47:
36:
369:(BTWC), it was agreed by consensus that: States Parties recognized the importance of ensuring that those working in the biological sciences are aware of their obligations under the convention and relevant national legislation and guidelines...States Parties noted that formal requirements for seminars, modules or courses, including possible mandatory components, in relevant scientific and engineering training programmes and continuing professional education could assist in raising awareness and in implementing the convention.
152:
543:
601:(IVAS). The IVAS would be used to train soldiers, as well as field medics with battlefield experience within a virtual environment. This version of the HoloLens allowed the soldiers to have a virtual map of their current environment, friendly units' locations, and much more. An anonymous Microsoft employee published an open letter demanding that Microsoft terminate the IVAS contract. Microsoft president
581:
282:, the government uses AI in order to distinguish citizens with less than satisfactory records among crowds. Every new invention or application made with AI comes with its own set of positive and negative effects. Some claim that, as potential uses for AI grow in number, nations need to start regulating it as a dual-use technology.
388:
The US federal government (USG) developed several policy documents on DURC. In May 2024, the White House published the "United States
Government Policy for Oversight of Dual Use Research of Concern and Pathogens with Enhanced Pandemic Potential", "a unified federal oversight framework for conducting
246:
smuggling network in
Pakistan), high degrees of political stability (defined by the World Bank as “likelihood that the government will be destabilized or overthrown by unconstitutional or violent means, including politically-motivated violence and terrorism”), high governmental effectiveness scores
233:
risks. A fundamental goal for
American and global security is to minimize the proliferation risks associated with the expansion of nuclear power. If this development is "poorly managed or efforts to contain risks are unsuccessful, the nuclear future will be dangerous". For nuclear power programs to
550:
In addition to obvious dual-use technologies there are some less obvious ones, in that many erstwhile peaceful technologies can be used in weapons. One example during the First and Second World War is the role of German toy manufacturers: Germany was one of the leading nations in the production of
384:
education has become more important. Unfortunately, both the policy and academic literature show that life scientists across the globe are frequently uninformed or underinformed about biosecurity, dual-use, the BTWC and national legislation outlawing biological weapons. Moreover, despite numerous
99:
More generally speaking, dual-use can also refer to any goods or technology which can satisfy more than one goal at any given time. Thus, expensive technologies originally benefitting only military purposes would in the future also be used to serve civilian commercial interests if they were not
567:
was considered to be a dual-use technology. The gaming console had to receive special import regulations before being shipped towards the U.S. and
European markets. This is due to the console's and its included GPU's capability to process high quality images at high speeds, a shared trait with
389:
and managing certain types of federally funded life sciences research on biological agents and toxins." The policy superseded several prior documents, published in 2012, 2014, and 2017, and it follows the directives established by the 2022 National
Biodefense Strategy and Implementation Plan.
361:
suggest that, as a result of perceived changes in both science and security over the past decade, several states and multilateral bodies have underlined the importance of making life scientists aware of concerns over dual-use and the legal obligations underpinning the prevention of biological
519:, and Russian state-financed laboratory JSC Katod) have entered the American market through licensed importers. In spite of their foreign origin, re-export of these components outside of the United States is restricted similarly to domestic components.
266:(AI), it garners more and more attention on its capability as a dual-use technology and the security risks it may pose. Artificial intelligence can be applied within many different fields and can be easily integrated throughout current technology's
596:
within the real world. However, it was revealed
Microsoft made a 479 million dollar deal with the U.S. government. This contract would have Microsoft create and supply the U.S. Army a separate version of the HoloLens smart glasses called the
247:(a World Bank aggregate measure of “the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures the quality of policy formulation and implementation”), and a strong degree of regulatory competence.
308:, especially that of Germany. Many industrial chemical processes produce toxic intermediary stages, final products, and by-products, and any nation with a chemical industry has the potential to create weaponised chemical agents.
624:
on certain types of designated dual-use technologies, and they are required by a number of treaties as well. These controls restrict the export of certain commodities and technologies without the permission of the government.
605:
had previously made a public blog post outlining the company's stance on "how technology companies should work with the government, and specifically whether companies should supply digital technology to the military."
