Passive smoking - Knowledge

523: 743:, the metabolite of nicotine, is a biomarker of secondhand smoke exposure. Typically, cotinine is measured in the blood, saliva, and urine. Hair analysis has recently become a new, noninvasive measurement technique. Cotinine accumulates in hair during hair growth, which results in a measure of long-term, cumulative exposure to tobacco smoke. Urinary cotinine levels have been a reliable biomarker of tobacco exposure and have been used as a reference in many epidemiological studies. However, cotinine levels found in the urine reflect exposure only over the preceding 48 hours. Cotinine levels of the skin, such as the hair and nails, reflect tobacco exposure over the previous three months and are a more reliable biomarker. 560:

publication bias in the studies included in this meta-analysis. They further concluded that after correcting for publication bias, and assuming that 40% of all studies are unpublished, this increased risk decreased from 24% to 15%. This conclusion has been challenged on the basis that the assumption that 40% of all studies are unpublished was "extreme". In 2006, Takagi et al. reanalyzed the data from this meta-analysis to account for publication bias and estimated that the relative risk of lung cancer among those exposed to secondhand smoke was 1.19, slightly lower than the original estimate. A 2000 meta-analysis found a

29: 1228:, and other tobacco companies in an effort to discredit scientific findings which would harm their business interests. A WHO inquiry, conducted after the release of the tobacco-industry documents, found that this controversy was generated by the tobacco industry as part of its larger campaign to cut the WHO's budget, distort the results of scientific studies on passive smoking, and discredit the WHO as an institution. This campaign was carried out using a network of ostensibly independent 722:, and proteins are the most specific biological markers of tobacco smoke exposure. Biochemical tests are a much more reliable biomarker of secondhand smoke exposure than surveys. Certain groups of people are reluctant to disclose their smoking status and exposure to tobacco smoke, especially pregnant women and parents of young children. This is due to their smoking being socially unacceptable. Also, it may be difficult for individuals to recall their exposure to tobacco smoke. 5518:

Neri, Monica; Vineis, Paolo; Kiyohara, Chikako; Hong, Yun-Chul; Morgenstern, Hal; Matsuo, Keitaro; Tajima, Kazuo; Christiani, David C.; McLaughlin, John R.; Bencko, Vladimir; Holcatova, Ivana; Boffetta, Paolo; Brennan, Paul; Fabianova, Eleonora; Foretova, Lenka; Janout, Vladimir; Lissowska, Jolanta; Mates, Dana; Rudnai, Peter; Szeszenia-Dabrowska, Neonila; Mukeria, Anush; Zaridze, David; Seow, Adeline; Schwartz, Ann G.; Yang, Ping; Zhang, Zuo-Feng (15 October 2014).

11721: 11169: 1569:, particularly in bars and restaurants. For example, critics of smoke-free laws cite studies suggesting ventilation as a means of reducing tobacco smoke pollutants and improving air quality. Ventilation has also been heavily promoted by the tobacco industry as an alternative to outright bans, via a network of ostensibly independent experts with often undisclosed ties to the industry. However, not all critics have connections to the industry. 699: 2256:, p. 1191: "During smoking of cigarettes, cigars, pipes and other tobacco productions, in addition to the mainstream smoke drawn and inhaled by the smokers, a stream of smoke is released between puffs into the air from the burning cone. Once released, this stream (also known as the sidestream smoke) is mixed with exhaled mainstream smoke as well as the air in an indoor environment to form the secondhand smoke to which ..." 11279: 11731: 844:" was recently coined to identify the residual tobacco smoke contamination that remains after the cigarette is extinguished and secondhand smoke has cleared from the air. Preliminary research suggests that by-products of third-hand smoke may pose a health risk, though the magnitude of risk, if any, remains unknown. In October 2011, it was reported that Christus St. Frances Cabrini Hospital in 1266:

before research had begun...adjusted established procedure and scientific norms to validate the Agency's public conclusion... In conducting the ETS Risk Assessment, disregarded information and made findings on selective information; did not disseminate significant epidemiologic information; deviated from its Risk Assessment Guidelines; failed to disclose important findings and reasoning..."

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factors other than first-hand smoking were found in nonsmokers. Lung cancer in non-smokers may well be considered one of the most common cancer mortalities in the United States. Clinical epidemiology of lung cancer has linked the primary factors closely tied to lung cancer in non-smokers as exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke, carcinogens including radon, and other indoor air pollutants.

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smoke is not simply a diluted version of "mainstream" smoke, but has a different composition with more toxic substances per gram of total particulate matter. Passive smoking appears to be capable of precipitating the acute manifestations of cardio-vascular diseases (atherothrombosis) and may also have a negative impact on the outcome of patients who have acute coronary syndromes.

