Health effects of tobacco

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are a vulnerable audience for the marketing campaigns. Adolescents have more difficulty understanding the long-term health risks that are associated with smoking and are also more easily influenced by "images of romance, success, sophistication, popularity, and adventure which advertising suggests they could achieve through the consumption of cigarettes". This shift in marketing towards adolescents and even children in the tobacco industry is debilitating to organizations' and countries' efforts to improve child health and mortality in the developing world. It reverses or halts the effects of the work that has been done to improve health care in these countries, and although smoking is deemed as a "voluntary" health risk, the marketing of tobacco towards very impressionable adolescents in the developing world makes it less of a voluntary action and more of an inevitable shift.

2606:, etc.), prepared between 1 and 4 times a day with a quantity of up to 120 g of a tobacco-molasses mixture each (i.e. the tobacco weight equivalent of up to 60 cigarettes of 1 g each) and consumed in 1 to 8 sessions". Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a marker found in several forms of cancer. Levels in exclusive hookah smokers were lower compared to cigarette smokers although the difference was not as statistically significant as that between a hookah smoker and a non-smoker. Also, the study concluded that heavy hookah smoking (2–4 daily preparations; 3–8 sessions a day; >2 hrs to ≤ 6 hours) substantially raises CEA levels. Hookah smokers were nearly 6 times more likely to develop lung cancer than healthy non-smokers in Kashmir. 75: 1016:(hardening of the arteries). As the arteriosclerosis progresses, blood flows less easily through rigid and narrowed blood vessels, making the blood more likely to form a thrombosis (clot). Sudden blockage of a blood vessel may lead to an infarction (stroke or heart attack). However, the effects of smoking on the heart may be more subtle. These conditions may develop gradually given the smoking-healing cycle (the human body heals itself between periods of smoking), and therefore a smoker may develop less significant disorders such as worsening or maintenance of unpleasant dermatological conditions, e.g. eczema, due to reduced blood supply. Smoking also increases 2658: 2682: 860: 1337:

conflicting; some studies show that smoking increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease. A recent review of the available scientific literature concluded that the apparent decrease in Alzheimer's risk may be simply because smokers tend to die before reaching the age at which Alzheimer's normally occurs. "Differential mortality is always likely to be a problem where there is a need to investigate the effects of smoking in a disorder with very low incidence rates before age 75 years, which is the case of Alzheimer's disease," it stated, noting that smokers are only half as likely as non-smokers to survive to the age of 80.

514: 669: 3088:. Definite statements can be made only on the relative increased or decreased probabilities of contracting a given disease. For a particular individual, it is impossible to definitively prove a direct causal link between exposure to a radiomimetic poison such as tobacco smoke and the cancer that follows; such statements can only be made at the aggregate population level. Cigarette companies have capitalized on this philosophical objection and exploited the doubts of clinicians, who consider only individual cases, on the causal link in the stochastic expression of the toxicity as actual disease. 2694: 2670: 677: 292: 2551: 2986:, had serious weaknesses in its methodology, but study design problems were better addressed in subsequent studies. The association of anti-tobacco smoking research and public health measures with the Nazi leadership may have contributed to the lack of attention paid to these studies. They were also published in German and Dutch. These studies were widely ignored. In 1947 the British Medical Council held a conference to discuss the reason for the rise in lung cancer deaths; unaware of the German studies, they planned and started their own. 1012:(the oxygen-carrying component in red blood cells), resulting in a much stabler complex than hemoglobin bound with oxygen or carbon dioxide—the result is permanent loss of blood cell functionality. Blood cells are naturally recycled after a certain period of time, allowing for the creation of new, functional red blood cells. However, if carbon monoxide exposure reaches a certain point before they can be recycled, hypoxia (and later death) occurs. All these factors make smokers more at risk of developing various forms of 653: 2173:/year, compared with living near a nuclear power station (0.0001 mSv/year) or the 3.0 mSv/year average dose for Americans. Some of the mineral apatite in Florida used to produce phosphate for US tobacco crops contains uranium, radium, lead-210 and polonium-210 and radon. The radioactive smoke from tobacco fertilized this way is deposited in lungs and releases radiation even if a smoker quits the habit. The combination of carcinogenic tar and radiation in a sensitive organ such as lungs increases the risk of cancer. 2510:

years old, and with risk for moderate and deep inhalers reaching levels similar to cigarette smokers. The increased risk for those smoking 1–2 cigars per day is too small to be statistically significant, and the health risks of the 3/4 of cigar smokers who smoke less than daily are not known and are hard to measure. Although it has been claimed that people who smoke few cigars have no increased risk, a more accurate statement is that their risks are proportionate to their exposure. Health risks are similar to

1900: 1080: 3002:, entitled "Tobacco Smoking as a Possible Etiologic Factor in Bronchiogenic Carcinoma: A Study of Six Hundred and Eighty-Four Proved Cases". These two studies were the largest, and the only ones to carefully exclude ex-smokers from their nonsmokers group. The other three studies also reported that, to quote one, "smoking was powerfully implicated in the causation of lung cancer". The Doll and Hill paper reported that "heavy smokers were fifty times as likely as non-smokers to contract lung cancer". 1886: 641: 905: 1416: 2715: 2729: 1570: 17380: 16630: 925: 1052:) influenza in an Israeli military unit of 336 healthy young men to determine the relation of cigarette smoking to the incidence of clinically apparent influenza, revealed that, of 168 smokers, 68.5 percent had influenza, as compared with 47.2 percent of nonsmokers. Influenza was also more severe in the smokers; 50.6 percent of them lost work days or required bed rest, or both, as compared with 30.1 percent of the nonsmokers. 16938: 2839:, an American naturalist and practitioner of botanical medicine, wrote in the early 19th century on tobacco: "This poisonous plant has been used a great deal as a medicine by the old school faculty, and thousands have been slain by it. ... It is a very dangerous article, and use it as you will, it always diminishes the vital energies in exact proportion to the quantity used – it may be slowly, but it is very sure." 17390: 2241: 2400: 1246:

reduced stress. Far from acting as an aid for mood control, nicotine dependency seems to exacerbate stress. This is confirmed in the daily mood patterns described by smokers, with normal moods during smoking and worsening moods between cigarettes. Thus, the apparent relaxant effect of smoking only reflects the reversal of the tension and irritability that develop during

2877:, lung cancer was considered to be a rare disease, which most physicians would never see during their career. With the postwar rise in popularity of cigarette smoking, however, came an epidemic of lung cancer. For instance, it is estimated that "35 to 79 percent of excess veteran deaths due to heart disease and lung cancer are attributable to military-induced smoking" 680: 679: 2485:, "Some health scientists have suggested that smokeless tobacco should be used in smoking cessation programmes and have made implicit or explicit claims that its use would partly reduce the exposure of smokers to carcinogens and the risk for cancer. These claims, however, are not supported by the available evidence." Oral and spit tobacco increase the risk for 684: 683: 678: 685: 1144:. It is believed that smoking increases the risk of these and other pulmonary and respiratory tract infections both through structural damage and through effects on the immune system. The effects on the immune system include an increase in CD4+ cell production attributable to nicotine, which has tentatively been linked to increased HIV susceptibility. 1756:, and may be less likely to have a history of smoking). Possible existence of a biological effect is supported by a few studies that involved low levels of exposure to nicotine without any active smoking. A data-driven hypothesis that long-term administration of very low doses of nicotine (for example, in an ordinary diet) might provide a degree of 985:

one cigar, saying "cigars can contribute substantial amounts of tobacco smoke to the indoor environment; and, when large numbers of cigar smokers congregate in a cigar smoking event, the amount of ETS (i.e. second-hand smoke) produced is sufficient to be a health concern for those regularly required to work in those environments."

808:. In addition, people who smoke have a worse prognosis than those who have never smoked. Furthermore, people who continue to smoke after diagnosis of head and neck cancer have the highest probability of dying compared to those who have never smoked. This effect is seen in patients with HPV-positive head and neck cancer as well. 682: 686: 2259:; a dose sufficient to cause mild somatic dependency and mild to strong psychological dependency remains. The amount of nicotine absorbed by the body from smoking depends on many factors, including the type of tobacco, whether the smoke is inhaled, and whether a filter is used. There is also a formation of 1333:(AD), although "case–control and cohort studies produce conflicting results as to the direction of the association between smoking and AD". Smoking has been found to contribute to dementia and cognitive decline, reduced memory and cognitive abilities in adolescents, and brain shrinkage (cerebral atrophy). 2306:

remain smoke-free for the rest of their lives. There exists a possibility of depression in some who attempt cessation, as with other psychoactive substances. Depression is also common in teenage smokers; teens who smoke are four times as likely to develop depressive symptoms as their nonsmoking peers.

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of some 40,000 doctors, began in 1951. By 1954 it had evidence from three years of doctors' deaths, based on which the government issued advice that smoking and lung cancer rates were related (the British Doctors Study last reported in 2001, by which time there were approximately 40 linked diseases).

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in the United States; is placed in the mouth, between the cheek and gum. Dipping tobacco does not need to be chewed for the nicotine to be absorbed. First-time users of these products often become nauseated and dizzy. Long-term effects include bad breath, yellowed teeth, and an increased risk of oral

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among non-smokers. Non-smokers who are exposed to second-hand smoke at home or work are thought, due to a wide variety of statistical studies, to increase their heart disease risk by 25–30% and their lung cancer risk by 20–30%. According to the World Health Organization, second-hand smoke is reported

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Most notably, some studies have found that patients with Alzheimer's disease are more likely not to have smoked than the general population, which has been interpreted to suggest that smoking offers some protection against Alzheimer's. However, the research in this area is limited and the results are

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The deleterious mood effects of everyday between-cigarette nicotine withdrawal symptoms explain why people who smoke experience more daily stress than non-smokers, and become less stressed when they quit smoking. Deprivation reversal also explains much of the arousal data, with deprived smokers being

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According to a study of 1,900 male cadets after the 1968 Hong Kong A2 influenza epidemic at a South Carolina military academy, compared with nonsmokers, heavy smokers (more than 20 cigarettes per day) had 21% more illnesses and 20% more bed rest, light smokers (20 cigarettes or fewer per day) had 10%

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The risk of dying from lung cancer before age 85 is 22.1% for a male smoker and 11.9% for a female smoker, in the absence of competing causes of death. The corresponding estimates for lifelong nonsmokers are a 1.1% probability of dying from lung cancer before age 85 for a man of European descent, and

626:

It is estimated that there are between 1 and 1.4 deaths per million cigarettes smoked. In fact, cigarette factories are the most deadly factories in the history of the world. See the below chart detailing the highest-producing cigarette factories, and their estimated deaths caused annually due to the

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If someone stops smoking, then these chances gradually decrease as the damage to their body is repaired. A year after quitting, the risk of contracting heart disease is half that of a continuing smoker. The health risks of smoking are not uniform across all smokers. Risks vary according to the amount

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The association of smoking with lung cancer and COPD are among strongest, both in the public perception and etiologically. Among male smokers, the lifetime risk of developing lung cancer is 17.2%; among female smokers, the risk is 11.6%. This risk is significantly lower in nonsmokers: 1.3% in men and

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These results were first widely accepted in the medical community, and publicized among the general public, in the mid-1960s. The medical community's resistance to the idea that smoking tobacco caused disease has been attributed to bias from nicotine-dependent doctors, the novelty of the adaptations

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It may be suggested that the chief reason that the subject has received so little attention from members of the medical profession is that the majority of them as of the general community practice smoking in one form of another, and do not wish to inquire too closely into a habit in defense of which

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In 2000, smoking was practiced by 1.22 billion people, predicted to rise to 1.45 billion people in 2010 and 1.5 to 1.9 billion by 2025. If prevalence had decreased by 2% a year since 2000 this figure would have been 1.3 billion in 2010 and 2025. Despite dropping by 0.4 percent from 2009 to 2010, the

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their dosage. On average it takes about ten seconds for the substance to reach the brain. As a result of the efficiency of this delivery system, many smokers feel as though they are unable to cease. Of those who attempt cessation and last three months without succumbing to nicotine, most are able to

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Some older analyses have claimed that non-smokers are up to twice as likely as smokers to develop Alzheimer's disease. However, a more current analysis found that most of the studies, which showed a preventing effect, had a close affiliation to the tobacco industry. Researchers without tobacco lobby

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Although cigarette smoking causes a greater increase in the risk of cancer than cigar smoking, cigar smokers still have an increased risk for many health problems, including cancer, when compared to non-smokers. As for second-hand smoke, the NIH study points to the large amount of smoke generated by

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In the late 1700s and the 1800s, the idea that tobacco use caused certain diseases, including mouth cancers, was initially accepted by the medical community. In the 1880s, automation dramatically reduced the cost of cigarettes, cigarette companies greatly increased their marketing, and use expanded.

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Pesch, B., Kendzia, B., Gustavsson, P., Jöckel, K.-H., Johnen, G., Pohlabeln, H., … Brüning, T. (2012). Cigarette smoking and lung cancer – relative risk estimates for the major histological types from a pooled analysis of case-control studies. International Journal of Cancer. Journal International

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Teens are more likely to use e-cigarettes than cigarettes. About 31% of teenagers who use e-cigs started smoking within six months, compared to 8% of non-smokers. Manufacturers do not have to report what is in e-cigs, and most teens either say e-cigs contain only flavoring, or that they do not know

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Second-hand smoke is a mixture of smoke from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe or cigar, and the smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers. It is involuntarily inhaled, lingers in the air hours after cigarettes have been extinguished, and may cause a wide range of adverse health effects, including

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smoke tobacco as a form of self-medication. The high rate of smoking tobacco by the mentally ill is a major factor in their decreased life expectancy, which is about 25 years shorter than the general population. Following the observation that smoking improves condition of people with schizophrenia,

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The effect of cigarette smoking upon epidemic influenza was studied prospectively among 1,811 male college students. Clinical influenza incidence among those who daily smoked 21 or more cigarettes was 21% higher than that of non-smokers. Influenza incidence among smokers of 1 to 20 cigarettes daily

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The risk of lung cancer risk is highly influenced by smoking, with up to 90% of diagnoses being attributed to tobacco smoking. The risk of developing lung cancer increases with the number of years smoking and number of cigarettes smoked per day. Smoking can be linked to all subtypes of lung cancer.

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The shift in prevalence of tobacco smoking to a younger demographic, mainly in the developing world, can be attributed to several factors. The tobacco industry spends up to $ 12.5 billion annually on advertising, which is increasingly geared towards adolescents in the developing world because they

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have stated that use of hookah can be as detrimental to a person's health as smoking cigarettes, and a study by the World Health Organization also confirmed these findings. Although the smoking effects are similar to a cigarettes, due to the manner in which a hookah is utilized, smoking hookah may

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smoking poses a significant health risk depending on dosage: risks are greater for those who inhale more when they smoke, smoke more cigars, or smoke them longer. The risk of dying from any cause is significantly greater for cigar smokers, with the risk particularly higher for smokers less than 65

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before being cleared by natural processes. Indoors, these radioactive compounds can linger in second-hand smoke, and greater exposure would occur when these radioactive compounds are inhaled during normal breathing, which is deeper and longer than when inhaling cigarettes. Damage to the protective

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later than men, so an increased death rate caused by smoking amongst women did not appear until later. The male lung cancer death rate decreased in 1975—roughly 20 years after the initial decline in cigarette consumption in men. A fall in consumption in women also began in 1975 but by 1991 had not

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compared to people who have never smoked, although the authors stated that it was more likely that the movement disorders which are part of Parkinson's disease prevented people from being able to smoke than that smoking itself was protective. Another study considered a possible role of nicotine in

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stated, "Smokers often report that cigarettes help relieve feelings of stress. However, the stress levels of adult smokers are slightly higher than those of nonsmokers, adolescent smokers report increasing levels of stress as they develop regular patterns of smoking, and smoking cessation leads to

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In the US smoking is considered to be the most common preventable deaths. About 480,000 individuals die annually due to smoking in the US alone. Currently, the number of premature deaths in the US from tobacco use per year exceeds the number of employees in the tobacco industry by 4 to 1. It has

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in the brain, specifically in the mesolimbic pathway, the same neuro-reward circuit activated by addictive substances such as heroin and cocaine. This suggests nicotine use has a pleasurable effect that triggers positive reinforcement. One study found that smokers exhibit better reaction-time and

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globally. As many as half of people who smoke tobacco or use it orally die from complications related to such use. It has been estimated that each year, in total about 6 million people die from tobacco-related causes (about 10% of all deaths), with 600,000 of these occurring in non-smokers due to

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Many government regulations have been passed to protect citizens from harm caused by public environmental tobacco smoke. In the United States, the "Pro-Children's Act of 2001" prohibits smoking within any facility that provides health care, day care, library services, or elementary and secondary

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Smoking is the cause of about 5 million deaths per year. This makes it the most common cause of preventable early death. One study found that male and female smokers lose an average of 13.2 and 14.5 years of life, respectively. Another measured a loss of life of 6.8 years. Each cigarette that is

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The 1880s invention of automated cigarette-making machinery in the American South made it possible to mass-produce cigarettes at low cost, and smoking became common. This led to a backlash and a tobacco prohibition movement, which challenged tobacco use as harmful and brought about some bans on

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Smoking is known to increase levels of liver enzymes that break down drugs and toxins. That means that drugs cleared by these enzymes are cleared more quickly in smokers, which may result in the drugs not working. Specifically, levels of CYP1A2 and CYP2A6 are induced: substrates for 1A2 include

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Sidestream tobacco smoke, or exhaled mainstream smoke, is particularly harmful. Because exhaled smoke exists at lower temperatures than inhaled smoke, chemical compounds undergo changes which can cause them to become more dangerous. As well, smoke undergoes changes as it ages, which causes the

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Recent studies have linked smoking to anxiety disorders, suggesting the correlation (and possibly mechanism) may be related to the broad class of anxiety disorders, and not limited to just depression. Current and ongoing research attempt to explore the addiction-anxiety relationship. Data from

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A 2015 study found that about 17% of mortality due to cigarette smoking in the United States is due to diseases outside of those commonly linked with smoking, and that official estimates may therefore be significantly underestimating the number of deaths currently being attributed to smoking.

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Hashibe, Mia; Brennan, Paul; Chuang, Shu-chun; Boccia, Stefania; Castellsague, Xavier; Chen, Chu; Curado, Maria Paula; Dal Maso, Luigino; Daudt, Alexander W.; Fabianova, Eleonora; Fernandez, Leticia; Wünsch-Filho, Victor; Franceschi, Silvia; Hayes, Richard B.; Herrero, Rolando (2009-02-01).

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technology to allow cigarettes to be consumed without the formation of carcinogenic benzopyrenes. Although such products have become increasingly popular, they still represent a very small fraction of the market, and no conclusive evidence has shown to prove or disprove the positive health

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in 1939 and 1943, and one in the Netherlands in 1948. However, the widespread attention was first drawn in 1950 by researchers from the US and UK but their research were widely criticized. Follow-up studies in the early 1950s found that smokers died faster and were more likely to die of

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Smoking seems to cause a higher relative influenza-risk in older populations than in younger populations. In a prospective study of community-dwelling people 60–90 years of age, during 1993, of unimmunized people 23% of smokers had clinical influenza as compared with 6% of non-smokers.

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when considering both somatic and psychological dependence. However, due to the stronger withdrawal effects of alcohol, cocaine and heroin, nicotine may have a lower potential for somatic dependence than these substances. About half of Canadians who currently smoke have tried to quit.

5872:

Ang, K. Kian; Harris, Jonathan; Wheeler, Richard; Weber, Randal; Rosenthal, David I.; Nguyen-Tân, Phuc Felix; Westra, William H.; Chung, Christine H.; Jordan, Richard C.; Lu, Charles; Kim, Harold; Axelrod, Rita; Silverman, C. Craig; Redmond, Kevin P.; Gillison, Maura L. (2010-06-07).

2050:. The acrolein-guanine adduct induces mutations during DNA copying and thus causes cancers in a manner similar to PAHs. However, acrolein is 1000 times more abundant than PAHs in cigarette smoke and is able to react as is, without metabolic activation. Acrolein has been shown to be a 608:

smoked is estimated to shorten life by an average of 11 minutes, though this may vary slightly on the contents and brand. At least half of all lifelong smokers die early as a result of smoking. Smokers are three times more likely to die before the age of 60 or 70 than non-smokers.

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were likely to be smokers. He also argued that smoking tobacco was the best way to explain the fact that lung cancer struck men four or five times more often than women (since women smoked much less), and discussed the causal effect of smoking on cancers of the liver and bladder.

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Pradhan P, Tirumala S, Liu X, Sayer JM, Jerina DM, Yeh HJ (May 2001). "Solution structure of a trans-opened (10S)-dA adduct of (+)-(7S,8R,9S,10R)-7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzopyrene in a fully complementary DNA duplex: evidence for a major syn conformation".

6254:

Wyss, Annah; Hashibe, Mia; Chuang, Shu-Chun; Lee, Yuan-Chin Amy; Zhang, Zuo-Feng; Yu, Guo-Pei; Winn, Deborah M.; Wei, Qingyi; Talamini, Renato; Szeszenia-Dabrowska, Neonila; Sturgis, Erich M.; Smith, Elaine; Shangina, Oxana; Schwartz, Stephen M.; Schantz, Stimson (2013-09-01).