1313:
376:
in 2010 developed a "guidance document" for what it called "Dual Use
Research of Concern" (DURC) in the life sciences, regarding “research that is intended benefit, but which might easily be misapplied to do harm".
362:
weapons. One of the key mechanisms that have been identified to achieve this is through the education of life science students, with the objective of building what has been termed a “culture of responsibility”.
508:. Contributing factors in acquiring a license include diplomatic relations with the destination country, number of pieces to be sold, and the relative quality of the equipment itself, expressed using a
189:
Within peaceful rocket programs, different peaceful applications can be seen as having parallel military roles. For example, the return of scientific payloads safely to earth from orbit would indicate
385:
declarations by states and multilateral organisations, the extent to which statements at the international level have trickled down to multifaceted activity at the level of scientists remains limited.
493:, with very few restrictions. However, American night vision owners may not bring the equipment out of the country, sell it internationally, or even invite non-citizens to examine the technology, per
1262:
Minehata. M and D. Friedman (2009) Biosecurity
Education in Israeli Research Universities. Research Report for the Wellcome Trust Project on Building a Sustainable Capacity in Dual Use Bioethics.
1113:
673:
1276:
1232:
970:
628:
In the context of sanctions regimes, dual-use can be construed broadly because there are few things which do not have the potential for both military and civilian uses.
194:
capability and demonstrating the ability to launch multiple satellites with a single launch vehicle can be seen in a military context as having the potential to deploy
530:
made the case for relaxing export controls in light of the narrowing performance gap and increased competition internationally, and a review period undertaken by the
684:
There are several international arrangements among countries which seek to harmonize lists of dual-use (and military) technologies to control. These include the
242:
These characteristics include low degrees of corruption (to avoid officials selling materials and technology for their own personal gain as occurred with the
210:
technology. Many technologies and materials associated with the creation of a nuclear power program have a dual-use capability, in that several stages of the
481:
In the United States, civilians are free to buy and sell
American-made night vision and thermal systems, such as those manufactured by defense contractors
1295:
182:
Those who seek to develop ballistic missiles may claim that their rockets are for peaceful purposes; for example, for commercial satellite launching or
1400:
718:
128:
195:
1770:
1230:
Mancini. G & Revill. J (2008) Fostering the
Biosecurity Norm: Biosecurity Education for the Next Generation of Life Scientists, November 2008.
904:
803:
1000:
1470:
853:
1030:
644:(OEE). Interagency coordination of export control cases are conducted through the Export Enforcement Coordination Center (E2C2). The
645:
494:
339:
880:
316:
and provides various benefits with its wide array of applications. However, its gaseous form can also be used as a chemical weapon.
1783:
978:
753:
354:
may be necessary. The challenge remains to maintain security without impairing the contributions to progress afforded by research.
366:
123:. The dilemma has long been known in chemistry and physics, and has led to international conventions and treaties, including the
1383:
Recommended Policy Guidance for Departmental Development of Review Mechanisms for Potential Pandemic Pathogen Care and Oversight
1239:
1676:
737:
598:
531:
1563:
1315:
United States Government Policy for Oversight of Dual Use Research of Concern and Pathogens with Enhanced Pandemic Potential
1755:
501:
1715:
1595:
291:
1651:
515:
Competing international manufacturers (European defense contractor Exosens Group, Japanese scientific instrument giant
186:. However, even genuinely peaceful rockets may be converted into weapons and provide the technological basis to do so.
176:
779:
1329:
693:
257:
1300:
Conference: Research Report for the Wellcome Trust Project on Building a Sustainable Capacity in Dual Use Bioethics
1263:
171:
spent billions of dollars developing rocket technology which could carry humans into space (and eventually to the
1627:
1055:
637:
527:
471:
417:
1803:
1114:"Analysis | Chlorine, sarin or something else? The big questions in the alleged Syrian chemical weapons attack"
657:
1205:
111:
The "dual-use dilemma" was first noted with the discovery of the process for synthesizing and mass-producing
1798:
1738:
1381:
641:
602:
1526:
636:
The principal agency for investigating violations of dual-use export controls in the United States is the
1364:
United States Government Policy for Institutional Oversight of Life Sciences Dual Use Research of Concern
509:
124:
1751:
1281:
Conference: Inter Academy Panel Workshop on Promoting Education on Dual Use Issues in the Life Sciences
713:
697:
279:
275:
105:
1746:
1343:
966:
373:
325:
101:
416:) are heavily export-restricted by the few states capable of producing them, mainly to limit their
17:
685:
440:
343:
263:
223:
179:
technology; and was a way of demonstrating to the other side the potential of one's own rockets.
