285:
66:
1000:
112:
758:
560:, particulate matter, irritant gases, and dampness in a home. The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body's respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, the individual's health status and genetics. People who exercise outdoors on hot, smoggy days, for example, increase their exposure to pollutants in the air.
290:
289:
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457:. The repetition of coughing produces inflammation which produces discomfort, which in turn produces more coughing. Postinfectious cough typically does not respond to conventional cough treatments. Medication used for postinfectious coughs may include ipratropium to treat the inflammation, as well as cough suppressants to reduce frequency of the cough until inflammation clears. Inflammation may increase sensitivity to other existing issues such as
291:
43:
288:
901:
673:
or mediastinal masses. Through irritation of the nerve, diseases of the external auditory canal (wax, for example) can also cause cough. Cardiovascular diseases associated with cough are heart failure, pulmonary infarction and aortic aneurysm. Nocturnal cough is associated with heart failure, as the
543:
include heartburn, sour taste in the mouth, or a feeling of acid reflux in the chest, although, more than half of the people with cough from GERD do not have any other symptoms. An esophageal pH monitor can confirm the diagnosis of GERD. Sometimes GERD can complicate respiratory ailments related to
512:
Asthma is a common cause of chronic cough in adults and children. Coughing may be the only symptom the person has from their asthma, or asthma symptoms may also include wheezing, shortness of breath, and a tight feeling in their chest. Depending on how severe the asthma is, it can be treated with
287:
442:. In the vast majority of cases, acute coughs, i.e. coughs shorter than 3 weeks, are due to the common cold. In people with a normal chest X-ray, tuberculosis is a rare finding. Pertussis is increasingly being recognised as a cause of troublesome coughing in adults.
617:, is one that responds to behavioral or psychiatric therapy after organic causes have been excluded. Absence of the cough during sleep is common, but not diagnostic. A tic cough is thought to be more common in children than in adults. A similar disorder is the
386:. A healthy adult also coughs 18.8 times a day on average, but in the population with respiratory disease the geometric mean frequency is 275 times a day. In adults with a chronic cough, i.e. a cough longer than 8 weeks, more than 90% of cases are due to
381:
A cough in children may be either a normal physiological reflex or due to an underlying cause. In healthy children it may be normal in the absence of any disease to cough ten times a day. The most common cause of an acute or subacute cough is a viral
131:
453:. Symptoms may include a tightness in the chest, and a tickle in the throat. This cough may often persist for weeks after an illness. The cause of the cough may be inflammation similar to that observed in repetitive stress disorders such as
523:". The tobacco smoke causes inflammation, secretion of mucus into the airway, and difficulty clearing that mucus out of the airways. Coughing helps clear those secretions out. May be treated by quitting smoking. May also be caused by
1687:
By Sattar Farzan. Extracted from the book
Clinical Methods, 3rd edition The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. Edited by H Kenneth Walker, MD, W Dallas Hall, MD, and J Willis Hurst, MD. Boston: Butterworths; 1990.
572:
can sometimes be suspected, for example if the cough started suddenly when the patient was eating. Rarely, sutures left behind inside the airway branches can cause coughing. A cough can be triggered by dryness from
2418:
2403:
2336:
978:
Because coughing can spread disease through infectious aerosol droplets, it is recommended to cover one's mouth and nose with the forearm, the inside of the elbow, a tissue or a handkerchief while coughing.
946:
to relieve cough symptoms is supported by little evidence and thus not recommended for treating cough symptoms in children. There is tentative evidence that the use of honey is better than no treatment or
298:
videos of the outer airflow during a cough, comparing unmasked coughing with several methods of covering one's mouth and nose: coughing into a fist, a cupped hand, a tissue, a "coughcatcher" device, a
708:
Coughing may also be used for social reasons, and as such is not always involuntary. A voluntary cough, often written as "ahem", can be used to attract attention or express displeasure, as a form of
67:
873:
A number of characteristic coughs exist. While these have not been found to be diagnostically useful in adults, they are of use in children. A barky cough is part of the common presentation of
130:
633:
Some cases of chronic cough may be attributed to a sensory neuropathic disorder. Treatment for neurogenic cough may include the use of certain neuralgia medications. Coughing may occur in
544:
cough, such as asthma or bronchitis. The treatment involves anti-acid medications and lifestyle changes with surgery indicated in cases not manageable with conservative measures.