2569:(waterpipe, narghile) is significantly less dangerous than that from cigarettes. The water moisture induced by the hookah makes the smoke less irritating and may give a false sense of security and reduce concerns about true health effects. Doctors at institutions including the 2577:

Each hookah session typically lasts more than 40 minutes, and consists of 50 to 200 inhalations that each range from 0.15 to 0.50 liters of smoke. In an hour-long smoking session of hookah, users consume about 100 to 200 times the smoke of a single cigarette; A study in the

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The WHO states that "Much of the disease burden and premature mortality attributable to tobacco use disproportionately affect the poor". Of the 1.22 billion smokers, 1 billion live in developing or transitional nations. Rates of smoking have leveled off or declined in the

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states that "levels of polonium-210 in tobacco smoke are not believed to be great enough to significantly impact lung cancer in smokers." In 2011 Hecht has also stated that the "levels of Po in cigarette smoke are probably too low to be involved in lung cancer induction".

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due to the increased risk of experiencing mild to severe states of depression, including a major depressive episode. Depressed smokers appear to experience more withdrawal symptoms on quitting, are less likely to be successful at quitting, and are more likely to relapse.

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tissue from smoking only increases the prolonged retention of insoluble polonium-210 compounds produced from burning tobacco. Martell estimated that a carcinogenic radiation dose of 80–100 rads is delivered to the lung tissue of most smokers who die of lung cancer.

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Inhalation of tobacco smoke causes several immediate responses within the heart and blood vessels. Within one minute the heart rate begins to rise, increasing by as much as 30 percent during the first 10 minutes of smoking. Carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke exerts

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in cigarette smoke, which seems to play an important role in nicotine addiction probably by facilitating dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens in response to nicotine stimuli. According to studies by Henningfield and Benowitz, nicotine is more addictive than

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Current research shows that tobacco smokers who are exposed to residential radon are twice as likely to develop lung cancer as non-smokers. As well, the risk of developing lung cancer from asbestos exposure is twice as likely for smokers than for non-smokers.

1107:. Up to 90% of periodontitis patients who are not helped by common modes of treatment are smokers. Smokers have significantly greater loss of bone height than nonsmokers, and the trend can be extended to pipe smokers to have more bone loss than nonsmokers. 803:

Cigarette smokers have a lifetime increased risk for head and neck cancer that is 5 to 25 times higher than the general population. The ex-smoker's risk of developing head and neck cancer begins to approach the risk in the general population 15 years after

2020:, the cell can survive to become a cancer, a cell that does not function like a normal cell. The carcinogenicity is radiomimetic, i.e. similar to that produced by ionizing nuclear radiation. Tobacco manufacturers have experimented with combustion less 1601:

in infertile smoking women, although other studies have found that smoking increases the risk in infertile women. There is little or no evidence of a protective effect in fertile women. Some preliminary data from 1996 suggested a reduced incidence of

5757:

Descamps, Géraldine; Karaca, Yasemin; Lechien, Jérôme R; Kindt, Nadège; Decaestecker, Christine; Remmelink, Myriam; Larsimont, Denis; Andry, Guy; Hassid, Samantha; Rodriguez, Alexandra; Khalife, Mohammad; Journe, Fabrice; Saussez, Sven (2016-07-01).

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Studies suggest that smoking decreases appetite, but did not conclude that overweight people should smoke or that their health would improve by smoking. This is also a cause of heart diseases. Smoking also decreases weight by overexpressing the gene

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Facchinetti F, Amadei F, Geppetti P, Tarantini F, Di Serio C, Dragotto A, Gigli PM, Catinella S, Civelli M, Patacchini R (November 2007). "Alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes in cigarette smoke release inflammatory mediators from human macrophages".

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Smoking may substantially contribute to the growth of influenza epidemics affecting the entire population. However, the proportion of influenza cases in the general non-smoking population attributable to smokers has not yet been calculated.

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is a pyrolysis product that is abundant in cigarette smoke. It gives smoke an acrid smell and an irritating, tear causing effect and is a major contributor to its carcinogenicity. Like PAH metabolites, acrolein is also an electrophilic

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Since establishing causation through experimental trials was not possible due to ethical restrictions, a lengthy study was conducted in order to establish the strong association necessary to allow for legislative action against smoking

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Smoking causes about 10% of the global burden of fire deaths, and smokers are placed at an increased risk of injury-related deaths in general, partly due to also experiencing an increased risk of dying in a motor vehicle crash.

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Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Johansson H, De Laet C, Eisman JA, Fujiwara S, Kroger H, McCloskey EV, Mellstrom D, Melton LJ, Pols H, Reeve J, Silman A, Tenenhouse A (February 2005). "Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis".

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gradually became generally accepted as a cause of mouth cancers following work done in the 1700s. "An association between a variety of cancers and tobacco use was repeatedly observed from the late 1800s into the early 1920s."

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After a ban on smoking in all enclosed public places was introduced in Scotland in March 2006, there was a 17 percent reduction in hospital admissions for acute coronary syndrome. 67% of the decrease occurred in non-smokers.

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found that water pipe smokers were marginally more likely than regular smokers to show signs of gum disease, showing rates 5-fold higher than non-smokers rather than the 3.8-fold risk that regular smokers show. According to

1167:(difficulty achieving and maintaining penile erection) is approximately 85 percent higher in male smokers compared to non-smokers. Smoking is a key cause of erectile dysfunction (ED). It causes impotence because it promotes 5492:

Thun MJ, Hannan LM, Adams-Campbell LL, Boffetta P, Buring JE, Feskanich D, Flanders WD, Jee SH, Katanoda K, Kolonel LN, Lee IM, Marugame T, Palmer JR, Riboli E, Sobue T, Avila-Tang E, Wilkens LR, Samet JM (September 2008).

3421:. Atlanta, U.S.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. 2006. p. 93 2981:

to tobacco use was widespread in Nazi Germany where case-control studies were published in 1939 and 1943. Another was published in the Netherlands in 1948. A case-control study on lung cancer and smoking, done in 1939 by

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and the possibility that smoking may alleviate some of the symptoms of mental illness, but these have not been conclusive. In 2015, a meta-analysis found that smokers were at greater risk of developing psychotic illness.

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Ingesting a compound by smoking is one of the most rapid and efficient methods of introducing it into the bloodstream, second only to injection, which allows for the rapid feedback which supports the smokers' ability to

1522:

Studies have shown an association between prenatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and conduct disorder in children. As well, post-natal tobacco smoke exposure may cause similar behavioral problems in children.

2337:, that can satisfy the addictive craving by delivering nicotine without the harmful combustion by-products. This can help the heavily dependent smoker to quit gradually while discontinuing further damage to health. 2752:

As of 2002, about twenty percent of young teens (13–15) smoked worldwide, with 80,000 to 100,000 children taking up the addiction every day, roughly half of whom live in Asia. Half of those who begin smoking in

15766:. Atlanta, U.S.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. 2006 572:. Overall life expectancy is also reduced in long term smokers, with estimates ranging from 10 to 17.9 years fewer than nonsmokers. About one half of long term male smokers will die of illness due to smoking. 2622:

Users of dipping tobacco are believed to face less risk of some cancers than are smokers, but are still at greater risk than people who do not use any tobacco products. Smokeless tobacco has been linked with

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which said "...tobacco lowers the whole tone of the body and decreases its vital power and resistance ... tobacco acts like a narcotic poison, like opium, and like alcohol, though usually in a less degree".

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China has the largest tobacco smoking population, followed by India. India has the highest tobacco chewing population in the world. 154 people die every hour in India because of chewing and smoking tobacco.

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The carcinogenity of tobacco smoke is not explained by nicotine per se, which is not carcinogenic or mutagenic, although it is a metabolic precursor for several compounds which are. In addition, it inhibits

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increase the risk of these diseases. Additionally, environmental tobacco smoke, or second-hand smoke, has manifested harmful health effects in people of all ages. Tobacco use is also a significant factor in

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Shihadeh A, Azar S, Antonios C, Haddad A (September 2004). "Towards a topographical model of narghile water-pipe café smoking: a pilot study in a high socioeconomic status neighborhood of Beirut, Lebanon".

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There have been multiple court cases against tobacco companies for having researched the health effects of smoking, but having then suppressed the findings or formatted them to imply lessened or no hazard.

15728:. Washington DC: Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. 2004 2989:

Five case-control studies published in 1950 by researchers from the US and UK did draw widespread attention. The strongest results were found by "Smoking and carcinoma of the lung. Preliminary report", by

14368: 8548:

Brody AL, Mandelkern MA, Jarvik ME, Lee GS, Smith EC, Huang JC, Bota RG, Bartzokis G, London ED (January 2004). "Differences between smokers and nonsmokers in regional gray matter volumes and densities".

1476:

at some time in their lives than among individuals who had never experienced major depression or among individuals with no psychiatric diagnosis. People with major depression are also much less likely to

13175: 2776:

The WHO in 2004 projected 58.8 million deaths to occur globally, from which 5.4 million are smoking-attributed, and 4.9 million as of 2007. As of 2002, 70% of the deaths are in developing countries.

8179:

Christensen, D. 6.11 Tolerance, Dependence, and Withdrawal. In Scollo, MM and Winstanley, MH . Tobacco in Australia: Facts and issues. Melbourne: Cancer Council Victoria; 2018. Available from

2329:, the most serious longer term effects are more the result of the products of the smoldering combustion process. This has led to the development of various nicotine delivery systems, such as the 1472:

multiple studies suggest that anxiety disorders and depression play a role in cigarette smoking. A history of regular smoking was observed more frequently among individuals who had experienced a

16676: 1959:, which has been shown to toxicate into an epoxide that irreversibly attaches to a cell's nuclear DNA, which may either kill the cell or cause a genetic mutation. If the mutation inhibits 1836:

or stroke. One of the first reports of an apparent smoker's paradox was published in 1968 based on an observation of relatively decreased mortality in smokers one month after experiencing

540:

and will commonly affect areas such as hands or feet. First signs of smoking-related health issues often show up as numbness in the extremities, with smoking being a major risk factor for

255:

were regularly reported. By the 1930s multiple researchers concluded that tobacco use caused cancer and tobacco users lived substantially shorter lives. Further studies were published in

2783:

Presently, approximately 8 million individuals succumb to tobacco-related diseases annually, resulting in a significant economic burden of $ 1.4 trillion on the global scale each year.

2538:, where the increased risk is less than that of cigarettes. Many of these cancers have extremely low cure rates. Cigar smoking also increases the risk of lung and heart diseases such as 1197:, and the degree of damage is dependent upon the amount and length of time a woman smokes. Nicotine and other harmful chemicals in cigarettes interfere with the body's ability to create 14082: 1987:

in smoldering organic matter and emitted into smoke. Several of these PAH's are already toxic in their normal form, however, many of then can become more toxic to the liver. Due to the

1063:

Surveillance of a 1979 influenza outbreak at a military base for women in Israel revealed that influenza symptoms developed in 60.0% of the current smokers vs. 41.6% of the nonsmokers.

5544:

Andre K, Schraub S, Mercier M, Bontemps P (September 1995). "Role of alcohol and tobacco in the aetiology of head and neck cancer: a case-control study in the Doubs region of France".

4976: 14957: 2969:

found a significant association in 1940, but avoided saying anything about cause, on the grounds that such a conclusion would cause controversy and doctors were not yet ready for it.

1463:

had been proposed as a way to treat schizophrenia. Some studies suggest that a link exists between smoking and mental illness, citing the high incidence of smoking amongst those with

611:

In the United States, cigarette smoking and exposure to tobacco smoke accounts for roughly one in five, or at least 443,000 premature deaths annually. To put this into context, ABC's

1820:

On epidemiological grounds, unexpected correlations between smoking and favorable outcomes initially emerged in the context of cardiovascular disease, where they were described as a

15659: 15606: 14427: 6418: 3198: 2098:

are a group of carcinogenic compounds found in cigarette smoke but not in uncured tobacco leaves. Nitrosamines form on flue-cured tobacco leaves during the curing process through a

4584:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (November 2008). "Smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and productivity losses—United States, 2000–2004".

2657: 587:

of contracting disease is related to the length of time that a person continues to smoke as well as the amount smoked. However, even smoking one cigarette a day raises the risk of

4265:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (April 2002). "Annual smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and economic costs—United States, 1995–1999".

1114:

or bad breath is common among tobacco smokers. Tooth loss has been shown to be 2 to 3 times higher in smokers than in non-smokers. In addition, complications may further include

11966: 11704:

Bray F, Tyczynski JE, Parkin DM (January 2004). "Going up or coming down? The changing phases of the lung cancer epidemic from 1967 to 1999 in the 15 European Union countries".

1752:

symptoms of Parkinson's disease may lead some smokers to quit before diagnosis), and personality considerations (people predisposed to Parkinson's disease tend to be relatively

14757: 884:(COPD). COPD caused by smoking is a permanent, incurable (often terminal) reduction of pulmonary capacity characterised by shortness of breath, wheezing, persistent cough with 615:(who would later die at 67 from complications of lung cancer caused by life-long smoking) famously reported that in the US alone, smoking tobacco kills the equivalent of three 10071:

Cosnes J, Carbonnel F, Carrat F, Beaugerie L, Cattan S, Gendre J (November 1999). "Effects of current and former cigarette smoking on the clinical course of Crohn's disease".

1740:

In the case of Parkinson's disease, a series of observational studies that consistently suggest a possibly substantial reduction in risk among smokers (and other consumers of

1228:. Some damage is irreversible, but stopping smoking can prevent further damage. Smokers are 60% more likely to be infertile than non-smokers. Smoking reduces the chances of 8505:

Jacobsen LK, Krystal JH, Mencl WE, Westerveld M, Frost SJ, Pugh KR (January 2005). "Effects of smoking and smoking abstinence on cognition in adolescent tobacco smokers".

7250:"Influenza A among community-dwelling elderly persons in Leicestershire during winter 1993-4; cigarette smoking as a risk factor and the efficacy of influenza vaccination" 2255:

and is one of the main factors leading to continued tobacco smoking. Nicotine is a highly addictive psychoactive chemical. When tobacco is smoked, most of the nicotine is

12917:

Villégier AS, Blanc G, Glowinski J, Tassin JP (September 2003). "Transient behavioral sensitization to nicotine becomes long-lasting with monoamine oxidases inhibitors".

9065: 7654:

Davies PD, Yew WW, Ganguly D, Davidow AL, Reichman LB, Dheda K, Rook GA (April 2006). "Smoking and tuberculosis: the epidemiological association and immunopathogenesis".

835:

are also important risk factors for oral cancer. They have a dose dependent relationship with more consumption leading to higher chances of developing cancer. The use of

13971:

Koul PA, Hajni MR, Sheikh MA, Khan UH, Shah A, Khan Y, Ahangar AG, Tasleem RA (2011). "Hookah smoking and lung cancer in the Kashmir valley of the Indian subcontinent".

8776:

Allam MF, Campbell MJ, Hofman A, Del Castillo AS, Fernández-Crehuet Navajas R (June 2004). "Smoking and Parkinson's disease: systematic review of prospective studies".

2349:

have found that nicotine self-administration causes lowering of reward thresholds—a finding opposite that of most other addictive substances (e.g. cocaine and heroin).

815:

Using tobacco together with alcohol is an especially high risk factor for head and neck cancer causing 72% of all cases. This rises to 89% when looking specifically at

11444:

Hopper CP, De La Cruz LK, Lyles KV, Wareham LK, Gilbert JA, Eichenbaum Z, et al. (December 2020). "Role of Carbon Monoxide in Host-Gut Microbiome Communication".

10892:

Lai O, Recke A, Zillikens D, Kasperkiewicz M (August 2018). "Influence of cigarette smoking on pemphigus - a systematic review and pooled analysis of the literature".

2131:(Po), both of which are radioactive carcinogens. The presence of polonium-210 in mainstream cigarette smoke has been experimentally measured at levels of 0.0263–0.036 5071: 3073:

was published; this led millions of American smokers to quit, the banning of certain types of advertising, and the requirement of warning labels on tobacco products.

1991:

nature of PAH's they do not dissolve in water and are hard to expel from the body. In order to make the PAH more soluble in water, the liver creates an enzyme called

16669: 14112:"Summaries for patients. Primary care interventions to prevent tobacco use in children and adolescents: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement" 11930:

Kataoka H, Sumida A, Makita M (1997). "Determination of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes in cigarette smoke by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection".

11228:"Association between Parkinson's disease and cigarette smoking, rural living, well-water consumption, farming and pesticide use: systematic review and meta-analysis" 6047:"Interaction between Tobacco and Alcohol Use and the Risk of Head and Neck Cancer: Pooled Analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium" 2973: 1967:, which is abundant in tobacco smoke, also irreversibly binds to DNA, causes mutations and thus also cancer. However, it needs no activation to become carcinogenic. 2983: 15744: 15531:

Pell JP, Haw S, Cobbe S, Newby DE, Pell AC, Fischbacher C, McConnachie A, Pringle S, Murdoch D, Dunn F, Oldroyd K, Macintyre P, O'Rourke B, Borland W (July 2008).

15423: 9698:"Prevalence of maternal smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy and impact on birth weight: retrospective study using Millennium Cohort" 2787:

been estimated that tobacco smoking will kill about 1 billion people in the 21st century if current smoking patterns continue, half of them before the age of 70.

1920:(cancer-causing agents). The potential effects of smoking, such as lung cancer, can take up to 20 years to manifest themselves. Historically, women began smoking 17327: 16406: 12988:(ed.). "Secondhand Smoke Exposure is Associated with Prevalent Heart Failure: Longitudinal Examination of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey". 970:

Research by American biologists has shown that cigarette smoke also influences the process of cell division in the cardiac muscle and changes the heart's shape.

5314: 960:

or stroke. According to a study by an international team of researchers, people under 40 are five times more likely to have a heart attack if they are smokers.

14284: 6814: 15532: 13183: 6369:

Ralho A, Coelho A, Ribeiro M, Paula A, Amaro I, Sousa J, et al. (December 2019). "Effects of Electronic Cigarettes on Oral Cavity: A Systematic Review".

3548: 15751: 15430: 11175:

Martino R, Candundo H, Lieshout PV, Shin S, Crispo JA, Barakat-Haddad C (2017). "Onset and progression factors in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review".

6257:"Cigarette, Cigar, and Pipe Smoking and the Risk of Head and Neck Cancers: Pooled Analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium" 1891:

Benzopyrene diol epoxide, an extremely carcinogenic (cancer-causing) metabolite of benzopyrene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon produced by burning tobacco

5579:

La Vecchia C, Franceschi S, Bosetti C, Levi F, Talamini R, Negri E (April 1999). "Time since stopping smoking and the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancers".

4620: 1650:

than non-smokers, and the risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked. Furthermore, diabetic smokers have worse outcomes than diabetic non-smokers.

16662: 13243:

Dollar KM, Mix JM, Kozlowski LT (May 2008). "Little cigars, big cigars: omissions and commissions of harm and harm reduction information on the Internet".

9419:

Anda RF, Williamson DF, Escobedo LG, Mast EE, Giovino GA, Remington PL (September 1990). "Depression and the dynamics of smoking. A national perspective".

9115:

Kelly C, McCreadie RG (November 1999). "Smoking habits, current symptoms, and premorbid characteristics of schizophrenic patients in Nithsdale, Scotland".

5663:

Merlano, Marco Carlo; Denaro, Nerina; Galizia, Danilo; Abbona, Andrea; Paccagnella, Matteo; Minei, Silvia; Garrone, Ornella; Bossi, Paolo (20 April 2023).

4553: 2115:. Further, volatilization causes smoke particles to become smaller, and thus more easily embedded deep into the lung of anyone who later breathes the air. 1790: 779:(SCLC) is the most closely associated with almost 100% of cases occurring in smokers. This form of cancer has been identified with autocrine growth loops, 5712:"The Impact of Smoking Cessation and Continuation on Recurrence and Survival in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer: A Systematic Review of the Literature" 2799:

enforced a smoking ban for all parks, beaches, and pedestrian malls in an attempt to eliminate threats posed to civilians by environmental tobacco smoke.

1732:(that is to say, the methodological difficulties in completely adjusting for every confounding factor that can affect outcomes in observational studies). 1138:

by two to four times, and being a current smoker has been linked to a fourfold increase in the risk of invasive disease caused by the pathogenic bacteria

4906: 235:

Many countries have taken measures to control the consumption of tobacco (smoking) by restricting its usage and sales. On top of that, they have printed

8093: 3038:

The British Doctors Study demonstrated that about half of the persistent cigarette smokers born in 1900–1909 were eventually killed by their addiction.

17255: 14692:

Elementary and Secondary Education | Environmental Tobacco Smoke | Pro-Children Act of 2001 | Non-Smoking Policy for Children's Services | Section 4303

12513: 12470: 580:

of moderate and severe COPD is at least 20.7% for continuous smokers and 3.6% for nonsmokers, with no difference being reported between men and women.

