provided for the establishment of two Joint Courts of Justice to convict slavers who tried to evade the ban. However, the legal slave trade within the Caribbean continued as usual. The United Kingdom abolished slavery in 1833, resulting in Dutch slaves fleeing from
579:
refused to work on the Knip plantation. Slaves from neighboring plantations joined the uprising. A first armed encounter with colonial troops, including units of the free maroons and the free slaves, was won by the insurgents. In negotiations, the slaves demanded their freedom. The ensuing
500:. Coymans smear campaign was successful, and in 1685, he obtained the monopoly to trade slaves to the Spanish colonies. He also enlisted the GWC to ship the slaves from Africa. This meant that the Spanish slave trade was entirely operated by the Dutch. Coymans was required to deliver 3,000
795:
made the resumption of trade possible, but when the British again declared war on the French in 1803, the Dutch slave trade came to an end. As in the period from 1799 to 1802, Dutch colonies came under British control; these were also supplied with slaves by British slave traders.
647:(Maroons) got to know the jungle and the swamps, and founded mini-states there. From there they raided plantations, looted them and freed slaves; the Dutch could not do much about this. Finally, from 1760, the colonial administration concluded peace treaties with groups of
480:
trade, the Dutch Republic had between 1660 and 1690 roughly 30% of the total slave trade. In the period of 1658 to 1674, an estimated 45,700 slaves were transported to the Americas, however, this was relatively little compared to the total number of slaves transported.
435:
in 1655, the island became an important transfer market for slaves to the Spanish colonies. New slave buyers were also found among English and French colonists who grew tobacco on the islands they conquered in the Caribbean and Virginia, though most slaves went to
812:
cultivation. Africa changed from an area where "raw materials" (slaves) were extracted into a potential market for Europe. The development of agricultural machinery provided an additional reason to abolish slavery; the use of machines made slaves obsolete.
273:
to the Netherlands, of which most would return after a short stay. Although they could go to court to claim their right to freedom, this happened seldom. In cases where slaves did try to claim their freedom, they would often not succeed. In 1736, a slave
738:
During the 17th and 18th centuries, the VOC was the hub of an extensive trade in slaves in Southeast Asia. Over a period of two centuries, the VOC obtained, traded and used 600,000 to 1 million slaves, mainly from present-day India, later also from
142:
955:
1863 ā Dutch West Indies ā Emancipation Act abolishes slavery in the Dutch West Indies. Slave owners receive compensation; freedmen in Suriname come under state supervision for ten years with a mandatory employment contract on the
1055:
The problem of the robbery of European slaves was especially great in the 17th and 18th centuries. Among the estimated 1 to 1.25 million persons captured as slaves during that period, approximately 10,000 to 12,000 were Dutch.
1012:
and many other invited guests from both the Netherlands and abroad. In particular, the monument commemorates the slavery past in Suriname, the Netherlands Antilles, Aruba, and the west coast of Africa, including Ghana.
899:
was unveiled in Paramaribo, Suriname's capital city to commemorate the abolition of slavery. Since 2002 there is an official monument for remembrance of slavery in the Kingdom of the Netherlands in Amsterdam, the
401:'s descendants are interpreted by some as having populated Africa. To maintain the sugar production, many Portuguese plantation owners in the conquered part of Brazil were able to keep their plantation. Private
766:
The economic recession of 1773 caused a decline in the entire Dutch merchant shipping industry, including the slave trade. When the Dutch Republic delivered weapons and ammunition to the rebels in the
553:
contract) rose to over 800. At the end of that year, a revolt broke out among trade slaves on the GWC plantation Santa Maria. This was quickly suppressed and the insurgents were captured and executed.
778:
in 1780 on his way to the Dutch Republic, they seized a secret treaty between the city of Amsterdam and the rebels in his luggage. In addition, Britain feared that the Dutch Republic would join the
520:
the successor of Porcio, for the delivery of 2,500 to 3,000 slaves per year, but CuraƧao did no longer serve as a transfer port. In 1699 this contract was extended for another 2 years.
264:, in 16th-century Mechelen, an escaped slave was freed because it was argued that slavery did not exist in the Low Countries. In practice, this statement was often ignored; especially, Spanish and
758:
According to the traditional image, slaves in the East were mainly a status symbol. In fact this was not the case: In the East, too, slaves had mainly economic value and were used as labor force.
378:) was captured. this was till then the greatest Portuguese slave trade stronghold. In the centuries that followed, this fortress would become one of the centres of the GWC's slave trade. In 1641,
921:
Dutch East Indies, it is 50 to 350 guilders depending on the age of the slave). In total, the allowance amounted to almost 12 million guilders, about 10% of the government expenditure in 1863.
