Smoking cessation - Knowledge

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placebo, and was also as effective as combining two types of NRT. 2 mg/day of varenicline has been found to lead to the highest abstinence rate (33.2%) of any single therapy, while 1 mg/day leads to an abstinence rate of 25.4%. A 2016 systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials concluded there is no evidence supporting a connection between varenicline and increased cardiovascular events. Concerns arose that varenicline may cause neuropsychiatric side effects, including suicidal thoughts and behavior. However, more recent studies indicate less serious neuropsychiatric side effects. For example, a 2016 study involving 8,144 patients treated at 140 centers in 16 countries "did not show a significant increase in neuropsychiatric adverse events attributable to varenicline or bupropion relative to nicotine patch or placebo". No link between depressed moods, agitation or suicidal thinking in smokers taking varenicline to decrease the urge to smoke has been identified. For people who have pre-existing mental health difficulties, varenicline may slightly increase the risk of experiencing these neuropsychiatric adverse events.

792:(e.g., the US toll-free number 1-800-QUIT-NOW), or in person. Three meta-analyses have concluded that telephone cessation support is effective when compared with minimal or no counselling or self-help and that telephone cessation support with medication is more effective than medication alone, and that intensive individual counselling is more effective than the brief personal counselling intervention. A slight tendency towards better results for more intensive counselling was also observed in another meta-analysis. This analysis distinguished between reactive (smokers calling quitlines) and proactive (smokers receiving calls) interventions. For people who called the quitline themselves, additional calls helped to quit smoking for six months or longer. When proactively initiating contact with a smoker, telephone counselling increased the chances of smoking cessation by 2–4% compared with people who received no calls. There is about 10% to 25% increase in the chance of smoking cessation success with more behavioral support provided in person or via telephone when used as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy. 1464:

often put into situations that make the urge to conform more tempting. However, in a small group with at least one other not smoking, the likelihood of conformity decreases. The social influence of smoking cigarettes has been proven to rely on simple variables. One researched variable depends on whether there is influence from a friend or non-friend. The research shows that individuals are 77% more likely to conform to non-friends, while close friendships decrease conformity. Therefore, if an acquaintance offers a cigarette as a polite gesture, the person who has stopped smoking will be likelier to break his commitment than if a friend had suggested it. Recent research from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey of over 6,000 smokers found that smokers with fewer smoking friends were more likely to intend to quit and to succeed in their quit attempt.

1328: 567:, nicotine oral sprays, and nicotine nasal sprays. High-quality evidence indicates that these forms of NRT improve the success rate of people who attempt to stop smoking. NRTs are meant to be used for a short period of time and should be tapered down to a low dose before stopping. NRTs increase the chance of stopping smoking by 50 to 60% compared to placebo or to no treatment. Some reported side effects are local slight irritation (inhalers and sprays) and non-ischemic chest pain (rare). Others include mouth soreness and dyspepsia (gum), nausea or heartburn (lozenges), as well as sleep disturbances, insomnia, and a local skin reaction (patches). A study found that 93% of over-the-counter NRT users relapse and return to smoking within six months. There is weak evidence that adding 662:, showed that during their first year of trying to quit, approximately 80% of the participants in the studies who got drug assistance (bupropion, NRT, or varenicline) returned to smoking, while 20% continued to not smoke for the entire year (i.e.: remained sustained abstinent). In comparison, 12% the people who got placebo kept from smoking for (at least) an entire year. This makes the net benefit of the drug treatment to be 8% after the first 12 months. In other words, out of 100 people who will take medication, approximately 8 of them would remain non-smoking after one year thanks to the treatment. During one year, the benefit from using smoking cessation medications (Bupropion, NRT, or varenicline) decreases from 17% in 3 months, to 12% in 6 months to 8% in 12 months. 482:", or with home remedies. Previous smokers make between an estimated 6 to 30 attempts before successfully quitting. Identifying which approach or technique is eventually most successful is difficult. It has been estimated, for example, that only about 4% to 7% of people are able to quit smoking on any given attempt without medicines or other help. The majority of quit attempts are still unassisted, though the trend seems to be shifting. In the U.S., for example, the rate of unassisted quitting fell from 91.8% in 1986 to 52.1% during 2006 to 2009. The most frequent unassisted methods were "cold turkey", a term that has been used to mean either unassisted quitting or abrupt quitting and "gradually decreased number" of cigarettes, or "cigarette reduction". 872: 494:" is a colloquial term indicating abrupt withdrawal from an addictive drug. In this context, it indicates sudden and complete cessation of all nicotine use. In three studies, it was the quitting method cited by 76%, 85%, or 88% of long-term successful quitters. In a large British study of ex-smokers in the 1980s, before the advent of pharmacotherapy, 53% of the ex-smokers said that it was "not at all difficult" to stop, 27% said it was "fairly difficult", and the remaining 20% found it very difficult. Studies have found that two-thirds of recent quitters reported using the cold turkey method and found it helpful. 951:. The value of demonstrating blood CO concentration to a smoker through a non-invasive breath sample is that it links the smoking habit with the physiological harm associated with smoking. CO concentrations show a noticeable decrease within hours of quitting, which can encourage someone to work on quitting. Breath CO monitoring has been utilized in smoking cessation as a tool to provide patients with biomarker feedback, similar to how other diagnostic tools such as the stethoscope, the blood pressure cuff, and the cholesterol test have been used by treatment professionals in medicine. 1842: 1705: 1833:

together, the studies demonstrated a decreased likelihood of postoperative complications in patients who ceased smoking before surgery; 2) overall, each week of cessation before surgery increased the magnitude of the effect by 19%. A significant positive effect was noted in trials where smoking cessation occurred at least four weeks before surgery; 3) For the six randomized trials, they demonstrated, on average, a relative risk reduction of 41% for postoperative complications.

58: 14121: 13324: 1047: 1433: 1289:. Their babies are often underdeveloped, have smaller organs, and weigh much less than the average baby weight. In addition, these babies have weaker immune systems, making them more susceptible to many diseases such as middle ear inflammations and asthmatic bronchitis, as well as metabolic conditions such as diabetes and hypertension, all of which can bring significant morbidity. Additionally, a study published by 13348: 13336: 1119: 525: 739:, the study found statistically and clinically significant benefits favouring pharmacist intervention. They found that structured care, and regular visits, easy accessibility to pharmacists helped more people trying to quit than without. However, the study concluded that more research should be done in the area as they found an unknown risk of bias in the studies included 1138:: Acupuncture has been explored as an adjunct treatment method for smoking cessation. A 2014 Cochrane review was unable to make conclusions regarding acupuncture as the evidence is poor. A 2008 guideline found no difference between acupuncture and placebo, found no scientific studies supporting laser therapy based on acupuncture principles but without the needles. 829:, including "stages of change", has been used in tailoring smoking cessation methods to individuals, however, there is some evidence to suggest that "stage-based self-help interventions (expert systems and/or tailored materials) and individual counselling are neither more nor less effective than their non-stage-based equivalents." 1185:(SCENIHR) concludes "STP (smokeless tobacco products) are addictive and their use is hazardous to health. Evidence on the effectiveness of STP as a smoking cessation aid is insufficient." A recent national study on the use of alternative tobacco products, including snus, did not show that these products promote cessation. 1780:

showed that those who stopped smoking before they reached 30 years old lived almost as long as those who never smoked. Stopping in one's sixties can still add three years of healthy life. Randomized U.S. and Canadian trials showed that a ten-week smoking cessation program decreased mortality from all

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recognizes seven common nicotine withdrawal symptoms that people often face when stopping smoking: "cravings to smoke, feeling irritated, grouchy, or upset, feeling jumpy and restless, having a hard time concentrating, having trouble sleeping, feeling hungry or gaining weight, or feeling anxious, sad

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can cause adverse health effects in both the woman and the fetus. The 2008 US Guideline determined that "person-to-person psychosocial interventions" (typically including "intensive counseling") increased abstinence rates in pregnant women who smoke to 13.3%, compared with 7.6% in usual care. Mothers

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For one-to-one or person-to-person counselling sessions, the duration of each session, the total contact time, and the number of sessions all correlated with the effectiveness of smoking cessation. For example, "Higher intensity" interventions (>10 minutes) produced a quit rate of 22.1% as opposed

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Gradual reduction involves slowly reducing one's daily intake of nicotine. This method can theoretically be accomplished through repeated changes to cigarettes with lower nicotine levels, by gradually reducing the number of cigarettes smoked daily, or by smoking only a fraction of a cigarette on each

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There is an important social component to smoking. The spread of smoking cessation from person to person contributes to the decrease in smoking among different populations or groups. A 2008 study of a densely interconnected network of over 12,000 individuals found that smoking cessation by any given

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A 2008 Guideline meta-analysis estimated that physician advice to quit smoking led to a quit rate of 10.2%, as opposed to a quit rate of 7.9% among patients who did not receive physician advice to quit smoking. Even brief advice from physicians may have "a small effect on cessation rates", and there

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Various methods allow a smoker to see the impact of their tobacco use and the immediate effects of quitting. Using biochemical feedback methods can allow tobacco users to be identified and assessed, and monitoring throughout an effort to quit can increase motivation to quit. Evidence-wise, little is

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where automated, supportive text messages are sent alongside other forms of support helps more people quit smoking: "The current evidence supports a beneficial impact of mobile phone-based cessation interventions on six-month cessation outcomes." A 2011 randomized trial of mobile phone-based smoking

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Another systematic review analyzed pharmacist intervention in smoking cessation and alcohol and weight interventions. They found that evidence suggests that the longer the duration of pharmacist-led intervention, the more influential the attempt at quitting was In addition, they found that community

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Policies making workplaces and public places smoke-free. It is estimated that "comprehensive clean indoor laws" can increase smoking cessation rates by 12%–38%. In 2008, the New York State of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services banned smoking by patients, staff, and volunteers at 1,300 addiction

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The frequency of smoking cessation among smokers varies across countries. Smoking cessation increased in Spain between 1965 and 2000, in Scotland between 1998 and 2007, and in Italy after 2000. In contrast, in the U.S. the cessation rate was "stable (or varied little)" between 1998 and 2008, and in

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guideline suggests that sustained-release bupropion, nicotine gum, and nicotine lozenge be used "to delay weight gain after quitting." There is not currently enough evidence to suggest one method of weight loss works better than others in preventing weight gain during the smoking cessation process.

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The Freedom From Smoking group clinic includes eight sessions and features a step-by-step plan for quitting smoking. Each session is designed to help smokers gain control over their behavior. The clinic format encourages participants to work on the process and problems of quitting both individually

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Over three-quarters of people in treatment or recovery from substance misuse issues are current smokers. Providing behavioural interventions (such as counseling and advice) and pharmacotherapy including nicotine replacement therapy (such as the use of patches or gum, varenicline, and/or bupropion)

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In the United States, 60–80% of homeless adults are smokers. This is a considerably higher rate than the general adult population of 19%. Many current smokers who are homeless report smoking as a means of coping with "all the pressure of being homeless." The perception that homeless people smoking

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Homelessness doubles the likelihood of an individual currently being a smoker. Homelessness is independent of other socioeconomic factors and behavioral health conditions. Homeless individuals have the same rates of desire to quit smoking. Still, they are less likely than the general population to

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review of smoking cessation activities in work-places concluded that "interventions directed towards individual smokers increase the likelihood of quitting smoking". A 2010 systematic review determined that worksite incentives and competitions needed to be combined with additional interventions to

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Financial or material incentives to entice people to quit smoking improve smoking cessation while the motivation is in place. Competitions that require participants to deposit their own money, "betting" that they will succeed in quitting smoking, appear to be an effective incentive. However, it is

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encourage smokers to create a quit plan, including setting a quit date, which helps them anticipate and plan for smoking challenges. A quit plan can improve a smoker's chance of a successful quit as can setting Monday, as the quit date, given that research has shown that Monday more than any other

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Group or individual psychological support can help people who want to quit. Recently, group therapy has been more helpful than self-help and some other individual intervention. The psychological support form of counselling can be effective alone; combining it with medication is more effective, and

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is considered a first-line medication for smoking cessation and has been shown in many studies to increase long-term success rates. Although bupropion increases the risk of getting adverse events, there is no clear evidence that the drug has more or less adverse effects when compared to a placebo.

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causes over 14 years later. A recent article on mortality in a cohort of 8,645 smokers who were followed up after 43 years determined that "current smoking and lifetime persistent smoking were associated with an increased risk of all-cause, CVD , COPD , and any cancer, and lung cancer mortality."

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Smokers trying to quit are faced with social influences that may persuade them to conform and continue smoking. Cravings are easier to detain when one's environment does not provoke the habit. Suppose a person who stopped smoking has close relationships with active smokers. In that case, they are

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Americans under the poverty line have higher rates of smoking and lower rates of quitting than those over the poverty line. While the homeless population is concerned about short-term effects of smoking, such as shortness of breath or recurrent bronchitis, they are not as concerned with long-term

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In a UK study that included 1140 pregnant women, e-cigarettes were found to be as effective as nicotine patches at helping pregnant women to quit smoking. The safety of the two products was also similar. However, life style modification are the preferred method for pregnant women, and they should

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report stated that "Smokers who have tried other methods of quitting without success could be encouraged to try e-cigarettes (EC) to stop smoking and stop smoking services should support smokers using EC to quit by offering them behavioural support." However, since little is known about long term

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Both physicians and non-physicians increased abstinence rates compared with self-help or no clinicians. For example, a Cochrane review of 58 studies found that nursing interventions increased the likelihood of quitting. Another review found some positive effects when trained community pharmacists

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or placing them in a more typical rewards program. Evidence shows that incentive programs may be effective for pregnant mothers who smoke. As of 2019, there is an insufficient number of studies on "quit and win," and other competition-based interventions and results from the existing studies were

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could be effective in smoking cessation. There is no significant difference in quit rates between smokers who quit by gradual reduction or abrupt cessation as measured by abstinence from smoking of at least six months from the quit day. The same review also looked at five pharmacological aids for

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Studies across 20 countries show a strong association between patients with schizophrenia and smoking. People with schizophrenia are much more likely to smoke than those without the disease. For example, in the United States, 80% or more of people with schizophrenia smoke, compared to 20% of the

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Self-help materials may produce a small increase in quit rates specially when there is no other supporting intervention form. "The effect of self-help was weak", and the number of types of self-help did not produce higher abstinence rates. Nevertheless, self-help modalities for smoking cessation

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Interactive web-based and stand-alone computer programs and online communities assist participants in quitting. For example, "quit meters" keep track of statistics such as how long a person has remained abstinent. Computerised and interactive tailored interventions may be promising, however, the

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at any time throughout their lifetime compared to those without it. Success rates in quitting smoking were lower for those with a major depressive disorder diagnosis versus people without the diagnosis. Exposure to cigarette smoke early on in life, during pregnancy, infancy, or adolescence, may

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as a method for smoking cessation have been inconclusive. A Cochrane review was unable to find evidence of benefit of hypnosis in smoking cessation, and suggested if there is a beneficial effect, it is small at best. However, a randomized trial published in 2008 found that hypnosis and nicotine

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A clinic screening system (e.g., computer prompts) to identify whether or not a person smokes doubled abstinence rates, from 3.1% to 6.4%. Similarly, the Task Force on Community Preventive Services determined that provider reminders alone or with provider education effectively promote smoking