1716:"Bombardier Recreational Products suspends delivery of aircraft engines used on military drones"
523:
854:"To Protect Against Weaponized Drones, We Must Understand Their Key Strengths - IEEE Spectrum"
701:
335:
230:
1419:
234:
be developed and managed safely and securely, it is important that countries have domestic “
1775:
1760:
1362:
1345:
United States Government Policy for Oversight of Life Sciences Dual Use Research of Concern
1152:
432:
405:
8:
516:
505:
421:
413:
397:
115:
which revolutionized agriculture with modern fertilizers but also led to the creation of
46:
1156:
1471:"Critical Technology Assessment: Night Vision Focal Plane Arrays, Sensors, and Cameras"
1323:
1173:
1138:
948:
482:
460:
448:
428:
409:
401:
380:
Along with several similar stipulations from other states and regional organisations,
229:
Many UN and US agencies warn that building more nuclear reactors unavoidably increases
211:
1195:
UN (2008) "Report of the Meeting of States Parties", BWC/MSP/2008/5, 12 December 2008.
881:"Exclusive: Chinese-made drone, retrofitted and weaponized, downed in eastern Ukraine"
1784:
European Parliament Rapporteur Marietje Schaake on Dual-Use / Surveillance Technology
1682:
1672:
1564:"How the Army plans to use Microsoft's high-tech HoloLens goggles on the battlefield"
1178:
1063:
898:
593:
436:
301:
191:
1733:
952:
656:
The Canadian legislation to govern the trade in dual-use technology is known as the
500:
Export of American image intensifiers is selectively permitted under license by the
175:). The development of this peaceful rocket technology paralleled the development of
1596:"Microsoft CEO defends US military contract that some employees say crosses a line"
1168:
1160:
1143:
938:
828:
778:
Sedletska, Natalie; Savchuk, Maksym; Ovsyaniy, Kyrylo; Schreck, Carl (2022-11-04).
569:
297:
116:
206:
Dual-use nuclear technology refers to the possibility of military use of civilian
58:
trucks are an example of a dual-use good used in both civil and military contexts.
1668:
Sanctions as War: Anti-Imperialist Perspectives on American Geo-Economic Strategy
689:
486:
452:
235:
215:
183:
1264:
http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/sbtwc/dube/publications/Israel_BioSecReport_Final.pdf
1087:
804:"Drones, Ukraine, Russia, Iran, Western technology | Homeland Security Newswire"
274:
that could solve difficult problems, from detecting anomalies in samples during
238:” characteristics that will encourage proper nuclear operations and management:
1766:
University of Bradford Disarmament Research Centre Dual Use Bioethics Homepage.
669:
621:
615:
475:
444:
73:
1686:
943:
926:
347:
218:. When this happens a nuclear power program can become a route leading to the
143:
are areas where drones or unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) cannot be operated.
1792:
1496:
1275:
Revill, James; Mancini, G.; Minehata, Masamichi; Shinomiya, N. (2009-11-18).
1067:
564:
478:
rig encompassing a Generation 3 image intensifier), and recolored digitally.
207:
164:
140:
151:
1666:
1182:
490:
456:
168:
780:"How Western Tech In Iranian Drones Is Helping Russia Wage War On Ukraine"
552:
381:
305:
219:
120:
1700:
270:. With the use of AI, technology has become capable of running multiple
1765:
589:
357:
Reports from the project on building a sustainable culture in dual-use
267:
85:
1296:"Biosecurity and Bioethics Education: A Case Study of the UK Context"
924:
556:
512:(FOM) score calculated from several key performance characteristics.