519:
is defined clinically as a persistent cough that produces sputum (phlegm) and mucus, for at least three months in two consecutive years. Chronic bronchitis is often the cause of "
2518:
128:
975:
respectively. There is insufficient evidence to recommend treating children who have a cough that is not related to a specific condition with inhaled anti-cholinergics.
506:
129:
2247:
1189:
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935:
The treatment of a cough in children is based on the underlying cause. In children half of cases go away without treatment in 10 days and 90% in 25 days.
2511:
797:
The type of cough may help in the diagnosis. For instance, an inspiratory "whooping" sound on coughing almost doubles the likelihood that the illness is
601:, can sometimes cause cough as a side effect, and stopping their use will stop the cough. Beta blockers similarly cause cough as an adverse event.
272:. As it is a natural protective reflex, suppressing the cough reflex might have damaging effects, especially if the cough is productive (producing
2504:
1860:
701:
is widely used to determine the cough threshold and as a tussive stimulant in clinical research of cough suppressants. Capsaicin is what makes
1563:
Dicpinigaitis PV (January 2006). "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-induced cough: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines".
513:
bronchodilators (medicine which causes the airways to open up) or inhaled steroids. Treatment of the asthma should make the cough go away.
539:
should be considered. This occurs when acidic contents of the stomach come back up into the esophagus. Symptoms usually associated with
158:
is a sudden expulsion of air through the large breathing passages which can help clear them of fluids, irritants, foreign particles and
1600:"Habit cough, tic cough, and psychogenic cough in adult and pediatric populations: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines"
1061:
Deer can cough similarly to humans as a result of respiratory tract infections, such as parasitic bronchitis caused by a species of
1705:
1418:
1362:
In the vast majority of cases, acute cough is due to acute viral upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), i.e., the common cold.
100:
1769:
1442:
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2195:
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can cough, because of diseases, allergies, dust or choking. In particular, cats are known for coughing before spitting up a
182:, and a violent release of air from the lungs following opening of the glottis, usually accompanied by a distinctive sound.
461:, and treatment of other causes of coughs (such as use of an air purifier or allergy medicines) may help speed recovery.
264:
are frequently prescribed, but have been demonstrated to have little effect. Other treatment options may target airway
2363:
2255:
1779:
1726:
1693:
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Pyziel, Anna M.; Laskowski, Zdzisław; Demiaszkiewicz, Aleksander W.; Höglund, Johan (2017). "Interrelationships of
968:
687:
536:
399:
218:
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1685:
NCBI » Bookshelf » Clinical
Methods » The Pulmonary System » Cough and Sputum Production
939:
493:
in the sputum, but with normal airway function and responsiveness. Eosinophilic bronchitis is characterized by
2722:
1721:
National Lung Health
Education Program > C. Chronic Cough] The Snowdrift Pulmonary Foundation, Inc. 2000.
470:
2121:
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fluid without airway hyperresponsiveness or an atopic background. This condition responds to treatment with
2886:
1515:
415:
2905:
1963:
Thompson, M.; Vodicka, T. A.; Blair, P. S.; Buckley, D. I.; Heneghan, C.; Hay, A. D. (11 December 2013).
383:
198:
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heart does not compensate for the increased volume shift to the pulmonary circulation, in turn causing
335:
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A cough can be classified by its duration, character, quality, and timing. The duration can be either
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2822:
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17:
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to cough, which helps to spread the disease to new hosts. Irregular coughing is usually caused by a
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Nadia, Yousaf; Monteiro, William; Matos, Sergio; Birring, Surinder S.; Pavord, Ian D. (2013).