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decreases the urge to smoke and reduces withdrawal symptoms and is therefore considered a first-line medication for smoking cessation. The number of people stopping smoking with varenicline is higher than with bupropion or NRT. Varenicline more than doubled the chances of quitting compared to

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Another published study, "Smoking Cessation Reduces Postoperative Complications: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis," examined six randomized trials and 15 observational studies to examine preoperative smoking cessation's effects on postoperative complications. The findings were: 1) taken

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While both measures offer high sensitivity and specificity, they differ in usage method and cost. For example, breath CO monitoring is non-invasive, while cotinine testing relies on bodily fluid. For instance, these two methods can be used alone or together when abstinence verification needs

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of nicotine, is present in smokers. Like carbon monoxide, a cotinine test can be a reliable biomarker to determine smoking status. Cotinine levels can be tested through urine, saliva, blood, or hair samples. One of the main concerns of cotinine testing is the invasiveness of typical sampling

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Comparison of success rates across interventions can be difficult because of different definitions of "success" across studies. Robert West and Saul Shiffman, authorities in this field recognized by government health departments in a number of countries, have concluded that, used together,

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These unique barriers can be combated through pharmacotherapy and behavioral counseling for high levels of nicotine dependence. The emphasis of immediate financial benefits to those who concern themselves with the short-term over the long-term, partnering with shelters to reduce the social

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and other stimulatory neurotransmitters as the brain attempts to compensate for the artificial stimulation caused by smoking. Some studies from the 1990s found that when people stop smoking, depressive symptoms such as suicidal tendencies or actual depression may result, although a recent

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Cochrane reviews, mainly of studies combining motivational enhancement and psychological support, concluded that "complex approaches" for smoking cessation among young people show promise. The 2008 US Guideline recommends counselling-style support for adolescent smokers on the basis of a

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The significant increase in the risk of all-cause mortality that is present in people who smoke is decreased with long-term smoking cessation. Smoking cessation can improve health status and quality of life at any age. Evidence shows that cessation of smoking reduces risk of

1100:: There is high‐certainty evidence that ECs with nicotine increase quit rates compared to NRT and moderate‐certainty evidence that they increase quit rates compared to ECs without nicotine. Little is known regarding the long-term harms related to vaping. A 2016 UK 1094:, and electronic cigarettes. In a review of 136 NRT-related Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group studies, substantial evidence supported NRT use in increasing the chances of successfully quitting smoking by 50 to 60% in comparison to placebo or a non-NRT control group. 670:

Community interventions using "multiple channels to provide reinforcement, support and norms for not smoking" may have an effect on smoking cessation outcomes among adults. Specific methods used in the community to encourage smoking cessation among adults include:

1297:((SUID) or (SIDS)). There is also an increased chance that the child will be a smoker in adulthood. A systematic review showed that psychosocial interventions help women quit smoking in late pregnancy and can reduce the incidence of low birth weight infants. 731:

products, and when they led a smoking cessation service, it was more successful than other smoking cessation trials in Malaysia. It was also shown that pharmacist counselling and NRT products were more effective in smoking cessation than using NRT alone.

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is evidence that the physicians' probability of giving smoking cessation advice declines with the person who smokes age. There is evidence that only 81% of smokers age 50 or greater received advice on quitting from their physicians in the preceding year.

401:). Smoking cessation significantly reduces the risk of dying from smoking-related diseases. The risk of heart attack in a smoker decreases by 50% after one year of cessation. Similarly, the risk of lung cancer decreases by 50% in 10 years of cessation 1171:'s Poisonous Plant Database. Lobelia can still be found in many products sold for smoking cessation and should be used with caution. Herbal products should be discussed with healthcare professionals before use to confirm safety with other medications. 448:

and medications each increase the rate of successfully quitting smoking, and a combination of behavioral counseling with a medication such as bupropion is more effective than either intervention alone. A meta-analysis from 2018, conducted on 61

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Nevertheless, in a growing number of countries there are now more ex-smokers than smokers. In the United States, 61.7% of adult smokers (55.0 million adults) who had ever smoked had quit by 2018, an increase from 51.7% in 2009. As of 2020, the

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international study comparing smokers who had stopped for 3 months with continuing smokers found that stopping smoking did not appear to increase anxiety or depression. A 2021 review found that quitting smoking lessens anxiety and depression.

693:. The US Task Force on Community Preventive Services found "strong scientific evidence" that this is effective in increasing tobacco use cessation It is estimated that an increase in price of 10% will increase smoking cessation rates by 3–5%. 1335:

Smokers who are hospitalised may be particularly motivated to quit. A 2012 Cochrane review found that interventions beginning during a hospital stay and continuing for one month or more after discharge were effective in producing abstinence.

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In a 1997 U.S. analysis, the estimated cost per QALY varied by the type of cessation approach, ranging from group intensive counselling without nicotine replacement at $ 1108 per QALY to minimal counselling with nicotine gum at $ 4542 per

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may reduce withdrawal symptoms and "approximately doubles abstinence rates when compared to a placebo," but its side effects include dry mouth and sedation, and abruptly stopping the drug can cause high blood pressure and other side

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It is helpful to reach for healthy snacks, such as celery and carrots, to aid in the increased appetite while also helping to limit weight gain. Regardless of post-cessation weight gain, there is a significant decrease in risk of

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Expectations and attitude are significant factors. A self-perpetuating cycle occurs when a person feels bad for smoking yet smokes to alleviate feeling bad. Breaking that cycle can be a key in changing the sabotaging attitude.

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According to the 2008 Guideline, based on two studies the training of clinicians in smoking cessation methods may increase abstinence rates; however, a Cochrane review found and measured that such training decreased smoking in

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Cromwell J, Bartosch WJ, Fiore MC, Hasselblad V, Baker T (December 1997). "Cost-effectiveness of the clinical practice recommendations in the AHCPR guideline for smoking cessation. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research".

6126: 5069:"Community pharmacy-delivered interventions for public health priorities: a systematic review of interventions for alcohol reduction, smoking cessation and weight management, including meta-analysis for smoking cessation" 743:

pharmacists were beneficial in delivering public health information. Pharmacists have a great reach in the community to help with smoking cessation and have proven to help with lifestyle modifications and proper NRT use.

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Bauld L, Boyd KA, Briggs AH, Chesterman J, Ferguson J, Judge K, et al. (February 2011). "One-year outcomes and a cost-effectiveness analysis for smokers accessing group-based and pharmacy-led cessation services".

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Heavy smokers are reported to burn 200 calories per day more than non-smokers eating the same diet. Possible reasons for this phenomenon include nicotine's ability to increase energy metabolism or nicotine's effect on

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to 10.9% for "no contact" over 300 minutes of contact time made a quit rate of 25.5% as opposed to 11.0% for "no minutes" and more than 8 sessions produced a quit rate of 24.7% as opposed to 12.4% for 0–1 sessions.

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It is important to note that most of the alternative approaches below have minimal evidence to support their use, and their efficacy and safety should be discussed with a healthcare professional before starting.

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to quit smoking tobacco. However, a 2022 study found that 20% of smokers who tried to use e-cigarettes to quit smoking succeeded but 66% of them ended as dual users of cigarettes and vape products one year out.

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It often takes several attempts, and potentially utilizing different approaches each time, before achieving long-term abstinence. Over 74.7% of smokers attempt to quit without any assistance, otherwise known as

1181:(a form of steam-pasteurized, rather than heat-pasteurized, air-cured smokeless tobacco) is an observed cessation method for Swedish men and even recommended by some Swedish doctors. However, the report by the 13134: 1385:

consequences. The homeless population has unique barriers to quitting smoking, such as unstructured days, the stress of finding a job, and immediate survival needs that supersede the desire to quit smoking.

4260:"Neuropsychiatric safety and efficacy of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers with and without psychiatric disorders (EAGLES): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial" 915:: In one survey of adult smokers, 88% reported a history of spiritual practice or belief, and of those more than three-quarters were of the opinion that using spiritual resources may help them quit smoking. 10633:

Lopes LC, Zhang Y, Ross S, Fulone I, Zhu M, O'Brien KK, et al. (December 2022). "Varenicline for Tobacco-Dependent Adults Who Are Not Ready to Discontinue Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".

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Papadakis S, McDonald P, Mullen KA, Reid R, Skulsky K, Pipe A (2010). "Strategies to increase the delivery of smoking cessation treatments in primary care settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Dental professionals also provide a key component in increasing tobacco abstinence rates in the community through counseling patients on the effects of tobacco on oral health in conjunction with an oral

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cessation support in the UK found that a Txt2Stop cessation program significantly improved cessation rates at six months. A 2013 meta-analysis also noted "modest benefits" of mobile health interventions.

453:, showed that among people who quit smoking with a cessation medication (and some behavioral help), approximately 20% were still nonsmokers a year later, as compared to 12% who did not take medication. 1339:

Patients undergoing elective surgery may get benefits of preoperative smoking cessation interventions, when starting 4–8 weeks before surgery with weekly counseling for behavioral support and use of

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expressed a desire to quit smoking, and 50% reported having attempted to do so in the past year. Many strategies can be used for smoking cessation, including abruptly quitting without assistance ("

1420:, intensive physician advice, nicotine replacement therapy, individual counselling, telephone counselling, nursing interventions, and tailored self-help interventions; the study did not discuss 2986: 1191:: It is a method of treatment works by pairing the pleasurable stimulus of smoking with other unpleasant stimuli. A Cochrane review reported that there is insufficient evidence of its efficacy. 9705:"Exploring the barriers and facilitators to the uptake of smoking cessation services for people in treatment or recovery from problematic drug or alcohol use: A qualitative systematic review" 10527:

Agboola SA, Coleman T, McNeill A, Leonardi-Bee J (July 2015). "Abstinence and relapse among smokers who use varenicline in a quit attempt-a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials".

8862:"The impact of national smoking prevention campaigns on tobacco-related beliefs, intentions to smoke and smoking initiation: results from a longitudinal survey of youth in the United States" 11676:

Schiaffino A, Fernández E, Kunst A, Borrell C, García M, Borràs JM, et al. (2007). "Time trends and educational differences in the incidence of quitting smoking in Spain (1965-2000)".

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Anthonisen NR, Skeans MA, Wise RA, Manfreda J, Kanner RE, Connett JE (February 2005). "The effects of a smoking cessation intervention on 14.5-year mortality: a randomized clinical trial".

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and encouragement for smokers when (usually automatically calculated) milestones are reached. Early studies have shown social cessation to be especially effective with smokers aged 19–29.

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individual reduced the chances of others around them lighting up by the following amounts: a spouse by 67%, a sibling by 25%, a friend by 36%, and a coworker by 34%. Nevertheless, a

1163:. The results are inconclusive, but St. Johns Wort shows few adverse events, but is a contraindication to many medications. Lobelia has been used to treat respiratory diseases like 1615:

Giving up smoking is associated with an average weight gain of 4–5 kilograms (8.8–11.0 lb) after 12 months, most of which occurs within the first three months of quitting.

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Gonzales D, Redtomahawk D, Pizacani B, Bjornson WG, Spradley J, Allen E, et al. (February 2007). "Support for spirituality in smoking cessation: results of pilot survey".

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Survival from age 35 of non-smokers, cigarette smokers and ex-smokers who stopped smoking between 25 and 34 years old. The ex-smokers line follows closely the non-smokers line.

464:, and weight gain. Professional smoking cessation support methods generally attempt to address nicotine withdrawal symptoms to help the person break free of nicotine addiction. 822:

Multiple formats of psychosocial interventions increase quit rates: 10.8% for no intervention, 15.1% for one format, 18.5% for 2 formats, and 23.2% for three or four formats.

1205:) work by reducing the amount of nicotine reaching the brain; however, this method of therapy needs more investigations to establish its role and determine its side effects. 1300:

It is a myth that a female smoker can cause harm to a fetus by quitting immediately upon discovering she is pregnant. This idea is not based on any medical study or fact.

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Mills E, Eyawo O, Lockhart I, Kelly S, Wu P, Ebbert JO (February 2011). "Smoking cessation reduces postoperative complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

8836:"Intensive Counseling of Students by School Nurses Does Not Have Larger Impact on Long-Term Smoking Rates Than Briefer Sessions | AHRQ Health Care Innovations Exchange" 10239:"The relation between number of smoking friends, and quit intentions, attempts, and success: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey" 3426:

Edwards SA, Bondy SJ, Callaghan RC, Mann RE (March 2014). "Prevalence of unassisted quit attempts in population-based studies: a systematic review of the literature".

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acceptability of smoking in this population, and increased taxes on cigarettes and alternative tobacco products to further make the addiction more difficult to fund.

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the number of support sessions with medication correlates with effectiveness. The counselling styles that have been effective in smoking cessation activities include

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notes that "Studies in medical journals have reported that about 25% of smokers who use medicines can stay smoke-free for over 6 months." Single medications include:

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Many of tobacco's detrimental health effects can be reduced or largely removed through smoking cessation. The health benefits over time of stopping smoking include:

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to motiviate individuals to quit smoking as a sacrifice for their loved ones and making it a meaningful decision of life. This campaign is taking public attention.

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Leeks KD, Hopkins DP, Soler RE, Aten A, Chattopadhyay SK (February 2010). "Worksite-based incentives and competitions to reduce tobacco use. A systematic review".

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have a greater chance to begin smoking and a lower chance of quitting smoking. A higher correlation with smoking has also been seen in people diagnosed with the

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Breath CO monitor displaying carbon monoxide concentration of an exhaled breath sample (in ppm) with its corresponding percent concentration of carboxyhemoglobin

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can be used to detect current cigarette use. Carbon monoxide concentration in breath is directly correlated with the CO concentration in blood, known as percent

6541:"Investigating the relation between placement of Quit antismoking advertisements and number of telephone calls to Quitline: a semiparametric modelling approach" 4647:"State-Mandated Tobacco Ban, Integration of Cessation Services, and Other Policies Reduce Smoking Among Patients and Staff at Substance Abuse Treatment Centers" 1872:

found that the cost-effectiveness of minimal counselling, intensive counselling, and drug therapy were €16,900, €8,200, and €2,400 per QALY gained respectively.

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Within 15 years, the risk of coronary heart disease drops to the level of a non-smoker; lowered risk for developing COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

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Smoking cessation: A report of the surgeon general—executive summary. US Public Health Service; US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD 2020.

2077: 1936: 1658: 764:

Interactive web-based programs combined with a Mobile phone: Two RCTs documented long-term treatment effects (abstinence rate: 20-22%) of such interventions.

3987: 1856:(QALYs) at costs comparable with other types of interventions to treat and prevent disease. Studies of the cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation include: 1003:

Interventions delivered via healthcare providers and healthcare systems have been shown to improve smoking cessation among people who visit those services.

2938: 1331:

Percent increase of success for six months over unaided attempts for each type of quitting (chart from West & Shiffman based on Cochrane review data)

9257:

de Leon J, Diaz FJ (July 2005). "A meta-analysis of worldwide studies demonstrates an association between schizophrenia and tobacco smoking behaviors".

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Lemmens V, Oenema A, Knut IK, Brug J (November 2008). "Effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions among adults: a systematic review of reviews".