358:
331:
278:, to providing surveillance of an entire country's residents. Within
271:
243:
69:
1527:"Sony's High-Tech Playstation2 Will Require Military Export License"
1164:
879:
Booth, Rebecca Wright,Ivan Watson,Olha Konovalova,Tom (2023-03-16).
1761:
Federation of American Scientists Case Studies in Dual-Use Research
1318:. White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. May 6, 2024.
1209:
351:
309:
160:
93:
89:
81:
65:
27:
Technology that can be used for both peaceful and military purposes
1056:"Inside China's Dystopian Dreams: A.I., Shame and Lots of Cameras"
35:
555:, and the ability to produce large numbers of small and reliable
312:
is a chemical agent found within several household items such as
112:
1088:"Uses, Benefits, and Safety of Chlorine | Chemical Safety Facts"
559:
motors was converted into the ability to produce shell and bomb
777:
542:
534:
in 2015 introduced much more granular performance definitions.
313:
55:
1593:
1274:
580:
1420:"Meet the BBC Natural History Unit's kit-hacking specialists"
1771:
European Commission, List of Dual-use items and technologies
1747:
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security
704:, which covers conventional arms and dual-use technologies.
222:
or a public annex to a secret bomb program. The crisis over
858:
692:, which looks at chemical and biological technologies, the
560:
172:
965:
474:
were shot on a Lunax Starlight HD camera (a custom-built
467:
1445:
592:, smart glasses that will allow consumers to experience
754:"The Next Pandemic Could Start With a Terrorist Attack"
1277:"Biosecurity education: surveys from Europe and Japan"
420:
to enemy combatants, but also to slow the inevitable
400:
with extraordinary performance characteristics (high
346:
medical professionals was a recent wake-up call that
1776:
Commission updates EU control list on dual use items
1402:
National Biodefense Strategy and Implementation Plan
139:
UAVs are considered to be a challenge for military.
1594:Charles Riley and Samuel Burke (25 February 2019).
1031:"We Need to Get Smart About How Governments Use AI"
925:Steven E. Miller & Scott D. Sagan (Fall 2009).
392:
1497:"Export Control Reform Comes to USML Category XII"
971:"Cheaper, safer alternatives than nuclear fission"
719:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
196:multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles
129:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
1001:"The Dual-Use Dilemma Of Artificial Intelligence"
466:Night scenes of wild elephants and rhinos in the
447:, have numerous civil applications which include
1790:
1136:
927:"Nuclear power without nuclear proliferation?"
365:At the 2008 Meeting of States Parties to the
1752:Militarily Critical Technologies List (MCTL)
903:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
648:is the US regime that the BIS OEE enforces.
1208:. World Health Organization. Archived from
920:
918:
916:
914:
159:Originally developed as weapons during the
1233:"Centrovolta.it - Informazioni Turistiche"
1035:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
731:
563:. During its early stages of release, the
251:
1172:
942:
646:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
495:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
214:allow diversion of nuclear materials for
1713:
1561:
911:
679:
672:governs dual-use technology through the
579:
541:
427:These precision components, such as the
150:
1198:
742:European Commission (accessed Aug 2022)
522:A 2012 assessment of the sector by the
367:Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention
14:
1791:
1293:
1111:
1707:
1664:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1206:"Dual Use Research of Concern (DURC)"
1053:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1020:
994:
992:
990:
988:
878:
599:Integrated Visual Augmentation System
537:
532:Directorate of Defense Trade Controls
1756:Defense Technical Information Center
751:
696:, which covers delivery systems for
588:Early 2019, Microsoft announced the
502:United States Department of Commerce
1714:Servunts, Levon (25 October 2020).
292:List of Schedule 3 substances (CWC)
24:
1612:
1580:
1544:
1514:
1105:
1017:
998:
985:
851:
546:PlayStation 2's graphics processor
424:undertaken by other world powers.
262:As more advances are made towards
177:intercontinental ballistic missile
25:
1815:
1726:
1625:
1137:Daniel Cressey (17 August 2007).
975:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
694:Missile Technology Control Regime
663:
258:Ethics of artificial intelligence
1652:"Technology and the US military"
808:www.homelandsecuritynewswire.com
631:
393:Night vision and thermal imaging
45:
34:
1693:
1658:
1644:
1489:
1463:
1438:
1412:
1393:
1374:
1355:
1336:
1306:
1287:
1268:
1256:
1224:
1189:
1130:
1080:
1047:
784:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
638:Bureau of Industry and Security
620:Most industrial countries have
528:Bureau of Industry and Security
100:otherwise engaged, such as the
1294:Revill, James (January 2009).
959:
872:
845:
833:American Civil Liberties Union
821:
796:
771:
752:Webb, Amy (14 February 2022).
745:
674:Control List of Dual Use Items
658:Export and Imports Permits Act
304:of the belligerent nations of
13:
1:
1562:Haselton, Todd (2019-04-06).
1450:Tactical Night Vision Company
1328:: CS1 maint: date and year (
724:
575:
319:
155:Neptune cruise missile launch
1739:National Academy of Sciences
642:Office of Export Enforcement
7:
1628:"Microsoft HoloLens Letter"
1477:. US Department of Commerce
1112:Taylor, Adam (2018-04-11).
707:
698:weapons of mass destruction
285:
146:
125:Chemical Weapons Convention
10:
1820:
1054:Mozur, Paul (2018-07-08).
714:General-purpose technology
613:
609:
470:nature documentary series
323:
300:can be traced back to the
289:
255:
201:
106:U.S. Department of Defense
88:that can be used for both
1754:from the US Government's
1139:"Not so secure after all"
967:Kristin Shrader-Frechette
944:10.1162/daed.2009.138.4.7
739:Exporting dual-use goods.
651:
374:World Health Organization
326:Gain-of-function research
280:China's mass surveillance
224:Iran's nuclear activities
134:
102:Global Positioning System
570:missile guidance systems
1092:ChemicalSafetyFacts.org
686:Nuclear Suppliers Group
441:surveillance satellites
344:National Health Service
264:artificial intelligence
252:Artificial intelligence
1665:Davis, Stuart (2023).
1626:News), NBC News (NBC.
585:
584:Microsoft's HoloLens 2
547:
524:Department of Commerce
350:people with access to
296:The modern history of
249:
156:
1804:Nuclear proliferation
1632:www.documentcloud.org
702:Wassenaar Arrangement
680:International regimes
583:
545:
463:of predator species.
240:
231:nuclear proliferation
154:
1408:. White House. 2022.
433:night vision goggles
406:spectral sensitivity
398:Night-vision devices
226:is a case in point.
1799:Military technology
1212:on October 29, 2013
1157:2007Natur.448..732C
1029:Feldstein, Steven.
829:"Weaponized drones"
517:Hamamatsu Photonics
422:reverse-engineering
330:That the July 2007
302:chemical industries
184:scientific purposes
1671:. pp. 27–28.
1654:. 26 October 2018.
1060:The New York Times
999:Pandya, Jayshree.
969:(19 August 2011).
586:
548:
538:Other technologies
461:population control
449:nature photography
437:focal plane arrays
429:image intensifiers
342:may have involved
340:at Glasgow airport
212:nuclear fuel cycle
157:
1778:(22 October 2014)
1734:"Biosecurity 101"
1678:978-1-64259-812-4
1531:Los Angeles Times
1151:(7155): 732–733.
852:Bajema, Natasha.