858:
when lasting longer than eight weeks. A cough can be non-productive (dry) or productive (when
2717:
2612:
2146:
Woodard, James C.; Zam, Stephen G.; Caldwell, David K.; Caldwell, Melba C. (29 August 2016).
2997:
2782:
2748:
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2587:
1085:
Chung KF, Pavord ID (April 2008). "Prevalence, pathogenesis, and causes of chronic cough".
474:
121:
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516:
369:. Chronic or violent coughing can contribute to damage to the pelvic floor and a possible
226:
8:
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2422:
1050:
can cough because of infections, or due to poor ventilation and dust in enclosed spaces.
807:
may occur in small amounts with severe cough of many causes, but larger amounts suggests
782:
705:
spicy, and might explain why workers in factories with these fruits can develop a cough.
326:
spells due to decreased blood flow to the brain when coughs are prolonged and forceful),
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1709:
914:
Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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1936:
Miller KE (April 2006). "Diagnosis and treatment of
Chlamydia trachomatis infection".
1639:
Gibson PG, Ryan NM (August 2011). "Cough pharmacotherapy: current and future status".
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2444:
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1994:
1965:"Duration of symptoms of respiratory tract infections in children: systematic review"
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When coughing is the only complaint of a person who meets the criteria for asthma (
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factors. The cough reflex is initiated by stimulation of two different classes of
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Dicpinigaitis PV, Colice GL, Goolsby MJ, Rogg GI, Spector SL, Winther B (2009).
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After a respiratory tract infection has cleared, the person may be left with a
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in decreasing coughing. It does not alleviate coughing to the same extent as
770:
641:, although it should be distinguished from throat-clearing in this disorder.
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cervin. Sp. (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) from Red Deer,Cervus elaphus".
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1998:
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Goldsobel AB, Chipps BE (March 2010). "Cough in the pediatric population".
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816:
702:
634:
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402:. The causes of chronic cough are similar in children with the addition of
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3020:
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Cough may also be caused by conditions affecting the lung tissue such as
494:
490:
419:
295:
230:
2066:"Inhaled anti-cholinergics for prolonged non-specific cough in children"
1379:"Postinfectious cough: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines"
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3051:
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1980:
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may be tried in children with a chronic cough in an attempt to treat
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881:
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458:
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370:
354:
27:
Sudden expulsion of air from the lungs as a reflex to clear irritants
2395:
2275:
1746:
357:. Chronic complications are common and include abdominal or pelvic
185:
Frequent coughing usually indicates the presence of a disease. Many
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are related conditions. Atopic cough occurs in individuals with a
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2792:
2577:
2572:
2557:
2269:
2015:
Oduwole, O; Udoh, EE; Oyo-Ita, A; Meremikwu, MM (10 April 2018).
1804:"Vagal Afferent Innervation of the Airways in Health and Disease"
1146:
Pavord ID, Chung KF (April 2008). "Management of chronic cough".
1024:
1020:
449:. This typically is a dry, non-productive cough that produces no
257:
206:
202:
179:
1194:
National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
900:
42:
3114:
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2874:
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1047:
1012:
972:
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859:
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163:
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1319:
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and resultant cough. Other causes of nocturnal cough include
486:
186:
77:
2337:
Creative
Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
2014:
1962:
1036:
1032:
955:
but it shortens the cough duration better than placebo and
786:
690:(GERD). Another cause of cough occurring preferentially in
540:
507:
acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
2335:, which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the
2196:"Crocodile 'cough' caught on camera in Florida Everglades"
2145:
850:(of sudden onset) if it is present less than three weeks,
314:
The complications of coughing can be classified as either
193:
benefit, from an evolutionary perspective, by causing the
1771:
Form Miming
Meaning: Iconicity in Language and Literature
1419:"Cystic fibrosis - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic"
1278:
1055:
239:
angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors)
877:. A staccato cough has been classically described with
2280:. In Wild Ruminants with Morphological Description of
870:), during both night and day, or just during the day.