9772:"Smoking among patients in substance use disorders treatment: associations with tobacco advertising, anti-tobacco messages, and perceived health risks" 702:

Weak evidence suggests that imposing institutional level smoking bans in hospitals and prisons may reduce smoking rates and second hand smoke exposure.

3749: 3554:

Doran CM, Valenti L, Robinson M, Britt H, Mattick RP (May 2006). "Smoking status of Australian general practice patients and their attempts to quit".

2964: 795:

Online social cessation networks attempt to emulate offline group cessation models using purpose built web applications. They are designed to promote

13119: 1222:

has been awarded a grant from the National Institutes of Health to explore the potential impacts of psilocybin and talk therapy on tobacco addiction.

977:

more difficult to recruit participants for this type of contest in head-to-head comparisons with other incentive models, such as giving participants

626:

antagonist, was used to help in quitting and moderate the expected weight gain. But it is important to know that the manufacturers of rimonabant and

10320:

Glassman AH, Helzer JE, Covey LS, Cottler LB, Stetner F, Tipp JE, et al. (September 1990). "Smoking, smoking cessation, and major depression".

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Allen JA, Duke JC, Davis KC, Kim AE, Nonnemaker JM, Farrelly MC (Nov–Dec 2015). "Using mass media campaigns to reduce youth tobacco use: a review".

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Baskerville NB, Azagba S, Norman C, McKeown K, Brown KS (March 2016). "Effect of a Digital Social Media Campaign on Young Adult Smoking Cessation".

5240:"A systematic review of randomized controlled trials: Web-based interventions for smoking cessation among adolescents, college students, and adults" 925:

Physical activities help in the maintenance of smoking cessation even if there is no conclusive evidence of the most appropriate exercise intensity.

9174: 1144:: Hypnosis often involves the hypnotherapist suggesting the unpleasant outcomes of smoking to the patient. Clinical trials studying hypnosis and 10687:"Effects of varenicline and bupropion on laboratory smoking outcomes: Meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled human laboratory studies" 1212:

tools to provide feedback and communication with those who are trying to quit smoking are increasing, yet the findings are so far inconclusive.

1086:(NRT) is the general term for using products that contain nicotine but not tobacco to aid smoking cessation. These include nicotine lozenges, 8280:

Carmody TP, Duncan C, Simon JA, Solkowitz S, Huggins J, Lee S, et al. (May 2008). "Hypnosis for smoking cessation: a randomized trial".

5328: 4629: 1482:, or non-optimal coping responses; however, psychological approaches to prevent relapse have not been proven to be successful. In contrast, 1038:

settings. "Multi-component" interventions were defined as those that combined two or more of the following strategies known as the "5 A's":

2123: 6445:"Is Action Planning Helpful for Smoking Cessation? Assessing the Effects of Action Planning in a Web-Based Computer-Tailored Intervention" 6090:

Prochaska JO, Velicer WF, DiClemente CC, Fava J (August 1988). "Measuring processes of change: applications to the cessation of smoking".

5496:

Brendryen H, Kraft P (March 2008). "Happy ending: a randomized controlled trial of a digital multi-media smoking cessation intervention".

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Most smokers who try to quit do so without assistance. However, only 3–6% of quit attempts without assistance are successful long-term.

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11711:

Fowkes FJ, Stewart MC, Fowkes FG, Amos A, Price JF (November 2008). "Scottish smoke-free legislation and trends in smoking cessation".

1898: 1599: 1460:

review determined that interventions to increase social support for a smoker's cessation attempt did not improve long-term quit rates.

839: 14031: 1444:

Quitting can be harder for individuals with darkly pigmented skin than individuals with pale skin since nicotine has an affinity for

699:

campaigns. There is evidence to suggest that when combined with other types of interventions, mass media campaigns may be of benefit.

11333: 6328: 2653: 1273:

meta-analysis of seven studies. Neither the Cochrane review nor the 2008 Guideline recommend medications for adolescents who smoke.

11927: 11130:"Changes in prevalence of depression and anxiety following smoking cessation: results from an international cohort study (ATTEMPT)" 10391: 1762:

falls to the same as a non-smoker, and the risks of many cancers (mouth, throat, esophagus, bladder, cervix) decrease significantly

1356: 5130: 1167:

and bronchitis, and has been used for smoking cessation because of chemical similarities to tobacco; lobelia is now listed in the

13202: 13174: 12214: 10608: 9472:"How cigarette smoking may increase the risk of anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders: a critical review of biological pathways" 149: 7086:"Methods for quantification of exposure to cigarette smoking and environmental tobacco smoke: focus on developmental toxicology" 13179: 12495: 2839: 1645:). Smoking cessation will increase the persons appetite once again, especially as taste buds can return to its normal function. 587: 353:

concern. Tobacco use leads most commonly to diseases affecting the heart and lungs, with smoking being a major risk factor for

6072: 4355:. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Archived from the original on 2016-03-27 4347: 1109:

effects, other regulated options such as nicotine replacement therapy, varenicline or bupropion should be discussed primarily.

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Irving JM, Clark EC, Crombie IK, Smith WC (January 1988). "Evaluation of a portable measure of expired-air carbon monoxide".

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has found that smokers who successfully quit feel less anxious afterward, with the effect being greater among those who had

1666:

in those who have quit smoking. The risks of rebound weight gain is significantly less than the risks of continued smoking.

13227: 12026:

Hutter H, Moshammer H, Neuberger M (January 2006). "Smoking cessation at the workplace: 1 year success of short seminars".

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He D, Berg JE, Høstmark AT (March 1997). "Effects of acupuncture on smoking cessation or reduction for motivated smokers".

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Clinical Practice Guideline. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. May 2008.

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Johnson DL, Karkut RT (October 1994). "Performance by gender in a stop-smoking program combining hypnosis and aversion".

346: 8655:"Impact of a Collective Intelligence Tailored Messaging System on Smoking Cessation: The Perspect Randomized Experiment" 2804:

Temitayo Orisasami I, Ojo O (July 2016). "Evaluating the effectiveness of smoking cessation in the management of COPD".

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Hartmann-Boyce J, Chepkin SC, Ye W, Bullen C, Lancaster T, et al. (Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group) (May 2018).

6747: 4211:"Varenicline and Adverse Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials" 2884: 14016: 13832: 13242: 12768: 12351: 5940:

Hettema JE, Hendricks PS (December 2010). "Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation: a meta-analytic review".

1684: 1416:

found that group behavioural therapy was the most effective intervention strategy for smoking cessation, followed by

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Carson-Chahhoud KV, Livingstone-Banks J, Sharrad KJ, Kopsaftis Z, Brinn MP, To-A-Nan R, et al. (October 2019).

6127:"The process of smoking cessation: an analysis of precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages of change" 456:

In nicotine-dependent smokers, quitting smoking can lead to nicotine withdrawal symptoms such as nicotine cravings,

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Cahill K, Lancaster T, Green N (November 2010). Cahill K (ed.). "Stage-based interventions for smoking cessation".

2061: 1219: 9635: 8440: 8422: 5398:"Smoking cessation support delivered via mobile phone text messaging (txt2stop): a single-blind, randomised trial" 4064:

Hajizadeh A, Howes S, Theodoulou A, Klemperer E, Hartmann-Boyce J, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. (2023-05-24).

3339:"Estimating the number of quit attempts it takes to quit smoking successfully in a longitudinal cohort of smokers" 14081: 12885: 12513: 12490: 9210:"Electronic cigarettes versus nicotine patches for smoking cessation in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial" 7692:

Carson KV, Verbiest ME, Crone MR, Brinn MP, Esterman AJ, Assendelft WJ, et al. (May 2012). Carson KV (ed.).

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Reducing or eliminating the costs of cessation therapies for smokers increased quit rates in three meta-analyses.

7133:

McClure JB (2001). "Are biomarkers a useful aid in smoking cessation? A review and analysis of the literature".

2922: 935:

known about the effects of using biomechanical tests to determine a person's risk related to smoking cessation.

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increase tobacco abstinence that is sustainable and also reduces the risk of returning to other substance use.

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Livingstone-Banks J, Fanshawe TR, Thomas KH, Theodoulou A, Hajizadeh A, Hartman L, et al. (2023-05-05).

1638: 1177:: There is little smoking in Sweden, which is reflected in the very low cancer rates for Swedish men. Use of 1149:

patches "compares favorably" with standard behavioral counseling and nicotine patches in 12-month quit rates.

1077: 778:

is an annual event that invites smokers to quit for one day, hoping they will be able to extend this forever.

366: 10295: 5362: 2020: 1883:, pharmacy one-to-one counselling cost £2,600 per QALY gained and group support cost £4,800 per QALY gained. 1845:

Smokers as a percentage of the population for the United States, the Netherlands, Norway, Japan, and Finland

14160: 13867: 13730: 12857: 12584: 11178:

Taylor GM, Lindson N, Farley A, Leinberger-Jabari A, Sawyer K, Te Water Naudé R, et al. (2021-03-09).

9580: 3756: 3010:"Assessment of formal tobacco treatment and smoking cessation in dual users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes" 1946: 1865: 1487: 1340: 1168: 1126:

vending machine. Pez was invented in 1927 as a smoking cessation aid, serving as an alternative to tobacco.

1083: 1073: 978: 808: 728: 719:, their study looked at how pharmacist intervention in patients' overall healthcare showed improvements in 548: 544: 508: 421: 8324: 847:

day is when smokers are seeking information online to quit smoking and calling state quitlines. In Nepal,

13842: 13004: 12897: 12808: 12621: 12609: 12518: 12207: 11601:"Long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions in patients with COPD" 6026:

Cognitive-behavioral therapy for smoking cessation: a practical guidebook to the most effective treatment

1849: 1101: 686:, including the significant dangers of secondhand smoke infiltration for residents of multi-unit housing. 659: 623: 450: 10478:

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Matkin W, Ordóñez-Mena JM, Hartmann-Boyce J, et al. (Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group) (May 2019).

4805:

Hopkins DP, Briss PA, Ricard CJ, Husten CG, Carande-Kulis VG, Fielding JE, et al. (February 2001).

1674:

Like other physically addictive drugs, nicotine addiction causes a down-regulation of the production of

1407:"behavioral support" and "medication" can quadruple the chances that a quit attempt will be successful. 1118: 14155: 13744: 13514: 13074: 12999: 12904: 12440: 12071: 8785:

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Lindson-Hawley N, Thompson TP, Begh R (March 2015). "Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation".

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Hartmann-Boyce J, Lindson N, Butler AR, McRobbie H, Bullen C, Begh R, et al. (17 November 2022).

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Nicotine patch and bupropion (the only combination that the US FDA has approved for smoking cessation)

14165: 13827: 13802: 13593: 13379: 13196: 13191: 13059: 12758: 12465: 12423: 12387: 12294: 11237:"Change in anxiety following successful and unsuccessful attempts at smoking cessation: cohort study" 9099:

Chamberlain C, O'Mara-Eves A, Porter J, Coleman T, Perlen SM, Thomas J, et al. (February 2017).

9050:

Anderson TM, Lavista Ferres JM, Ren SY, Moon RY, Goldstein RD, Ramirez JM, et al. (April 2019).

2960: 1966: 1926: 1650: 1472: 1360: 804: 711:

Pharmacist-led interventions have proven to be effective in helping smoking cessation attempts. Many

516:

or fast-acting nicotine replacement therapy can positively affect quitting for six months or longer.

79: 11402:"Lifetime Smoking History and Cause-Specific Mortality in a Cohort Study with 43 Years of Follow-Up" 7751:

van den Brand FA, Nagelhout GE, Reda AA, Winkens B, Evers SM, Kotz D, et al. (September 2017).

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Covey LS, Glassman AH, Stetner F (February 1997). "Major depression following smoking cessation".

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In one systematic review and meta-analysis, multi-component interventions increased quit rates in

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Hartmann-Boyce J, Theodoulou A, Farley A, Hajek P, Lycett D, Jones LL, et al. (2021-10-06).

4700:"Smoke-free rules and secondhand smoke exposure in homes and vehicles among US adults, 2009-2010" 2934: 2615: 2119: 2073: 2032: 1876: 1457: 1209: 922:

training as a treatment for addiction showed reduction in craving and smoking following training.

775: 537: 512:

reduction. When reducing the number of smoked cigarettes, it found some evidence that additional

11822:"Trends in smoking and quitting in China from 1993 to 2003: National Health Service Survey data" 3516: 2474:"Smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Parallel epidemics of the 21 century" 14021: 13892: 13565: 13494: 13489: 13444: 13328: 13300: 13079: 12803: 12289: 12200: 11046:"Smoking Cessation, Weight Gain, Cardiovascular Risk, and All-Cause Mortality: A Meta-analysis" 5068: 4591:"Effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions among adults: a systematic review of reviews" 1826: 1663: 1478:

Relapse (resuming smoking after quitting) has been related to psychological issues such as low

826: 11129: 7984: 5590:

Zhu SH, Anderson CM, Tedeschi GJ, Rosbrook B, Johnson CE, Byrd M, et al. (October 2002).

4258:

Anthenelli RM, Benowitz NL, West R, St Aubin L, McRae T, Lawrence D, et al. (June 2016).

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Fiore MC, Novotny TE, Pierce JP, Giovino GA, Hatziandreu EJ, Newcomb PA, et al. (1990).

1777: 1281: 1218:

has been being investigated as a potential smoking cessation aid for several years. In 2021,

1105: 796: 445: 354: 287: 11370: 9001:"Smoking and pregnancy--a review on the first major environmental risk factor of the unborn" 6920:"Carbon monoxide meter: The essential clinical tool- the 'stethoscope"-of smoking cessation" 6125:

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Shiffman S (February 1982). "Relapse following smoking cessation: a situational analysis".

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5238:

Hutton HE, Wilson LM, Apelberg BJ, Tang EA, Odelola O, Bass EB, et al. (April 2011).

5007:"Pharmacist-led smoking cessation services in Ethiopia: Knowledge and skills gap analysis" 3337:

Chaiton M, Diemert L, Cohen JE, Bondy SJ, Selby P, Philipneri A, et al. (June 2016).

2757:"Tobacco Use and Effects of Professional Advice on Smoking Cessation among Youth in India" 8: 14129: 13857: 13811: 13694: 13509: 13504: 13270: 13265: 13039: 12838: 12828: 12663: 12272: 11790: 9175:"E-cigarettes may be better than nicotine patches in helping pregnant women stop smoking" 8258: 6355:"Predictors of successful and unsuccessful quit attempts among smokers motivated to quit" 4668: 2603: 2548: 339: 134: 84: 13942: 13937: 12039: 11461:"Association of Smoking and Smoking Cessation With Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality" 11417: 10022: 9821:"Behavioural interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis" 9747: 9720: 9704: 9208:

Hajek P, Przulj D, Pesola F, Griffiths C, Walton R, McRobbie H, et al. (May 2022).

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Free C, Knight R, Robertson S, Whittaker R, Edwards P, Zhou W, et al. (July 2011).

4919: 4894: 4186: 4153: 4098: 4065: 3132: 3107: 679:

Voluntary rules making homes smoke-free, which are thought to promote smoking cessation.