594:augmented reality
336:in central London
104:developed by the
16:(Redirected from
1811:
1743:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1623:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1591:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1559:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1523:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1319:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1238:. Archived from
1237:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1026:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
996:
983:
982:
977:. Archived from
963:
957:
956:
946:
922:
909:
908:
902:
894:
892:
891:
876:
870:
869:
867:
866:
849:
843:
842:
840:
839:
825:
819:
818:
816:
815:
800:
794:
793:
791:
790:
775:
769:
768:
766:
764:
749:
743:
735:
506:State Department
298:chemical weapons
192:re-entry vehicle
117:chemical weapons
80:refer to goods,
49:
38:
21:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1789:
1788:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1712:
1708:
1701:"OEE Home Page"
1699:
1698:
1694:
1679:
1663:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1636:
1634:
1624:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1592:
1581:
1572:
1570:
1560:
1545:
1536:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1501:Export Law Blog
1495:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1292:
1288:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1165:10.1038/448732a
1135:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1118:Washington Post
1110:
1106:
1097:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1027:
1018:
1009:
1007:
997:
986:
964:
960:
923:
912:
896:
895:
889:
887:
877:
873:
864:
862:
850:
846:
837:
835:
827:
826:
822:
813:
811:
802:
801:
797:
788:
786:
776:
772:
762:
760:
750:
746:
736:
732:
727:
710:
690:Australia Group
682:
666:
654:
634:
622:export controls
618:
612:
578:
540:
510:Figure Of Merit
453:medical imaging
445:thermal cameras
395:
328:
322:
294:
288:
260:
254:
236:good governance
216:nuclear weapons
204:
149:
137:
62:
61:
60:
59:
52:
51:
50:
41:
40:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1817:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1749:
1744:
1728:
1727:External links
1725:
1722:
1721:
1706:
1692:
1677:
1657:
1643:
1611:
1579:
1543:
1513:
1488:
1462:
1437:
1411:
1392:
1373:
1354:
1335:
1305:
1286:
1267:
1255:
1223:
1197:
1188:
1129:
1104:
1079:
1046:
1016:
984:
981:on 2012-01-21.
958:
910:
871:
844:
820:
795:
770:
744:
729:
728:
726:
723:
722:
721:
716:
709:
706:
681:
678:
670:European Union
665:
664:European Union
662:
653:
650:
633:
630:
616:Export control
614:Main article:
611:
608:
577:
574:
539:
536:
476:digital cinema
394:
391:
321:
318:
290:Main article:
287:
284:
256:Main article:
253:
250:
203:
200:
148:
145:
141:No drone zones
136:
133:
96:applications.
78:dual-use items
74:export control
54:
53:
44:
43:
42:
33:
32:
31:
30:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1816:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1647:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1245:on 2011-07-21
1241:
1234:
1227:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1133:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1006:
1002:
995:
993:
991:
989:
980:
976:
972:
968:
962:
954:
950:
945:
940:
936:
932:
928:
921:
919:
917:
915:
906:
900:
886:
882:
875:
861:
860:
855:
848:
834:
830:
824:
809:
805:
799:
785:
781:
774:
759:
755:
748:
741:
740:
734:
730:
720:
717:
715:
712:
711:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
677:
675:
671:
661:
659:
649:
647:
643:
639:
632:United States
629:
626:
623:
617:
607:
604:
600:
595:
591:
582:
573:
571:
566:
565:PlayStation 2
562:
558:
554:
544:
535:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
418:proliferation
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
390:
386:
383:
378:
375:
370:
368:
363:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
327:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
293:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
259:
248:
245:
239:
237:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:nuclear power
199:
197:
193:
187:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:United States
162:
153:
144:
142:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
107:
103:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
57:
48:
37:
19:
1737:
1709:
1695:
1667:
1660:
1646:
1635:. Retrieved
1631:
1603:. Retrieved
1599:
1571:. Retrieved
1567:
1535:. Retrieved
1533:. 2000-04-17
1530:
1504:. Retrieved
1500:
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1474:
1465:
1453:. Retrieved
1449:
1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1426:. 2014-02-06
1423:
1414:
1401:
1395:
1382:
1376:
1363:
1357:
1344:
1338:
1314:
1308:
1299:
1289:
1280:
1270:
1258:
1247:. Retrieved
1240:the original
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1210:the original
1200:
1191:
1148:
1142:
1132:
1121:. Retrieved
1117:
1107:
1096:. Retrieved
1094:. 2014-05-01
1091:
1082:
1071:. Retrieved
1059:
1049:
1038:. Retrieved
1034:
1008:. Retrieved
1004:
979:the original
974:
961:
934:
930:
888:. Retrieved
884:
874:
863:. Retrieved
857:
847:
836:. Retrieved
832:
823:
812:. Retrieved
810:. 2022-11-05
807:
798:
787:. Retrieved
783:
773:
761:. Retrieved
758:The Atlantic
757:
747:
738:
733:
683:
667:
655:
635:
627:
619:
587:
553:wind-up toys
549:
521:
514:
499:
491:FLIR Systems
480:
465:
457:firefighting
426:
396:
387:
379:
371:
364:
356:
329:
295:
261:
241:
228:
205:
188:
181:
169:Soviet Union
158:
138:
110:
98:
77:
63:
1475:bis.doc.gov
937:(4): 7–18.