2332:"Acute cough: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge"
1322:"Acute cough: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge"
593:
Drugs used for treatments other than coughs, such as
2385:
1802:
Mazzone, Stuart B.; Undem, Bradley J. (2016-07-01).
1031:
can cough. Domestic animals and vertebrates such as
854:if it is present between three or eight weeks, and
2063:
987:A cough is the most common reason for visiting a
3206:
1058:can result from a viral or bacterial infection.
248:Treatment should target the cause; for example,
1886:
1597:
1243:
1080:
1078:
1889:"Croup in the paediatric emergency department"
1372:
1370:
781:rapidly adapting receptors, and nonmyelinated
769:in healthy individuals which is influenced by
3005:
2512:
2126:US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2064:Chang, A. B.; McKean, M.; Morris, P. (2004).
1598:Irwin RS, Glomb WB, Chang AB (January 2006).
1562:
697:Given its irritant nature to mammal tissues,
322:. Acute complications include cough syncope (
1801:
1767:
1632:
1591:
1556:
1075:
761:Coughing is viewed as a public health issue.
2070:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2021:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1367:
1313:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1145:
1139:
1084:
866:). It may occur only at night (then called
3012:
2998:
2519:
2505:
1638:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
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530:
464:
41:
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1988:
1935:
1912:
1858:
1835:
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1615:
1491:
1394:
1347:
1337:
1296:
577:or recurrent aspiration of food into the
376:
2010:
2008:
998:
756:
737:are important ways of removing mucus as
283:
2353:
1281:"Cough frequency in health and disease"
1206:
1190:"Cystocele (Prolapsed Bladder) | NIDDK"
14:
3207:
2343:. All relevant terms must be followed.
1675:
1376:
862:is produced that may be coughed up as
792:
166:, coughing can be repetitive with the
2993:
2500:
2218:
2216:
2148:"Some Parasitic Diseases of Dolphins"
2005:
1887:Bjornson CL, Johnson DW (July 2007).
1465:
588:
1472:Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews
1126:
1124:
894:
665:. Coughing can also be triggered by
2017:"Honey for acute cough in children"
1877:Last full review/revision July 2016
722:
628:
473:and reversibility), this is termed
24:
2347:
2213:
1768:Nänny, Max; Fischer, Olga (1999).
752:
535:In people with unexplained cough,
489:(an allergic condition), abundant
252:or discontinuing ACE inhibitors.
110:
25:
3226:
2381:
2329:, this article uses content from
2224:"Is It Normal for Cats To Cough?"
1745:. August 10, 2013. Archived from
1641:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
1121:
841:
2354:Carroll, Thomas L., ed. (2019).
1131:Guidelines, Therapeutic (2021).
994:
899:
547:
309:
145:Problems playing this file? See
126:
3019:
2240:
2188:
2139:
2114:
2057:
1956:
1929:
1880:
1852:
1795:
1761:
1731:
1698:
1532:
1508:
1459:
1435:
982:
969:protracted bacterial bronchitis
688:gastroesophageal reflux disease
563:
537:gastroesophageal reflux disease
527:and long-term fume inhalation.
414:A cough can be the result of a
400:gastroesophageal reflux disease
279:
219:gastroesophageal reflux disease
137:The sound of a person coughing.
2248:"Coughing in horses explained"
2082:10.1002/14651858.CD004358.pub2
2033:10.1002/14651858.CD007094.pub5
1617:10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.174S
1577:10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.169S
1411:
1396:10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.138S
1272:
1182:
940:American Academy of Pediatrics
597:which are often used to treat
505:. Cough can also worsen in an
13:
1:
1774:. John Benjamins Publishing.
1160:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60596-6
1135:. Therapeutic Guidelines Ltd.