14101: 14061: 13806: 13704: 13699: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13613: 13603: 13598: 13588: 13572: 13544: 13423: 12892: 12475: 12324: 12175: 12118: 12106: 12059: 11985: 11903: 11846: 11821: 11771: 11498: 11436: 11401: 11382: 11212: 11179: 11160: 11021: 10988: 10964: 10931: 10869: 10844: 10817: 10792: 10768: 10743: 10719: 10686: 10667: 10504: 10479: 10422: 10263: 10238: 10211: 10186: 10162: 10137: 10094: 10039: 10006: 9987: 9892: 9867: 9848: 9796: 9771: 9554: 9529: 9496: 9471: 9444: 9419: 9392: 9367: 9282: 9234: 9209: 9190: 9125: 9100: 9076: 9051: 9027: 9000: 8936: 8888: 8861: 8811: 8786: 8732: 8705: 8681: 8654: 8630: 8605: 8581: 8556: 8532: 8507: 8483: 8458: 8368: 8343: 8305: 8227: 8179: 8154: 8105: 8080: 7960: 7935: 7911: 7886: 7862: 7837: 7777: 7752: 7669: 7636: 7612: 7587: 7563: 7538: 7438: 7413: 7412:

Stead LF, Buitrago D, Preciado N, Sanchez G, Hartmann-Boyce J, Lancaster T (May 2013).

7309: 7284: 7260: 7235: 7207: 7182: 7158: 7110: 7085: 7026: 7001: 6977: 6952: 6892: 6867: 6705: 6680: 6638: 6613: 6565: 6540: 6516: 6491: 6472: 6420: 6393: 6001: 5976: 5886: 5861: 5799: 5775:"Additional behavioural support as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation" 5774: 5750: 5725: 5701: 5676: 5567: 5540: 5521: 5473: 5446: 5422: 5397: 5378: 5344: 5305: 5280: 5215: 5190: 5106: 5039: 4979: 4946: 4870: 4845: 4773: 4748: 4724: 4699: 4621: 4563: 4538: 4514: 4489: 4462: 4437: 4413: 4388: 4367: 4287: 4235: 4210: 4038: 4013: 3968: 3914: 3887: 3860: 3835: 3811: 3786: 3723: 3698: 3671: 3644: 3620: 3593: 3492: 3467: 3363: 3338: 3314: 3289: 3265: 3240: 3221: 3208: 3175: 3145: 3083: 3058: 3034: 2781: 2756: 2729: 2705: 2645: 2629: 2580: 2567: 2536: 2517: 2504: 2473: 2451: 2438: 2409: 2390: 2377: 2364: 2340: 2302: 2289: 2228: 2215: 2180: 2161: 2148: 2107: 1941: 1921: 1841: 1738: 1058:

Assist — Aid the patient in quitting (provide counselling-style support and medication)

895:

WebMD: a resource providing health information, tools for managing health, and support.

885: 856: 591: 586:

produces significant rates of abstinence versus placebo. Other antidepressants such as

246: 184: 12076:

Overcoming your smoking habit: a self-help guide using cognitive behavioral techniques

11870: 11791:"Cigarette smoking among adults and trends in smoking cessation - United States, 2008" 11307: 11282: 9916: 9530:"Homelessness, cigarette smoking and desire to quit: results from a US national study" 5413: 5335:(Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2020-02-12. 4895:"Impact of institutional smoking bans on reducing harms and secondhand smoke exposure" 4822: 4275: 3594:"The global research neglect of unassisted smoking cessation: causes and consequences" 875:

Some health organizations manage text messaging services to help people avoid smoking.

634:

The 2008 US Guideline specifies that three combinations of medications are effective:

14076: 13919: 13720: 13689: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13618: 13608: 13539: 13534: 13054: 13049: 12977: 12926: 12700: 12668: 12628: 12599: 12567: 12485: 12378: 12346: 12242: 12149: 12110: 12079: 12051: 12014: 12010: 11977: 11908: 11890: 11851: 11802: 11763: 11728: 11724: 11693: 11658: 11622: 11581: 11545: 11502: 11490: 11482: 11441: 11374: 11312: 11258: 11217: 11199: 11152: 11110: 11075: 11067: 11026: 11008: 10969: 10951: 10897: 10874: 10822: 10793:"Cigarette smoking induces overexpression of a fat-depleting gene AZGP1 in the human" 10773: 10724: 10706: 10671: 10659: 10651: 10588: 10544: 10509: 10457: 10414: 10410: 10372: 10337: 10333: 10268: 10216: 10167: 10086: 10044: 9979: 9944: 9936: 9897: 9852: 9840: 9801: 9752: 9734: 9682: 9559: 9501: 9449: 9397: 9343: 9317: 9313: 9274: 9239: 9194: 9130: 9081: 9032: 8981: 8928: 8893: 8816: 8737: 8686: 8635: 8586: 8537: 8488: 8373: 8297: 8262: 8219: 8184: 8110: 8061: 7965: 7916: 7867: 7818: 7782: 7753:"Healthcare financing systems for increasing the use of tobacco dependence treatment" 7733: 7674: 7656: 7617: 7568: 7519: 7484: 7443: 7394: 7359: 7314: 7265: 7212: 7150: 7115: 7066: 7062: 7031: 6982: 6897: 6848: 6843: 6826: 6807: 6770: 6710: 6643: 6570: 6521: 6507: 6464: 6425: 6374: 6285: 6240: 6198: 6149: 6107: 6029: 6006: 5957: 5922: 5891: 5839: 5804: 5755: 5706: 5654: 5613: 5572: 5513: 5509: 5478: 5427: 5382: 5348: 5310: 5261: 5220: 5171: 5111: 5093: 5044: 5026: 4984: 4966: 4924: 4875: 4826: 4778: 4729: 4680: 4613: 4568: 4519: 4467: 4418: 4279: 4240: 4191: 4173: 4103: 4085: 4043: 3960: 3919: 3865: 3816: 3728: 3676: 3625: 3571: 3536: 3532: 3497: 3443: 3403: 3399: 3368: 3319: 3270: 3213: 3137: 3088: 3039: 2978: 2843: 2821: 2786: 2709: 2697: 2637: 2572: 2509: 2455: 2443: 2394: 2382: 2306: 2294: 2276: 2220: 2153: 2135: 1814: 1802: 1798: 1343:. It is found to reduce the complications and the number of postoperative morbidity. 1174: 948: 723:

early stages of disease. This allowed for earlier treatment starts in smoking-caused

712: 683: 461: 398: 394: 192: 12063: 11989: 11386: 11164: 10647: 10426: 9991: 9286: 8309: 8231: 7162: 6476: 4625: 3972: 3149: 2584: 2521: 2232: 2165: 1901:

reports that the number of adults who smoke in the U.S. has fallen to 30.8 million.

1327: 14124: 14106: 13983: 13847: 13837: 13822: 13638: 13529: 13499: 13484: 13464: 13449: 13418: 13219: 12972: 12931: 12743: 12718: 12530: 12460: 12304: 12139: 12102: 12043: 12006: 11967: 11898: 11882: 11841: 11833: 11775: 11755: 11720: 11685: 11650: 11612: 11573: 11537: 11472: 11431: 11421: 11366: 11302: 11294: 11248: 11207: 11195: 11191: 11144: 11102: 11057: 11016: 11004: 11000: 10959: 10947: 10943: 10864: 10856: 10812: 10804: 10763: 10755: 10714: 10698: 10643: 10536: 10499: 10495: 10491: 10449: 10406: 10364: 10329: 10258: 10250: 10206: 10202: 10198: 10157: 10149: 10098: 10078: 10034: 10026: 9971: 9928: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9836: 9832: 9791: 9783: 9742: 9724: 9672: 9549: 9541: 9491: 9483: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9309: 9266: 9229: 9221: 9182: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9071: 9063: 9022: 9012: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8940: 8920: 8883: 8873: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8727: 8717: 8676: 8666: 8625: 8617: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8478: 8470: 8363: 8355: 8289: 8254: 8211: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8053: 7955: 7947: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7810: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7723: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7664: 7652: 7648: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7511: 7474: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7386: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7304: 7296: 7255: 7247: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7142: 7105: 7097: 7058: 7021: 7017: 7013: 6972: 6964: 6953:"Controlled trial of three different antismoking interventions in general practice" 6931: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6838: 6799: 6700: 6692: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6560: 6552: 6511: 6503: 6456: 6415: 6405: 6366: 6281: 6277: 6232: 6190: 6141: 6099: 5996: 5988: 5949: 5918: 5914: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5831: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5644: 5603: 5562: 5552: 5525: 5505: 5468: 5458: 5417: 5409: 5370: 5336: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5251: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5166: 5161: 5149: 5101: 5083: 5034: 5018: 4974: 4958: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4818: 4768: 4760: 4719: 4711: 4605: 4558: 4550: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4457: 4449: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4291: 4271: 4230: 4222: 4181: 4169: 4165: 4093: 4081: 4077: 4033: 4025: 3950: 3909: 3899: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3666: 3656: 3615: 3605: 3563: 3528: 3487: 3479: 3435: 3395: 3358: 3350: 3309: 3301: 3260: 3252: 3225: 3203: 3195: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3078: 3070: 3029: 3021: 2813: 2776: 2768: 2689: 2649: 2619: 2599: 2562: 2552: 2499: 2489: 2433: 2425: 2372: 2356: 2284: 2266: 2210: 2200: 2143: 2127: 1985: 1974: 1931: 1790: 1752: 1693: 1365: 1194: 1188: 991: 560: 386: 280: 203: 144: 117: 99: 94: 41: 11283:"Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years' observations on male British doctors" 9787: 8954:

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5463: 4666: 4609: 3610: 3567: 3468:"Factors associated with successful smoking cessation in the United States, 2000" 3439: 3187: 2817: 2336: 1961: 1818: 1734:

Within 48 hours, nerve endings and sense of smell and taste both start recovering

1728: 1633:

Smoking suppresses appetite, which may be caused by nicotine's effect on central

1364:

negatively impact a child's neurodevelopment and increase the risk of developing

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5374: 3025: 2271: 2262: 2205: 1810: 1806: 1717: 1437: 1256: 1091: 574: 552: 529: 433: 412:"), cutting down then quitting, behavioral counseling, and medications such as 228: 12047: 11972: 11955: 11598: 11253: 11236: 11148: 10609:"7 Common Withdrawal Symptoms | Quit Smoking | Tips From Former Smokers | CDC" 10582: 10453: 10082: 9101:"Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy" 8439:

Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR).

8421:

Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR).

8293: 8215: 7479: 7462: 7300: 7146: 6968: 6803: 5649: 5632: 4669:"State-specific prevalence of smoke-free home rules--United States, 1992-2003" 4554: 4453: 4029: 3955: 3938: 3108:"Combined pharmacotherapy and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation" 1449: 14149: 14051: 13909: 13762: 13275: 13154: 12962: 12936: 12813: 12773: 12738: 12728: 12708: 12450: 12408: 12383: 12331: 12319: 12314: 12223: 12093:

Peters MJ, Morgan LC (May 2002). "The pharmacotherapy of smoking cessation".

11894: 11577: 11486: 11203: 11071: 11012: 10955: 10710: 10655: 9940: 9738: 8474: 7660: 7236:"Randomized trial of four financial-incentive programs for smoking cessation" 6866:

Ussher MH, Faulkner GE, Angus K, Hartmann-Boyce J, Taylor AH (October 2019).

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Bolman C, Eggers SM, van Osch L, Te Poel F, Candel M, de Vries H (Oct 2015).

6410: 5633:"Factors related to abstinence in a telephone helpline for smoking cessation" 5189:

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Clinical practice guideline: treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update

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or depressed." Studies have shown that the use of pharmacotherapies, such as

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McDermott MS, Marteau TM, Hollands GJ, Hankins M, Aveyard P (January 2013).

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1208:

Technology and machine learning: Research studies using machine learning or

1155:: Many herbs have been studied as a method for smoking cessation, including 14096: 14091: 13777: 13295: 12723: 12572: 12562: 12540: 12470: 12363: 12277: 12153: 12114: 12055: 12018: 11981: 11912: 11886: 11855: 11806: 11767: 11759: 11732: 11697: 11662: 11626: 11549: 11494: 11445: 11378: 11316: 11262: 11221: 11156: 11079: 11030: 10987:

Ussher MH, Faulkner GE, Angus K, Hartmann-Boyce J, Taylor AH (2019-10-30).

10973: 10878: 10826: 10777: 10728: 10663: 10548: 10513: 10418: 10272: 10220: 10171: 10090: 10048: 9983: 9948: 9901: 9844: 9805: 9756: 9686: 9563: 9505: 9453: 9401: 9321: 9278: 9243: 9134: 9085: 9067: 9036: 9017: 8985: 8932: 8897: 8820: 8741: 8690: 8653:

Sadasivam RS, Borglund EM, Adams R, Marlin BM, Houston TK (November 2016).

8639: 8590: 8541: 8492: 8377: 8301: 8188: 8114: 8057: 7969: 7920: 7871: 7822: 7786: 7737: 7678: 7621: 7572: 7523: 7515: 7488: 7447: 7398: 7363: 7318: 7269: 7216: 7154: 7119: 7035: 6901: 6852: 6827:"Mindfulness meditation improves emotion regulation and reduces drug abuse" 6811: 6714: 6647: 6611: 6574: 6525: 6468: 6429: 6378: 6289: 6010: 5992: 5961: 5926: 5895: 5843: 5808: 5759: 5710: 5658: 5617: 5576: 5517: 5482: 5431: 5329:"Text messaging support helps smokers quit, but apps not yet shown to work" 5314: 5265: 5224: 5175: 5115: 5048: 4988: 4928: 4879: 4830: 4782: 4733: 4684: 4617: 4572: 4523: 4471: 4422: 4283: 4244: 4195: 4107: 4047: 3964: 3923: 3869: 3820: 3732: 3680: 3629: 3575: 3501: 3447: 3407: 3372: 3323: 3274: 3217: 3141: 3092: 3043: 2825: 2790: 2701: 2641: 2576: 2513: 2447: 2386: 2298: 2224: 2157: 1704: 1642: 1607:

can be useful in reducing withdrawal symptoms during the quitting process.

1145: 1087: 1035: 912: 568: 556: 29: 11837: 11585: 11114: 11106: 11062: 11045: 10808: 10461: 10376: 10341: 10153: 10064:"Link between facultative melanin and tobacco use among African Americans" 8878: 8359: 8266: 8223: 8065: 7251: 7070: 6986: 6244: 6202: 6153: 6111: 5592:"Evidence of real-world effectiveness of a telephone quitline for smokers" 5340: 4209:

Sterling LH, Windle SB, Filion KB, Touma L, Eisenberg MJ (February 2016).

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Mooney ME, Johnson EO, Breslau N, Bierut LJ, Hatsukami DK (June 2011).

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may be less successful at quitting smoking than non-depressed smokers.

1215: 1104:

report supports using e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool. A 2015

959: 902: 696: 640: 627: 619: 594:

have not been consistently shown to be effective for smoking cessation.

10860: 10759: 10702: 10540: 10237:

Hitchman SC, Fong GT, Zanna MP, Thrasher JF, Laux FL (December 2014).

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Hartmann-Boyce J, Chepkin SC, Ye W, Bullen C, Lancaster T (May 2018).