14640: 12773: 10798:

Arafa A, Mostafa A, Navarini AA, Dong JY (August 2020). "The association between smoking and risk of skin cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies".

8315:"Objectively assessed secondhand smoke exposure and mental health in adults: cross-sectional and prospective evidence from the Scottish Health Survey" 1302:

Smokers report higher levels of everyday stress. Several studies have monitored feelings of stress over time and found reduced stress after quitting.

963:

Exposure to tobacco smoke is known to increase oxidative stress in the body by various mechanisms, including depletion of plasma antioxidants such as

16799: 11900: 5232:"Is smoking an independent risk factor for developing cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis" 2959: 2139:), which is equivalent to about 0.1 pCi per milligram of smoke (4 mBq/mg); or about 0.81 pCi of lead-210 per gram of dry condensed smoke (30 Bq/kg). 14159: 7458:

Ness L, Rosekrans D, Welford JF (January 1977). "An epidemiologic study of factors affecting extrinsic staining of teeth in an English population".

1313:

levels in smoking and non-smoking adults, indicating that both firsthand and second-hand smoke exposure may lead to higher levels of mental stress.

14702: 2156:

branch, that tar from cigarette smoke is resistant to dissolving in lung fluid and that radioactive compounds have a great deal of time to undergo

652: 9454:

Glassman AH, Helzer JE, Covey LS, Cottler LB, Stetner F, Tipp JE, Johnson J (September 1990). "Smoking, smoking cessation, and major depression".

8044: 3170: 2016:. The DNA contains the information on how the cell function; in practice, it contains the recipes for protein synthesis. If the mutation inhibits 1744:

products) has led to longstanding interest among epidemiologists. Non-biological factors that may contribute to such observations include reverse

17152: 9979:

Leistikow BN, Martin DC, Milano CE (August 2000). "Fire injuries, disasters, and costs from cigarettes and cigarette lights: a global overview".

8592:

Akiyama H, Meyer JS, Mortel KF, Terayama Y, Thornby JI, Konno S (November 1997). "Normal human aging: factors contributing to cerebral atrophy".

5350: 3050:

in New York City demonstrated that cigarette tar painted on the skin of mice caused fatal cancers. This work attracted much media attention; the

2106:

found in all combustion gasses. Switching to Indirect fire curing has been shown to reduce nitrosamine levels to less than 0.1 parts per million.

199:. The effects vary, depending on how frequently and for how many years a person smokes. Smoking earlier in life and smoking cigarettes higher in 5815:

Desrichard, Alexis; Kuo, Fengshen; Chowell, Diego; Lee, Ken-Wing; Riaz, Nadeem; Wong, Richard J; Chan, Timothy A; Morris, Luc G T (2018-12-01).

5230:

Nagelhout, Gera; Ebisch, Renée Mf; Van Der Hel, Olga; Meerkerk, Gert-Jan; Magnée, Tessa; De Bruijn, Thomas; Van Straaten, Barbara (2021-07-03).

4341: 2681: 12278: 11428: 1095:. However, smoking also increases the risk for various other oral diseases, some almost completely exclusive to tobacco users. Roughly half of 14490: 14322: 3642: 2090:

has been found in cigarette smoke. Michael acceptors also contribute to the chronic inflammation present in diseases brought about by smoking.

243:

that ban smoking in public places like workplaces, theaters, bars, and restaurants have been enacted to reduce exposure to second-hand smoke.

12081: 4984: 3614:

Alston LJ, Dupré R, Nonnenmacher T (2002). "Social reformers and regulation: the prohibition of cigarettes in the United States and Canada".

128:

have higher tar content. They are less likely to be filtered, increasing vulnerability to tobacco smoking–related diseases in these regions.

9653:

Wang M, Wang ZP, Gong R, Zhao ZT (January 2014). "Maternal smoking during pregnancy and neural tube defects in offspring: a meta-analysis".

5345: 4452:"Smoking decreases the duration of life lived with and without cardiovascular disease: a life course analysis of the Framingham Heart Study" 3286: 2745:(WHO) only collects data on smoked tobacco. Smoking has therefore been studied more extensively than any other form of tobacco consumption. 1564: 13003: 11132:

Kouli A, Torsney KM, Kuan WL (2018). "Parkinson's Disease: Etiology, neuropathology, and pathogenesis". In Stoker TB, Greenland JC (eds.).

7890: 7594:

Al-Bayaty FH, Wahid NA, Bulgiba AM (February 2008). "Tooth mortality in smokers and nonsmokers in a selected population in Sana'a, Yemen".

3753:

Nutt D, King LA, Saulsbury W, Blakemore C (March 2007). "Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse".

3142: 1286:

and a bad taste in the mouth. Generally, the unpleasant symptoms will eventually vanish over time, with repeated use, as the body builds a

15637: 5626:"Influence of Smoking and Alcohol Drinking Behaviors on Treatment Outcomes of Patients With Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Head and Neck" 4117: 3229: 2368:

addiction, is not significantly addictive when administered alone. The addictive potential manifests itself after co-administration of an

17317: 16396: 15082: 14008: 13289: 7689:

Jha P, Jacob B, Gajalakshmi V, Gupta PC, Dhingra N, Kumar R, Sinha DN, Dikshit RP, Parida DK, Kamadod R, Boreham J, Peto R (March 2008).

2482: 2012:, which been shown to toxicate into a diol epoxide and then permanently attach to nuclear DNA, which may either kill the cell or cause a 14965: 9792:"Effect of mild-to-moderate smoking on viral load, cytokines, oxidative stress, and cytochrome P450 enzymes in HIV-infected individuals" 6046: 11769:"Acrolein is a major cigarette-related lung cancer agent: Preferential binding at p53 mutational hotspots and inhibition of DNA repair" 8010: 5096:

Iodice S, Gandini S, Maisonneuve P, Lowenfels AB (July 2008). "Tobacco and the risk of pancreatic cancer: a review and meta-analysis".

3047: 517:

Addiction experts in psychiatry, chemistry, pharmacology, forensic science, epidemiology, and the police and legal services engaged in

12798:

Parkin C, Fairweather DB, Shamsi Z, Stanley N, Hindmarch I (March 1998). "The effects of cigarette smoking on overnight performance".

11977: 2669: 16540: 12628: 10610:"Wound healing and infection in surgery. The clinical impact of smoking and smoking cessation: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 7820:

Goedert JJ, Vitale F, Lauria C, Serraino D, Tamburini M, Montella M, Messina A, Brown EE, Rezza G, Gafà L, Romano N (November 2002).

2693: 2062:, because it has such a toxicity that it tends to kill the animals before they develop cancer. Generally, compounds able to react by 1321:

Medical researchers have found that smoking is a predictor of divorce. Smokers have a 53% greater chance of divorce than nonsmokers.

10415:

Lubin JH, Steindorf K (January 1995). "Cigarette use and the estimation of lung cancer attributable to radon in the United States".

9900: 8417:"Smoking as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease: contrasting evidence from a systematic review of case-control and cohort studies" 8180: 3797: 2651:(WHO) estimates that 5.6 billion people, or 71% of the world's population, are protected by at least one tobacco prevention policy. 17038: 14754: 12052: 9790:

Ande A, McArthur C, Ayuk L, Awasom C, Achu PN, Njinda A, Sinha N, Rao PS, Agudelo M, Nookala AR, Simon S, Kumar A, Kumar S (2015).

3312: 2826:

that denounced tobacco smoking as: "...loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain, dangerous to the lungs..."

2734:

Percentage of males smoking any tobacco product. Note that there is a difference between the scales used for females and for males.

2647:

Education and counselling by physicians of children and adolescents have been found to be effective in decreasing tobacco use. The

2178: 2143: 1000:(LDL, also known as the "bad" cholesterol) tends to be lower in smokers compared to non-smokers. Smoking also raises the levels of 14565: 12653: 7993: 3883: 1155:. One study found this only with the male population and could not draw any conclusions for the female participants in the study. 15778: 10208:

Mahid SS, Minor KS, Soto RE, Hornung CA, Galandiuk S (November 2006). "Smoking and inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis".

8385:

Doherty EW, Doherty WJ (1998). "Smoke gets in your eyes: Cigarette smoking and divorce in a national sample of American adults".

3115: 2345:

memory performance compared to non-smokers, which is consistent with increased activation of dopamine receptors. Neurologically,

2297:

health professor Jennifer O'Loughlin stated that nicotine addiction can occur as soon as five months after the start of smoking.

1341:

influence have concluded the complete opposite: Smokers are almost twice as likely as nonsmokers to develop Alzheimer's disease.

8684:

Fratiglioni L, Wang HX (August 2000). "Smoking and Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease: review of the epidemiological studies".

7025:

Yacoub R, Habib H, Lahdo A, Al Ali R, Varjabedian L, Atalla G, Kassis Akl N, Aldakheel S, Alahdab S, Albitar S (November 2010).

5760:"Classical risk factors, but not HPV status, predict survival after chemoradiotherapy in advanced head and neck cancer patients" 5279:

Sasco AJ, Secretan MB, Straif K (August 2004). "Tobacco smoking and cancer: a brief review of recent epidemiological evidence".

4717:"The history of the discovery of the cigarette–lung cancer link: evidentiary traditions, corporate denial, global toll: Table 1" 1817:

is a bioactive component tobacco smoke that has been explored for its antimicrobial properties against many of these pathogens.

1519:

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and maternal smoking during pregnancy have been shown to cause lower infant birth weights.

15799:"Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer—analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland" 9079: 7126:

Kark JD, Lebiush M, Rannon L (October 1982). "Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for epidemic a(h1n1) influenza in young men".

1786: 3679: 1407:

abilities while under the influence of the drug. Nicotine withdrawal has been shown to cause clinically significant distress.

521:

regarding 20 popular recreational drugs. Tobacco was ranked 3rd in dependence, 14th in physical harm, and 12th in social harm.

17250: 15895: 15515: 15245: 15209: 14664: 14347: 14297: 13746: 12036: 11748: 9102:

OPCS Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity Report 3: Economic Activity and Social Functioning of Adults With Psychiatric Disorders

8369: 2978: 2539: 1008:

production (both involved in blood clotting) which makes the blood thicker and more likely to clot. Carbon monoxide binds to

956:. Several ingredients of tobacco lead to the narrowing of blood vessels, increasing the likelihood of a blockage, and thus a 881: 599:

of tobacco smoked, with those who smoke more at greater risk. Smoking so-called "light" cigarettes does not reduce the risk.

545: 160: 13817:

Djordjevic MV, Stellman SD, Zang E (January 2000). "Doses of nicotine and lung carcinogens delivered to cigarette smokers".

13536: 11025:

Hopper CP, Zambrana PN, Goebel U, Wollborn J (June 2021). "A brief history of carbon monoxide and its therapeutic origins".

5710:

von Kroge, Patricia R.; Bokemeyer, Frederike; Ghandili, Susanne; Bokemeyer, Carsten; Seidel, Christoph (18 September 2020).

291: 16874: 15740: 15419: 5075: 3066: 1725: 619:

full of people crashing every day, with no survivors. On a worldwide basis, this equates to a single jumbo jet every hour.

13462: 6954: 2470:

in the 1980s showed that second-hand smoke was toxic, yet the company suppressed the finding during the next two decades.

17350: 17302: 16836: 13634: 12214: 3110: 1875: 102: 9158:

Hughes JR, Hatsukami DK, Mitchell JE, Dahlgren LA (August 1986). "Prevalence of smoking among psychiatric outpatients".

2885:

From the 1890s onwards, associations of tobacco use with cancers and vascular disease were regularly reported. In 1930,

1832:

was coined in 1995 in relation to reports that smokers appeared to have unexpectedly good short-term outcomes following

1597:(a dose-dependent effect with use of greater than 15 cigarettes per day). There is some evidence for decreased rates of 34: 17424: 17307: 16441: 16436: 16391: 15797:

Lichtenstein P, Holm NV, Verkasalo PK, Iliadou A, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M, Pukkala E, Skytthe A, Hemminki K (July 2000).

13577: 12841:

Maneckjee R, Minna JD (October 1994). "Opioids induce while nicotine suppresses apoptosis in human lung cancer cells".

11830: 11489:"Prognosis of men after first myocardial infarction: mortality and first recurrence in relation to selected parameters" 9005: 7629: 3077:

needed to apply epidemiological techniques and heuristics to non-infectious diseases, and cigarette industry pressure.

2462:, decrease coronary flow velocity reserves, and reduce heart rate variability, potentially increasing the mortality of 236: 12963: 8729:"Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease: an analysis controlling for tobacco industry affiliation" 8637:"Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease: an analysis controlling for tobacco industry affiliation" 6904:

Symm B, Morgan MV, Blackshear Y, Tinsley S (July 2005). "Cigar smoking: an ignored public health threat". Secdondary.

5006: 17106: 17081: 16525: 16341: 15684: 15623: 14452: 13639: 12765: 12441: 11151: 7861: 6150:"Smokeless Tobacco Use and the Risk of Head and Neck Cancer: Pooled Analysis of US Studies in the INHANCE Consortium" 5322: 3215: 2006:, which is more soluble, but also more reactive. The first PAH to be identified as a carcinogen in tobacco smoke was 1848: 495: 394: 9612:"The epidemiology of smoking during pregnancy: Smoking prevalence, maternal characteristics, and pregnancy outcomes" 6818: 2867: 17292: 16517: 16502: 12303: 9930:

Vanni H, Kazeros A, Wang R, Harvey BG, Ferris B, De BP, Carolan BJ, Hübner RH, O'Connor TP, Crystal RG (May 2009).

9565: 7518:

Züllich G, Damm KH, Braun W, Lisboa BP (May 1975). "Studies on biliary excreted metabolites of digitoxin in rats".

3587: 15755: 15434: 10986:"Systematic review with meta-analysis: the effect of tobacco smoking on the natural history of ulcerative colitis" 10935:

Wijarnpreecha K, Lou S, Panjawatanan P, Cheungpasitporn W, Pungpapong S, Lukens FJ, Ungprasert P (November 2018).

10515:

Lederle FA, Larson JC, Margolis KL, Allison MA, Freiberg MS, Cochrane BB, Graettinger WF, Curb JD (October 2008).

4881: 640: 17157: 17048: 16969: 16725: 16590: 15598:

Merchants of doubt: How a handful of scientists obscured the truth on issues from tobacco smoke to global warming

15197:

Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming

8194:

Parrott AC (January 1998). "Nesbitt's Paradox resolved? Stress and arousal modulation during cigarette smoking".

5449:

Champaneria MC, Modlin IM, Kidd M, Eick GN (2006). "Friedrich Feyrter: a precise intellect in a diffuse system".

2063: 2043: 1975: 1941: 1864: 1387:, and rapid heart beat. The onset of these symptoms is very fast, nicotine's half-life being only two hours. The 1377: 268:. These results were accepted in the medical community and publicized among the general public in the mid-1960s. 14233: 5665:"Why Oncologists Should Feel Directly Involved in Persuading Patients with Head and Neck Cancer to Quit Smoking" 4635: 4560: 2123:

In addition to chemical, nonradioactive carcinogens, chewing tobacco and tobacco smoke contain small amounts of

17403: 16654: 16643: 16565: 16461: 12990: 11536:

Nefzger MD, Quadfasel FA, Karl VC (September 1968). "A retrospective study of smoking in Parkinson's disease".

10843:"Association between smoking and the risk of acute mountain sickness: a meta-analysis of observational studies" 9616: 7915:

Kendirci M, Nowfar S, Hellstrom WJ (January 2005). "The impact of vascular risk factors on erectile function".

7493: 3415: 2635:. They also have an equal risk of other health problems directly linked to nicotine, such as increased rate of 1970:

There are over 19 known carcinogens in cigarette smoke. The following are some of the most potent carcinogens:

1434: 1049: 74: 14881: 13204:

Hashibe, M.; Mathew, B.; Kuruvilla, B.; Thomas, G.; Sankaranarayanan, R.; Parkin, D. M.; Zhang, Z. F. (2000).

12558:

Talhout R, Opperhuizen A, van Amsterdam JG (October 2007). "Role of acetaldehyde in tobacco smoke addiction".

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The current US Surgeon General's Report concludes that there is no established risk-free level of exposure to

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Most smokers, when denied access to nicotine, exhibit withdrawal symptoms such as irritability, jitteriness,

1353:

system of the brain, which is damaged in Parkinson's disease, while other compounds in tobacco smoke inhibit

1099:

or inflammation around the teeth cases are attributed to current or former smoking. Smokeless tobacco causes

9561:"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Miscarriage and Maternal Exposure to Tobacco Smoke During Pregnancy" 85:

products, especially when smoked or used orally, have serious negative effects on human health. Smoking and

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to kill about 1 million people per year and causes numerous diseases including cancer and heart diseases.

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15720: 15424:

Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service

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Smoking, drinking, and drug use in young adulthood: the impacts of new freedoms and new responsibilities

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in the early 1950s showed clearly that smokers died faster, and were more likely to die of lung cancer,

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Calkins BM (December 1989). "A meta-analysis of the role of smoking in inflammatory bowel disease".

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The usage of tobacco can also create cognitive dysfunction. There seems to be an increased risk of

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The harmful health effects of smoking have been significant for the development of the science of

1504:

smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the fetus such as

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Gormley, Mark; Creaney, Grant; Schache, Andrew; Ingarfield, Kate; Conway, David I. (2022-11-11).

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Gormley, Mark; Creaney, Grant; Schache, Andrew; Ingarfield, Kate; Conway, David I. (2022-11-11).

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Though tobacco may be consumed by either smoking or other smokeless methods such as chewing, the

2223: 2199: 1833: 1698: 1613:

New research has found that women who smoke are at significantly increased risk of developing an

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Finklea JF, Sandifer SH, Smith DD (November 1969). "Cigarette smoking and epidemic influenza".

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Claims of surprising benefits of smoking, based on observational data, have also been made for

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In addition to increasing the risk of kidney cancer, smoking can also contribute to additional

759: 668: 588: 513: 452: 265: 132: 125: 15086: 11976:. The University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Archived from 7740:"Cigarette smoking and invasive pneumococcal disease. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team" 7080:, Berger M (February 1994). "Smoking is associated with progression of diabetic nephropathy". 6982:

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An association between smoking tobacco and heart attacks was first mentioned in 1930; a large

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have suggested that smoking might have specific beneficial effects, including in the field of

1309:

Recent studies have shown a positive relationship between psychological distress and salivary

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was the first to strongly suggest that lung cancer is related to smoking. In 1924, economist

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Samet JM (May 2013). "Tobacco smoking: the leading cause of preventable disease worldwide".

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published a paper showing that tobacco smokers live substantially shorter lives. It built a

1126:

Smoking is also linked to susceptibility to infectious diseases, particularly in the lungs (

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citing 167 other works to link tobacco use to lung cancer. Lickint showed that people with

2813: 2602:

levels in ever/exclusive hookah smokers, i.e. those who smoked only hookah (no cigarettes,

2314: 2152:

suggested that radioactive compounds in cigarette smoke are deposited in "hot spots" where

2021: 1806: 1729: 1690: 1373: 1037: 989: 974: 836: 800: 776: 707: 631: 229: 205: 61: 16456: 15315:"The mortality of doctors in relation to their smoking habits: a preliminary report. 1954" 12632: 8094:"Des récepteurs nicotiniques à la dépendance tabagique : perspectives thérapeutiques" 6491:"ABC of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Definition, epidemiology, and risk factors" 6314:"Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors" 5989:"Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors" 5932:"Reviewing the epidemiology of head and neck cancer: definitions, trends and risk factors" 4831: 3801: 893: 595:

by about 30%. Smoking 20 cigarettes a day entails a higher risk, but not proportionately.

168: 8: 17383: 17086: 16902: 16860: 16816: 16638: 16366: 16320: 16203: 16018: 16013: 15586:

The Health Consequences of Smoking: 50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General

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Against the background of the overwhelmingly negative effects of smoking on health, some

1513: 1354: 1247: 1148: 140: 57: 16451: 16446: 14909:"Classics in oncology. Primary malignant growths of the lung. Isaac A. Adler, A.M., M.D" 12122: 12056: 12005: 11784: 11243: 11188: 10668:"2014 Surgeon General's Report: The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress" 10428: 9807: 6888:. Smoking and Tobacco Control Monograph No. 9. National Cancer Institute. pp. 1–20. 2574:

potentially absorb a higher amount of toxic substances, compared to cigarette smokers.

1429:

on schizophrenia; the following para contradicts the history of claimed benefits section

876:) are believed to be responsible for pulmonary damage and for loss of elasticity in the 17202: 17091: 16897: 16763: 16610: 16570: 16315: 16213: 16208: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16122: 16112: 16107: 16097: 16081: 16053: 15932: 15478: 15449: 15396: 15363: 15290: 15265: 15195: 15063: 14938: 14857: 14824: 14805: 14736: 14621: 14141: 13948: 13921: 13799: 13615: 13602: 13589: 13565: 13517: 13504: 13443: 13427: 13373: 13346: 13152: 13039: 13015: 12942: 12894: 12869: 12823: 12697: 12672: 12657: 12607: 12583: 12540: 12527: 12508: 12296: 12245: 12190: 12165: 11947: 11803: 11768: 11650: 11600: 11549: 11513: 11488: 11469: 11405: 11378: 11359: 11330:"Current and experimental treatments of Parkinson disease: a guide for neuroscientists" 11310: 11262: 11227: 11208: 11109: 11082: 11054: 10961: 10936: 10917: 10869: 10842: 10823: 10754:

Usman MS, Siddiqi TJ, Khan MS, Patel UK, Shahid I, Ahmed J, et al. (August 2020).