1099:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60595-4
1068:
471:bronchial hyperresponsiveness
409:
201:but can also be triggered by
1653:10.1517/14656566.2011.576249
1285:European Respiratory Journal
890:
604:
7:
1258:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.12.004
1046:In other domestic animals,
741:in many conditions such as
416:respiratory tract infection
384:respiratory tract infection
270:promote mucus expectoration
199:respiratory tract infection
170:following three phases: an
10:
3231:
2165:10.1177/030098586900600307
1820:10.1152/physrev.00039.2015
1484:10.2174/157339811794109327
1466:Niimi, A (February 2011).
1377:Braman SS (January 2006).
912:about treatment in adults.
726:
659:interstitial lung diseases
552:Coughing may be caused by
336:subconjunctival hemorrhage
3186:
3133:
3060:
3027:
2823:Precordial catch syndrome
2805:
2741:
2723:Cheyne–Stokes respiration
2705:
2647:
2638:
2538:
2459:
2389:
1298:10.1183/09031936.00089312
694:is recurrent aspiration.
94:
54:
49:
40:
35:
1027:cannot cough or sneeze.
765:A cough is a protective
729:Airway clearance therapy
644:
237:and medications such as
2906:Charcot–Leyden crystals
2286:Journal of Parasitology
2122:"Coughing and Sneezing"
1007:Marine mammals such as
965:inhaled corticosteroids
583:swallowing difficulties
531:Gastroesophageal reflux
479:eosinophilic bronchitis
465:Reactive airway disease
396:eosinophilic bronchitis
2623:Whispered pectoriloquy
2152:Pathologia Veterinaria
1610:(1 Suppl): 174S–179S.
1571:(1 Suppl): 169S–173S.
1389:(1 Suppl): 138S–146S.
1339:10.1186/1745-9974-5-11
1004:
991:in the United States.
989:primary care physician
910:is missing information
762:
621:previously called the
619:somatic cough syndrome
613:, previously called a
499:bronchoalveolar lavage
455:carpal tunnel syndrome
377:Differential diagnosis
306:
115:
2358:. Plural Publishing.
1893:Paediatr Child Health
1808:Physiological Reviews
1002:
760:
727:Further information:
671:malignant lung tumors
294:
114:
2901:Curschmann's spirals
2749:Respiratory distress
2588:Pleural friction rub
2339:, but not under the
1905:10.1093/pch/12.6.473
1003:A coughing deer hind
785:with endings in the
475:cough-variant asthma
447:postinfectious cough
404:bacterial bronchitis
346:and in women with a
2252:Your Horse Magazine
1154:(9621): 1375–1384.
1093:(9621): 1364–1374.
1015:cannot cough. Some
793:Diagnostic approach
599:high blood pressure
477:. Atopic cough and
101:Infectious diseases
2942:pulmonary embolism
2914:chronic bronchitis
2754:Respiratory arrest
2733:Ataxic respiration
2728:Kussmaul breathing
2718:Biot's respiration
2713:Agonal respiration
2609:Elicited findings
2553:Respiratory sounds
2532:respiratory system
2528:Signs and symptoms
2460:External resources
2228:Pet Health Network
1975:(dec11 1): f7027.
1468:"Cough and Asthma"
1423:www.mayoclinic.org
1005:
830:may include labs,
763:
747:chronic bronchitis
589:Drug-induced cough
517:Chronic bronchitis
365:of lower ribs and
307:
254:Cough suppressants
227:chronic bronchitis
162:. As a protective
116:
50:Depiction of cough
3202:
3201:
2987:
2986:
2801:
2800:
2494:
2493:
1981:10.1136/bmj.f7027
1861:"Cough in Adults"
1743:Onomatopoeia List
1706:"C.Chronic Cough"
1647:(11): 1745–1755.
1252:(3): 352–358.e1.