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2604:"Cigar smoking in men and risk of death from tobacco-related cancers" 1916: 1769:

is cut in half, and the risks of larynx and pancreas cancers decrease

1627: 1417: 1304:

discuss smoking cessation techniques with a healthcare professional.

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Within 1 year, there are decreases in cough and shortness of breath

1675: 1141: 955: 789: 736: 716: 417: 327: 261: 129: 28:"Stop Smoking" redirects here. For the Car Seat Headrest song, see 13364: 10932:"Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation" 9633: 8722: 7588:"Community pharmacy personnel interventions for smoking cessation" 7180: 6661: 6492:"Circaseptan (weekly) rhythms in smoking cessation considerations" 6352: 5850: 5665: 3750:"Guide to quitting smoking. What do I need to know about quitting" 2280: 1452:

and lower smoking cessation rate in darker-pigmented individuals.

1183:

Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks

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Initiatives to educate the public regarding the health effects of

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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

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Youth anti-tobacco activities, including participation in sports

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International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

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Stead LF, Koilpillai P, Fanshawe TR, Lancaster T (March 2016).

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Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (November 2009).

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Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada

4667:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (May 2007).

4257: 1893:

China smoking cessation rates declined between 1998 and 2003.

1852:

of smoking cessation activities have shown that they increase

1041:

Ask — Systematically identify all tobacco users at every visit

788:

Smoking-cessation support is often offered over the telephone

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International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy

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3290:"Quit Methods Used by US Adult Cigarette Smokers, 2014-2016" 2410:"Smoking and stroke: the more you smoke the more you stroke" 1293:

shows that smoking during pregnancy increases the chance of

715:

have looked at the importance of pharmacist involvement. In

13135:

Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety

12941: 11745: 9527: 8604:

Coughlin LN, Tegge AN, Sheffer CE, Bickel WK (March 2020).

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who smoke during pregnancy have a greater tendency towards

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stopped production in 2008 due to serious CNS side effects.

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produce significant increases in smoking cessation rates.

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Increasing the price of tobacco products, for example by

503:

occasion. A 2009 systematic review by researchers at the

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being "socially acceptable" can reinforce these trends.

13898:

Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products

11710: 11527: 10741: 10583:

Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of the Northwest (2008).

10468: 9769: 9365: 8703: 8341: 7048: 5444: 3699:"Smoking reduction interventions for smoking cessation" 3692: 3690: 3059:"Strategies to help a smoker who is struggling to quit" 727:. In addition, pharmacists in Malaysia could prescribe 547:(NRT): Five medications have been approved by the U.S. 10790: 5974: 4589:

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Massachusetts Tobacco Cessation and Prevention Program

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Assess — Determine willingness to make a quit attempt

943:

is a significant component of cigarette smoke, and a

11399: 11092: 10632: 9469: 9333: 9331: 7694:"Training health professionals in smoking cessation" 6391: 6271: 6023: 5975:

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Kalkhoran S, Benowitz NL, Rigotti NA (August 2018).

1236:

Methods used with children and adolescents include:

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support patients in their smoking cessation trials.