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has been known to cause cancer, particularly of the mouth and throat. According to the

1798: 1794: 1710: 1694: 1594: 1194: 877: 751: 616: 537: 399: 306: 68: 15845: 15782: 15450:"The Global Research Neglect of Unassisted Smoking Cessation: Causes and Consequences" 15339: 15314: 14054: 13082: 12930: 12141: 12106: 11298: 10516: 9387: 8982: 8957: 8697: 8605: 8562: 8331: 8314: 8217: 6852: 6148:

Wyss AB, Hashibe M, Lee YA, Chuang SC, Muscat J, Chen C, et al. (November 2016).

3860: 3835: 3766: 3627: 2078:) are toxic and carcinogenic, because they can permanently alkylate DNA, similarly to 56:"Health effects of smoking" and "Dangers of smoking" redirect here. For cannabis, see 17287: 17116: 17053: 17015: 16922: 16585: 16428: 16381: 16229: 16198: 16172: 16167: 16162: 16157: 16152: 16127: 16117: 16048: 16043: 15849: 15820: 15690: 15680: 15629: 15619: 15563: 15511: 15505: 15483: 15401: 15383: 15344: 15295: 15241: 15205: 15168: 15160: 15121: 15055: 15027: 15023:

Primary malignant growths of the lungs and bronchi: a pathological and clinical study

15002: 14930: 14862: 14844: 14797: 14792: 14775: 14740: 14728: 14613: 14458: 14448: 14402: 14293: 14133: 14058: 14017: 13999: 13980: 13953: 13877: 13834: 13791: 13710: 13677: 13619: 13607: 13521: 13509: 13491: 13435: 13378: 13270: 13225: 13217: 13157: 13110: 13102: 13098: 13043: 13031: 13023: 12934: 12899: 12850: 12815: 12702: 12575: 12532: 12489: 12437: 12276: 12237: 12215:"The Polonium brief: a hidden history of cancer, radiation, and the tobacco industry" 12195: 12146: 12032: 11882: 11808: 11744: 11721: 11686: 11654: 11642: 11604: 11592: 11553: 11518: 11473: 11461: 11410: 11351: 11302: 11267: 11200: 11157: 11147: 11114: 11058: 11046: 11038: 11007: 10966: 10937:"Cigarette smoking and risk of celiac disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 10909: 10874: 10827: 10815: 10777: 10723: 10631: 10582: 10546: 10497: 10448: 10397: 10348: 10307: 10266: 10225: 10190: 10131: 10088: 10084: 10053: 9996: 9961: 9932:"Cigarette smoking induces overexpression of a fat-depleting gene AZGP1 in the human" 9882: 9831: 9764: 9729: 9670: 9635: 9592: 9541: 9506: 9471: 9467: 9436: 9432: 9401: 9344: 9309: 9226: 9185: 9132: 9046: 8987: 8930: 8887: 8852: 8793: 8758: 8701: 8666: 8609: 8566: 8522: 8487: 8438: 8433: 8416: 8365: 8336: 8295: 8256: 8221: 8162: 8074: 7973: 7932: 7843: 7802: 7761: 7712: 7671: 7611: 7607: 7576: 7527: 7475: 7440: 7399: 7364: 7323: 7279: 7230: 7181: 7143: 7097: 7058: 6999: 6921: 6856: 6796: 6747: 6653: 6604: 6600: 6559: 6520: 6463: 6445: 6398: 6386: 6351: 6333: 6294: 6276: 6236: 6218: 6179: 6134: 6122: 6084: 6066: 6026: 6008: 5969: 5951: 5912: 5894: 5854: 5836: 5797: 5779: 5739: 5731: 5692: 5684: 5645: 5606: 5561: 5557: 5526: 5466: 5431: 5296: 5261: 5253: 5212: 5165: 5160: 5143: 5113: 5045: 4958: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4746: 4738: 4686: 4593: 4532: 4483: 4478: 4450:

Mamun AA, Peeters A, Barendregt J, Willekens F, Nusselder W, Bonneux L (March 2004).

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may also lead to the development of head and neck cancers due to the substances like

820: 805: 747: 719: 715: 569: 530: 457: 354: 188: 117: 86: 15067: 14145: 13803: 12946: 12827: 12587: 12571: 12544: 12332: 12249: 12166:"Waking a sleeping giant: the tobacco industry's response to the polonium-210 issue" 11951: 11363: 11314: 11212: 10594: 10286:"Clinical predictive factors for endometriosis in a Portuguese infertile population" 10008: 9682: 9356: 9340: 9238: 9144: 8942: 8899: 8805: 8621: 8578: 8534: 8450: 7109: 7011: 6933: 6475: 6199:"Smokeless tobacco and cigarette smoking: chemical mechanisms and cancer prevention" 5478: 5125: 5057: 4698: 4103: 3506: 2939: 2438:

Studies have shown that exposure to second-hand smoke causes harmful effects on the

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Covey LS, Glassman AH, Stetner F (1998). "Cigarette smoking and major depression".

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Early case-control studies clearly showed a close association between smoking and

2927: 2912:

so much can be said from the hedonistic but so little from the hygienic standpoint

2663:

Average price of a pack of 20 cigarettes, measured in international dollars in 2014

2535: 2326: 2075: 1721: 1603: 1505: 1206: 1172: 1013: 840: 816: 735: 703: 481: 467: 462: 424: 371: 275: 252: 221: 180: 14672: 13696: 10368:"Epidemiologic contributions to understanding the etiology of uterine leiomyomata" 8818: 8000:

By the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM). Retrieved on Jan 4, 2009

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Johnson GK, Slach NA (April 2001). "Impact of tobacco use on periodontal status".

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A diagram of the human body showing cancers and chronic diseases caused by smoking

17297: 17137: 17096: 17058: 17025: 16326: 16276: 16234: 15988: 15983: 15904: 15468: 15021: 14761: 13561: 11826: 11638: 11588: 11252: 10517:"Abdominal aortic aneurysm events in the women's health initiative: cohort study" 10024:"Injury death excesses in smokers: a 1990–95 United States national cohort study" 9816: 9630: 9611: 8096:[From nicotinic receptors to smoking dependence: Therapeutic prospects]. 7997: 7928: 7797: 7780: 7724: 7667: 6118: 5641: 5511: 2836: 2636: 2615: 2478: 2404: 2394: 2309:

Although nicotine does play a role in acute episodes of some diseases (including

2273: 2219: 2195: 1992: 1814: 1757: 1679: 1667: 1625: 1168: 949: 909: 869: 824: 809: 731: 429: 414: 404: 240: 217: 95: 16684: 15815: 15798: 14388: 13566:"Mortality and economic costs from regular cigar use in the United States, 2010" 13347:"Systematic review of cigar smoking and all cause and smoking related mortality" 12747: 12602: 12594: 11457: 11196: 9205:"Shattuck Lecture. We can do better—improving the health of the American people" 8913:

Stough C, Mangan G, Bates T, Pellett O (November 1994). "Smoking and Raven IQ".

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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between nicotine and other compounds contained in the uncured leaf and various

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in human cells. The carcinogenicity of acrolein has been difficult to study by

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Women and smoking § Unique gender differences and health effects for women