763:17 February
404:, specific
382:biosecurity
306:World War I
220:atomic bomb
121:World War I
1793:Categories
1687:1345216431
1637:2019-12-10
1605:2019-12-10
1573:2019-12-10
1537:2019-12-10
1506:9 December
1481:9 December
1455:9 December
1430:9 December
1249:2010-08-20
1216:4 February
1123:2019-12-10
1098:2019-12-10
1073:2019-12-10
1040:2019-12-10
1010:2019-12-07
890:2023-06-08
865:2023-06-08
838:2023-06-08
814:2023-06-08
789:2023-06-08
725:References
700:, and the
603:Brad Smith
590:HoloLens 2
576:HoloLens 2
487:L3 Insight
410:resolution
324:See also:
320:Biological
272:algorithms
268:cyberspace
86:technology
1324:cite book
1068:0362-4331
557:clockwork
439:found in
359:bioethics
352:pathogens
348:screening
332:terrorist
276:MRI scans
244:A.Q. Khan
70:diplomacy
1424:Wired UK
1183:17700663
953:57568427
899:cite web
708:See also
504:and the
435:and the
431:used in
334:attacks
310:Chlorine
286:Chemical
167:and the
161:Cold War
147:Missiles
127:and the
94:military
90:civilian
82:software
66:politics
18:Dual-use
1389:. 2017.
1370:. 2014.
1351:. 2012.
1174:7095479
1153:Bibcode
931:Dædalus
610:Control
408:, fine
202:Nuclear
119:during
113:ammonia
1718:. CBC.
1685:
1675:
1181:
1171:
1144:Nature
1066:
1005:Forbes
951:
688:, the
652:Canada
640:(BIS)
489:, and
483:Harris
472:Africa
459:, and
412:, low
314:Bleach
163:, the
135:Drones
56:Unimog
1446:"FAQ"
1406:(PDF)
1387:(PDF)
1368:(PDF)
1349:(PDF)
1243:(PDF)
1236:(PDF)
949:S2CID
561:fuzes
414:noise
1683:OCLC
1673:ISBN
1568:CNBC
1508:2016
1483:2016
1457:2016
1432:2016
1330:link
1218:2021
1179:PMID
1064:ISSN
905:link
859:IEEE
765:2022
668:The
526:and
443:and
402:gain
372:The
338:and
173:Moon
92:and
84:and
72:and
1600:CNN
1169:PMC
1161:doi
1149:448
939:doi
935:138
885:CNN
468:BBC
64:In
1795::
1736:.
1681:.
1630:.
1614:^
1598:.
1582:^
1566:.
1546:^
1529:.
1516:^
1499:.
1473:.
1448:.
1422:.
1326:}}
1322:{{
1298:.
1279:.
1177:.
1167:.
1159:.
1147:.
1141:.
1116:.
1090:.
1062:.
1058:.
1033:.
1019:^
1003:.
987:^
973:.
947:.
933:.
929:.
913:^
901:}}
897:{{
883:.
856:.
831:.
806:.
782:.
756:.
676:.
660:.
572:.
497:.
485:,
455:,
451:,
198:.
131:.
108:.
76:,
68:,
1742:.
1703:.
1689:.
1640:.
1608:.
1576:.
1540:.
1510:.
1485:.
1459:.
1434:.
1332:)
1302:.
1283:.
1252:.
1220:.
1185:.
1163::
1155::
1126:.
1101:.
1076:.
1043:.
1013:.
955:.
941::
907:)
893:.
868:.
841:.
817:.
792:.
767:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
_(cropped).JPG)