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therapy 1074:Nicotine replacement therapy 866: 809:cognitive behavioral therapy 785:is held on May 31 each year. 549:Food and Drug Administration 545:Nicotine replacement therapy 509:nicotine replacement therapy 451:randomized controlled trials 422:nicotine replacement therapy 7: 13843:Smokeless tobacco keratosis 13005:Good manufacturing practice 12809:Randomized controlled trial 11690:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.05.009 11359:Annals of Internal Medicine 11299:10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.AE 10288:"Guide to Quitting Smoking" 9933:10.1037/0022-006X.72.6.1144 9338:West R, Shiffman S (2007). 8925:10.4278/ajhp.130510-lit-237 7815:10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.06.007 7090:Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 6831:Drug and Alcohol Dependence 6679:Glasser I (February 2010). 5089:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009828 4122:"Product monograph Champix" 3355:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011045 3057:Rigotti NA (October 2012). 1904: 1854:quality-adjusted life years 1850:Cost-effectiveness analyses 1402:Comparison of success rates 1262:Access reduction to tobacco 1197:: Nicotine vaccines (e.g., 1102:Royal College of Physicians 1098:Electronic cigarettes (ECs) 972:Competitions and incentives 658:from 2018, conducted on 61 624:cannabinoid receptor type 1 150:Religious and spiritual use 10: 14187: 13928:Breastfeeding difficulties 13075:Theory of planned behavior 13000:Good agricultural practice 12905:Public health surveillance 12797:epidemiological statistics 12441:Public health intervention 10369:10.1037/0022-006X.49.5.648 9226:10.1038/s41591-022-01808-0 9187:10.3310/nihrevidence_54425 8506:Hajek P, Stead LF (2004). 7952:10.1053/j.ajkd.2018.01.057 6449:Substance Use & Misuse 6237:10.1037/0278-6133.12.5.399 6195:10.1037/0033-2909.111.1.23 6146:10.1037/0022-006X.59.2.295 6104:10.1037/0022-006X.56.4.520 5375:10.3310/nihrevidence_53447 4704:Preventing Chronic Disease 3986:Millstone K (2007-02-13). 3294:Preventing Chronic Disease 3026:10.1136/thorax-2022-218680 2963:, ed. (15 November 2019). 2806:British Journal of Nursing 2272:10.1186/s12954-020-00446-4 2206:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.06.036 1311: 1071: 1068:Substitutes for cigarettes 611:There is no good evidence 27: 20: 14171:Health effects of tobacco 14115: 14044: 14007: 13979: 13970: 13918: 13833:Schizophrenia and smoking 13828:Prevalence of tobacco use 13803:Health effects of tobacco 13798: 13791: 13743: 13713: 13677: 13581: 13553: 13437: 13411: 13402: 13318: 13253: 13212: 13197:World Toilet Organization 13192:World Health Organization 13099: 13088: 13025: 12950: 12866: 12794: 12759:Public health informatics 12699: 12504: 12466:Right to rest and leisure 12295:Globalization and disease 12230: 12180:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 12048:10.1007/s00420-005-0034-y 11973:10.3322/canjclin.55.5.281 11254:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.114389 11149:10.1017/s0033291713000391 10454:10.1037/0022-006X.50.1.71 10286:American Cancer Society. 10118:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 10083:10.1016/j.pbb.2009.02.011 8294:10.1080/14622200802023833 8216:10.2466/pr0.1994.75.2.851 7301:10.1002/14651858.CD013272 7147:10.1080/08964280109595770 6969:10.1136/bmj.288.6429.1499 6804:10.1080/14622200601078582 6257:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6166:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6077:American Lung Association 4555:10.1002/14651858.CD001745 4454:10.1002/14651858.CD002849 4372:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4030:10.1002/14651858.CD001009 3956:10.3322/canjclin.55.5.281 3886:Zhou HX (November 2008). 3239:Benowitz NL (June 2010). 2712:. Bookshelf ID: NBK563268 1927:Health effects of tobacco 1473:major depressive disorder 1428:Factors affecting success 1361:major depressive disorder 968:additional confirmation. 805:motivational interviewing 468:Smoking cessation methods 383:cancers of the oropharynx 105:Prevalence of consumption 13758:Islamic views on tobacco 13243:Schools of public health 13035:Diffusion of innovations 12734:Health impact assessment 12446:Public health laboratory 12342:Management of depression 12136:British Medical Bulletin 11578:10.1001/jama.278.21.1759 9615:www.nationalhomeless.org 8755:Marisol M (2021-10-20). 8710:JMIR mHealth and uHealth 8475:10.2105/ajph.2012.301070 6697:10.2105/ajph.2009.181545 6557:10.1136/jech.2005.038109 6411:10.1186/1471-2458-13-393 6329:"Preparing for Quit Day" 5011:Tobacco Induced Diseases 4963:10.1177/1715163516662894 3662:10.1186/1471-2458-11-592 3484:10.2105/AJPH.2005.083527 2361:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301991 1282:Smoking during pregnancy 1240:Motivational enhancement 1232:Children and adolescents 907:Easy Way to Stop Smoking 849:smokers are not selfish, 707:Pharmacist Interventions 505:University of Birmingham 13878:Tobacco-free pharmacies 13306:Social hygiene movement 13233:Doctor of Public Health 13065:Social cognitive theory 12867:Infectious and epidemic 12649:Fecal–oral transmission 11618:10.1136/thx.2009.131631 10849:Journal of Neurobiology 10031:10.1126/science.1135926 9640:Smoking and Tobacco Use 9150:"Pregnancy and smoking" 7480:10.1093/ageing/29.3.264 6957:British Medical Journal 6028:. New York: Routledge. 5650:10.1093/eurpub/14.3.306 4227:10.1161/JAHA.115.002849 3075:10.1001/jama.2012.13043 2935:National Health Service 2616:Oxford University Press 2120:Oxford University Press 2074:American Cancer Society 2033:National Health Service 1877:National Health Service 1868:limited to people with 1795:oral cavity and pharynx 1210:artificial intelligence 819:and as part of a group. 776:Great American Smokeout 769:Psychosocial approaches 666:Community interventions 538:American Cancer Society 532:applied to the left arm 13301:Germ theory of disease 13080:Transtheoretical model 12138:. 77–78 (1): 123–136. 11887:10.15585/mmwr.mm6845a2 11760:10.1136/tc.2008.029280 11137:Psychological Medicine 9259:Schizophrenia Research 9068:10.1542/peds.2018-3325 9018:10.3390/ijerph10126485 8428:(Report). p. 103. 8397:www.accessdata.fda.gov 8058:10.1006/pmed.1996.0125 7516:10.1006/pmed.2000.0721 7385:(Suppl 2): S263–S274. 7230:Halpern SD, French B, 6769:. New York: Sterling. 6666:nicotine-anonymous.org 6496:JAMA Internal Medicine 6183:Psychological Bulletin 5993:10.1136/tc.2009.033175 2255:Harm Reduction Journal 1846: 1827:acute myeloid leukemia 1753:coronary heart disease 1709: 1664:cardiovascular disease 1576:Lack of concentration 1441: 1332: 1220:Johns Hopkins Medicine 1127: 1114:Alternative approaches 1051: 876: 834:How to set a quit date 827:transtheoretical model 533: 14135:Electronic cigarettes 13958:Smoking and pregnancy 13753:Smoking in Jewish law 13185:Public Health Service 13070:Social norms approach 13060:PRECEDE–PROCEED model 12506:Preventive healthcare 12399:Pharmaceutical policy 12248:Chief Medical Officer 11838:10.2471/BLT.09.064709 11107:10.1176/ajp.154.2.263 10809:10.1378/chest.08-1024 10587:. Kaiser Permanente. 10154:10.1056/NEJMsa0706154 8879:10.3390/ijerph6020722 8360:10.1089/acm.2009.0445 8204:Psychological Reports 7252:10.1056/NEJMoa1414293 5341:10.3310/signal-000876 3905:10.1186/1757-5036-1-1 3257:10.1056/NEJMra0809890 2625:10.1093/jnci/92.4.333 2495:10.3390/ijerph6010209 1844: 1778:British Doctors Study 1707: 1435: 1330: 1243:Psychological support 1121: 1106:Public Health England 1049: 874: 797:online social support 747:Digital interventions 577:: The antidepressant 527: 446:Behavioral counseling 438:electronic cigarettes 13989:List of smoking bans 13948:Ptosis of the breast 13905:World No Tobacco Day 13261:Sara Josephine Baker 13160:Public Health Agency 13045:Health communication 12910:Disease surveillance 12876:Asymptomatic carrier 12858:Statistical software 12546:Preventive nutrition 12374:Medical anthropology 12263:Environmental health 12078:. London: Robinson. 9678:10.1056/NEJMp1301935 8840:innovations.ahrq.gov 6837:(Suppl 1): S13–S18. 6304:"Making a Quit Plan" 5609:10.1056/NEJMsa020660 4716:10.5888/pcd10.120218 4270:(10037): 2507–2520. 3306:10.5888/pcd14.160600 3241:"Nicotine addiction" 2897:Government of Canada 2001:World No Tobacco Day 1587:Up to several weeks 1568:Cough or nasal drip 1504:Craving for tobacco 1372:Homeless and poverty 1323:Hospitalized smokers 1268:Family communication 986:Workplace incentives 930:Biochemical feedback 783:World No Tobacco Day 498:Cutting down to quit 14161:Drug rehabilitation 13858:Stomatitis nicotina 13812:Nicotine withdrawal 13271:Carl Rogers Darnall 13266:Samuel Jay Crumbine 13040:Health belief model 12893:Notifiable diseases 12829:Regression analysis 12664:Waterborne diseases 12253:Cultural competence 12040:2006IAOEH..79...42H 11869:Creamer MR (2019). 11678:Preventive Medicine 11418:2016PLoSO..1153310T 11063:10.1093/ntr/ntab076 10023:2007Sci...315..531N 9721:2023PLoSO..1888409I 8046:Preventive Medicine 7803:Preventive Medicine 7504:Preventive Medicine 7135:Behavioral Medicine 7051:Preventive Medicine 6963:(6429): 1499–1503. 6359:Addictive Behaviors 3556:Addictive Behaviors 3428:Addictive Behaviors 2558:10.1155/2012/808260 1727:Within a few days, 1594:Withdrawal symptoms 1500: 1450:nicotine dependence 1259:counseling sessions 1227:Special populations 507:found that gradual 340:nicotine withdrawal 14102:Nicotine marketing 14062:History of smoking 14009:Country and region 13853:Smoker's melanosis 13807:Nicotine poisoning 12869:disease prevention 12804:Case–control study 12476:Security of person 12325:Health care reform 12145:10.1093/bmb/ldl012 11655:10.1093/ntr/ntq222 9587:. 8 September 2015 9476:Brain and Behavior 8622:10.1093/ntr/nty259 6937:10.1375/jsc.3.2.69 6918:Bittoun R (2008). 5836:10.1093/ntr/ntv119 5257:10.1093/ntr/ntq252 5023:10.18332/tid/99573 4817:(2 Suppl): 16–66. 4765:10.1093/ntr/nts254 2541:Pulmonary Medicine 2132:10.1093/ntr/ntr019 1942:Nicotine Anonymous 1922:Coerced abstinence 1888:Statistical trends 1847: 1837:Cost-effectiveness 1710: 1651:peripheral neurons 1498: 1442: 1333: 1265:Anti-tobacco media 1257:School-based nurse 1128: 1052: 999:Healthcare systems 886:Nicotine Anonymous 877: 713:systematic reviews 676:treatment centers. 534: 186:Papaver somniferum 14156:Smoking cessation 14143: 14142: 14077:Smoking fetishism 14040: 14039: 13966: 13965: 13920:Women and smoking 13873:Smoking cessation 13739: 13738: 13362: 13361: 13314: 13313: 13224:Higher education 13055:Positive deviance 13050:Health psychology 13026:Health behavioral 12953:safety management 12927:Social distancing 12701:Population health 12681:Smoking cessation 12629:Pharmacovigilance 12600:Injury prevention 12568:Infection control 12486:Social psychology 12436:Prisoners' rights 12379:Medical sociology 12347:Public health law 12243:Biological hazard 12085:978-1-84529-067-2 11881:(45): 1013–1019. 11801:(44): 1227–1232. 11719:(11): 1888–1895. 11572:(21): 1759–1766. 11536:(2): 144–154.e8. 11056:(12): 1987–1994. 10903:978-0-06-270149-7 10861:10.1002/neu.10147 10760:10.1136/bmj.e4439 10703:10.1111/adb.13218 10691:Addiction Biology 10642:(12): 2077–2086. 10594:978-0-9744864-8-2 10541:10.1111/add.12941 10328:(12): 1546–1549. 10148:(21): 2249–2258. 10017:(5811): 531–534. 9546:10.1111/add.12292 9540:(11): 2009–2018. 9349:978-1-903734-98-8 9011:(12): 6485–6499. 8672:10.2196/jmir.6465 8253:(18): 1933–1941. 7246:(22): 2108–2117. 6776:978-1-4027-7163-7 6455:(10): 1249–1260. 6398:BMC Public Health 6225:Health Psychology 6035:978-0-415-95463-1 5602:(14): 1087–1093. 5558:10.2196/jmir.1005 3649:BMC Public Health 3527:(20): 2760–2765. 3251:(24): 2295–2303. 3200:10.1111/add.14134 3190:on behalf of the 3069:(15): 1573–1580. 2937:. 29 March 2022. 2899:. 31 March 2022. 2430:10.1586/erc.10.56 2122:on behalf of the 1737:Within 3 months, 1694:anxiety disorders 1626:which stimulates 1591: 1590: 1536:Chest discomfort 1366:anxiety disorders 1195:Nicotine vaccines 1175:Smokeless tobacco 949:carboxyhemoglobin 684:second-hand smoke 561:nicotine lozenges 399:pancreatic cancer 310:, usually called 308:Smoking cessation 305: 304: 193:Psychoactive drug 14178: 14166:General practice 14123: 14122: 14107:Tobacco industry 13984:Inflight smoking 13977: 13976: 13838:Sidestream smoke 13823:Third-hand smoke 13796: 13795: 13409: 13408: 13389: 13382: 13375: 13366: 13365: 13350: 13349: 13338: 13337: 13326: 13325: 13220:Health education 13097: 13096: 12951:Food hygiene and 12932:Tropical disease 12744:Infant mortality 12719:Community health 12595:Controlled Drugs 12531:Health promotion 12461:Right to housing 12305:Health economics 12217: 12210: 12203: 12194: 12193: 12185: 12179: 12171: 12169: 12157: 12147: 12126: 12089: 12067: 12022: 11993: 11975: 11941: 11940: 11938: 11937: 11923: 11917: 11916: 11906: 11866: 11860: 11859: 11849: 11817: 11811: 11810: 11786: 11780: 11779: 11743: 11737: 11736: 11708: 11702: 11701: 11684:(2–3): 226–232. 11673: 11667: 11666: 11637: 11631: 11630: 11620: 11596: 11590: 11589: 11560: 11554: 11553: 11525: 11519: 11516: 11507: 11506: 11480: 11456: 11450: 11449: 11439: 11429: 11397: 11391: 11390: 11354: 11348: 11347: 11345: 11344: 11330: 11321: 11320: 11310: 11278: 11267: 11266: 11256: 11232: 11226: 11225: 11215: 11175: 11169: 11168: 11134: 11125: 11119: 11118: 11090: 11084: 11083: 11065: 11041: 11035: 11034: 11024: 10999:(10): CD002295. 10984: 10978: 10977: 10967: 10942:(10): CD006219. 10927: 10921: 10914: 10908: 10907: 10892:Klag MJ (1999). 10889: 10883: 10882: 10872: 10840: 10831: 10830: 10820: 10803:(5): 1197–1208. 10788: 10782: 10781: 10771: 10739: 10733: 10732: 10722: 10682: 10676: 10675: 10630: 10624: 10623: 10621: 10620: 10605: 10599: 10598: 10580: 10553: 10552: 10535:(7): 1182–1193. 10524: 10518: 10517: 10507: 10475: 10466: 10465: 10437: 10431: 10430: 10396: 10387: 10381: 10380: 10352: 10346: 10345: 10317: 10308: 10307: 10305: 10303: 10298:on 8 August 2016 10294:. Archived from 10283: 10277: 10276: 10266: 10255:10.1037/a0036483 10249:(4): 1144–1152. 10234: 10225: 10224: 10214: 10182: 10176: 10175: 10165: 10133: 10124: 10123: 10117: 10109: 10107: 10106: 10068: 10059: 10053: 10052: 10042: 10002: 9996: 9995: 9959: 9953: 9952: 9927:(6): 1144–1156. 9912: 9906: 9905: 9895: 9878:(11): CD010274. 9863: 9857: 9856: 9816: 9810: 9809: 9799: 9767: 9761: 9760: 9750: 9732: 9700: 9691: 9690: 9680: 9656: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9646: 9631: 9625: 9624: 9622: 9621: 9607: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9592: 9577: 9568: 9567: 9557: 9525: 9510: 9509: 9499: 9488:10.1002/brb3.137 9467: 9458: 9457: 9447: 9415: 9406: 9405: 9395: 9363: 9354: 9353: 9335: 9326: 9325: 9297: 9291: 9290: 9265:(2–3): 135–157. 9254: 9248: 9247: 9237: 9205: 9199: 9198: 9171: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9160: 9145: 9139: 9138: 9128: 9096: 9090: 9089: 9079: 9062:(4): e20183325. 9047: 9041: 9040: 9030: 9020: 8996: 8990: 8989: 8979: 8951: 8945: 8944: 8908: 8902: 8901: 8891: 8881: 8857: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8814: 8797:(11): CD003289. 8782: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8767: 8752: 8746: 8745: 8735: 8725: 8701: 8695: 8694: 8684: 8674: 8650: 8644: 8643: 8633: 8601: 8595: 8594: 8584: 8552: 8546: 8545: 8535: 8503: 8497: 8496: 8486: 8454: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8436: 8430: 8429: 8427: 8418: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8408: 8399:. Archived from 8388: 8382: 8381: 8371: 8339: 8333: 8332: 8320: 8314: 8313: 8277: 8271: 8270: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8199: 8193: 8192: 8182: 8150: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8136: 8125: 8119: 8118: 8108: 8076: 8070: 8069: 8041: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8031: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8008: 7999: 7993: 7992: 7980: 7974: 7973: 7963: 7931: 7925: 7924: 7914: 7897:(11): CD010216. 7882: 7876: 7875: 7865: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7809:(3–4): 199–213. 7797: 7791: 7790: 7780: 7748: 7742: 7741: 7731: 7721: 7689: 7683: 7682: 7672: 7632: 7626: 7625: 7615: 7583: 7577: 7576: 7566: 7549:(12): CD001188. 7534: 7528: 7527: 7499: 7493: 7492: 7482: 7458: 7452: 7451: 7441: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7357: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7312: 7280: 7274: 7273: 7263: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7210: 7178: 7167: 7166: 7130: 7124: 7123: 7113: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7029: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6980: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6915: 6906: 6905: 6895: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6846: 6822: 6816: 6815: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6744: 6738: 6737: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6708: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6658: 6652: 6651: 6641: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6568: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6519: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6423: 6413: 6389: 6383: 6382: 6365:(9): 1318–1324. 6350: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6325: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6276:(11): CD004492. 6269: 6263: 6262: 6256: 6248: 6222: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6178: 6172: 6171: 6165: 6157: 6131: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6049:Ruiz FJ (2010). 6046: 6040: 6039: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6004: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5954:10.1037/a0021498 5937: 5931: 5930: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5889: 5857: 5848: 5847: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5802: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5753: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5704: 5672: 5663: 5662: 5652: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5611: 5587: 5581: 5580: 5570: 5560: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5476: 5466: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5425: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5308: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5259: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5218: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5169: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5109: 5091: 5073: 5064: 5053: 5052: 5042: 5002: 4993: 4992: 4982: 4942: 4933: 4932: 4922: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4873: 4856:(11): CD004704. 4841: 4835: 4834: 4802: 4787: 4786: 4776: 4759:(7): 1316–1321. 4744: 4738: 4737: 4727: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4628:. Archived from 4595: 4586: 4577: 4576: 4566: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4517: 4485: 4476: 4475: 4465: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4416: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4371: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4354: 4343: 4296: 4295: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4238: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4189: 4149: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4126: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4101: 4061: 4052: 4051: 4041: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3999: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3958: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3917: 3907: 3883: 3874: 3873: 3863: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3814: 3782: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3761: 3754: 3746: 3737: 3736: 3726: 3694: 3685: 3684: 3674: 3664: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3623: 3613: 3589: 3580: 3579: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3495: 3478:(8): 1503–1509. 3463: 3452: 3451: 3423: 3412: 3411: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3366: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3317: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3268: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3211: 3171: 3154: 3153: 3135: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3086: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3037: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2881: 2872: 2871: 2869: 2868: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2846:on July 8, 2015. 2836: 2830: 2829: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2784: 2767:(7): 1861–1867. 