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San Francisco, CA: Bloomsbury Press. p. 15138: 14429:The Global Burden of Disease : 2004 Update 13688: 13653: 12984:Skipina TM, Upadhya B, Soliman EZ (July 2021). 12463: 12410:. United States Environmental Protection Agency 11376: 8821:"Parkinson's disease protects against smoking?" 8683: 8313:Hamer M, Stamatakis E, Batty GD (August 2010). 8184: 7862:"MEDLINEplus: Smoking Cuts Risk of Rare Cancer" 6972: 6411: 6095: 3437: 3435: 3165: 3163: 2202:. Only oxidized LDL cholesterol is taken-up by 2198:in cigarettes damage blood vessels and oxidize 1368:acts on the nervous system in a similar way to 1278:, increased blood pressure, narrowed arteries, 996:(HDL, also known as the "good" cholesterol) to 15037: 14514: 14418: 14416: 14350:. National Institute on Drug Abuse. 2016-02-01 14286:Past, current and future trends in tobacco use 13763: 13744: 13697:"Hookah smoking: Is it safer than cigarettes?" 13534: 12840: 11964: 11433:. 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Typical Sources of Radiation Exposure" 11849: 11564: 11125: 10990:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 10788: 10756:"Is there a smoker's paradox in COVID-19?" 10734: 10685: 10683: 10681: 10672:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 10654:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 10073:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 9749:American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 9104:. London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 8040: 8038: 7116: 6841:Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 6362: 5343: 5132: 3886:. Tobacco Documents Online. Archived from 3643:"A Brief History Of Cigarette Advertising" 3367: 2687:Types of bans on tobacco advertising, 2014 2118: 1617:, a condition in which a weak area of the 496: 482: 16: 17223: 15814: 15781:. American Cancer Society. Archived from 15524: 15477: 15467: 15395: 15338: 15289: 14996: 14924: 14856: 14791: 14722: 14607: 14127: 14095: 13997: 13947: 13937: 13671: 13601: 13503: 13485: 13421: 13372: 13362: 13256: 13151: 12893: 12713: 12696: 12656:. Alberta Health Services. Archived from 12526: 12483: 12310:. Associated Radiologists. Archived from 12206: 12189: 12140: 12130: 11876: 11802: 11792: 11512: 11404: 11394: 11345: 11261: 11251: 11141: 11108: 11098: 11065: 11001: 10960: 10868: 10858: 10771: 10717: 10707: 10625: 10540: 10491: 10383: 10342: 10301: 10260: 10184: 10174: 10047: 9955: 9876: 9866: 9825: 9815: 9723: 9713: 9629: 9586: 9395: 9303: 9220: 9202: 9171: 9073: 8981: 8846: 8836: 8752: 8660: 8481: 8432: 8330: 8207: 8156: 8146: 8119: 7967: 7837: 7796: 7755: 7706: 7570: 7460:Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 7434: 7358: 7317: 7273: 7224: 7052: 7042: 6892: 6790: 6741: 6647: 6590: 6514: 6457: 6439: 6345: 6288: 6230: 6173: 6078: 6020: 5963: 5906: 5848: 5791: 5600: 5520: 5510: 5425: 5344:Rohan, Thomas E.; Terry, Paul D. 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Tobacco smoke can increase the risk of 17039:Cigarette smoking among college students 15312: 15263: 15229: 13819:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 13635:"UF study finds more teens smoke hookah" 13406:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 13126: 13124: 12507:Bonetti PO, Lerman LO, Lerman A (2003). 12304:"Radiation Risk for Xray and CT exams –" 11923: 11865:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 11762: 11760: 10941:United European Gastroenterology Journal 10607: 9923: 9057: 7826:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 7347:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 7306:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 6872: 6870: 6621: 6488: 5581:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 5027: 3677: 3476: 2958:from family history records kept at the 2795:education to children. On May 23, 2011, 2594:A study on hookah smoking and cancer in 2549: 2403:Posted sign to avoid passive smoking in 2398: 2239: 2222:. The pro-oxidative state also leads to 2179:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1568: 1415: 1378:Advanced Raven Progressive Matrices test 1316: 1078: 973:Smoking tobacco has also been linked to 923: 903: 858: 675: 667: 512: 73: 24:This is an accepted version of this page 15099: 14978: 14589: 14539: 14184:"Average price of a pack of cigarettes" 14129:10.7326/0003-4819-159-8-201310150-00699 14000:"Effects of smokeless dipping tobacco ( 13461:Rodu B, Plurphanswat N (January 2021). 13327:. 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Incidence of 14: 17417: 15658:; Boerma, Ties; Fat, Doris Ma (2008). 15503: 14955: 14822: 14426:; Boerma, Ties; Fat, Doris Ma (2008). 13776:Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 13632: 13058:"Protecting people from tobacco smoke" 12966:. American Lung Association. June 2007 12919:Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 12024: 11377:Ma C, Liu Y, Neumann S, Gao X (2017). 10984:To N, Ford AC, Gracie DJ (July 2016). 9329:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 9251: 9068:(Report). SmokeFree London Programme. 9028: 8955: 8238: 7416: 6945: 6943: 6771:The International Journal of Angiology 4977:"Risks and causes of laryngeal cancer" 3373: 3246: 2699:Support to help quit tobacco use, 2014 2614:Dipping tobacco, often referred to as 2038:and permanently binds to the DNA base 1940:. Particularly potent carcinogens are 1631:Smoking leads to an increased risk of 1536:and tricyclic antidepressants such as 1459:in particular working memory deficit, 1270:. Those new to smoking may experience 16856: 16658: 15877: 15796: 15019: 14958:"Does tobacco injure the human body?" 14906: 14705:, Bayer R, Bachynski KE (June 2011). 14638: 14209:"Taxes as a share of cigarette price" 13871: 13288:Shanks TG, Burns DM (February 1988). 13121: 12774:"Mind Over Matter: Tobacco Addiction" 12745: 12600: 12427: 12055:. REBEK. May 13, 2015. Archived from 11858: 11757: 10324: 9746: 9093: 6876: 6867: 6838: 4763: 4229: 3718:International Journal of Epidemiology 3640: 3441: 2864:In December 1952, the Reader's Digest 2540:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 1682:provided no support for such claims. 1512:. It slightly increases the risk of 1178: 1056:more illnesses and 7% more bed rest. 940:Smoking also increases the chance of 888:, and damage to the lungs, including 882:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 823:(including products where tobacco is 576:1.4% in women. For COPD, the 25 year 546:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 161:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 17389: 15741:Surgeon General of the United States 15596:Oreskes, Naomi, and Erik M. Conway. 15420:Surgeon General of the United States 14879: 13894: 13728:"Egyptians warned on pipe smoking". 13694: 12754:. American Psychological Association 12436:. 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Archived from 3287:"The top 10 causes of death" 3071:Report on Smoking and Health 3058:both covered the issue. The 3005: 3000:1950 Wynder and Graham Study 2866:reprinted an article titled 2372:, which specifically causes 2218:in the bloodstream, causing 2214:. Cigarette smoke increases 1858: 1485: 1425:appears to contradict itself 1158: 1134:a day increases the risk of 1121: 1043: 992:. Furthermore, the ratio of 854: 602: 226:sudden infant death syndrome 133:diseases affecting the heart 101:Tobacco smoke contains over 7: 17351:Cigarette smoke carcinogens 16352:Smokeless tobacco keratosis 15816:10.1056/NEJM200007133430201 15618:. 2008. pp. 6, 8, 20. 15081:National Cancer Institute. 14979:Witschi H (November 2001). 14116:Annals of Internal Medicine 12874:The Journal of Neuroscience 12720:National Cancer Institute. 11458:10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00586 11197:10.1016/j.neuro.2016.04.003 10800:Cancer Causes & Control 10760:BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine 9254:"Schizophrenia and Smoking" 9064:McNeill A (December 2001). 8071:10.1037/0003-066X.54.10.817 7757:10.1056/NEJM200003093421002 7384:Journal of Dental Education 7140:10.1056/NEJM198210213071702 6428:Smoking and Tobacco Control 6383:10.1016/j.jebdp.2019.04.002 6107:Current Opinion in Oncology 3852:10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.AE 3798:"Health Effects of Tobacco" 3210:. 2008. pp. 6, 8, 20. 3099: 3046:In 1953, scientists at the 2881:Early observational studies 2229: 1838:acute myocardial infarction 1768:History of claimed benefits 1454:A very large percentage of 1020:and weakens blood vessels. 954:peripheral vascular disease 918:peripheral arterial disease 880:, leading to emphysema and 384:Personal and social effects 193:peripheral arterial disease 10: 17441: 16437:Breastfeeding difficulties 15834:European Journal of Cancer 15584:Frieden, Thomas R. et al. 15157:10.1257/000282806776157731 13734:. Reuters. March 17, 2007. 13487:10.1186/s12954-020-00446-4 12485:10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.300156 11718:10.1016/j.ejca.2003.08.005 11706:European Journal of Cancer 11035:10.1016/j.niox.2021.04.001 10812:10.1007/s10552-020-01319-8 10773:10.1136/bmjebm-2020-111492 10709:10.1007/s00415-019-09596-3 10608:Sørensen LT (April 2012). 10567:Osteoporosis International 9610:Cnattingius, Sven (2004). 9538:10.1037/0022-006X.61.5.761 8956:Jarvis MJ (January 2004). 8884:10.1016/j.tins.2004.06.008 8686:Behavioural Brain Research 8253:10.1037/0022-006X.60.5.689 8098:Alcoologie et Addictologie 8011:"protectyourfertility.com" 7563:10.1177/154405910708600414 7551:Journal of Dental Research 7254:Epidemiology and Infection 6215:10.1038/s41568-021-00423-4 4955:10.1016/j.juro.2006.07.130 3568:10.1177/096228029800700202 3444:British Journal of Nursing 3265:"Tobacco Fact sheet N°339" 3020:prospective cohort studies 2971: 2802: 2545: 2392: 2233: 2187:Oxidation and inflammation 1873: 1862: 1639:. It also leads to slower 1562: 1551: 1489: 1189:Smoking is harmful to the 1182: 979:thromboangiitis obliterans 91:cause of preventable death 66: 55: 17425:Health effects of tobacco 17374: 17338: 17283:Plain cigarette packaging 17268: 17188: 17130: 17107:Schizophrenia and smoking 17067: 17024: 16978: 16947: 16934: 16890: 16809: 16787: 16756: 16693: 16624: 16553: 16516: 16488: 16479: 16427: 16342:Schizophrenia and smoking 16337:Prevalence of tobacco use 16312:Health effects of tobacco 16307: 16300: 16252: 16222: 16186: 16090: 16062: 15946: 15920: 15911: 15669:World Health Organization 15616:World Health Organization 15331:10.1136/bmj.328.7455.1529 15052:10.1164/rccm.200504-531OE 14926:10.3322/canjclin.30.5.295 14669:World Health Organization 14437:World Health Organization 14164:World Health Organization 14122:(8): I–36. October 2013. 13788:10.1016/j.pbb.2004.06.005 13364:10.1186/s12889-015-1617-5 13267:10.1080/14622200802027214 12388:Proctor RN (2006-12-01). 12213:Rego B (September 2009). 12105:Martell EA (March 1983). 11396:10.1186/s40035-017-0090-8 11334:Journal of Neurochemistry 10860:10.1186/s40779-016-0108-z 10847:Military Medical Research 10766:(6): bmjebm–2020–111492. 10579:10.1007/s00198-004-1640-3 10325:Baron JA (January 1996). 9667:10.1007/s00381-013-2194-5 9043:10.1080/14622200500494856 8292:10.1037/0278-6133.9.4.466 8059:The American Psychologist 7956:Human Reproduction Update 7266:10.1017/S095026889900271X 6996:10.1080/08037050510034202 6918:10.1007/s10935-005-5389-z 6507:10.1136/bmj.332.7550.1142 6330:10.1038/s41415-022-5166-x 6005:10.1038/s41415-022-5166-x 5948:10.1038/s41415-022-5166-x 5776:10.1007/s00432-016-2203-7 5110:10.1007/s00423-007-0266-2 5042:10.1080/03008880802283664 4907:"Lung Cancer and Smoking" 4857:"Death rate from smoking" 4715:Proctor RN (2012-02-16). 4469:10.1016/j.ehj.2003.12.015 4168:National Cancer Institute 4144:American Lung Association 3208:World Health Organization 3048:Sloan-Kettering Institute 2743:World Health Organization 2649:World Health Organization 2581:Journal of Periodontology 2500: 2216:proinflammatory cytokines 1995:which adds an additional 1615:abdominal aortic aneurysm 1548:Multigenerational effects 1474:major depressive disorder 1297: 1258:Users report feelings of 1217:receptivity, endometrial 663: 527:Multiple infarct dementia 509:Health effects of smoking 395:Prevalence of consumption 17298:Tobacco control movement 16267:Islamic views on tobacco 15145:American Economic Review 14886:Giden Lincecum Herbarium 14841:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300292 14760:11 November 2009 at the 14517:"Global Tobacco Control" 14348:"Teens and E-Cigarettes" 13586:10.2105/AJPH.2014.301991 12182:10.2105/AJPH.2007.130963 10953:10.1177/2050640618786790 10331:British Medical Bulletin 9296:10.1177/0269881104047273 8974:10.1136/bmj.328.7434.277 7094:10.2337/diacare.17.2.126 7044:10.1186/1471-2458-10-731 6556:10.1165/rcmb.2007-0130OC 4232:Thoracic Surgery Clinics 3967:10.1136/bmj.309.6959.901 2704: 2321:) by its stimulation of 1423:This article or section 1141:Streptococcus pneumoniae 1130:). Smoking more than 20 1074: 1023: 994:high-density lipoprotein 239:on packaging. Moreover, 126:underdeveloped countries 122:psychological dependency 31:latest accepted revision 17208:Disinformation playbook 16387:Tobacco-free pharmacies 15380:10.1183/20734735.013416 15270:British Medical Journal 13414:Oxford University Press 13000:Oxford University Press 12601:Hilts PJ (1994-08-02). 12434:Chemical Carcinogenesis 12432:. In Penning TM (ed.). 11878:10.1093/jnci/91.14.1194 11794:10.1073/pnas.0607031103 10627:10.1001/archsurg.2012.5 10484:10.1136/oem.2005.025379 10210:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 9855:Neuropsychopharmacology 9252:George T (2002-07-22). 9129:10.1176/ajp.156.11.1751 8872:Trends in Neurosciences 7839:10.1093/jnci/94.22.1712 7298:American Cancer Society 6489:Devereux G (May 2006). 5427:10.6004/jnccn.2011.0092 5319:American Cancer Society 4419:10.1136/bmj.320.7226.53 4076:British Medical Journal 4043:10.1136/thx.2006.062802 3491:10.1385/ENDO:23:2-3:087 2224:endothelial dysfunction 2212:atherosclerotic plaques 2119:Radioactive carcinogens 1983:components produced by 1834:acute coronary syndrome 1758:neurological protection 1699:acute mountain sickness 998:low-density lipoprotein 914:coronary artery disease 785:tumour suppressor genes 716:cancer of the esophagus 410:Tobacco and other drugs 89:is the single greatest 17198:Cultivation of tobacco 17148:Heated tobacco product 17122:Tobacco harm reduction 16941: 15282:10.1136/bmj.2.4682.739 15118:10.3816/CLC.2004.n.016 14985:Toxicological Sciences 14097:10.3126/ajms.v5i3.9588 13939:10.1186/1477-7517-5-19 13926:Harm Reduction Journal 13695:Hurt RD (2010-02-20). 13673:10.1542/peds.2004-2173 13470:Harm Reduction Journal 13087:American Heart Journal 12132:10.1073/pnas.80.5.1285 11859:Hecht SS (July 1999). 11627:Schizophrenia Research 11505:10.2105/AJPH.58.8.1329 10650:"Smoking and Diabetes" 10385:10.1289/ehp.00108s5821 9993:10.1006/pmed.2000.0680 9868:10.1038/sj.npp.1300597 9715:10.1186/1471-2458-7-81 9655:Child's Nervous System 9376:The Lancet. Psychiatry 6783:10.1055/s-0031-1278254 6734:10.1136/tc.2003.003269 6318:British Dental Journal 5993:British Dental Journal 5936:British Dental Journal 5593:10.1093/jnci/91.8.726a 4943:The Journal of Urology 4519:10.2105/AJPH.85.9.1223 4456:European Heart Journal 4310:10.1136/tc.2006.017715 3641:James R (2009-06-15). 3374:Vainio H (June 1987). 3121:Health effects of snus 3024:cardiovascular disease 2914: 2562: 2429:respiratory infections 2419: 2245: 2060:animal experimentation 1932:products that bind to 1840:. In the same year, a 1736:In Parkinson's disease 1664:cardiovascular disease 1574: 1230:in vitro fertilization 1193:, potentially causing 1084: 1034:chronic kidney disease 988:Smoking also tends to 929: 921: 900:Cardiovascular disease 865: 720:cancer of the pancreas 691: 673: 589:coronary heart disease 522: 266:cardiovascular disease 79: 17404:Electronic cigarettes 16940: 16644:Electronic cigarettes 16467:Smoking and pregnancy 16262:Smoking in Jewish law 15552:10.1056/NEJMsa0706740 14998:10.1093/toxsci/64.1.4 14888:. University of Texas 14609:10.1056/nejmra1308383 13895:Koch W (2005-12-28). 13831:10.1093/jnci/92.2.106 13423:10.1093/jnci/92.4.333 12812:10.1007/s002130050553 12752:Monitor on Psychology 12390:"Puffing on Polonium" 12094:on December 12, 2006. 11287:The Lancet. Neurology 10303:10.1093/humrep/deh374 9948:10.1378/chest.08-1024 9503:10.1300/J069v17n01_04 9182:10.1176/ajp.143.8.993 8825:Behavioural Neurology 8745:10.3233/JAD-2010-1240 8653:10.3233/JAD-2010-1240 8551:Biological Psychiatry 8507:Biological Psychiatry 7969:10.1093/humupd/dmq033 7708:10.1056/NEJMsa0707719 7217:10.2105/AJPH.71.5.530 6441:10.3390/ijerph6010209 6203:Nature Reviews Cancer 5891:10.1056/NEJMoa0912217 4682:10.1056/NEJMsa1407211 4479:10536/DRO/DU:30081703 3653:on September 21, 2011 3031:British Doctors Study 2909: 2553: 2440:cardiovascular system 2402: 2243: 2018:programmed cell death 1961:programmed cell death 1811:Staphylococcus aureus 1778:discussing potential 1660:observational studies 1572: 1492:Smoking and pregnancy 1437:for more information. 1317:Social and behavioral 1242:American Psychologist 1082: 927: 907: 862: 837:electronic cigarettes 801:head and neck cancer. 689: 671: 583:A person's increased 516: 143:. Smoking is a major 124:. Cigarettes sold in 87:smokeless tobacco use 77: 17170:Electronic cigarette 16748:Ultra-processed food 16498:List of smoking bans 16457:Ptosis of the breast 16414:World No Tobacco Day 15194:, Conway EM (2010). 15106:Clinical Lung Cancer 15089:on 17 February 2003. 14724:10.1056/NEJMp1104637 14043:The Lancet. Oncology 11911:on December 23, 2004 11340:(Suppl 1): 325–337. 10696:Journal of Neurology 9222:10.1056/NEJMsa073350 8023:on 24 September 2015 7630:"Leukoplakia Causes" 3694:on November 5, 2014. 3678:Haustein KO (2004). 3547:Doll R (June 1998). 2996:Austin Bradford Hill 2984:Franz Hermann Müller 2868:Cancer by the Carton 2814:Timbuktu manuscripts 1870:Chemical carcinogens 1807:Bacillus prodigiosus 1730:residual confounding 1691:basal-cell carcinoma 1374:mental concentration 1038:diabetic nephropathy 795:Head and neck cancer 777:Small-cell carcinoma 704:cancer of the larynx 632:tobacco use in Nepal 230:erectile dysfunction 17278:Cigarette smuggling 17203:Tobacco advertising 17087:Nicotine dependence 16802:(including tannins) 16367:Stomatitis nicotina 16321:Nicotine withdrawal 15840:(Suppl 8): S67–87. 15230:Michaels D (2008). 14882:"Nicotiana tabacum" 14764:. Unesco, ID 37896. 13012:10.1093/ntr/ntab047 12689:10.1503/cmaj.051235 12123:1983PNAS...80.1285M 11785:2006PNAS..10315404F 11452:(24): 13273–13311. 11430:Scientific American 11244:2016PLoSO..1151841B 11189:2017NeuTx..61..132M 10614:Archives of Surgery 10429:1995RadR..141...79L 10176:10.3748/wjg.13.6134 9981:Preventive Medicine 9808:2015PLoSO..1022402A 8838:10.1155/2004/516302 8148:10.1155/2013/491797 7360:10.1093/jnci/djh144 7319:10.1093/jnci/djh144 5833:10.1093/jnci/djy060 5325:on 20 December 2012 3731:10.1093/ije/30.1.31 2761:what they contain. 1787:epidemic of Florida 1775:Scientific American 1687:Parkinson's disease 1666:. Interest in this 1582:, which stimulates 1514:neural tube defects 1346:Parkinson's disease 1331:Alzheimer's disease 760:the small intestine 197:high blood pressure 109:. It also contains 58:Effects of cannabis 21:Page version status 17092:Nicotine poisoning 16942: 16827:Pesticide exposure 16611:Nicotine marketing 16571:History of smoking 16518:Country and region 16362:Smoker's melanosis 16316:Nicotine poisoning 15701:on 7 February 2022 15643:on 21 January 2022 15504:Brandt AM (2007). 14665:"Tobacco in China" 14572:. 21 February 2019 14469:on 7 February 2022 12964:"Secondhand Smoke" 12800:Psychopharmacology 12608:The New York Times 12394:The New York Times 11944:10.1007/BF02466742 11100:10.3233/JPD-171238 11029:. 111–112: 45–63. 10417:Radiation Research 10378:(Suppl 5): 821–7. 10290:Human Reproduction 10262:10.1093/aje/kwh275 10222:10.4065/81.11.1462 10128:10.1007/BF01536701 10040:10.1136/ip.6.4.277 9761:10.2146/ajhp060414 9579:10.1093/aje/kwt334 8958:"Why people smoke" 8927:10.1007/BF02245346 8915:Psychopharmacology 8778:Movement Disorders 8483:10.1093/aje/kwm116 7996:2007-09-22 at the 7429:(Suppl 1): 22–32. 6273:10.1093/aje/kwt029 6166:10.1093/aje/kww075 5451:Neuroendocrinology 5072:"Esophagus Cancer" 5009:. ASCO. 2012-06-26 4981:Cancer Research UK 4949:(6 Pt 1): 2353–8. 4628:Tobacco News Flash 3393:10.5271/sjweh.2066 3235:on 21 January 2022 3035:longitudinal study 3018:. Follow-up large 2979:Official hostility 2967:case–control study 2563: 2420: 2246: 2104:oxides of nitrogen 2064:conjugate addition 2044:conjugate addition 1853:cognitive symptoms 1842:case–control study 1799:Bacillus anthracis 1795:University of Pisa 1791:Vincenzo Tassinari 1711:ulcerative colitis 1695:malignant melanoma 1575: 1393:recreational drugs 1364:In many respects, 1248:nicotine depletion 1195:female infertility 1179:Female infertility 1169:arterial narrowing 1151:in people without 1103:and white mucosal 1101:gingival recession 1085: 930: 922: 908:Smoking can cause 894:chronic bronchitis 866: 692: 674: 523: 307:History of tobacco 169:chronic bronchitis 163:(COPD) (including 80: 69:Smoking and Health 27: 17412: 17411: 17288:Legal smoking age 17264: 17263: 17117:Smoking cessation 17054:Smoking fetishism 16850: 16849: 16652: 16651: 16586:Smoking fetishism 16549: 16548: 16475: 16474: 16429:Women and smoking 16382:Smoking cessation 16248: 16247: 15517:978-0-465-07047-3 15247:978-0-19-530067-3 15211:978-1-59691-610-4 14956:Fisher I (1924). 14907:Adler IA (1980). 14371:. CDC. 2018-12-03 14299:978-1-932126-66-2 14263:Our World in Data 14238:Our World in Data 14213:Our World in Data 14188:Our World in Data 13717:. March 24, 2008. 13351:BMC Public Health 13176:"What is cancer?" 13002:on behalf of the 12428:Hecht SS (2011). 12314:on April 26, 2012 12038:978-1-56670-402-1 12025:Godish T (2001). 11750:978-0-521-78719-2 11683:10.1021/bi002896q 11347:10.1111/jnc.13750 11293:(12): 1257–1272. 11003:10.1111/apt.13663 10906:10.1111/jdv.14886 10533:10.1136/bmj.a1724 10028:Injury Prevention 9702:BMC Public Health 8790:10.1002/mds.20029 8371:978-0-8058-2547-3 8280:Health Psychology 7436:10.1159/000069845 7417:Reibel J (2003). 7031:BMC Public Health 6877:Burns DM (1998). 6696:. BBC. 2004-08-24 6640:10.1586/erc.10.56 5827:(12): 1386–1392. 5770:(10): 2185–2196. 5728:10.1159/000509427 5681:10.1159/000528345 5463:10.1159/000096050 5287:(Suppl 2): S3–9. 4987:on 7 October 2014 4886:Our World in Data 4861:Our World in Data 4836:Our World in Data 4812:kathmandupost.com 4208:10.1159/000356771 3761:(9566): 1047–53. 