1323:, the District Court for the District of Columbia found that the tobacco industry "... recognized from the mid-1970s forward that the health effects of passive smoking posed a profound threat to industry viability and cigarette profits," and that the industry responded with "efforts to undermine and discredit the scientific consensus that ETS causes disease." 460:, and worse outcome, as well as increased risk of developing tuberculosis if exposed to a carrier. In the United States, it is estimated that secondhand smoke has been associated with between 150,000 and 300,000 lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children under 18 months of age, resulting in between 7,500 and 15,000 hospitalizations each year. 1041:(ACS), whose database Enstrom and Kabat used to compile their data, criticized the paper as "neither reliable nor independent", stating that scientists at the ACS had repeatedly pointed out serious flaws in Enstrom and Kabat's methodology prior to publication. Notably, the study had failed to identify a comparison group of "unexposed" persons. 1286:

times more likely than independent researchers to conclude that secondhand smoke was not harmful. In a specific example which came to light with the release of tobacco-industry documents, Philip Morris executives successfully encouraged an author to revise his industry-funded review article to downplay the role of secondhand smoke in

1576:(ASHRAE) officially concluded in 2005 that while completely isolated smoking rooms do eliminate the risk to nearby non-smoking areas, smoking bans are the only means of eliminating health risks associated with indoor exposure. They further concluded that no system of dilution or cleaning was effective at eliminating risk. The 1527:, enacted a smoke-free law in 2003, hospital admissions for heart attacks dropped 27%. Admissions in neighbouring towns without smoke-free laws showed no change, and the decline in heart attacks in Pueblo was attributed to the resulting reduction in secondhand smoke exposure. A 2004 smoking ban instituted in 1531:

workplaces decreased workers' secondhand smoke exposure from 8% of workers in 2003 to 5.4% of workers in 2010. A 2016 review also found that bans and policy changes in specific locations such as hospitals or universities can lead to reduced smoking rates. In prison settings bans might lead to reduced

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Citing the tobacco industry's production of biased research and efforts to undermine scientific findings, the 2006 U.S. Surgeon General's report concluded that the industry had "attempted to sustain controversy even as the scientific community reached consensus... industry documents indicate that the

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This strategy was outlined at an international meeting of tobacco companies in 1988, at which Philip Morris proposed to set up a team of scientists, organized by company lawyers, to "carry out work on ETS to keep the controversy alive." All scientific research was subject to oversight and "filtering"

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The industry has funded or carried out research that has been judged to be biased, supported scientists to generate letters to editors that criticized research publications, attempted to undermine the findings of key studies, assisted in establishing a scientific society with a journal, and attempted

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and epidemiological practices in studies of passive smoking. Milloy, who has a master's degree from the Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, argued that studies yielding relative risks of less than 2 were meaningless junk science. This approach to epidemiological analysis was criticized

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In 2001, a systematic review for the Guide to Community Preventive Services acknowledged strong evidence of the effectiveness of smoke-free policies and restrictions in reducing expose to secondhand smoke. A follow-up to this review, identified the evidence on which the effectiveness of smoking bans

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The tobacco industry and affiliated scientists also put forward a set of "Good Epidemiology Practices" which would have the practical effect of obscuring the link between secondhand smoke and lung cancer; the privately stated goal of these standards was to "impede adverse legislation". However, this

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journal found a positive correlation between secondhand tobacco smoke exposure and concentrations of nicotine and/or biomarkers of nicotine in the body. Significant biological levels of nicotine from secondhand smoke exposure were equivalent to nicotine levels from active smoking and levels that are

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has viewed public concern over secondhand smoke as a serious threat to its business interests. Despite the industry's awareness of the harms of secondhand smoke as early as the 1980s, the tobacco industry coordinated a scientific controversy with the purpose of stopping regulation of their products.

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Measures to tackle secondhand smoke pose a serious economic threat to the tobacco industry, having broadened the definition of smoking beyond a personal habit to something with a social impact. In a confidential 1978 report, the tobacco industry described increasing public concerns about secondhand

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regarding the association between spousal exposure to secondhand smoke and heart disease. Both of these papers reported no association between secondhand smoke and heart disease. These analyses have been criticized for failing to distinguish between current and former smokers, despite the fact that

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of 1.48 for lung cancer among men exposed to secondhand smoke, and a relative risk of 1.16 among those exposed to it at work. Another meta-analysis confirmed the finding of an increased risk of lung cancer among women with spousal exposure to secondhand smoke the following year. It found a relative

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Evidence shows that inhaled sidestream smoke, the main component of secondhand smoke, is about four times more toxic than mainstream smoke. This fact has been known to the tobacco industry since the 1980s, though it kept its findings secret. Some scientists believe that the risk of passive smoking,