333:. However, the slave trade was originally seen as immoral in the Netherlands. It went against Christian norms and values, therefore people initially refrained from engaging in the slave trade.
340:
was legal. This has been the main goal and source of income for the GWC since its establishment in 1621. Between 1623 and 1636, 547 Spanish and Portuguese ships were hijacked. After this, the
751:(present-day Indonesia). Slaves were mainly used for infrastructure, building fortifications and in households. In Batavia, for example, slaves were deployed at the shipyard on the island of
588:. After the uprising, protective slave legislation was enacted in CuraƧao, which regulated, among other things, the provision of food rations and clothing, as well as working and rest times.
1388:
427:
When Brazil was recaptured in 1654, there were already some 25,000 slaves brought over. After this reconquest, the sugar cane cultivation was transferred to the Caribbean and in 1634 to
1052:
money from relatives or fellow believers. These Christian slaves were captured while hijacking sea-going vessels, as well as looting from the European coasts, including the Dutch ones.
545:
monopoly on the slave trade. However, other slave traders had to pay recognition fees to the GWC. The Zeelanders in particular then took over the slave trade, in which the
237:
banned enslaving Christians by a decree. Though not officially "abolished" everywhere slavery as an institution had for all practical purposes fallen in disuse in the
874:
on July 1, 1863 (Emancipation Act). On that day, about 35,000 slaves in Suriname and 12,000 slaves on the Dutch islands in the Caribbean were given their freedom.
940:
mainly intended to prevent the former slaves from leaving the plantations en masse, which presumably would have caused the collapse of the plantation economy.
52:
229:āā (meaning āCity air makes freeā) i.e. slavery and serfdom were outlawed within the borders of the city and escaped slaves could enjoy asylum there. In the
432:
150:
Newsreel from 1963. Celebration of the emancipation day in Paramaribo, to celebrate 100 years since the abolishment of slavery (English subtitles available).
854:
540:
from Spain. They approached the GWC, but the assignment did not go through because the GWC was afraid that CuraƧao would be overrun by the French. When the
805:
hardships suffered by the soldiers who had to supervise the slaves. Both in Africa and Central America, soldiers were struck down by tropical diseases.
467:
which, CuraƧao would function as transfer port. In reality, these amounts were not feasible, with an average of only 700 slaves delivered annually.
99:
346:
was developed, the big plan. By taking over the slave trade the Portuguese sugar cane trade from Brazil could be undermined. With the capture of a
286:(regional supreme court) stated that he would remain a property belonging to Paulina Meyer, because he was a thief of himself and stolen property (
630:
collected a percentage of the income obtained from the domestic slave market. To avoid this, it was not uncommon to secretly bring slaves ashore.
71:
312:
The share of the Dutch Republic in the Atlantic slave trade was on average around five per cent, at least 500,000 people. The slave trade by the
476:, an evaluation of a slave's labour capacity. Then the slaves were sold to Spanish traders and transported to the Spanish colonies. Due to the
1435:
78:
389:
The Dutch slave trade grew to sizable proportions. To alleviate ethical concerns about slavery raised by Christians, it was argued that in
182:
85:
866:
with effect from 1 January 1860 (Law establishing the Regulations on the Policy of the Government of the Netherlands Indies), then in
596:
524:
This was partly due to the high mortality rate among the slaves when crossing the ocean; 30% of the slaves died on board the ships.
488:
became an important factor in the Dutch slave trade. Balthasar Coymans (1652ā1686) led a branch of the Dutch trade house Coymans in
67:
1193:
1118:
405:
were required for this. This signalled a change in the stands about the slave trade; non-Christians could be sold as slaves.
1430:
177:, Dutch slave traders bought and sold over 1.6 million enslaved people. The Netherlands abolished Dutch involvement the
546:
1261:
386:) was conquered from the Portuguese. Around 1700, the GWC owned a dozen trading fortresses on the West African coast.
672:
508:
instead of 9,000 were delivered. Coymans died in 1686 and the Spanish lost faith in his successor and in granted the
329:
merchants Willem Sailler and Hendrink Eynger, to transfer during the next four years 4,000 slaves from Africa to the
294:
118:
17:
779:
283:
92:
730:
are descended from the slave population, but white families also often have freed slaves among their ancestors.
600:
Hanged by the rib was a punishment for a rebellious slave in Suriname. Illustration by William Blake at Stedmans
260:, however, in reality, the status of slavery in the Low Countries was a grey area. According to Leuven professor
570:
835:
56:
834:
in June 1814 by Royal Decree from William I. In May 1818, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands concluded an
825:
Slave handcuffs from 1848, which were to prevent slaves from fleeing from Sint Eustatius to free Saint Kitts.