938:According to the
933:
932:
717:metacommunication
639:Tourette syndrome
623:psychogenic cough
497:in sputum and in
292:
250:smoking cessation
178:against a closed
132:
106:
105:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3222:
3143:Acute bronchitis
3105:Nasal congestion
3090:Loss of appetite
3014:
3007:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2672:Hyperventilation
2645:
2644:
2530:relating to the
2521:
2514:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2387:
2386:
2377:
2318:
2317:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2254:. Archived from
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2167:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2101:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2027:(12): CD007094.
2012:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1938:Am Fam Physician
1933:
1927:
1926:
1916:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1839:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1749:on April 4, 2023
1735:
1729:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1708:. Archived from
1702:
1696:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1619:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1447:www.uptodate.com
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1351:
1341:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1300:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1241:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1119:
1118:
1082:
953:dextromethorphan
928:
925:
919:
903:
895:
723:Airway clearance
629:Neurogenic cough
428:acute bronchitis
330:, cough-induced
293:
262:dextromethorphan
134:
133:
113:
74:
73:
72:
70:
45:
33:
32:
21:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3194:Antiviral drugs
3182:
3129:
3056:
3023:
3018:
2988:
2983:
2961:pulmonary edema
2953:Westermark sign
2870:Post-nasal drip
2865:Silhouette sign
2797:
2788:Mouth breathing
2737:
2701:
2677:Hypoventilation
2634:
2534:
2525:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2455:
2454:
2398:
2384:
2366:
2350:
2348:Further reading
2322:
2321:
2278:Dictyocaulusspp
2274:
2270:
2261:
2259:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2232:
2230:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2205:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2076:(1): CD004358.
2062:
2058:
2013:
2006:
1961:
1957:
1934:
1930:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1859:Noah Lechtzin.
1857:
1853:
1814:(3): 975–1024.
1800:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1715:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1683:
1676:
1637:
1633:
1596:
1592:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1546:
1540:"Why You Cough"
1538:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1522:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1464:
1460:
1451:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1427:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1375:
1368:
1318:
1314:
1277:
1273:
1242:
1207:
1198:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1144:
1140:
1129:
1122:
1083:
1076:
1071:
997:
985:
949:diphenhydramine
929:
923:
920:
913:
904:
893:
868:nocturnal cough
844:
795:
775:afferent nerves
755:
753:Pathophysiology
743:cystic fibrosis
731:
725:
692:supine position
684:post-nasal drip
676:pulmonary edema
655:cystic fibrosis
647:
631:
607:
591:
581:in people with
575:mouth breathing
566:
550:
533:
503:corticosteroids
467:
412:
388:post-nasal drip
379:
367:costochondritis
312:
284:
282:
223:post-nasal drip
152:
151:
143:
141:
140:
139:
138:
135:
127:
124:
117:
111:
90:
86:
68:
65:
64:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3228:
3218:
3217:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3017:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2783:Breath holding
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2651:
2649:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2524:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2501:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2476:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2441:
2430:
2415:
2399:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:Classification
2383:
2382:External links
2380:
2379:
2378:
2364:
2349:
2346:
2320:
2319:
2292:(5): 506–518.
2268:
2239:
2212:
2187:
2158:(3): 257–272.
2138:
2113:
2056:
2004:
1955:
1928:
1899:(6): 473–477.
1879:
1851:
1794:
1780:
1760:
1730:
1697:
1674:
1631:
1590:
1555:
1531:
1507:
1458:
1434:
1410:
1366:
1312:
1291:(1): 241–243.
1271:
1205:
1181:
1138:
1120:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1067:
996:
993:
984:
981:
944:cough medicine
931:
930:
907:
905:
898:
892:
889:
843:
842:Classification
840:
813:bronchiectasis
794:
791:
754:
751:
733:Coughing, and
724:
721:
651:bronchiectasis
646:
643:
630:
627:
606:
603:
595:ACE inhibitors
590:
587:
565:
562:
549:
546:
532:
529:
525:pneumoconiosis
521:smoker's cough
483:family history
466:
463:
411:
408:
378:
375:
311:
308:
281:
278:
142:
136:
125:
120:
119:
118:
109:
108:
107:
104:
103:
98:
92:
91:
89:
88:
85:
84:
75:
61:
58:
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3227:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:Bronchiolitis
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3135:Complications
3132:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3010:
3008:
3003:
3001:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2980:
2979:Golden S sign
2977:
2975:
2974:Hamman's sign
2972:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2887:Hoover's sign
2885:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2835:Nail clubbing
2833:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2365:9781635500707
2361:
2357:
2356:Chronic Cough
2352:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2298:10.1645/16-75
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2258:on 2020-07-28
2257:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2009:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1944:(8): 1411–6.