3293:on March 14, 2007 3106:E. Cuyler Hammond 2452:second-hand smoke 2389:Second-hand smoke 2384:Forms of exposure 2295:McGill University 2244:Nicotine molecule 2158:radioactive decay 2100:chemical reaction 2072:Michael acceptors 1944:(PAH), which are 1938:genetic mutations 1803:Tubercle bacillus 1676:Systematic review 1527:Drug interactions 1452: 1451: 1254:Immediate effects 1163:The incidence of 975:Buerger's disease 821:Smokeless tobacco 806:smoking cessation 756:the adrenal gland 748:colorectal cancer 687: 570:pancreatic cancer 560:, cancers of the 531:Vascular Diseases 506: 505: 355:Nicotiana tabacum 189:pancreatic cancer 118:psychoactive drug 39:17 September 2024 18: 17432: 17392: 17391: 17382: 17381: 17346:Cigarette brands 17313:Tobacco politics 17221: 17220: 17190:Tobacco industry 17143:Herbal cigarette 17131:Related products 17112:Sidestream smoke 17102:Third-hand smoke 16877: 16870: 16863: 16854: 16853: 16832:Sawdust exposure 16679: 16672: 16665: 16656: 16655: 16632: 16631: 16616:Tobacco industry 16493:Inflight smoking 16486: 16485: 16347:Sidestream smoke 16332:Third-hand smoke 16305: 16304: 15918: 15917: 15898: 15891: 15884: 15875: 15874: 15857: 15828: 15818: 15793: 15791: 15790: 15774: 15772: 15771: 15759: 15758:on 28 July 2022. 15749: 15736: 15734: 15733: 15727: 15718: 15709: 15707: 15706: 15697:. 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Archived from 14434: 14420: 14411: 14410: 14386: 14380: 14379: 14377: 14376: 14365: 14359: 14358: 14356: 14355: 14344: 14338: 14337: 14335: 14334: 14319: 14310: 14309: 14307: 14306: 14291: 14280: 14274: 14273: 14271: 14269: 14255: 14249: 14248: 14246: 14244: 14230: 14224: 14223: 14221: 14219: 14205: 14199: 14198: 14196: 14194: 14180: 14174: 14173: 14171: 14170: 14156: 14150: 14149: 14131: 14108: 14102: 14101: 14099: 14073: 14067: 14066: 14038: 14032: 14031: 14029: 14028: 14016:(5): 1829–1833. 13995: 13989: 13988: 13968: 13962: 13961: 13951: 13941: 13917: 13911: 13910: 13908: 13907: 13892: 13886: 13885: 13869: 13863: 13862: 13849: 13843: 13842: 13814: 13808: 13807: 13770: 13761: 13760: 13758: 13757: 13742: 13736: 13735: 13725: 13719: 13718: 13707: 13701: 13700: 13692: 13686: 13685: 13675: 13651: 13645: 13644: 13630: 13624: 13623: 13605: 13557: 13551: 13550: 13548: 13547: 13532: 13526: 13525: 13507: 13489: 13467: 13458: 13452: 13451: 13425: 13393: 13387: 13386: 13376: 13366: 13342: 13336: 13335: 13333: 13332: 13321: 13315: 13314: 13312: 13311: 13305: 13294: 13285: 13279: 13278: 13260: 13258:10.1.1.1009.3126 13240: 13234: 13233: 13201: 13195: 13194: 13192: 13191: 13172: 13166: 13165: 13155: 13137: 13128: 13119: 13118: 13078: 13072: 13071: 13069: 13068: 13054: 13048: 13047: 12981: 12975: 12974: 12972: 12971: 12960: 12951: 12950: 12914: 12908: 12907: 12897: 12880:(38): 8593–600. 12865: 12859: 12858: 12838: 12832: 12831: 12795: 12789: 12788: 12786: 12785: 12769: 12763: 12762: 12760: 12759: 12746:Smith D (2000). 12743: 12737: 12736: 12734: 12733: 12717: 12711: 12710: 12700: 12668: 12662: 12661: 12650: 12644: 12643: 12641: 12640: 12631:. Archived from 12625: 12619: 12618: 12616: 12615: 12598: 12592: 12591: 12555: 12549: 12548: 12530: 12504: 12498: 12497: 12487: 12461: 12448: 12447: 12425: 12419: 12418: 12416: 12415: 12404: 12398: 12397: 12385: 12379: 12378: 12367: 12361: 12360: 12349: 12340: 12339: 12337: 12329: 12323: 12322: 12320: 12319: 12300: 12294: 12293: 12291: 12290: 12274: 12268: 12267: 12265: 12264: 12258: 12252:. Archived from 12219: 12210: 12204: 12203: 12193: 12161: 12155: 12154: 12144: 12134: 12102: 12096: 12095: 12093: 12087:. Archived from 12086: 12074: 12068: 12067: 12065: 12064: 12049: 12043: 12042: 12022: 12016: 12015: 11998: 11992: 11991: 11989: 11988: 11982: 11971: 11962: 11956: 11955: 11927: 11921: 11920: 11918: 11916: 11907:. Archived from 11897: 11891: 11890: 11880: 11871:(14): 1194–210. 11856: 11847: 11846: 11844: 11842: 11837:on July 23, 2006 11833:. Archived from 11823: 11817: 11816: 11806: 11796: 11764: 11755: 11754: 11736: 11730: 11729: 11701: 11695: 11694: 11665: 11659: 11658: 11624: 11615: 11609: 11608: 11568: 11562: 11561: 11533: 11527: 11526: 11516: 11484: 11478: 11477: 11446:Chemical Reviews 11441: 11435: 11434: 11425: 11419: 11418: 11408: 11398: 11374: 11368: 11367: 11349: 11325: 11319: 11318: 11282: 11276: 11275: 11265: 11255: 11223: 11217: 11216: 11172: 11166: 11165: 11145: 11129: 11123: 11122: 11112: 11102: 11078: 11063: 11062: 11022: 11016: 11015: 11005: 10981: 10975: 10974: 10964: 10947:(9): 1285–1293. 10932: 10926: 10925: 10900:(8): 1256–1262. 10889: 10883: 10882: 10872: 10862: 10838: 10832: 10831: 10795: 10786: 10785: 10775: 10751: 10732: 10731: 10721: 10711: 10702:(6): 2042–2054. 10687: 10676: 10675: 10664: 10658: 10657: 10656:. 23 April 2018. 10646: 10640: 10639: 10629: 10605: 10599: 10598: 10561: 10555: 10554: 10544: 10512: 10506: 10505: 10495: 10463: 10457: 10456: 10412: 10406: 10405: 10387: 10363: 10357: 10356: 10346: 10322: 10316: 10315: 10305: 10281: 10275: 10274: 10264: 10240: 10234: 10233: 10205: 10199: 10198: 10188: 10178: 10154: 10148: 10147: 10111: 10105: 10104: 10068: 10062: 10061: 10051: 10019: 10013: 10012: 9987:(2 Pt 1): 91–9. 9976: 9970: 9969: 9959: 9942:(5): 1197–1208. 9927: 9921: 9920: 9918: 9916: 9897: 9891: 9890: 9880: 9870: 9846: 9840: 9839: 9829: 9819: 9787: 9781: 9780: 9744: 9738: 9737: 9727: 9717: 9693: 9687: 9686: 9650: 9644: 9643: 9633: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9590: 9556: 9550: 9549: 9521: 9515: 9514: 9486: 9480: 9479: 9451: 9445: 9444: 9416: 9410: 9409: 9399: 9367: 9361: 9360: 9324: 9318: 9317: 9307: 9275: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9265: 9249: 9243: 9242: 9224: 9200: 9194: 9193: 9175: 9155: 9149: 9148: 9112: 9106: 9105: 9097: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9087: 9078:. Archived from 9077: 9061: 9055: 9054: 9026: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9016: 9002: 8996: 8995: 8985: 8953: 8947: 8946: 8910: 8904: 8903: 8867: 8861: 8860: 8850: 8840: 8816: 8810: 8809: 8773: 8767: 8766: 8756: 8724: 8718: 8717: 8681: 8675: 8674: 8664: 8632: 8626: 8625: 8589: 8583: 8582: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8502: 8496: 8495: 8485: 8461: 8455: 8454: 8436: 8412: 8403: 8402: 8399:10.1037/h0089864 8382: 8376: 8375: 8351: 8345: 8344: 8334: 8310: 8304: 8303: 8271: 8265: 8264: 8236: 8230: 8229: 8211: 8191: 8182: 8177: 8171: 8170: 8160: 8150: 8126: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8113: 8089: 8083: 8082: 8054: 8048: 8042: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8022: 8016:. Archived from 8015: 8007: 8001: 7988: 7982: 7981: 7971: 7947: 7941: 7940: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7903: 7902: 7893:. Archived from 7887: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7864:. Archived from 7858: 7852: 7851: 7841: 7817: 7811: 7810: 7800: 7776: 7770: 7769: 7759: 7735: 7729: 7728: 7710: 7686: 7680: 7679: 7651: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7640: 7626: 7620: 7619: 7591: 7585: 7584: 7574: 7542: 7536: 7535: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7505: 7496:. Archived from 7490: 7484: 7483: 7455: 7449: 7448: 7438: 7414: 7408: 7407: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7362: 7338: 7332: 7331: 7321: 7294: 7288: 7287: 7277: 7245: 7239: 7238: 7228: 7196: 7190: 7189: 7161: 7152: 7151: 7123: 7114: 7113: 7073: 7067: 7066: 7056: 7046: 7022: 7016: 7015: 6979: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6957:. Archived from 6947: 6938: 6937: 6901: 6890: 6889: 6883: 6874: 6865: 6864: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6811: 6805: 6804: 6794: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6745: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6701: 6690: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6651: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6594: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6538: 6529: 6528: 6518: 6501:(7550): 1142–4. 6486: 6480: 6479: 6461: 6443: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6349: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6292: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6234: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6177: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6102: 6093: 6092: 6082: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6024: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5967: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5910: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5852: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5795: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5636:(4): 1062–1069. 5621: 5615: 5614: 5604: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5524: 5514: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5457:(5–6): 394–404. 5446: 5440: 5439: 5429: 5420:(10): 1086–113. 5405: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5383: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5321:. Archived from 5311: 5305: 5304: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5251: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5163: 5139: 5130: 5129: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5003: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4983:. Archived from 4973: 4967: 4966: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4922: 4911: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4818: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4736: 4712: 4703: 4702: 4684: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4640: 4625: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4571: 4565: 4558: 4550: 4541: 4540: 4530: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4481: 4471: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4430: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4388: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4357: 4351:. Archived from 4346: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4321: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4227: 4221: 4220: 4210: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4150: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4088:10.1136/bmj.k167 4071: 4065: 4064: 4054: 4022: 4016: 4015: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3978: 3961:(6959): 901–11. 3946: 3940: 3939: 3929: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3895: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3863: 3831: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3800:. Archived from 3793: 3787: 3786: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3733: 3709: 3696: 3695: 3675: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3658: 3649:. Archived from 3638: 3632: 3631: 3611: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3598: 3592: 3586:. Archived from 3553: 3544: 3511: 3510: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3439: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3426: 3420: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3395: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3336: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3289:. Archived from 3283: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3261: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3240: 3234: 3228:. Archived from 3205: 3195: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3182: 3167: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3154: 3139: 3042:Public awareness 2944: 2943: 2771:developing world 2731: 2717: 2696: 2684: 2672: 2660: 2327:free fatty acids 2076:Michael reaction 2036:alkylating agent 2014:genetic mutation 1902: 1888: 1849:in schizophrenia 1830:smoker's paradox 1822:smoker's paradox 1713:, among others. 1654:Claimed benefits 1604:uterine fibroids 1506:low birth weight 1461:nicotine patches 1447: 1444: 1438: 1418: 1417: 1410: 1280:rapid heart beat 1207:folliculogenesis 1149:Kaposi's sarcoma 1014:arteriosclerosis 935:negative effects 841:propylene glycol 817:laryngeal cancer 736:myeloid leukemia 688: 655: 643: 519:delphic analysis 498: 491: 484: 367:Tobacco diseases 294: 271: 270: 253:vascular disease 237:warning messages 222:low birth weight 210:pregnant smokers 171:), and multiple 96:secondhand smoke 17440: 17439: 17435: 17434: 17433: 17431: 17430: 17429: 17415: 17414: 17413: 17408: 17370: 17334: 17270: 17260: 17219: 17184: 17138:Candy cigarette 17126: 17097:Passive smoking 17063: 17059:Tobacco smoking 17020: 17016:Vending machine 16974: 16943: 16932: 16886: 16881: 16851: 16846: 16822:Noise pollution 16805: 16783: 16752: 16689: 16683: 16653: 16648: 16620: 16545: 16512: 16471: 16447:Cervical cancer 16423: 16327:Passive smoking 16296: 16277:Ceremonial pipe 16244: 16218: 16182: 16086: 16058: 15942: 15913: 15907: 15905:Tobacco smoking 15902: 15865: 15860: 15788: 15786: 15769: 15767: 15747: 15731: 15729: 15725: 15716: 15704: 15702: 15687: 15664: 15646: 15644: 15640: 15626: 15611: 15605: 15580: 15575: 15535: 15529: 15525: 15518: 15502: 15495: 15462:(2): e1000216. 15446: 15442: 15426: 15417: 15413: 15360: 15356: 15311: 15307: 15262: 15255: 15248: 15228: 15219: 15212: 15189: 15180: 15137: 15133: 15098: 15094: 15079: 15075: 15018: 15014: 14977: 14973: 14962:Reader's Digest 14954: 14950: 14905: 14901: 14891: 14889: 14878: 14874: 14821: 14817: 14772: 14768: 14762:Wayback Machine 14752: 14748: 14700: 14696: 14691: 14687: 14678: 14676: 14663: 14662: 14658: 14649: 14647: 14637: 14633: 14588: 14584: 14575: 14573: 14564: 14563: 14559: 14550: 14548: 14538: 14534: 14525: 14523: 14513: 14509: 14500: 14498: 14489: 14488: 14481: 14472: 14470: 14455: 14432: 14421: 14414: 14401:(44): 1157–61. 14387: 14383: 14374: 14372: 14367: 14366: 14362: 14353: 14351: 14346: 14345: 14341: 14332: 14330: 14321: 14320: 14313: 14304: 14302: 14300: 14289: 14281: 14277: 14267: 14265: 14257: 14256: 14252: 14242: 14240: 14232: 14231: 14227: 14217: 14215: 14207: 14206: 14202: 14192: 14190: 14182: 14181: 14177: 14168: 14166: 14158: 14157: 14153: 14110: 14109: 14105: 14074: 14070: 14039: 14035: 14026: 14024: 13996: 13992: 13969: 13965: 13918: 13914: 13905: 13903: 13893: 13889: 13870: 13866: 13851: 13850: 13846: 13815: 13811: 13771: 13764: 13755: 13753: 13743: 13739: 13727: 13726: 13722: 13709: 13708: 13704: 13693: 13689: 13652: 13648: 13631: 13627: 13558: 13554: 13545: 13543: 13533: 13529: 13465: 13459: 13455: 13394: 13390: 13343: 13339: 13330: 13328: 13323: 13322: 13318: 13309: 13307: 13303: 13292: 13286: 13282: 13241: 13237: 13202: 13198: 13189: 13187: 13174: 13173: 13169: 13135: 13129: 13122: 13079: 13075: 13066: 13064: 13056: 13055: 13051: 12982: 12978: 12969: 12967: 12962: 12961: 12954: 12915: 12911: 12866: 12862: 12849:(10): 1033–40. 12839: 12835: 12796: 12792: 12783: 12781: 12770: 12766: 12757: 12755: 12744: 12740: 12731: 12729: 12718: 12714: 12669: 12665: 12652: 12651: 12647: 12638: 12636: 12627: 12626: 12622: 12613: 12611: 12599: 12595: 12556: 12552: 12505: 12501: 12462: 12451: 12444: 12426: 12422: 12413: 12411: 12406: 12405: 12401: 12386: 12382: 12369: 12368: 12364: 12351: 12350: 12343: 12335: 12331: 12330: 12326: 12317: 12315: 12302: 12301: 12297: 12288: 12286: 12275: 12271: 12262: 12260: 12256: 12217: 12211: 12207: 12162: 12158: 12103: 12099: 12091: 12084: 12075: 12071: 12062: 12060: 12051: 12050: 12046: 12039: 12023: 12019: 11999: 11995: 11986: 11984: 11980: 11969: 11963: 11959: 11938:(9–10): 491–6. 11932:Chromatographia 11928: 11924: 11914: 11912: 11899: 11898: 11894: 11857: 11850: 11840: 11838: 11824: 11820: 11779:(42): 15404–9. 11765: 11758: 11751: 11737: 11733: 11702: 11698: 11677:(20): 5870–81. 11666: 11662: 11622: 11616: 11612: 11569: 11565: 11534: 11530: 11485: 11481: 11442: 11438: 11427: 11426: 11422: 11375: 11371: 11326: 11322: 11283: 11279: 11238:(4): e0151841. 11224: 11220: 11177:Neurotoxicology 11173: 11169: 11154: 11130: 11126: 11081:Chen H (2018). 11079: 11066: 11023: 11019: 10982: 10978: 10933: 10929: 10890: 10886: 10839: 10835: 10796: 10789: 10752: 10735: 10688: 10679: 10674:. 5 March 2018. 10666: 10665: 10661: 10648: 10647: 10643: 10606: 10602: 10562: 10558: 10513: 10509: 10464: 10460: 10437:10.2307/3579093 10413: 10409: 10364: 10360: 10323: 10319: 10282: 10278: 10241: 10237: 10216:(11): 1462–71. 10206: 10202: 10155: 10151: 10122:(12): 1841–54. 10112: 10108: 10079:(11): 1403–11. 10069: 10065: 10020: 10016: 9977: 9973: 9928: 9924: 9914: 9912: 9899: 9898: 9894: 9847: 9843: 9802:(4): e0122402. 9788: 9784: 9755:(18): 1917–21. 9745: 9741: 9694: 9690: 9651: 9647: 9608: 9604: 9557: 9553: 9522: 9518: 9487: 9483: 9452: 9448: 9417: 9413: 9368: 9364: 9325: 9321: 9276: 9272: 9263: 9261: 9250: 9246: 9201: 9197: 9173:10.1.1.470.8010 9156: 9152: 9113: 9109: 9098: 9094: 9085: 9083: 9082:on 7 March 2022 9075:10.1.1.622.6748 9062: 9058: 9027: 9023: 9014: 9012: 9004: 9003: 8999: 8968:(7434): 277–9. 8954: 8950: 8911: 8907: 8868: 8864: 8817: 8813: 8774: 8770: 8725: 8721: 8692:(1–2): 117–20. 8682: 8678: 8633: 8629: 8590: 8586: 8546: 8542: 8503: 8499: 8462: 8458: 8413: 8406: 8383: 8379: 8372: 8352: 8348: 8311: 8307: 8272: 8268: 8237: 8233: 8209:10.1.1.465.2496 8192: 8185: 8178: 8174: 8127: 8120: 8111: 8109: 8090: 8086: 8055: 8051: 8043: 8036: 8026: 8024: 8020: 8013: 8009: 8008: 8004: 7998:Wayback Machine 7989: 7985: 7948: 7944: 7913: 7909: 7900: 7898: 7889: 7888: 7881: 7871: 7869: 7868:on 20 July 2008 7860: 7859: 7855: 7818: 7814: 7791:(20): 2206–16. 7777: 7773: 7736: 7732: 7701:(11): 1137–47. 7687: 7683: 7652: 7648: 7638: 7636: 7628: 7627: 7623: 7592: 7588: 7543: 7539: 7516: 7512: 7503: 7501: 7492: 7491: 7487: 7456: 7452: 7415: 7411: 7380: 7376: 7339: 7335: 7312:(11): 853–861. 7295: 7291: 7246: 7242: 7197: 7193: 7162: 7155: 7124: 7117: 7074: 7070: 7023: 7019: 6980: 6973: 6964: 6962: 6948: 6941: 6902: 6893: 6881: 6875: 6868: 6837: 6833: 6824: 6822: 6813: 6812: 6808: 6763: 6759: 6721:Tobacco Control 6712: 6708: 6699: 6697: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6677: 6675: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6620: 6616: 6592:10.1.1.598.9772 6585:(13): 1047–53. 6575: 6571: 6539: 6532: 6487: 6483: 6410: 6406: 6367: 6363: 6310: 6306: 6252: 6248: 6195: 6191: 6160:(10): 703–716. 6146: 6142: 6103: 6096: 6042: 6038: 5985: 5981: 5928: 5924: 5870: 5866: 5813: 5809: 5755: 5751: 5722:(10): 549–558. 5708: 5704: 5661: 5657: 5622: 5618: 5577: 5573: 5542: 5538: 5490: 5486: 5447: 5443: 5406: 5402: 5392: 5390: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5370: 5361: 5359: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5277: 5273: 5228: 5224: 5189: 5185: 5140: 5133: 5094: 5090: 5081: 5079: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5026: 5022: 5012: 5010: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4990: 4988: 4975: 4974: 4970: 4939: 4935: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4865: 4863: 4855: 4854: 4850: 4840: 4838: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4816: 4814: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4762: 4758: 4721:Tobacco Control 4713: 4706: 4657: 4653: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4623: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4582: 4578: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4544: 4499: 4495: 4448: 4444: 4401:Shaw M (2000). 4399: 4395: 4386: 4384: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4361: 4359: 4355: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4298:Tobacco Control 4290: 4286: 4263: 4259: 4228: 4224: 4187: 4183: 4173: 4171: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4148: 4146: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4072: 4068: 4023: 4019: 3996: 3992: 3947: 3943: 3906: 3902: 3893: 3891: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3832: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3794: 3790: 3751: 3747: 3710: 3699: 3676: 3665: 3656: 3654: 3639: 3635: 3612: 3605: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3551: 3545: 3514: 3475: 3471: 3440: 3433: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3372: 3368: 3337: 3330: 3321: 3319: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3296: 3294: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3263: 3262: 3247: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3218: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3189: 3180: 3178: 3177:on May 12, 2004 3169: 3168: 3161: 3152: 3150: 3141: 3140: 3133: 3129: 3102: 3067:Surgeon General 3060:Reader's Digest 3044: 3008: 2976: 2946: 2916: 2883: 2858:Reader's Digest 2837:Gideon Lincecum 2810: 2805: 2767:developed world 2739: 2738: 2737: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2718: 2707: 2700: 2697: 2688: 2685: 2676: 2673: 2664: 2661: 2645: 2637:atherosclerosis 2612: 2610:Dipping tobacco 2548: 2503: 2493:a precursor to 2479:Chewing tobacco 2476: 2474:Chewing tobacco 2405:York University 2397: 2395:Passive smoking 2391: 2386: 2238: 2232: 2220:atherosclerosis 2206:, which become 2200:LDL cholesterol 2189: 2154:bronchial tubes 2121: 2114: 1993:Cytochrome P450 1914: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1903: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1878: 1872: 1867: 1861: 1826:smoking paradox 1815:Carbon monoxide 1770: 1738: 1680:ischemic stroke 1668:epidemiological 1656: 1648:type 2 diabetes 1626:aortic aneurysm 1595:Crohn's disease 1567: 1561: 1556: 1550: 1529: 1494: 1488: 1448: 1442: 1439: 1433:Please see the 1432: 1419: 1380:after smoking. 1327: 1319: 1300: 1256: 1238: 1205:that regulates 1187: 1181: 1161: 1124: 1077: 1046: 1026: 950:atherosclerosis 910:atherosclerosis 902: 870:carbon monoxide 857: 810:Passive smoking 797: 772: 752:the gallbladder 732:cervical cancer 676: 666: 659: 656: 647: 644: 605: 556:, particularly 511: 502: 473: 472: 448: 440: 439: 420:Religious views 385: 377: 376: 343: 335: 334: 320: 312: 311: 302: 241:smoke-free laws 218:premature birth 72: 65: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 17438: 17428: 17427: 17410: 17409: 17407: 17406: 17401: 17396: 17386: 17375: 17372: 17371: 17369: 17368: 17363: 17361:Rolling papers 17358: 17353: 17348: 17342: 17340: 17336: 17335: 17333: 17332: 17331: 17330: 17325: 17315: 17310: 17305: 17300: 17295: 17290: 17285: 17280: 17274: 17272: 17266: 17265: 17262: 17261: 17259: 17258: 17253: 17248: 17243: 17238: 17233: 17227: 17225: 17218: 17217: 17210: 17205: 17200: 17194: 17192: 17186: 17185: 17183: 17182: 17177: 17175:Nicotine pouch 17172: 17167: 17162: 17161: 17160: 17155: 17145: 17140: 17134: 17132: 17128: 17127: 17125: 17124: 17119: 17114: 17109: 17104: 17099: 17094: 17089: 17084: 17079: 17073: 17071: 17065: 17064: 17062: 17061: 17056: 17051: 17046: 17041: 17036: 17034:Cigarette card 17030: 17028: 17022: 17021: 17019: 17018: 17013: 17008: 17003: 16998: 16993: 16988: 16982: 16980: 16976: 16975: 16973: 16972: 16967: 16962: 16957: 16951: 16949: 16945: 16944: 16935: 16933: 16931: 16930: 16925: 16920: 16915: 16910: 16905: 16900: 16894: 16892: 16888: 16887: 16880: 16879: 16872: 16865: 16857: 16848: 16847: 16845: 16844: 16839: 16834: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16813: 16811: 16807: 16806: 16804: 16803: 16797: 16791: 16789: 16788:Phytochemicals 16785: 16784: 16782: 16781: 16776: 16771: 16766: 16760: 16758: 16754: 16753: 16751: 16750: 16745: 16744: 16743: 16733: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16713: 16708: 16703: 16697: 16695: 16691: 16690: 16686:Health effects 16682: 16681: 16674: 16667: 16659: 16650: 16649: 16647: 16646: 16641: 16636: 16625: 16622: 16621: 16619: 16618: 16613: 16608: 16603: 16598: 16596:Smoking jacket 16593: 16588: 16583: 16578: 16573: 16568: 16563: 16557: 16555: 16551: 16550: 16547: 16546: 16544: 16543: 16538: 16533: 16528: 16522: 16520: 16514: 16513: 16511: 16510: 16505: 16500: 16495: 16489: 16483: 16477: 16476: 16473: 16472: 16470: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16433: 16431: 16425: 16424: 16422: 16421: 16416: 16411: 16410: 16409: 16404: 16394: 16389: 16384: 16379: 16374: 16369: 16364: 16359: 16354: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16324: 16318: 16308: 16302: 16298: 16297: 16295: 16294: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16264: 16258: 16256: 16250: 16249: 16246: 16245: 16243: 16242: 16237: 16232: 16226: 16224: 16220: 16219: 16217: 16216: 16211: 16206: 16201: 16196: 16190: 16188: 16184: 16183: 16181: 16180: 16178:United Kingdom 16175: 16170: 16165: 16160: 16155: 16150: 16145: 16140: 16135: 16130: 16125: 16120: 16115: 16110: 16105: 16100: 16094: 16092: 16088: 16087: 16085: 16084: 16079: 16077: 16072: 16066: 16064: 16060: 16059: 16057: 16056: 16051: 16046: 16041: 16036: 16031: 16026: 16021: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15976: 15971: 15966: 15961: 15956: 15950: 15948: 15944: 15943: 15941: 15940: 15935: 15930: 15924: 15922: 15915: 15909: 15908: 15901: 15900: 15893: 15886: 15878: 15872: 15871: 15864: 15863:External links 15861: 15859: 15858: 15829: 15794: 15775: 15760: 15737: 15710: 15685: 15656:Mathers, Colin 15652: 15624: 15602: 15601: 15593: 15592: 15581: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15573: 15523: 15516: 15493: 15440: 15411: 15374:(3): 275–276. 