533:
351:
830:
316:(GWC) has in their starting years contributed to the status of the Netherlands as an economic world power.
1016:
Monuments have also been placed in various other places in the Netherlands, such as in Rotterdam in 2013.
702:
470:
On CuraƧao, the slaves were subjected to a quality control. Slaves were assessed according to a so-called
1425:
690:
Within the context of Dutch history, the GWC is usually thought of when it comes to slavery. However, in
1065:
877:
Slavery continued to exist in some parts of the Dutch East Indies under indirect rule. On the island of
1009:
767:
677:
In the 17th century, Zeelanders had founded a colony on the banks of the River Berbice in present-day
774:, this aroused anger from Britain. When the British arrested the newly appointed American ambassador
1136:
Liberty, Slavery and the Law in Early Modern Western Europe. Omnes Homines aut Liberi Sunt aut Servi
924:
As an alternative to the use of slaves, contract workers were recruited from the Dutch East Indies (
943:
691:
313:
221:. Slavery as an institution was mainly grounded in common law at first. When feudal lords granted
660:
45:
916:
A checque for 3,200 guilders compensation for the abolition of slavery on Sint Eustatius in 1863
1324:
1005:
858:
Netherlands State Gazette (No. 201. Tuesday, August 26, 1862) Laws for the abolition of Slavery
787:
however, as the French invaded the Netherlands in 1795. The British again went to war with the
783:
536:, when the Netherlands again went to war with Spain and France, the French allies obtained the
354:
in 1628, sufficient money was available to carry out the Groot Desseyn. Between 1630 and 1634,
347:
1298:
1149:
895:
and Afro-Antilleans in the Netherlands, to commemorate the abolition of slavery. In 1963, the
641:
From the arrival of the first slaves from Africa in Suriname, some of them fled inland. These
186:
808:
In economic terms, the slave trade became less important with the emergence of the European
209:. Both ethnic groups had societies that consisted of nobles, freemen and slaves. During the
871:
608:
440:, which from 1668 was permanently owned by the Netherlands until its independence in 1975.
326:
238:
226:
178:
1028:"Turkish use of slaves to row galleys", published by Pieter van der Aa, Leyden, circa 1725
966:
1873 ā Dutch West Indies ā state supervision and compulsory employment contract abolished.
408:
From 1640, the slave trade with Brazil began to decline, and the trade was shifted to the
8:
925:
862:
The Netherlands abolished slavery in stages, first in the directly governed parts of the
627:
557:
371:
174:
170:
1024:
933:
643:
623:
were an important weapon for the mainly British advocates of the abolition of slavery.
1176:
Ik lach met Grotius en alle die prullen van boeken. Een rechtsgeschiedenis van CuraƧao
532:
It was not until 1708 that a supply contract was again offered to the GWC. During the
417:
1114:
863:
788:
748:
615:
in Dutch service, described the Dutch slaveholders in Suriname as cruel, in the book
461:
398:
321:
307:
265:
912:
576:
1373:
1336:
960:
792:
261:
230:
206:
986:ā probably the last part of the Dutch colonial empire where slavery was abolished.
249:
provided a new legal framework that would make the introduction and regulation of
1108:
1070:
1037:
1032:
The Dutch were also enslaved after the Middle Ages. In particular, North African
929:
896:
892:
612:
585:
390:
250:
246:
222:
154:
1080:
944:
Time line of the abolition of slavery in the Netherlands and its colonial empire
131:
1041:
839:
771:
656:
448:
409:
375:
257:
234:
1341:
1266:
Zeeland. Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Zeeuwsch Genootschap der Wetenschappen
706:
Memorial to the Emancipation of Slaves in the Cape Colony on December 1, 1838.
619:
in 1797. Descriptions of mistreatment by Dutch slaveholders and the images by
1419:
775:
752:
620:
617:
Narrative of a five years' expedition against the revolted Negroes of Surinam
431:, which then became the Dutch collection point for slaves. After the English
363:
342:
245:
at the end of the 15th century and its integration into what became known as
963:ā colony sold to Great Britain, in which slavery had already been abolished.