1943:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1868:
1867:
1866:Merck Manuals
1862:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1783:
1781:9789027221797
1777:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1727:0-9671809-2-9
1724:
1712:on 2010-10-01
1711:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1694:0-409-90077-X
1691:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:invertebrates
1014:
1010:
1001:
995:Other animals
992:
990:
980:
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
959:. A trial of
958:
954:
950:
945:
941:
936:
927:
924:December 2018
917:
911:
908:This section
906:
902:
897:
896:
888:
886:
883:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
839:
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
819:, or primary
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
800:
790:
788:
784:
780:
777:, namely the
776:
772:
771:psychological
768:
759:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
730:
720:
718:
715:
711:
706:
704:
703:chili peppers
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
642:
640:
636:
635:tic disorders
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
602:
600:
596:
586:
584:
580:
576:
571:
561:
559:
558:tobacco smoke
555:
554:air pollution
548:Air pollution
545:
542:
538:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
310:Complications
305:
301:
300:surgical mask
297:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
244:
243:beta blockers
240:
236:
235:heart failure
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:air pollution
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
150:
148:
123:
102:
99:
97:
93:
83:
79:
76:
71:
69:pronunciation
63:
62:
60:
59:
57:
55:Pronunciation
53:
48:
44:
39:
34:
19:
3178:Strep throat
3158:Otitis media
3100:Muscle aches
3069:
2967:Kerley lines
2959:
2948:Hampton hump
2940:
2926:
2912:
2893:
2879:
2844:
2618:Pectoriloquy
2603:Death rattle
2598:Bronchophony
2540:Auscultation
2478:
2467:
2443:
2432:
2417:
2402:
2355:
2334:
2324:
2323:
2289:
2285:
2282:Dictyocaulus
2281:
2277:
2271:
2260:. Retrieved
2256:the original
2251:
2242:
2231:. Retrieved
2227:
2204:. Retrieved
2202:. 2023-08-23
2199:
2190:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2130:. Retrieved
2128:. 2020-04-24
2125:
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961:antibiotics
942:the use of
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663:sarcoidosis
615:habit cough
495:eosinophils
491:eosinophils
420:common cold
296:Shadowgraph
231:lung tumors
174:, a forced
3110:Rhinorrhea
3052:Rhinovirus
3037:Adenovirus
2934:Kveim test
2920:Reid index
2855:Hemoptysis
2813:Chest pain
2773:Aerophagia
2613:Percussion
2445:DiseasesDB
2374:2018055141
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2206:2024-06-13
2132:2020-09-14
1872:2017-04-07
1716:2010-10-10
1549:2022-03-27
1525:2022-03-27
1452:2022-05-24
1443:"UpToDate"
1428:2022-05-24
1246:J. Pediatr
1199:2017-12-02
1069:References
1029:Alligators
957:salbutamol
882:chlamydial
836:spirometry
809:bronchitis
779:myelinated
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344:defecation
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172:inhalation
147:media help
3173:Sinusitis
3168:Pneumonia
2860:Epistaxis
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2640:Breathing
2480:eMedicine
2327:this edit
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1828:0031-9333
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699:capsaicin
611:tic cough
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3209:Category
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3115:Sneezing
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2593:Fremitus
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1041:hairball
1019:such as
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879:neonatal
852:subacute
826:Further
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637:such as
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328:insomnia
324:fainting
304:N95 mask
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