2752: 2746: 2745: 2739: 2735: 2733: 2725: 2719: 2717: 2677: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2627: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2570: 2560: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2507: 2497: 2469: 2460: 2459: 2441: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2380: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2315: 2292: 2274: 2252: 2243: 2237: 2236: 2218: 2208: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2151: 2099: 2090: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2070:Atlanta, Georgia 2058: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2017: 1986:Vaping cessation 1975:Truth Initiative 1932:Health promotion 1682:A 2013 study by 1501: 1287:premature births 1189:Aversion therapy 1092:nicotine patches 644:NRT gum or spray 553:nicotine patches 460:, irritability, 316:stopping smoking 312:quitting smoking 297: 290: 283: 204:Second Opium War 202: 60: 37: 36: 14186: 14185: 14181: 14180: 14179: 14177: 14176: 14175: 14146: 14145: 14144: 14139: 14111: 14036: 14003: 13962: 13938:Cervical cancer 13914: 13818:Passive smoking 13787: 13768:Ceremonial pipe 13735: 13709: 13673: 13577: 13549: 13433: 13404: 13398: 13396:Tobacco smoking 13393: 13363: 13358: 13310: 13281:Margaret Sanger 13249: 13208: 13092: 13090: 13084: 13027: 13021: 12993:Safety scandals 12952: 12946: 12868: 12862: 12796: 12790: 12786:Social medicine 12779:Race and health 12714:Child mortality 12695: 12654:Open defecation 12536:Human nutrition 12526:Family planning 12514:Behavior change 12500: 12456:Right to health 12369:Maternal health 12359:Health politics 12310:Health literacy 12226: 12221: 12190: 12188: 12173: 12172: 12167: 12130:West R (2006). 12101:(10): 486–490. 12086: 11949: 11947:Further reading 11944: 11935: 11933: 11924: 11920: 11867: 11863: 11832:(10): 769–776. 11818: 11814: 11787: 11783: 11748:Tobacco Control 11744: 11740: 11709: 11705: 11674: 11670: 11638: 11634: 11597: 11593: 11561: 11557: 11526: 11522: 11517: 11510: 11457: 11453: 11412:(4): e0153310. 11398: 11394: 11355: 11351: 11342: 11340: 11332: 11331: 11324: 11279: 11270: 11233: 11229: 11190:(3): CD013522. 11176: 11172: 11132: 11126: 11122: 11091: 11087: 11042: 11038: 10985: 10981: 10928: 10924: 10915: 10911: 10904: 10890: 10886: 10841: 10834: 10789: 10785: 10740: 10736: 10683: 10679: 10631: 10627: 10618: 10616: 10607: 10606: 10602: 10595: 10581: 10556: 10525: 10521: 10476: 10469: 10438: 10434: 10394: 10388: 10384: 10353: 10349: 10318: 10311: 10301: 10299: 10284: 10280: 10235: 10228: 10197:(9): CD002928. 10183: 10179: 10134: 10127: 10111: 10110: 10104: 10102: 10066: 10060: 10056: 10003: 9999: 9960: 9956: 9913: 9909: 9864: 9860: 9817: 9813: 9768: 9764: 9715:(7): e0288409. 9701: 9694: 9657: 9653: 9644: 9642: 9632: 9628: 9619: 9617: 9609: 9608: 9599: 9590: 9588: 9579: 9578: 9571: 9526: 9513: 9468: 9461: 9430:(3): CD002294. 9416: 9409: 9378:(5): CD001837. 9364: 9357: 9350: 9336: 9329: 9298: 9294: 9255: 9251: 9214:Nature Medicine 9206: 9202: 9173: 9172: 9168: 9158: 9156: 9146: 9142: 9111:(3): CD001055. 9097: 9093: 9048: 9044: 8997: 8993: 8962:(7): CD001291. 8952: 8948: 8909: 8905: 8858: 8854: 8844: 8842: 8832: 8828: 8783: 8774: 8765: 8763: 8753: 8749: 8702: 8698: 8651: 8647: 8602: 8598: 8567:(8): CD007072. 8553: 8549: 8518:(3): CD000546. 8504: 8500: 8455: 8451: 8443: 8437: 8433: 8425: 8419: 8415: 8406: 8404: 8389: 8385: 8340: 8336: 8321: 8317: 8278: 8274: 8243: 8239: 8200: 8196: 8165:(6): CD001008. 8151: 8144: 8134: 8132: 8127: 8126: 8122: 8091:(1): CD000009. 8077: 8073: 8042: 8038: 8029: 8027: 8019: 8018: 8014: 8006: 8000: 7996: 7981: 7977: 7932: 7928: 7883: 7879: 7848:(5): CD000146. 7834: 7830: 7798: 7794: 7763:(9): CD004305. 7749: 7745: 7704:(5): CD000214. 7690: 7686: 7647:(2): CD005084. 7633: 7629: 7584: 7580: 7535: 7531: 7500: 7496: 7459: 7455: 7424:(5): CD000165. 7410: 7406: 7375: 7371: 7340:(2): CD003440. 7330: 7326: 7295:(2): CD013272. 7281: 7277: 7228: 7224: 7193:(7): CD004307. 7179: 7170: 7131: 7127: 7082: 7078: 7047: 7043: 7012:(3): CD004705. 6998: 6994: 6949: 6945: 6916: 6909: 6864: 6860: 6823: 6819: 6788: 6784: 6777: 6765:Carr A (2004). 6763: 6759: 6746: 6745: 6741: 6726: 6722: 6677: 6673: 6660: 6659: 6655: 6624:(1): CD001118. 6610: 6606: 6597: 6595: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6537: 6533: 6488: 6484: 6441: 6437: 6390: 6386: 6351: 6347: 6337: 6335: 6327: 6326: 6322: 6312: 6310: 6302: 6301: 6297: 6270: 6266: 6250: 6249: 6220: 6214: 6210: 6179: 6175: 6159: 6158: 6129: 6123: 6119: 6088: 6084: 6071: 6070: 6066: 6047: 6043: 6036: 6022: 6018: 5981:Tobacco Control 5973: 5969: 5938: 5934: 5913:(3): CD006936. 5907: 5903: 5872:(3): CD001007. 5858: 5851: 5820: 5816: 5785:(6): CD009670. 5771: 5767: 5736:(5): CD002850. 5722: 5718: 5687:(3): CD001292. 5673: 5666: 5629: 5625: 5588: 5584: 5537: 5533: 5494: 5490: 5457:(1): e1001363. 5443: 5439: 5408:(9785): 49–55. 5394: 5390: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5291:(4): CD006611. 5277: 5273: 5236: 5232: 5201:(9): CD007078. 5187: 5183: 5160:(10): 929–937. 5146: 5142: 5127: 5123: 5071: 5065: 5056: 5017:(January): 01. 5003: 4996: 4943: 4936: 4905:(5): CD011856. 4891: 4887: 4842: 4838: 4803: 4790: 4745: 4741: 4696: 4692: 4679:(20): 501–504. 4665: 4661: 4652: 4650: 4645: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4593: 4587: 4580: 4549:(3): CD001745. 4535: 4531: 4500:(3): CD005353. 4486: 4479: 4448:(4): CD002849. 4434: 4430: 4399:(3): CD000058. 4385: 4381: 4365: 4364: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4344: 4299: 4256: 4252: 4207: 4203: 4164:(5): CD006103. 4150: 4139: 4131: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4076:(5): CD000031. 4062: 4055: 4024:(2): CD001009. 4010: 4006: 3997: 3995: 3984: 3980: 3935: 3931: 3884: 3877: 3846:(5): CD000146. 3832: 3828: 3797:(5): CD000146. 3783: 3774: 3765: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3740: 3709:(9): CD013183. 3695: 3688: 3641: 3637: 3604:(2): e1000216. 3590: 3583: 3552: 3548: 3513: 3509: 3464: 3455: 3424: 3415: 3384: 3380: 3335: 3331: 3286: 3282: 3237: 3233: 3188:Wiley-Blackwell 3172: 3157: 3118:(3): CD008286. 3104: 3100: 3055: 3051: 3006: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2883: 2882: 2875: 2866: 2864: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2812:(14): 786–791. 2802: 2798: 2753: 2749: 2737: 2736: 2727: 2726: 2715: 2713: 2694:10.32388/G6TG1L 2678: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2596: 2592: 2533: 2529: 2470: 2463: 2406: 2402: 2333: 2329: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2250: 2244: 2240: 2177: 2173: 2100: 2093: 2083: 2081: 2060: 2059: 2052: 2042: 2040: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2005: 1968:Tobacco Control 1962:Tobacco control 1907: 1890: 1839: 1729:carbon monoxide 1702: 1700:Health benefits 1672: 1641:neurons in the 1613: 1596: 1496: 1430: 1404: 1395: 1374: 1368:in the future. 1349: 1325: 1316: 1310: 1279: 1234: 1229: 1153:Herbal medicine 1116: 1080: 1072:Main articles: 1070: 1001: 988: 974: 941:carbon monoxide 932: 899:Self-help books 869: 861:Vasant panchami 853:health campaign 844:The Mayo Clinic 836: 771: 749: 709: 668: 592:St. John's wort 575:Antidepressants 522: 500: 488: 475: 470: 345:Smoking is the 338:. As a result, 320:tobacco smoking 301: 272: 271: 242: 234: 233: 219: 209: 208: 200: 198:First Opium War 165: 155: 154: 120: 110: 109: 70: 33: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14184: 14174: 14173: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14141: 14140: 14138: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14116: 14113: 14112: 14110: 14109: 14104: 14099: 14094: 14089: 14087:Smoking jacket 14084: 14079: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14048: 14046: 14042: 14041: 14038: 14037: 14035: 14034: 14029: 14024: 14019: 14013: 14011: 14005: 14004: 14002: 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13980: 13974: 13968: 13967: 13964: 13963: 13961: 13960: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13930: 13924: 13922: 13916: 13915: 13913: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13901: 13900: 13895: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13830: 13825: 13820: 13815: 13809: 13799: 13793: 13789: 13788: 13786: 13785: 13780: 13775: 13770: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13749: 13747: 13741: 13740: 13737: 13736: 13734: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13717: 13715: 13711: 13710: 13708: 13707: 13702: 13697: 13692: 13687: 13681: 13679: 13675: 13674: 13672: 13671: 13669:United Kingdom 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13641: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13616: 13611: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13585: 13583: 13579: 13578: 13576: 13575: 13570: 13568: 13563: 13557: 13555: 13551: 13550: 13548: 13547: 13542: 13537: 13532: 13527: 13522: 13517: 13512: 13507: 13502: 13497: 13492: 13487: 13482: 13477: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13441: 13439: 13435: 13434: 13432: 13431: 13426: 13421: 13415: 13413: 13406: 13400: 13399: 13392: 13391: 13384: 13377: 13369: 13360: 13359: 13357: 13356: 13344: 13332: 13319: 13316: 13315: 13312: 13311: 13309: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13257: 13255: 13251: 13250: 13248: 13247: 13246: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13222: 13216: 13214: 13210: 13209: 13207: 13206: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13188: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13164: 13163: 13162: 13157: 13149: 13148: 13147: 13139: 13138: 13137: 13132: 13124: 13123: 13122: 13114: 13113: 13112: 13103: 13101: 13094: 13089:Organizations, 13086: 13085: 13083: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13031: 13029: 13023: 13022: 13020: 13019: 13018: 13017: 13012: 13002: 12997: 12996: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12956: 12954: 12948: 12947: 12945: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12913: 12912: 12902: 12901: 12900: 12890: 12889: 12888: 12878: 12872: 12870: 12864: 12863: 12861: 12860: 12855: 12854: 12853: 12845: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12800: 12798: 12795:Biological and 12792: 12791: 12789: 12788: 12783: 12782: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12761: 12756: 12754:Multimorbidity 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12705: 12703: 12697: 12696: 12694: 12693: 12691:Vector control 12688: 12683: 12678: 12676:School hygiene 12673: 12672: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12659:Sanitary sewer 12656: 12651: 12646: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12625: 12624: 12617:Patient safety 12614: 12613: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12577: 12576: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12550: 12549: 12548: 12543: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12522: 12521: 12510: 12508: 12502: 12501: 12499: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12432: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12401: 12396: 12391: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12355: 12354: 12349: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12328: 12327: 12322: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12300:Harm reduction 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12281: 12280: 12275: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12234: 12232: 12228: 12227: 12220: 12219: 12212: 12205: 12197: 12187: 12186: 12158: 12127: 12090: 12084: 12068: 12023: 11994: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11942: 11918: 11861: 11812: 11781: 11754:(5): 393–398. 11738: 11703: 11668: 11649:(2): 135–145. 11632: 11611:(8): 711–718. 11591: 11555: 11520: 11508: 11471:(4): 504–512. 11451: 11392: 11365:(4): 233–239. 11349: 11338:www.cancer.org 11322: 11293:(7455): 1519. 11268: 11227: 11170: 11143:(1): 127–141. 11120: 11101:(2): 263–265. 11085: 11036: 10979: 10922: 10909: 10902: 10884: 10855:(4): 618–632. 10832: 10783: 10754:(345): e4439. 10734: 10677: 10625: 10600: 10593: 10554: 10519: 10467: 10432: 10405:(1): 185–201. 10382: 10363:(5): 648–658. 10347: 10309: 10292:www.cancer.org 10278: 10226: 10177: 10125: 10077:(4): 589–596. 10054: 9997: 9970:(6): 535–544. 9954: 9907: 9858: 9811: 9782:(6): 649–656. 9762: 9692: 9671:(3): 201–204. 9651: 9626: 9597: 9569: 9511: 9482:(3): 302–326. 9459: 9407: 9355: 9348: 9327: 9308:(4): 256–261. 9292: 9249: 9220:(5): 958–964. 9200: 9181:. 2022-11-04. 9166: 9140: 9091: 9042: 8991: 8946: 8919:(2): e71–e82. 8903: 8872:(2): 722–740. 8852: 8826: 8772: 8747: 8716:(12): e11708. 8696: 8645: 8616:(3): 415–422. 8596: 8547: 8498: 8469:(5): 923–930. 8449: 8431: 8413: 8383: 8354:(7): 761–767. 8334: 8315: 8288:(5): 811–818. 8272: 8237: 8210:(2): 851–857. 8194: 8142: 8120: 8071: 8052:(2): 208–214. 8036: 8012: 7994: 7975: 7946:(2): 255–266. 7926: 7877: 7828: 7792: 7743: 7684: 7627: 7578: 7529: 7510:(4): 364–369. 7494: 7473:(3): 264–266. 7467:Age and Ageing 7453: 7404: 7369: 7324: 7275: 7222: 7168: 7125: 7076: 7057:(1): 109–115. 7041: 6992: 6943: 6907: 6858: 6817: 6798:(2): 299–303. 6782: 6775: 6757: 6739: 6720: 6671: 6653: 6604: 6580: 6551:(2): 180–182. 6531: 6502:(1): 146–148. 6482: 6435: 6384: 6345: 6320: 6295: 6264: 6231:(5): 399–405. 6208: 6173: 6140:(2): 295–304. 6117: 6098:(4): 520–528. 6082: 6064: 6041: 6034: 6016: 5987:(5): 410–416. 5967: 5948:(6): 868–884. 5932: 5901: 5849: 5830:(3): 351–360. 5814: 5765: 5716: 5664: 5643:(3): 306–310. 5623: 5582: 5531: 5488: 5437: 5388: 5354: 5320: 5271: 5250:(4): 227–238. 5230: 5181: 5140: 5121: 5082:(2): e009828. 5054: 4994: 4957:(5): 303–312. 4934: 4885: 4836: 4788: 4739: 4690: 4659: 4638: 4635:on 2011-07-06. 4604:(6): 535–544. 4578: 4529: 4477: 4428: 4379: 4297: 4250: 4221:(2): e002849. 4201: 4137: 4134:on 2015-11-16. 4113: 4053: 4004: 3978: 3929: 3892:PMC Biophysics 3875: 3826: 3772: 3738: 3686: 3635: 3581: 3562:(5): 758–766. 3546: 3507: 3453: 3434:(3): 512–519. 3413: 3378: 3349:(6): e011045. 3329: 3280: 3231: 3155: 3098: 3049: 3020:(3): 267–273. 3000: 2952: 2914: 2873: 2849: 2831: 2796: 2747: 2667: 2590: 2527: 2461: 2400: 2327: 2263:BioMed Central 2238: 2171: 2091: 2066:www.cancer.org 2050: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1972: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1873: 1862: 1838: 1835: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1763: 1756: 1755:is cut in half 1749: 1746: 1735: 1732: 1725: 1718:blood pressure 1701: 1698: 1671: 1668: 1655: 1654: 1646: 1631: 1612: 1609: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1495: 1492: 1429: 1426: 1403: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1373: 1370: 1353:mood disorders 1348: 1347:Mood disorders 1345: 1324: 1321: 1312:Main article: 1309: 1306: 1278: 1277:Pregnant women 1275: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1254: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1213: 1206: 1192: 1186: 1172: 1161:St John's wort 1150: 1139: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1095: 1090:and inhalers, 1069: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1042: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1000: 997: 987: 984: 982:inconclusive. 973: 970: 965: 964: 952: 931: 928: 927: 926: 923: 916: 910: 896: 893: 868: 865: 835: 832: 831: 830: 823: 820: 816: 800: 793: 786: 779: 770: 767: 766: 765: 762: 754: 748: 745: 708: 705: 704: 703: 700: 694: 687: 680: 677: 667: 664: 652: 651: 648: 645: 632: 631: 616: 609: 602: 595: 572: 530:nicotine patch 521: 518: 499: 496: 487: 484: 474: 471: 469: 466: 434:United Kingdom 377:(particularly 334:and can cause 303: 302: 300: 299: 292: 285: 277: 274: 273: 270: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 243: 240: 239: 236: 235: 232: 231: 226: 220: 215: 214: 211: 210: 207: 206: 195: 190: 182: 177: 172: 166: 161: 160: 157: 156: 153: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 121: 116: 115: 112: 111: 108: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 80:Health effects 77: 71: 66: 65: 62: 61: 53: 52: 46: 45: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14183: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14153: 14151: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14118: 14117: 14114: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14052:Chain smoking 14050: 14049: 14047: 14043: 14033: 14032:United States 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14014: 14012: 14010: 14006: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13981: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13969: 13959: 13956: 13954: 13951: 13949: 13946: 13944: 13941: 13939: 13936: 13934: 13933:Breast cancer 13931: 13929: 13926: 13925: 13923: 13921: 13917: 13911: 13910:Youth smoking 13908: 13906: 13903: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13890: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13848:Smoker's face 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13829: 13826: 13824: 13821: 13819: 13816: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13804: 13801: 13800: 13797: 13794: 13790: 13784: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13774: 13771: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13763:Tobacco fatwa 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13750: 13748: 13746: 13742: 13732: 13731:United States 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13718: 13716: 13714:North America 13712: 13706: 13703: 13701: 13698: 13696: 13693: 13691: 13688: 13686: 13683: 13682: 13680: 13678:South America 13676: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13586: 13584: 13580: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13558: 13556: 13552: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13483: 13481: 13478: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13442: 13440: 13436: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13416: 13414: 13410: 13407: 13401: 13397: 13390: 13385: 13383: 13378: 13376: 13371: 13370: 13367: 13355: 13354: 13345: 13343: 13342: 13333: 13331: 13330: 13321: 13320: 13317: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13276:Joseph Lister 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13258: 13256: 13252: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13225: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13217: 13215: 13211: 13204: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13167: 13165: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13155:Health Canada 13153: 13152: 13150: 13146: 13143: 13142: 13140: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13127: 13125: 13121: 13118: 13117: 13115: 13111: 13108: 13107: 13105: 13104: 13102: 13100:Organizations 13098: 13095: 13087: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13032: 13030: 13024: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13007: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12960: 12958: 12957: 12955: 12949: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12937:Vaccine trial 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12911: 12908: 12907: 12906: 12903: 12899: 12896: 12895: 12894: 12891: 12887: 12884: 12883: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12873: 12871: 12865: 12859: 12856: 12852: 12850: 12846: 12844: 12842: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12821: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12814:Relative risk 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12801: 12799: 12793: 12787: 12784: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12774:Health equity 12772: 12770: 12767: 12766: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12739:Health system 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12729:Global health 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12709:Biostatistics 12707: 12706: 12704: 12702: 12698: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12641: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12623: 12620: 12619: 12618: 12615: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12582: 12581: 12578: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12555: 12554: 12551: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12538: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12520: 12517: 12516: 12515: 12512: 12511: 12509: 12507: 12503: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12451:Right to food 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12406: 12405: 12402: 12400: 12397: 12395: 12392: 12389: 12385: 12384:Mental health 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12344: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12332:Housing First 12330: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12320:Health system 12318: 12317: 12316: 12315:Health policy 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12270: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12235: 12233: 12229: 12225: 12224:Public health 12218: 12213: 12211: 12206: 12204: 12199: 12198: 12195: 12191: 12183: 12177: 12166: 12165: 12159: 12155: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12137: 12133: 12128: 12124: 12120: 12116: 12112: 12108: 12104: 12100: 12096: 12091: 12087: 12081: 12077: 12073: 12069: 12065: 12061: 12057: 12053: 12049: 12045: 12041: 12037: 12033: 12029: 12024: 12020: 12016: 12012: 12008: 12004: 12000: 11995: 11991: 11987: 11983: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11965: 11961: 11957: 11952: 11951: 11932: 11929: 11922: 11914: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11896: 11892: 11888: 11884: 11880: 11876: 11872: 11865: 11857: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11839: 11835: 11831: 11827: 11823: 11816: 11808: 11804: 11800: 11796: 11792: 11785: 11777: 11773: 11769: 11765: 11761: 11757: 11753: 11749: 11742: 11734: 11730: 11726: 11722: 11718: 11714: 11707: 11699: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11683: 11679: 11672: 11664: 11660: 11656: 11652: 11648: 11644: 11636: 11628: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11610: 11606: 11602: 11595: 11587: 11583: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11567: 11559: 11551: 11547: 11543: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11524: 11515: 11513: 11504: 11500: 11496: 11492: 11488: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11470: 11466: 11462: 11455: 11447: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11419: 11415: 11411: 11407: 11403: 11396: 11388: 11384: 11380: 11376: 11372: 11368: 11364: 11360: 11353: 11339: 11335: 11329: 11327: 11318: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11300: 11296: 11292: 11288: 11284: 11277: 11275: 11273: 11264: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11238: 11231: 11223: 11219: 11214: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11197: 11193: 11189: 11185: 11181: 11174: 11166: 11162: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11146: 11142: 11138: 11131: 11124: 11116: 11112: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11089: 11081: 11077: 11073: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11040: 11032: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11014: 11010: 11006: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10983: 10975: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10949: 10945: 10941: 10937: 10933: 10926: 10919: 10913: 10905: 10899: 10895: 10888: 10880: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10862: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10839: 10837: 10828: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10810: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10787: 10779: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10761: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10738: 10730: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10712: 10708: 10704: 10700: 10697:(5): e13218. 