217:
traded in slaves, which were mainly intended for slave markets in Spain and
1045:
1044:, targeted Europeans for, among other things, construction projects and as
413:
394:
359:
198:
821:
1234:
1104:
1076:āSwartā in Nederland ā Afrikanen en Creolen in de Noordelijke Nederlanden
1075:
1004:
The National Slavery History Monument was unveiled on 1 July 2002 in the
843:
711:
1359:
Pepijn Brandon, Guno Jones, Nancy Jouwe and Mathhias van Rossum (red.):
1048:. They were also not infrequently held captive with a view to obtaining
809:
782:, which would further protect trade with the Americans. The subsequent
715:
710:
Between 1652 and 1807, more than 60,000 slaves were transported to the
453:
275:
428:
279:
1403:
Op zoek naar de stilte. Sporen van het slavernijverleden in Nederland
1221:"Some remarks on slavery and legal history", Hans-Jan van Kralingen,
1033:
727:
723:
421:
337:
330:
242:
210:
1401:
Stipriaan, A. van; Heilbron, W.; Bijnaar, A.; Smeulders, V. (2007):
527:
325:
or contract was made between the rulers of Spain and assumingly the
34:
952:
1860 ā Dutch East Indies ā only in the directly administered areas.
888:
867:
437:
358:
and a large part of the Brazilian coast was conquered, this became
270:
214:
516:
numbers were less than before. In 1697, there was a contract with
489:
983:
976:
882:
878:
740:
424:, later the Caribbean also became the target of the slave trade.
402:
159:
472:
1049:
829:
Meanwhile, the United Kingdom had banned the slave trade. When
678:
493:
383:
379:
367:
355:
1299:"How Christian Slaveholders Used the Bible to Justify Slavery"
719:
581:
256:
Officially slavery did not exist in the European area of The
218:
202:
970:
744:
412:
in America. Initially, Dutch traders transported slaves to
655:
were AdyƔko Benti Basiton (known as Boston Bendt), Adoe,
336:
During the fight against the Spanish and the Portuguese,
282:
to the Netherlands as a stowaway on a ship. However, the
1378:
The Atlantic Slave Trade. New approaches to the Americas
1262:"Zeeuwen en de slavenhandel: Een kwantitatieve analyse"
1361:
De slavernij in Oost en West. Het Amsterdam-onderzoek
225:
to cities these often encompassed the principle of āā
999:
907:
791:, which was now an ally of the French. In 1802, the
584:) or the uprising that took place shortly before in
504:
annually, however, in the first 3 years, only 4,896
733:
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1329:New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids
891:is an annual holiday in Suriname, and also among
528:End of CuraƧao's central position as slave market
197:Before the Netherlands became a country, various
1417:
1396:The Dutch in the Atlantic slave trade, 1600ā1815
575:On August 17, 1795, several dozen slaves led by
496:Nicolas Porcio who was at the time owner of the
1173:
1150:"Sicut Dudum Pope Eugene IV ā January 13, 1435"
718:and a third from Asia, mainly from present-day
253:outside Dutch territory easier in later years.
192:
1066:Amsterdam en slavernij, Stadsarchief Amsterdam
714:. Half of these slaves came from present-day
697:
201:lived in the area. Examples of these are the
185:, but slavery would continue to exist in the
1102:
213:, slaves were also fairly common. Also, the
949:1814 ā Transatlantic slave trade abolished.
181:in 1814 under diplomatic pressure from the
1285:A history of the Gold Coast of West Africa
1113:. Cambridge University Press. p. 64.
666:
564:
135:The National Slavery Monument in Amsterdam
1340:
761:
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
1174:Velden, van der, Bastiaan David (2010).
1023:
911:
853:
820:
701:
685:
595:
447:
241:for these reasons. But the reception of
153:
138:
130:
1133:
849:
301:
68:"History of slavery in the Netherlands"
14:
1418:
1322:
1259:
633:
591:
492:. He started a smear campaign against
1282:
1217:
1215:
982:1914 ā Dutch East Indies ā Island of
975:1910 ā Dutch East Indies ā Island of
969:1877 ā Dutch East Indies ā Island of
881:this lasted until March 31, 1910, on
443:
167:history of slavery in the Netherlands
1436:Social history of the Dutch Republic
1188:
1186:
1110:The Dutch Overseas Empire, 1600ā1800
1071:Thema Slavernij Geschiedenis Zeeland
1040:, operating under the banner of the
57:adding citations to reliable sources
28:
1019:
24:
1212:
547:Middelburgsche Commercie Compagnie
25:
1447:
1183:
1000:National Slavery History Monument
908:Compensation for the slave owners
902:National Slavery History Monument
673:Dutch colonisation of the Guianas
295:States General of the Netherlands
1368:The Dutch slave trade, 1500ā1850
842:to the nearby British colony of
780:First League of Armed Neutrality
734:Slavery in the Dutch East Indies
512:back to Nicolas Porcio in 1688.
452:Shackles in the Slavery Museum,
393:9 it states that descendants of
284:Hoge Raad van Holland en Zeeland
33:
1323:Kesler, C.K. (1 January 1928).