15354: 15305: 15253: 15246: 15217: 15210: 15178: 15151:(1): 176–194. 15131: 15112:(6): 371–376. 15092: 15073: 15012: 14971: 14968:on 2014-04-18. 14948: 14919:(5): 295–301. 14899: 14872: 14815: 14786:(3): 286–290. 14766: 14746: 14717:(25): 2375–7. 14694: 14685: 14656: 14645:Factchecker.in 14631: 14582: 14557: 14532: 14507: 14479: 14453: 14424:Mathers, Colin 14412: 14381: 14360: 14339: 14311: 14298: 14275: 14250: 14225: 14200: 14175: 14151: 14103: 14068: 14033: 13990: 13963: 13912: 13887: 13864: 13844: 13809: 13762: 13737: 13731:The Australian 13720: 13702: 13699:. Mayo Clinic. 13687: 13646: 13625: 13552: 13527: 13478:BioMed Central 13453: 13388: 13337: 13316: 13280: 13235: 13216:(7): 639–645. 13196: 13180:Detailed Guide 13167: 13120: 13093:(3): 704–710. 13073: 13049: 12976: 12952: 12909: 12860: 12833: 12790: 12764: 12738: 12712: 12663: 12660:on 2014-02-25. 12645: 12620: 12593: 12566:(10): 627–36. 12550: 12521:(2): 168–175. 12499: 12478:(3): 509–515. 12449: 12442: 12420: 12399: 12380: 12362: 12341: 12324: 12295: 12269: 12234:10.1086/644613 12205: 12176:(9): 1643–50. 12156: 12097: 12069: 12044: 12037: 12017: 11993: 11957: 11922: 11892: 11848: 11818: 11756: 11749: 11731: 11696: 11660: 11610: 11583:(5): 402–408. 11563: 11528: 11499:(8): 1329–47. 11479: 11436: 11420: 11369: 11320: 11277: 11218: 11167: 11152: 11124: 11064: 11017: 10976: 10927: 10884: 10833: 10806:(8): 787–794. 10787: 10733: 10677: 10659: 10641: 10600: 10556: 10507: 10458: 10407: 10358: 10317: 10296:(9): 2126–31. 10276: 10235: 10200: 10169:(46): 6134–9. 10149: 10106: 10063: 10014: 9971: 9922: 9911:on 4 June 2022 9892: 9841: 9782: 9739: 9688: 9645: 9624:(2): 125–140. 9602: 9573:(7): 807–823. 9551: 9516: 9481: 9462:(12): 1546–9. 9446: 9427:(12): 1541–5. 9411: 9382:(8): 718–725. 9362: 9335:(6): 1021–34. 9319: 9270: 9244: 9215:(12): 1221–8. 9195: 9150: 9123:(11): 1751–7. 9107: 9092: 9056: 9021: 8997: 8948: 8905: 8862: 8831:(3–4): 65–71. 8811: 8768: 8719: 8676: 8627: 8584: 8540: 8497: 8456: 8404: 8393:(4): 393–400. 8377: 8370: 8346: 8305: 8266: 8231: 8183: 8172: 8118: 8084: 8065:(10): 817–20. 8049: 8034: 8002: 7983: 7942: 7917:Drugs of Today 7907: 7879: 7853: 7832:(22): 1712–8. 7812: 7771: 7730: 7681: 7646: 7621: 7586: 7537: 7510: 7485: 7450: 7409: 7374: 7353:(11): 853–61. 7333: 7289: 7240: 7191: 7153: 7134:(17): 1042–6. 7115: 7068: 7017: 6984:Blood Pressure 6971: 6953:(1998-04-10). 6939: 6891: 6866: 6831: 6806: 6757: 6728:(3): 244–250. 6706: 6685: 6663: 6614: 6569: 6530: 6481: 6404: 6361: 6324:(9): 780–786. 6304: 6267:(5): 679–690. 6246: 6209:(3): 143–155. 6189: 6140: 6113:(3): 178–186. 6094: 6057:(2): 541–550. 6036: 5999:(9): 780–786. 5979: 5942:(9): 780–786. 5922: 5864: 5807: 5749: 5702: 5675:(4): 252–256. 5655: 5616: 5587:(8): 726–728. 5571: 5552:(5): 301–309. 5536: 5484: 5441: 5400: 5378: 5368: 5336: 5306: 5271: 5242:(7): 781–794. 5222: 5183: 5131: 5088: 5063: 5036:(218): 45–54. 5020: 4998: 4968: 4933: 4898: 4873: 4848: 4823: 4799: 4772:(3): 317–335. 4766:Health Physics 4756: 4704: 4651: 4612: 4603: 4592:(45): 1226–8. 4576: 4542: 4513:(9): 1223–30. 4493: 4442: 4393: 4368: 4333: 4284: 4257: 4222: 4181: 4155: 4127: 4124:. Feb 3, 2020. 4109: 4066: 4017: 3990: 3941: 3900: 3875: 3846:(7455): 1519. 3815: 3788: 3745: 3697: 3663: 3633: 3622:(4): 425–445. 3603: 3512: 3485:(2–3): 87–91. 3469: 3431: 3407: 3366: 3328: 3317:www.cancer.org 3304: 3278: 3245: 3216: 3187: 3159: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3101: 3098: 3052:New York Times 3043: 3040: 3007: 3004: 2956:survival curve 2908: 2897:, published a 2882: 2879: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2733: 2726: 2725: 2724: 2719: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2701: 2698: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2655: 2644: 2641: 2611: 2608: 2547: 2544: 2526:, throat, and 2502: 2499: 2475: 2472: 2393:Main article: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2347:rodent studies 2331:nicotine patch 2234:Main article: 2231: 2228: 2188: 2185: 2120: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2107: 2091: 2088:crotonaldehyde 2026: 1904: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1890: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1871: 1868: 1860: 1857: 1813:, and others. 1769: 1766: 1737: 1734: 1707:celiac disease 1655: 1652: 1633:bone fractures 1560: 1557: 1552:Main article: 1549: 1546: 1528: 1525: 1510:pre-term birth 1490:Main article: 1487: 1484: 1456:schizophrenics 1450: 1449: 1422: 1420: 1413: 1326: 1323: 1318: 1315: 1299: 1296: 1255: 1252: 1237: 1234: 1180: 1177: 1160: 1157: 1123: 1120: 1076: 1073: 1045: 1042: 1025: 1022: 1018:blood pressure 1004:and increases 901: 898: 856: 853: 796: 793: 781:proto-oncogene 771: 768: 724:stomach cancer 712:bladder cancer 665: 662: 661: 660: 657: 650: 648: 645: 638: 613:Peter Jennings 604: 601: 510: 507: 504: 503: 501: 500: 493: 486: 478: 475: 474: 471: 470: 465: 460: 455: 449: 446: 445: 442: 441: 438: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 390:Health effects 386: 383: 382: 379: 378: 375: 374: 369: 364: 359: 344: 341: 340: 337: 336: 333: 332: 327: 321: 318: 317: 314: 313: 310: 309: 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 287: 286: 280: 279: 185:bladder cancer 175:(particularly 50: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17437: 17426: 17423: 17422: 17420: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17397: 17395: 17387: 17385: 17377: 17376: 17373: 17367: 17364: 17362: 17359: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17347: 17344: 17343: 17341: 17337: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17321: 17320: 17319: 17316: 17314: 17311: 17309: 17306: 17304: 17301: 17299: 17296: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17275: 17273: 17267: 17257: 17256:United States 17254: 17252: 17249: 17247: 17244: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17228: 17226: 17222: 17215: 17211: 17209: 17206: 17204: 17201: 17199: 17196: 17195: 17193: 17191: 17187: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17151: 17150: 17149: 17146: 17144: 17141: 17139: 17136: 17135: 17133: 17129: 17123: 17120: 17118: 17115: 17113: 17110: 17108: 17105: 17103: 17100: 17098: 17095: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17085: 17083: 17080: 17078: 17077:Chain smoking 17075: 17074: 17072: 17070: 17069:Health issues 17066: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17037: 17035: 17032: 17031: 17029: 17027: 17023: 17017: 17014: 17012: 17009: 17007: 17004: 17002: 16999: 16997: 16994: 16992: 16989: 16987: 16984: 16983: 16981: 16977: 16971: 16968: 16966: 16963: 16961: 16960:Rolling paper 16958: 16956: 16953: 16952: 16950: 16946: 16939: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16921: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16911: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16896: 16895: 16893: 16889: 16885: 16878: 16873: 16871: 16866: 16864: 16859: 16858: 16855: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16835: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16814: 16812: 16808: 16801: 16798: 16796: 16793: 16792: 16790: 16786: 16780: 16777: 16775: 16772: 16770: 16767: 16765: 16762: 16761: 16759: 16755: 16749: 16746: 16742: 16739: 16738: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16726:Saturated fat 16724: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16698: 16696: 16692: 16687: 16680: 16675: 16673: 16668: 16666: 16661: 16660: 16657: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16637: 16635: 16627: 16626: 16623: 16617: 16614: 16612: 16609: 16607: 16604: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16579: 16577: 16574: 16572: 16569: 16567: 16564: 16562: 16561:Chain smoking 16559: 16558: 16556: 16552: 16542: 16541:United States 16539: 16537: 16534: 16532: 16529: 16527: 16524: 16523: 16521: 16519: 16515: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16490: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16478: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16442:Breast cancer 16440: 16438: 16435: 16434: 16432: 16430: 16426: 16420: 16419:Youth smoking 16417: 16415: 16412: 16408: 16405: 16403: 16400: 16399: 16398: 16395: 16393: 16390: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16373: 16370: 16368: 16365: 16363: 16360: 16358: 16357:Smoker's face 16355: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16313: 16310: 16309: 16306: 16303: 16299: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16272:Tobacco fatwa 16270: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16259: 16257: 16255: 16251: 16241: 16240:United States 16238: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16228: 16227: 16225: 16223:North America 16221: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16207: 16205: 16202: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16191: 16189: 16187:South America 16185: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16124: 16121: 16119: 16116: 16114: 16111: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16095: 16093: 16089: 16083: 16080: 16078: 16076: 16073: 16071: 16068: 16067: 16065: 16061: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15972: 15970: 15967: 15965: 15962: 15960: 15957: 15955: 15952: 15951: 15949: 15945: 15939: 15936: 15934: 15931: 15929: 15926: 15925: 15923: 15919: 15916: 15910: 15906: 15899: 15894: 15892: 15887: 15885: 15880: 15879: 15876: 15870: 15867: 15866: 15855: 15851: 15847: 15843: 15839: 15835: 15830: 15826: 15822: 15817: 15812: 15808: 15804: 15800: 15795: 15785:on 2009-02-12 15784: 15780: 15776: 15765: 15761: 15757: 15753: 15746: 15742: 15738: 15724: 15723: 15715: 15711: 15700: 15696: 15692: 15688: 15686:9789241563710 15682: 15678: 15674: 15670: 15663: 15662: 15657: 15653: 15639: 15635: 15631: 15627: 15625:9789240683112 15621: 15617: 15610: 15609: 15604: 15603: 15599: 15595: 15594: 15591: 15587: 15583: 15582: 15569: 15565: 15561: 15557: 15553: 15549: 15546:(5): 482–91. 15545: 15541: 15534: 15527: 15519: 15513: 15509: 15508: 15500: 15498: 15489: 15485: 15480: 15475: 15470: 15465: 15461: 15457: 15456: 15455:PLOS Medicine 15451: 15444: 15436: 15432: 15425: 15421: 15415: 15407: 15403: 15398: 15393: 15389: 15385: 15381: 15377: 15373: 15369: 15365: 15358: 15350: 15346: 15341: 15336: 15332: 15328: 15324: 15320: 15316: 15309: 15301: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15283: 15279: 15275: 15271: 15267: 15260: 15258: 15249: 15243: 15239: 15235: 15234: 15226: 15224: 15222: 15213: 15207: 15203: 15199: 15198: 15193: 15187: 15185: 15183: 15174: 15170: 15166: 15162: 15158: 15154: 15150: 15146: 15142: 15135: 15127: 15123: 15119: 15115: 15111: 15107: 15103: 15096: 15088: 15084: 15077: 15069: 15065: 15061: 15057: 15053: 15049: 15045: 15041: 15033: 15029: 15025: 15024: 15016: 15008: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14990: 14986: 14982: 14975: 14967: 14963: 14959: 14952: 14944: 14940: 14936: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14918: 14914: 14910: 14903: 14887: 14883: 14876: 14868: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14850: 14846: 14842: 14838: 14834: 14830: 14826: 14819: 14811: 14807: 14803: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14785: 14781: 14777: 14770: 14763: 14759: 14756: 14750: 14742: 14738: 14734: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14716: 14712: 14708: 14704: 14698: 14689: 14675:on 2022-08-03 14674: 14670: 14666: 14660: 14646: 14642: 14635: 14627: 14623: 14619: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14601: 14597: 14593: 14586: 14571: 14567: 14561: 14547: 14543: 14536: 14522: 14518: 14511: 14497:on 2009-02-07 14496: 14492: 14486: 14484: 14468: 14464: 14460: 14456: 14454:9789241563710 14450: 14446: 14442: 14438: 14431: 14430: 14425: 14419: 14417: 14408: 14404: 14400: 14396: 14392: 14385: 14370: 14364: 14349: 14343: 14329:on 2009-11-08 14328: 14324: 14318: 14316: 14301: 14295: 14288: 14287: 14279: 14264: 14260: 14254: 14239: 14235: 14229: 14214: 14210: 14204: 14189: 14185: 14179: 14165: 14161: 14155: 14147: 14143: 14139: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14121: 14117: 14113: 14107: 14098: 14093: 14089: 14085: 14084: 14079: 14072: 14064: 14060: 14056: 14052: 14049:(7): 667–75. 14048: 14044: 14037: 14023: 14019: 14015: 14011: 14010: 14005: 14003: 13994: 13986: 13982: 13979:(2): 519–24. 13978: 13974: 13967: 13959: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13931: 13927: 13923: 13916: 13902: 13898: 13891: 13883: 13879: 13875: 13868: 13860: 13859: 13854: 13848: 13840: 13836: 13832: 13828: 13825:(2): 106–11. 13824: 13820: 13813: 13805: 13801: 13797: 13793: 13789: 13785: 13781: 13777: 13769: 13767: 13752: 13748: 13741: 13733: 13732: 13724: 13716: 13712: 13706: 13698: 13691: 13683: 13679: 13674: 13669: 13666:(1): e113–9. 13665: 13661: 13657: 13650: 13642: 13641: 13636: 13629: 13621: 13617: 13613: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13595: 13591: 13587: 13583: 13579: 13575: 13571: 13567: 13563: 13556: 13542: 13538: 13531: 13523: 13519: 13515: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13497: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13479: 13475: 13471: 13464: 13457: 13449: 13445: 13441: 13437: 13433: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13415: 13411: 13407: 13403: 13399: 13392: 13384: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13356: 13352: 13348: 13341: 13326: 13320: 13306:on 2017-02-07 13302: 13298: 13291: 13284: 13276: 13272: 13268: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13251:(5): 819–26. 13250: 13246: 13239: 13231: 13227: 13223: 13219: 13215: 13211: 13207: 13200: 13186:on 2010-07-07 13185: 13181: 13177: 13171: 13163: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13145: 13141: 13134: 13127: 13125: 13116: 13112: 13108: 13104: 13100: 13096: 13092: 13088: 13084: 13077: 13063: 13059: 13053: 13045: 13041: 13037: 13033: 13029: 13025: 13021: 13017: 13013: 13009: 13006:: 1512–1517. 13005: 13001: 12997: 12993: 12992: 12987: 12980: 12965: 12959: 12957: 12948: 12944: 12940: 12936: 12932: 12928: 12925:(2): 267–74. 12924: 12920: 12913: 12905: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12887: 12883: 12879: 12875: 12871: 12864: 12856: 12852: 12848: 12844: 12837: 12829: 12825: 12821: 12817: 12813: 12809: 12805: 12801: 12794: 12780:on 2012-05-05 12779: 12775: 12768: 12753: 12749: 12742: 12727: 12723: 12716: 12708: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12690: 12686: 12683:(3): 255–61. 12682: 12678: 12674: 12667: 12659: 12655: 12649: 12635:on 2012-06-19 12634: 12630: 12624: 12610: 12609: 12604: 12597: 12589: 12585: 12581: 12577: 12573: 12569: 12565: 12561: 12554: 12546: 12542: 12538: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12520: 12516: 12515: 12510: 12503: 12495: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12477: 12473: 12472: 12467: 12460: 12458: 12456: 12454: 12445: 12443:9781617379949 12439: 12435: 12431: 12424: 12409: 12403: 12395: 12391: 12384: 12377:. 2011-07-21. 12376: 12372: 12366: 12358: 12354: 12348: 12346: 12334: 12328: 12313: 12309: 12305: 12299: 12285:on 2013-06-13 12284: 12280: 12273: 12259:on 2016-03-04 12255: 12251: 12247: 12243: 12239: 12235: 12231: 12228:(3): 453–84. 12227: 12223: 12216: 12209: 12201: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12183: 12179: 12175: 12171: 12167: 12160: 12152: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12124: 12120: 12117:(5): 1285–9. 12116: 12112: 12108: 12101: 12090: 12083: 12079: 12073: 12059:on 2015-05-18 12058: 12054: 12048: 12040: 12034: 12030: 12029: 12021: 12013: 12012: 12007: 12003: 11997: 11983:on 2013-05-24 11979: 11975: 11968: 11961: 11953: 11949: 11945: 11941: 11937: 11933: 11926: 11910: 11906: 11902: 11896: 11888: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11870: 11866: 11862: 11855: 11853: 11836: 11832: 11828: 11822: 11814: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11786: 11782: 11778: 11774: 11770: 11763: 11761: 11752: 11746: 11742: 11735: 11727: 11723: 11719: 11715: 11712:(1): 96–125. 11711: 11707: 11700: 11692: 11688: 11684: 11680: 11676: 11672: 11664: 11656: 11652: 11648: 11644: 11640: 11636: 11632: 11628: 11621: 11614: 11606: 11602: 11598: 11594: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11578: 11574: 11567: 11559: 11555: 11551: 11547: 11544:(2): 149–58. 11543: 11539: 11532: 11524: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11506: 11502: 11498: 11494: 11490: 11483: 11475: 11471: 11467: 11463: 11459: 11455: 11451: 11447: 11440: 11432: 11431: 11424: 11416: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11388: 11384: 11380: 11373: 11365: 11361: 11357: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11339: 11335: 11331: 11324: 11316: 11312: 11308: 11304: 11300: 11296: 11292: 11288: 11281: 11273: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11233: 11229: 11222: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11202: 11198: 11194: 11190: 11186: 11182: 11178: 11171: 11163: 11159: 11155: 11153:9780994438164 11149: 11144: 11139: 11135: 11128: 11120: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11092: 11088: 11084: 11077: 11075: 11073: 11071: 11069: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11028: 11021: 11013: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10996:(2): 117–26. 10995: 10991: 10987: 10980: 10972: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10931: 10923: 10919: 10915: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10888: 10880: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10837: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10805: 10801: 10794: 10792: 10783: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10765: 10761: 10757: 10750: 10748: 10746: 10744: 10742: 10740: 10738: 10729: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10686: 10684: 10682: 10673: 10669: 10663: 10655: 10651: 10645: 10637: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10620:(4): 373–83. 10619: 10615: 10611: 10604: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10573:(2): 155–62. 10572: 10568: 10560: 10552: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10534: 10530: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10511: 10503: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10485: 10481: 10478:(8): 509–12. 10477: 10473: 10469: 10462: 10454: 10450: 10446: 10442: 10438: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10411: 10403: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10377: 10373: 10369: 10362: 10354: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10321: 10313: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10280: 10272: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10255:(8): 784–96. 10254: 10250: 10246: 10239: 10231: 10227: 10223: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10204: 10196: 10192: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10153: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10110: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10074: 10067: 10059: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10034:(4): 277–80. 10033: 10029: 10025: 10018: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9990: 9986: 9982: 9975: 9967: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9926: 9910: 9906: 9902: 9896: 9888: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9852: 9845: 9837: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9793: 9786: 9778: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9743: 9735: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9692: 9684: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9656: 9649: 9641: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9618: 9613: 9606: 9598: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9567: 9562: 9555: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9527: 9520: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9496: 9492: 9485: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9450: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9415: 9407: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9366: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9323: 9315: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9290:(4): 457–74. 9289: 9285: 9281: 9274: 9259: 9258:Health Report 9255: 9248: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9199: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9154: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9111: 9103: 9096: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9067: 9060: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9025: 9011: 9007: 9001: 8993: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8952: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8909: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8866: 8858: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8815: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8784:(6): 614–21. 8783: 8779: 8772: 8764: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8739:(2): 465–80. 8738: 8734: 8730: 8723: 8715: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8680: 8672: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8647:(2): 465–80. 