10696: 10692: 10688: 10681: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10637: 10629: 10614: 10610: 10604: 10596: 10590: 10586: 10579: 10577: 10575: 10573: 10571: 10569: 10567: 10565: 10563: 10561: 10559: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10538: 10534: 10530: 10523: 10515: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10489: 10485: 10481: 10474: 10472: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10436: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10393: 10386: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10351: 10343: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10327: 10323: 10316: 10314: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10282: 10274: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10240: 10233: 10231: 10222: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10181: 10173: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10155: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10139: 10132: 10130: 10121: 10115: 10100: 10096: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10065: 10058: 10050: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10012: 10008: 10001: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9977: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9958: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9911: 9903: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9885: 9881: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9862: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9815: 9807: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9766: 9758: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9706: 9699: 9697: 9688: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9655: 9641: 9637: 9630: 9616: 9612: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9586: 9582: 9576: 9574: 9565: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9507: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9466: 9464: 9455: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9414: 9412: 9403: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9362: 9360: 9351: 9345: 9341: 9334: 9332: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9296: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9253: 9245: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9204: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9179:NIHR Evidence 9176: 9170: 9155: 9151: 9144: 9136: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9095: 9087: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9046: 9038: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8995: 8987: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8950: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8907: 8899: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8856: 8841: 8837: 8830: 8822: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8762: 8758: 8751: 8743: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8723:10.2196/11708 8719: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8700: 8692: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8649: 8641: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8600: 8592: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8551: 8543: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8502: 8494: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8453: 8442: 8435: 8424: 8417: 8403:on 2022-01-21 8402: 8398: 8394: 8387: 8379: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8338: 8330: 8326: 8323:Mayo Clinic. 8319: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8276: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8241: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8149: 8147: 8130: 8124: 8116: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8075: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8040: 8026: 8022: 8016: 8005: 7998: 7990: 7986: 7979: 7971: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7930: 7922: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7881: 7873: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7832: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7796: 7788: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7747: 7739: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7688: 7680: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7631: 7623: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7582: 7574: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7533: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7498: 7490: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7457: 7449: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7408: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7373: 7365: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7328: 7320: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7279: 7271: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7226: 7218: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7129: 7121: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7080: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7045: 7037: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6996: 6988: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6947: 6938: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6914: 6912: 6903: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6862: 6854: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6821: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6786: 6778: 6772: 6768: 6761: 6753: 6749: 6743: 6735: 6734:Smokefree.gov 6731: 6724: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6675: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6608: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6576: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6535: 6527: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6486: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6439: 6431: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6388: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6349: 6334: 6330: 6324: 6309: 6305: 6299: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6260: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6219: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6177: 6169: 6163: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6128: 6121: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6086: 6078: 6074: 6068: 6061:(1): 125–162. 6060: 6056: 6052: 6045: 6037: 6031: 6027: 6020: 6012: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5971: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5936: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5905: 5897: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5856: 5854: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5810: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5769: 5761: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5720: 5712: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5671: 5669: 5660: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5451:PLOS Medicine 5448: 5441: 5433: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5367:NIHR Evidence 5364: 5358: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5333:NIHR Evidence 5330: 5324: 5316: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5234: 5226: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5001: 4999: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4939: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4840: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4648: 4642: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4592: 4585: 4583: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4484: 4482: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4375: 4369: 4351: 4350: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4130: 4123: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4058: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4008: 3994:on 2018-12-25 3993: 3989: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3880: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3762:on 2016-06-09 3758: 3751: 3745: 3743: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3691: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3598:PLOS Medicine 3595: 3588: 3586: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3004: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2971: 2970:New Scientist 2966: 2962: 2956: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2889:www.canada.ca 2886: 2880: 2878: 2863: 2859: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2743: 2731: 2723: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2655: 2651: 2647: 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1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1902: 1900: 1894: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1864:A study from 1863: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1843: 1834: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1782: 1779: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1743:lung function 1740: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1706: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1680: 1677: 1670:Mental health 1667: 1665: 1660: 1652: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1608: 1606: 1601: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1563:2 to 4 weeks 1562: 1559: 1558: 1555:2 to 4 weeks 1554: 1552:Irritability 1551: 1550: 1547:1 to 2 weeks 1546: 1544:Constipation 1543: 1542: 1539:1 to 2 weeks 1538: 1535: 1534: 1531:1 to 2 weeks 1530: 1527: 1526: 1523:1 to 2 weeks 1522: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1507:3 to 8 weeks 1506: 1503: 1502: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1480:self-efficacy 1476: 1474: 1471:Smokers with 1469: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1439: 1434: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1408: 1399: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1369: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1344: 1342: 1337: 1329: 1320: 1315: 1308:Schizophrenia 1305: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1274: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1125: 1120: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1048: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1004: 996: 993: 983: 980: 969: 961: 957: 953: 950: 946: 942: 938: 937: 936: 924: 921: 917: 914: 911: 908: 904: 900: 897: 894: 891: 890:Smokefree.gov 887: 883: 882: 881: 873: 864: 862: 858: 857:Valentine day 854: 850: 845: 841: 828: 824: 821: 817: 814: 810: 806: 801: 798: 794: 791: 787: 784: 780: 777: 773: 772: 763: 759: 755: 751: 750: 744: 740: 738: 733: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 701: 698: 695: 692: 688: 685: 681: 678: 674: 673: 672: 663: 661: 657: 656:meta-analysis 649: 646: 643: 642: 637: 636: 635: 629: 625: 622:, which is a 621: 617: 614: 610: 606: 603: 599: 596: 593: 589: 585: 584:Nortriptyline 580: 576: 573: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 543: 542: 541: 539: 531: 526: 517: 515: 510: 506: 495: 493: 483: 481: 465: 463: 459: 454: 452: 447: 442: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 406:United States 402: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 355:heart attacks 352: 351:public health 349:and a global 348: 343: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 324:Tobacco smoke 321: 317: 313: 309: 298: 293: 291: 286: 284: 279: 278: 276: 275: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 244: 238: 237: 230: 227: 225: 222: 221: 218: 213: 212: 205: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 188:(opium poppy) 187: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 167: 164: 159: 158: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 122: 119: 114: 113: 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Retrieved 6307: 6298: 6273: 6267: 6253:cite journal 6228: 6224: 6211: 6189:(1): 23–41. 6186: 6182: 6176: 6162:cite journal 6137: 6133: 6120: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6076: 6067: 6058: 6054: 6044: 6025: 6019: 5984: 5980: 5970: 5945: 5941: 5935: 5910: 5904: 5869: 5865: 5827: 5823: 5817: 5782: 5778: 5768: 5733: 5729: 5719: 5684: 5680: 5640: 5636: 5626: 5599: 5595: 5585: 5548: 5544: 5534: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5454: 5450: 5440: 5405: 5401: 5391: 5366: 5357: 5332: 5323: 5288: 5284: 5274: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5198: 5194: 5184: 5157: 5153: 5143: 5134: 5129:Hendrick B. 5124: 5079: 5075: 5014: 5010: 4954: 4950: 4902: 4898: 4888: 4853: 4849: 4839: 4814: 4810: 4756: 4752: 4742: 4707: 4703: 4693: 4676: 4672: 4662: 4651:. Retrieved 4641: 4630:the original 4601: 4597: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4497: 4493: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4396: 4392: 4382: 4357:. Retrieved 4348: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4161: 4157: 4129:the original 4116: 4073: 4069: 4021: 4017: 4007: 3996:. 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Retrieved 2024: 2015: 2008:Bibliography 1967: 1895: 1891: 1848: 1831: 1783: 1775: 1711: 1683: 1681: 1673: 1656: 1643:hypothalamus 1617: 1614: 1597: 1494:Side effects 1477: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1454: 1443: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1396: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1351:People with 1350: 1338: 1334: 1317: 1302: 1299: 1280: 1271: 1235: 1146:hypnotherapy 1129: 1088:nicotine gum 1036:primary care 1002: 989: 975: 966: 933: 918:A review of 913:Spirituality 906: 878: 848: 837: 741: 734: 710: 669: 653: 639: 633: 618:Previously, 615:are helpful. 590:(SSRIs) and 569:mecamylamine 557:nicotine gum 535: 528:A 21mg dose 501: 489: 476: 455: 443: 403: 344: 315: 311: 307: 306: 185: 89: 34: 30:Twin Fantasy 18: 14067:Smoking cap 13972:Smoking ban 13863:Smoking age 13566:New Zealand 13515:Philippines 13495:South Korea 13490:North Korea 13445:Afghanistan 13353:WikiProject 13093:and history 12973:Engineering 12686:Vaccination 12558:Food safety 10613:www.cdc.gov 8329:Mayo Clinic 7719:2066/110023 6333:Mayo Clinic 3194:: 805–816. 2862:www.who.int 2738:|work= 2686:Definitions 2618:: 333–337. 2488:: 209–224. 2424:: 917–932. 2355:: e86–e91. 2126:: 426–430. 1991:Varenicline 1767:lung cancer 1739:circulation 1611:Weight gain 1605:varenicline 1484:varenicline 1422:varenicline 1251:life-skills 1136:Acupuncture 920:mindfulness 613:anxiolytics 598:Varenicline 563:, nicotine 520:Medications 514:varenicline 492:Cold turkey 486:Cold turkey 480:cold turkey 426:varenicline 410:cold turkey 379:lung cancer 330:, which is 145:Medical use 85:Advertising 14150:Categories 14130:Cigarettes 13455:East Timor 13405:and region 13106:Caribbean 12983:Processing 12917:Quarantine 12839:Student's 12639:Sanitation 12273:History of 11936:2022-12-06 11343:2022-12-06 10619:2022-12-06 10105:2012-09-12 9645:2017-06-29 9620:2017-06-29 9591:2017-06-29 9056:Pediatrics 8766:2022-01-29 8407:2019-11-11 8030:2024-06-01 7989:RCP London 6598:2024-02-05 6593:Enewspolar 6338:19 October 6313:19 October 5551:(5): e51. 4653:2013-05-13 4359:2016-07-06 3998:2011-02-21 3766:2017-01-08 2927:www.nhs.uk 2867:2024-02-24 2716:7 February 2551:: 808260. 2281:2004243422 2025:www.nhs.uk 1815:colorectal 1803:pancreatic 1799:esophageal 1722:heart rate 1579:Few weeks 1571:Few weeks 1528:Headaches 1512:Dizziness 1216:Psilocybin 1008:cessation. 960:metabolite 954:Cotinine: 903:Allen Carr 842:(CDC) and 697:Mass media 641:ad libitum 628:taranabant 620:rimonabant 473:Unassisted 462:depression 395:esophageal 336:dependence 14017:Australia 13943:Menopause 13685:Argentina 13561:Australia 13525:Singapore 13470:Indonesia 13460:Hong Kong 13286:John Snow 13213:Education 13203:Full list 13091:education 13015:ISO 22000 12968:Chemistry 12881:Epidemics 12834:ROC curve 12644:Emergency 12424:Radiation 12404:Pollution 12388:Ministers 12285:Euthenics 12176:cite book 11999:Addiction 11895:0149-2195 11713:Addiction 11503:232311701 11487:1873-2607 11204:1469-493X 11072:1469-994X 11013:1469-493X 10956:1469-493X 10711:1369-1600 10672:252406073 10656:2325-6621 10529:Addiction 9941:1939-2117 9853:230814023 9739:1932-6203 9534:Addiction 9195:253360129 9154:Netdoctor 8834:Phert L. 8025:PEZ Candy 7661:1469-493X 5498:Addiction 5383:252584020 5349:241974258 5098:2044-6055 5031:1617-9625 4971:1715-1635 4368:cite book 4178:1469-493X 4090:1469-493X 3388:Addiction 3180:Addiction 2983:0262-4079 2858:"Tobacco" 2740:ignored ( 2730:cite book 2710:229252540 2660:28 August 2634:1460-2105 2600:Ganz PA N 2456:207215548 2395:207276270 2369:1541-0048 2337:Morabia A 2320:28 August 2307:230800394 1971:(journal) 1917:Bupropion 1791:laryngeal 1635:autonomic 1628:lipolysis 1520:Insomnia 1515:Few days 1418:bupropion 1028:patients. 880:include: 867:Self-help 790:quitlines 721:screening 605:Clonidine 579:bupropion 414:bupropion 371:emphysema 332:addictive 326:contains 262:Narcotics 90:Cessation 14125:Category 14072:Smokeasy 13783:Pipe bag 13773:Chanunpa 13745:Religion 13695:Colombia 13510:Pakistan 13505:Malaysia 13329:Category 13028:sciences 12963:Additive 12634:Safe sex 12605:Medicine 12519:Theories 12290:Genomics 12268:Eugenics 12258:Deviance 12238:Auxology 12154:17106058 12115:12065013 12074:(2005). 12072:Marks DF 12064:44288956 12056:16133522 12019:14678060 11990:25668093 11982:16166074 11913:31725711 11856:20931062 11807:19910909 11768:19617220 11733:19032538 11698:17604832 11663:21196451 11627:20685746 11550:21295194 11495:33745522 11446:27055053 11406:PLOS ONE 11387:20252771 11379:15710956 11317:15213107 11263:23284151 11222:33687070 11165:36478156 11157:23507203 11080:33876246 11031:31684691 10974:34611902 10879:12436425 10827:19188554 10778:22782848 10729:36001439 10664:36129426 10549:25846123 10514:31684681 10427:32854923 10419:22107073 10273:24841185 10221:30101972 10172:18499567 10091:19268687 10049:17255515 9992:46131720 9984:18941375 9949:15612860 9902:27878808 9845:33411338 9806:27314450 9757:37440505 9748:10343091 9709:PLOS ONE 9687:23863048 9564:23834157 9506:23785661 9454:24671929 9402:22592676 9322:17107571 9287:32975940 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