1316:
1291:
44:needs additional citations for
1276:
1253:
1227:
1194:"1776 Onvrij in een vrij land"
1167:
1142:
1127:
1096:
836:Anglo-Dutch Slave Trade Treaty
728:colored people in South Africa
13:
1:
1398:, Cambridge University Press,
1380:, Cambridge University Press,
1353:
1283:Ellis, Alfred Burdon (1893).
1239:Buku ā Bibliotheca Surinamica
1089:
1036:and merchants, also known as
534:War of the Spanish Succession
352:Battle in the Bay of Matanzas
1412:, Amsterdam University Press
816:
799:
571:CuraƧao Slave Revolt of 1795
193:Slavery in the Low Countries
169:dates back to the period of
7:
1138:. Springer. pp. 89ā92.
10:
1452:
1431:Slavery in the Netherlands
1081:Canon of the Netherlands:
1059:
990:
768:American Revolutionary War
698:Slavery in the Cape Colony
670:
651:. Notable captains of the
568:
549:played an important role.
305:
1342:10.1163/22134360-90001345
1008:in the presence of Queen
1200:(in Dutch). 15 June 2020
692:Dutch East India Company
518:Real CompaƱĆa de Cacheu,
382:(located in what is now
314:Dutch West India Company
1410:Geschiedenis van de WIC
1408:Den Heijer, H. (2013):
1134:BatselƩ, Filip (2020).
667:Slavery in Dutch Guiana
565:Slave revolt in CuraƧao
459:In 1662, Spain made an
1029:
917:
859:
826:
784:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War
762:End of the slave trade
707:
605:
456:
348:Spanish treasure fleet
327:Southern Netherlandish
162:
151:
136:
1394:Postma, J.M. (1990):
1383:Klooster, W. (1998):
1366:Emmer, P. C. (2000):
1027:
915:
857:
824:
705:
686:Slavery under the VOC
599:
451:
227:Stadslucht maakt vrij
187:Dutch colonial empire
157:
149:
134:
1235:"Swart in Nederland"
872:Netherlands Antilles
850:Abolition of slavery
609:John Gabriƫl Stedman
602:Reize naar Surinamen
397:into slavery, since
319:Already in 1528, an
302:Atlantic slave trade
239:Habsburg Netherlands
179:Atlantic slave trade
53:improve this article
1260:Paesie, R. (2010).
926:Javanese Surinamese
628:Society of Suriname
592:Slavery in Suriname
433:conquest of Jamaica
278:Claes escaped from
175:early modern period
171:classical antiquity
1426:History of slavery
1105:Gommans, Jos J. L.
1103:Emmer, Pieter C.;
1030:
934:Chinese Surinamese
918:
860:
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1154:Papal Encyclicals
1120:978-1-108-42837-8
864:Dutch East Indies
789:Batavian Republic
749:Dutch East Indies
308:Dutch Slave Coast
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231:Late Middle Ages
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42:This article
40:
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1374:Klein, H. S.
1367:
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414:Buenos Aires
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360:Dutch Brazil
341:
338:privateering
335:
320:
318:
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292:
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189:until 1863.
166:
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51:Please help
46:verification
43:
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1389:KITLV Press
1180:, chapter 9
1178:(in Dutch).
844:Saint Kitts
712:Cape Colony
637:in Suriname
362:. In 1637,
350:during the
288:res furtiva
1420:Categories
1354:Literature
1308:1 February
1245:31 January
1204:2 February
1159:2 February
1090:References
1034:privateers
1006:Oosterpark
979:ā March 31
928:), India (
810:sugar beet
716:Madagascar
556:After the
454:Willemstad
372:Gold Coast
306:See also:
266:Portuguese
79:newspapers
831:William I
817:Abolition
800:Arguments
724:Indonesia
422:Argentina
331:Caribbean
243:Roman law
211:Roman era
1376:(2010):
1107:(2020).
889:Ketikoti
870:and the
868:Suriname
613:Scotsman
494:Venetian
438:Suriname
374:(in the
271:Suriname
215:Frisians
205:and the
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1083:Slavery
1060:Sources
1010:Beatrix
991:Numbers
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977:Sumbawa
959:1872 ā
883:Samosir
879:Sumbawa
747:in the
741:Celebes
726:. Many
653:Marrons
649:Marrons
644:Marrons
635:Marrons
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391:Genesis
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160:Bonaire
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506:piezas
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384:Angola
380:Luanda
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356:Recife
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219:Cairo
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100:JSTOR
86:books
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1161:2021
1115:ISBN
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745:Bali
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