8646: 8642: 8638: 8631: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8588: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8544: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8501: 8493: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8476:(4): 367–78. 8475: 8471: 8467: 8460: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8411: 8409: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8381: 8373: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8358: 8350: 8342: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8309: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8286:(4): 466–78. 8285: 8281: 8277: 8270: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8247:(5): 689–97. 8246: 8242: 8235: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8190: 8188: 8181: 8176: 8168: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8125: 8123: 8108:on 2013-10-05 8107: 8103: 8100:(in French). 8099: 8095: 8088: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8053: 8046: 8041: 8039: 8019: 8012: 8006: 7999: 7995: 7992: 7987: 7979: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7946: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7911: 7897:on 2006-07-15 7896: 7892: 7886: 7884: 7867: 7863: 7857: 7849: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7816: 7808: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7775: 7767: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7750:(10): 681–9. 7749: 7745: 7741: 7734: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7685: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7650: 7635: 7631: 7625: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7590: 7582: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7541: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7514: 7500:on 2008-08-28 7499: 7495: 7489: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7454: 7446: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7413: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7390:(4): 313–21. 7389: 7385: 7378: 7370: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7337: 7329: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7293: 7285: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7244: 7236: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7195: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7160: 7158: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7122: 7120: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7088:(2): 126–31. 7087: 7083: 7082:Diabetes Care 7079: 7072: 7064: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7021: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6978: 6976: 6961:on 2008-05-13 6960: 6956: 6952: 6946: 6944: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6912:(4): 363–75. 6911: 6907: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6887: 6880: 6873: 6871: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6847:(2): 463–70. 6846: 6842: 6835: 6821:on 2009-02-13 6820: 6816: 6810: 6802: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6761: 6753: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6722: 6717: 6710: 6695: 6689: 6673: 6667: 6659: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6634:(7): 917–32. 6633: 6629: 6625: 6618: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6573: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6550:(5): 617–23. 6549: 6545: 6537: 6535: 6526: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6485: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6420: 6415: 6408: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6377:(4): 101318. 6376: 6372: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6308: 6300: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6193: 6185: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6144: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6101: 6099: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6040: 6032: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5926: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5803: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5753: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5706: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5620: 5612: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5575: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5499:PLOS Medicine 5496: 5488: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5445: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5404: 5388: 5382: 5372: 5358:(10): 953–971 5357: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5340: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5154:(3): 206–24. 5153: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5136: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5104:(4): 535–45. 5103: 5099: 5092: 5078:on 2010-07-25 5077: 5073: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5008: 5002: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4923:on 2013-03-15 4919: 4915: 4908: 4902: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4711: 4709: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4675:(7): 631–40. 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4655: 4641:on 2012-04-26 4637: 4633: 4629: 4622: 4616: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4566:on 2012-04-18 4562: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4462:(5): 409–15. 4461: 4457: 4453: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4358:on 2009-12-29 4354: 4350: 4343: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4304:(2): 107–13. 4303: 4299: 4295: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4273:(14): 300–3. 4272: 4268: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4238:(2): 103–12. 4237: 4233: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4201:(4): 327–35. 4200: 4196: 4192: 4185: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4123: 4122:New Scientist 4119: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4037:(11): 935–9. 4036: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3920:(7): 645–53. 3919: 3915: 3911: 3904: 3890:on 2012-04-19 3889: 3885: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3804:on 2014-09-20 3803: 3799: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3693: 3689: 3686:(in German). 3685: 3681: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3608: 3593:on 2018-10-01 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3562:(2): 87–117. 3561: 3557: 3550: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3436: 3417: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3347:(3): 236–56. 3346: 3342: 3335: 3333: 3318: 3314: 3308: 3292: 3288: 3282: 3266: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3217:9789240683112 3213: 3209: 3202: 3201: 3194: 3192: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3164: 3149:on 2008-12-11 3148: 3144: 3138: 3136: 3131: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2899:meta-analysis 2896: 2892: 2888: 2887:Fritz Lickint 2878: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2849:Irving Fisher 2846: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2815: 2808:Pre-cigarette 2800: 2798: 2797:New York City 2792: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2758: 2756: 2750: 2746: 2744: 2730: 2716: 2695: 2690: 2683: 2678: 2671: 2666: 2659: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2633:heart disease 2630: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2491:erythroplakia 2488: 2484: 2480: 2471: 2469: 2468:Philip Morris 2465: 2464:heart attacks 2461: 2460:blood vessels 2457: 2453: 2448: 2445: 2444:heart failure 2441: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2374:sensitization 2371: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319:heart disease 2316: 2312: 2307: 2304: 2298: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2265:MAO inhibitor 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2237: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2210:, leading to 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2192:Free radicals 2184: 2181: 2180: 2174: 2172: 2167: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2116: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2068:electrophiles 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1908: 1901: 1887: 1877: 1866: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1726:may also stem 1723: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1651: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1641:wound healing 1638: 1637:hip fractures 1635:, especially 1634: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1605: 1600: 1599:endometriosis 1596: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1573:Protein AZGP1 1571: 1566: 1555: 1545: 1543: 1542:valproic acid 1539: 1538:amitriptyline 1535: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1493: 1483: 1480: 1475: 1469: 1466: 1465:schizophrenia 1462: 1457: 1446: 1436: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1389:psychological 1386: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1332: 1322: 1314: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1262:, sharpness, 1261: 1251: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1236:Psychological 1233: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1186: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1156: 1154: 1153:HIV infection 1150: 1145: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1097:periodontitis 1094: 1090: 1081: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 986: 982: 980: 976: 971: 968: 966: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 942:heart disease 938: 936: 926: 919: 915: 912:, leading to 911: 906: 897: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 861: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 813: 811: 807: 802: 792: 788: 786: 782: 778: 767: 765: 764:breast cancer 761: 757: 753: 750:, cancers of 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 728:penile cancer 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 708:head and neck 705: 701: 700:kidney cancer 697: 670: 654: 649: 642: 637: 636: 635: 633: 628: 624: 620: 618: 614: 609: 600: 596: 594: 590: 586: 581: 579: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 542:heart attacks 539: 534: 532: 528: 520: 515: 499: 494: 492: 487: 485: 480: 479: 477: 476: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 450: 444: 443: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 387: 381: 380: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 357: 356: 351: 350: 346: 345: 339: 338: 331: 328: 326: 323: 322: 316: 315: 308: 305: 304: 298: 297: 293: 289: 288: 285: 282: 281: 277: 273: 272: 269: 267: 263: 258: 254: 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The term 1825: 1821: 1819: 1784:yellow fever 1773: 1771: 1739: 1715: 1684: 1657: 1645: 1630: 1612: 1608: 1592: 1588: 1576: 1530: 1521: 1518: 1498:miscarriages 1495: 1470: 1453: 1443:October 2022 1440: 1428: 1424: 1397:motor skills 1382: 1363: 1351:dopaminergic 1343: 1339: 1335: 1328: 1320: 1308: 1304: 1301: 1257: 1240: 1239: 1219:angiogenesis 1188: 1171:and damages 1162: 1146: 1139: 1136:tuberculosis 1125: 1109: 1089:pipe smoking 1086: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1047: 1027: 987: 983: 978: 972: 969: 962: 958:heart attack 939: 931: 867: 849:nitrosamines 833:pipe smoking 814: 798: 789: 773: 744:liver cancer 693: 629: 625: 621: 610: 606: 597: 582: 574: 535: 524: 453:Cultivation 389: 353: 347: 257:Nazi Germany 249: 234: 206:miscarriages 130: 107:cause cancer 103:70 chemicals 100: 81: 53: 38: 29:This is the 23: 17271:and the law 17251:Philippines 17214:Big Tobacco 17153:Composition 17011:Receptacles 16979:Peripherals 16576:Smoking cap 16481:Smoking ban 16372:Smoking age 16075:New Zealand 16024:Philippines 16004:South Korea 15999:North Korea 15954:Afghanistan 15677:10665/43942 15036:, cited in 14780:Respirology 14602:(1): 60–8. 14445:10665/43942 13568:. Primary. 13468:. Primary. 13404:. Primary. 13062:www.who.int 11633:: 113–121. 11183:: 132–141. 11093:(1): 1–12. 9878:10453/17016 9661:(1): 83–9. 8027:8 September 7872:8 September 7634:Mayo Clinic 7602:(1): 9–13. 7078:Heinemann L 6678:9 September 6434:: 209–224. 5602:2434/520105 5505:(9): e185. 5281:Lung Cancer 4661:Prentice RL 4195:Gerontology 4174:8 September 3808:8 September 3724:(1): 31–4. 3012:lung cancer 2926:(1): 1–27. 2903:lung cancer 2875:World War I 2845:Isaac Adler 2625:oral cancer 2571:Mayo Clinic 2520:periodontal 2518:addiction, 2514:smoking in 2495:oral cancer 2487:leukoplakia 2267:) from the 2204:macrophages 2135:(0.97–1.33 2080:mustard gas 2070:(so-called 2009:benzopyrene 1989:hydrophobic 1957:benzopyrene 1918:carcinogens 1754:risk-averse 1215:endometrial 1116:leukoplakia 1093:oral cancer 770:Lung cancer 696:lung cancer 558:lung cancer 525:(See also: 435:Tobacconist 262:lung cancer 177:lung cancer 145:risk factor 113:, a highly 17269:Government 17224:By country 16948:Components 16884:Cigarettes 16639:Cigarettes 15964:East Timor 15914:and region 15789:2009-01-21 15770:2009-02-15 15750:(Report). 15732:2009-05-24 15705:2022-10-06 15647:2022-10-06 15560:1893/16659 15429:(Report). 14991:(1): 4–6. 14892:9 December 14703:Colgrove J 14679:2022-09-04 14650:2022-09-04 14576:2019-03-09 14570:IFLScience 14551:2024-02-24 14526:2024-02-24 14501:2009-01-01 14473:2022-10-06 14375:2018-12-23 14354:2018-12-23 14333:2009-01-01 14305:2009-03-22 14169:2023-08-15 14027:2023-03-22 13906:2010-05-04 13756:2024-01-04 13660:Pediatrics 13580:: e86-91. 13546:2024-02-23 13496:2004243422 13331:2008-10-21 13310:2012-05-05 13190:2012-05-05 13067:2023-12-27 12970:2012-05-06 12784:2012-05-06 12758:2012-05-06 12732:2012-05-06 12726:Fact Sheet 12639:2012-05-06 12614:2012-05-06 12414:2012-05-06 12357:Front Line 12318:2012-05-06 12289:2012-05-06 12263:2014-07-20 12063:2015-05-13 11987:2012-05-06 9264:2012-05-06 9086:2008-10-05 9015:2018-01-03 8141:: 491797. 8112:2012-05-05 7901:2006-07-15 7504:2008-01-04 6965:2008-01-04 6825:2009-01-10 6700:2005-12-18 5393:1 November 5362:2023-04-24 5082:2012-05-06 4927:2012-05-06 4914:Fact Sheet 4817:2024-02-24 4645:2012-05-06 4570:2012-05-06 4387:2012-03-25 4362:2009-11-13 4149:2012-05-06 3894:2012-05-06 3657:2012-03-25 3597:2018-09-30 3425:2009-02-15 3322:2024-02-23 3267:. May 2014 3239:2022-10-06 3181:2009-01-02 3153:2009-01-02 3127:References 3086:stochastic 2998:, and the 2972:See also: 2755:adolescent 2643:Prevention 2323:adrenaline 2208:foam cells 2163:epithelial 2150:Ed Martell 2056:carcinogen 2048:hemiaminal 1936:and cause 1874:See also: 1863:See also: 1780:germicidal 1764:strategy. 1762:preventive 1563:See also: 1559:Other harm 1260:relaxation 1226:myometrium 1183:See also: 1132:cigarettes 1010:hemoglobin 1002:fibrinogen 617:jumbo jets 447:Production 17231:Argentina 16970:Additives 16903:Fire-safe 16731:Trans fat 16701:Chocolate 16526:Australia 16452:Menopause 16194:Argentina 16070:Australia 16034:Singapore 15979:Indonesia 15969:Hong Kong 15695:264018380 15634:476167599 15388:1810-6838 15192:Oreskes N 15165:0002-8282 14849:0090-0036 14741:205107540 14463:264018380 13901:USA Today 13858:USA Today 13747:"Hookahs" 13620:207276270 13594:1541-0048 13562:Morabia A 13522:230800394 13432:1460-2105 13416:: 333–7. 13253:CiteSeerX 13222:1055-9965 13146:: 1–592. 13107:0002-8703 13044:235707832 13020:1469-994X 12078:U.S. Army 11741:Biology 1 11655:219300105 11605:167219141 11474:224824871 11059:233205099 11043:1089-8603 10828:218898153 10527:: a1724. 9915:6 October 9168:CiteSeerX 9070:CiteSeerX 8421:Addiction 8204:CiteSeerX 8196:Addiction 6587:CiteSeerX 6450:1660-4601 6399:145920823 6338:0007-0610 6281:1476-6256 6223:1474-175X 6135:214644380 6071:1055-9965 6013:0007-0610 5956:0007-0610 5899:0028-4793 5841:0027-8874 5784:0171-5216 5736:2296-5270 5689:0030-2414 5258:1473-7140 4786:0017-9078 4743:0964-4563 3479:Endocrine 3226:476167599 3016:causality 3006:Causality 2920:Addiction 2873:Prior to 2851:wrote an 2769:. In the 2588:USA Today 2528:esophagus 2512:cigarette 2456:platelets 2378:locomotor 2355:apoptosis 2315:impotence 2257:pyrolyzed 2253:stimulant 2127:(Pb) and 2084:aflatoxin 2022:vaporizer 2001:mutagenic 1985:pyrolysis 1950:mutagenic 1946:toxicated 1930:pyrolytic 1859:Mechanism 1750:prodromal 1748:(whereby 1746:causality 1703:pemphigus 1619:abdominal 1584:lipolysis 1486:Pregnancy 1435:talk page 1401:judgement 1385:dry mouth 1288:tolerance 1276:dizziness 1268:alertness 1211:ovulation 1165:impotence 1159:Impotence 1128:pneumonia 1122:Infection 1112:Halitosis 1044:Influenza 965:vitamin C 890:emphysema 855:Pulmonary 603:Mortality 578:incidence 550:emphysema 400:Marketing 349:Nicotiana 319:Chemistry 165:emphysema 149:pneumonia 115:addictive 17419:Category 17384:Category 17246:Pakistan 16908:Flavored 16817:Cannabis 16795:Caffeine 16741:Fructose 16716:Red meat 16634:Category 16581:Smokeasy 16292:Pipe bag 16282:Chanunpa 16254:Religion 16204:Colombia 16019:Pakistan 16014:Malaysia 15854:11602374 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16209:Ecuador 16143:Ireland 16138:Iceland 16133:Hungary 16123:Germany 16113:Finland 16108:Croatia 16103:Armenia 16098:Albania 16082:Tokelau 16063:Oceania 16054:Vietnam 15933:Nigeria 15912:Country 15588:(2014) 15479:2817714 15397:5298160 15368:Breathe 15291:2038856 14943:6967224 14935:6773624 14858:3490543 14810:9689926 14626:4299113 14268:5 March 14243:5 March 14218:5 March 14193:5 March 13949:2438352 13603:4151956 13564:(ed.). 13505:7789747 13448:7772405 13400:(ed.). 13398:Ganz PA 13374:4408600 13357:: 390. 13153:4781254 13115:1539521 12895:6725504 12855:7848904 12820:9551774 12698:1513423 12191:2509609 12151:6572389 12119:Bibcode 11827:Koop CE 11804:1592536 11781:Bibcode 11558:5673487 11523:5691369 11514:1228764 11406:5494127 11263:4824443 11240:Bibcode 11185:Bibcode 11110:5836408 10962:6206527 10922:3830347 10870:5146861 10719:8179908 10542:2658825 10493:2078130 10453:7997518 10445:3579093 10425:Bibcode 10394:3454313 10353:8746297 10186:4171221 10144:5775169 10136:2598752 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16913:Kretek 16769:Coffee 16536:France 16402:MPOWER 16301:Health 16230:Canada 16199:Brazil 16173:Turkey 16168:Sweden 16163:Russia 16158:Norway 16153:Latvia 16128:Greece 16118:France 16091:Europe 16049:Turkey 16044:Taiwan 15921:Africa 15852: 15823: 15693: 15683: 15632: 15622: 15590:online 15566: 15514: 15486: 15476: 15404: 15394: 15386: 15347: 15340:437141 15337: 15298: 15288: 15244: 15208: 15171: 15163: 15124: 15066: 15058: 15030: 15005: 14941: 14933: 14865: 14855: 14847: 14808: 14800: 14739: 14731: 14624: 14616: 14461: 14451: 14405: 14296: 14144: 14136: 14061: 14020: 14002:Naswar 13983: 13956: 13946: 13932:: 19. 13880: 13837: 13802: 13794: 13680: 13618: 13610: 13600: 13592: 13520: 13512: 13502: 13494: 13446: 13438: 13430: 13381: 13371: 13273: 13255: 13228: 13220: 13160: 13150: 13113: 13105: 13042: 13034: 13026: 13018: 12945: 12937: 12902: 12892: 12853: 12826: 12818: 12705: 12695: 12586: 12578: 12543: 12535: 12492: 12440: 12248: 12240: 12198: 12188: 12149: 12142:393580 12139: 12035: 11950: 11885: 11811: 11801: 11747: 11724: 11689: 11653: 11645: 11603: 11595: 11556: 11521: 11511: 11472: 11464: 11413: 11403: 11389:: 18. 11362: 11354: 11313: 11305: 11270: 11260: 11211: 11203: 11160: 11150: 11117: 11107: 11057: 11049: 11041: 11010: 10969: 10959: 10920: 10912: 10877: 10867: 10853:: 37. 10826: 10818: 10780: 10726: 10716: 10634: 10593: 10585: 10549: 10539: 10500: 10490: 10451: 10443: 10400: 10392: 10351: 10310: 10269: 10228: 10193: 10183: 10142: 10134: 10099: 10091: 10056: 10046: 10007: 9999: 9964: 9954: 9885: 9834: 9824: 9775: 9767: 9732: 9722: 9708:: 81. 9681: 9673: 9638: 9595: 9585: 9544: 9509: 9474: 9439: 9404: 9394: 9355: 9347: 9312: 9302: 9237: 9229: 9188: 9170: 9143: 9135: 9072: 9049: 8990: 8983:324461 8980: 8941: 8933: 8898: 8890: 8855: 8845: 8804: 8796: 8761: 8751: 8712: 8704: 8669: 8659: 8620: 8612: 8577: 8569: 8533: 8525: 8490: 8449: 8441: 8368: 8339: 8298: 8259: 8224: 8206: 8165: 8155: 8077: 7976: 7935: 7846: 7805: 7764: 7723: 7715: 7674: 7639:31 May 7614: 7579: 7569: 7530: 7480:264419 7478: 7443: 7402: 7367: 7326: 7282: 7272: 7233: 7223: 7184: 7146: 7108: 7100: 7061: 7051: 7010: 7002: 6932: 6924: 6859: 6799: 6789: 6750: 6740: 6656: 6646: 6607: 6589: 6562: 6523: 6513: 6474: 6466: 6456: 6448: 6397: 6389: 6354: 6344: 6336: 6297: 6287: 6279: 6239: 6229: 6221: 6182: 6172: 6133: 6125: 6087: 6077: 6069: 6029: 6019: 6011: 5972: 5962: 5954: 5915: 5905: 5897: 5857: 5847: 5839: 5800: 5790: 5782: 5742: 5734: 5695: 5687: 5648: 5609: 5564: 5529: 5519: 5477: 5469: 5434: 5329:31 May 5299: 5264: 5256: 5215: 5176: 5168: 5124: 5116: 5056: 5048: 4961: 4792: 4784: 4749: 4741: 4697: 4689: 4596: 4535: 4525: 4486: 4435: 4425: 4326: 4316: 4277: 4250: 4215: 4102: 4094: 4059: 4049: 4031:Thorax 4010: 3983: 3973: 3934: 3868: 3861:437139 3858: 3796:ASPA. 3781: 3773: 3755:Lancet 3738: 3584:154707 3582: 3574: 3505: 3497: 3462: 3400: 3361:648675 3359: 3297:13 May 3271:13 May 3224: 3214: 2938: 2631:, and 2567:hookah 2536:larynx 2534:, and 2501:Cigars 2433:asthma 2431:, and 2425:cancer 2417:Canada 2317:, and 2311:stroke 2290:heroin 2288:, and 2074:after 1997:oxygen 1909:to DNA 1907:adduct 1709:, and 1500:among 1427: 1298:Stress 1272:nausea 1266:, and 952:, and 946:stroke 886:sputum 825:chewed 726:, and 664:Cancer 593:stroke 568:, and 562:larynx 554:cancer 552:, and 458:Curing 208:among 187:, and 17339:Lists 17236:Egypt 16928:Beedi 16891:Types 16810:Other 16757:Drink 16736:Sugar 16711:Honey 16706:Dairy 16554:Other 16148:Italy 16039:Syria 16009:Macau 15994:Japan 15974:India 15959:China 15928:Egypt 15748:(PDF) 15726:(PDF) 15717:(PDF) 15665:(PDF) 15641:(PDF) 15612:(PDF) 15536:(PDF) 15427:(PDF) 15064:S2CID 14939:S2CID 14806:S2CID 14737:S2CID 14622:S2CID 14433:(PDF) 14290:(PDF) 14142:S2CID 13800:S2CID 13616:S2CID 13590:eISSN 13576:(9). 13518:S2CID 13480:: 7. 13476:(1). 13466:(PDF) 13444:S2CID 13428:eISSN 13412:(4). 13304:(PDF) 13293:(PDF) 13136:(PDF) 13040:S2CID 13016:eISSN 12998:(9). 12943:S2CID 12824:S2CID 12584:S2CID 12541:S2CID 12336:(PDF) 12257:(PDF) 12246:S2CID 12218:(PDF) 12092:(PDF) 12085:(PDF) 11981:(PDF) 11970:(PDF) 11948:S2CID 11651:S2CID 11623:(PDF) 11601:S2CID 11470:S2CID 11360:S2CID 11311:S2CID 11209:S2CID 11055:S2CID 10918:S2CID 10824:S2CID 10591:S2CID 10441:JSTOR 10390:JSTOR 10140:S2CID 10097:S2CID 10005:S2CID 9936:Chest 9773:S2CID 9679:S2CID 9353:S2CID 9235:S2CID 9141:S2CID 8939:S2CID 8896:S2CID 8802:S2CID 8710:S2CID 8618:S2CID 8575:S2CID 8531:S2CID 8447:S2CID 8021:(PDF) 8014:(PDF) 7725:92980 7721:S2CID 7106:S2CID 7008:S2CID 6930:S2CID 6882:(PDF) 6472:S2CID 6395:S2CID 6131:S2CID 5475:S2CID 5174:S2CID 5122:S2CID 5054:S2CID 4921:(PDF) 4910:(PDF) 4695:S2CID 4639:(PDF) 4624:(PDF) 4564:(PDF) 4557:(PDF) 4356:(PDF) 4345:(PDF) 4100:S2CID 3779:S2CID 3591:(PDF) 3580:S2CID 3552:(PDF) 3503:S2CID 3419:(PDF) 3357:JSTOR 3233:(PDF) 3204:(PDF) 2936:S2CID 2705:Usage 2604:bidis 2524:mouth 2507:cigar 1622:aorta 1580:AZGP1 1403:, or 1355:MAO-B 1091:) is 1075:Mouth 1030:renal 1024:Renal 829:Cigar 566:mouth 538:lungs 372:Types 330:Smoke 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