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Kim, Claire H.; Lee, Yuan-Chin Amy; Hung, Rayjean J.; McNallan, Sheila R.; Cote, Michele L.; Lim, Wei-Yen; Chang, Shen-Chih; Kim, Jin Hee; Ugolini, Donatella; Chen, Ying; Liloglou, Triantafillos; Andrew, Angeline S.; Onega, Tracy; Duell, Eric J.; Field, John K.; Lazarus, Philip; Le Marchand, Loic;

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researchers, looking at cases of canine lung cancer, was generally inconclusive, though the authors reported a weak relation for lung cancer in dogs exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. The number of smokers within the home, the number of packs smoked in the home per day, and the amount of time

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Air nicotine levels were measured in Guatemalan bars and restaurants before and after an implemented smoke-free law in 2009. Nicotine concentrations significantly decreased in both the bars and restaurants measured. Also, the employees' support for a smoke-free workplace substantially increased in

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While a number of studies funded by the tobacco industry have claimed a negative economic impact from smoke-free laws, no independently funded research has shown any such impact. A 2003 review reported that independently funded, methodologically sound research consistently found either no economic

443:(SIDS). In his 2006 report, the US Surgeon General concludes: "The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between exposure to secondhand smoke and sudden infant death syndrome." Secondhand smoking has been estimated to be associated with 430 SIDS deaths in the United States annually. 253:

concluded in 2004 that there was "no support for a causal relation between involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke and breast cancer in never-smokers." A 2015 meta-analysis found that the evidence that passive smoking moderately increased the risk of breast cancer had become "more substantial than a

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prefers to use the phrase "secondhand smoke" rather than "environmental tobacco smoke", stating that "The descriptor 'secondhand' captures the involuntary nature of the exposure, while 'environmental' does not." Most researchers consider the term "passive smoking" to be synonymous with "secondhand

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The ruling found that tobacco companies undertook joint efforts to undermine and discredit the scientific consensus that secondhand smoke causes disease, notably by controlling research findings via paid consultants. The ruling also concluded that tobacco companies were fraudulently continuing to

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The tobacco industry's role in funding scientific research on secondhand smoke has been controversial. A review of published studies found that tobacco-industry affiliation was strongly correlated with findings exonerating secondhand smoke; researchers affiliated with the tobacco industry were 88

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ruled in favor of the tobacco industry in 1998, finding that the EPA had failed to follow proper scientific and epidemiologic practices and had "cherry picked" evidence to support conclusions which they had committed to in advance. The court stated in part, "EPA publicly committed to a conclusion

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is also a reliable biomarker of secondhand smoke exposure as well as tobacco use. With high sensitivity and specificity, it not only provides an accurate measure, but the test is also non-invasive, highly reproducible, and low in cost. Breath CO monitoring measures the concentration of CO in an

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Bhatnagar, A; Whitsel, LP; Ribisl, KM; Bullen, C; Chaloupka, F; Piano, MR; Robertson, RM; McAuley, T; Goff, D; Benowitz, N; American Heart Association Advocacy Coordinating Committee, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, Council on Clinical Cardiology, and Council on Quality of Care and

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A minority of epidemiologists have found it hard to understand how secondhand smoke, which is more diluted than actively inhaled smoke, could have an effect that is such a large fraction of the added risk of coronary heart disease among active smokers. One proposed explanation is that secondhand

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In 1997, a meta-analysis on the relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and lung cancer concluded that such exposure caused lung cancer. The increase in risk was estimated to be 24% among non-smokers who lived with a smoker. In 2000, Copas and Shi reported that there was clear evidence of

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Boffetta, Paolo; Agudo, Antonio; Ahrens, Wolfgang; Benhamou, Ellen; Benhamou, Simone; Darby, Sarah C.; Ferro, Gilles; Fortes, Cristina; Gonzalez, Carlos A.; Jöckel, Karl-Heinz; Krauss, Martin; Kreienbrock, Lothar; Kreuzer, Michaela; Mendes, Anabela; Merletti, Franco; Nyberg, Fredrik; Pershagen,

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in research; in all reviews of the effects of secondhand smoke on health published between 1980 and 1995, the only factor associated with concluding that secondhand smoke is not harmful was whether an author was affiliated with the tobacco industry. However, not all studies that failed to find

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As part of its attempt to prevent or delay tighter regulation of smoking, the tobacco industry funded a number of scientific studies and, where the results cast doubt on the risks associated with secondhand smoke, sought wide publicity for those results. The industry also funded libertarian and

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In 2008, there were more than 161,000 deaths attributed to lung cancer in the United States. Of these deaths, an estimated 10% to 15% were caused by factors other than first-hand smoking; equivalent to 16,000 to 24,000 deaths annually. Slightly more than half of the lung cancer deaths caused by

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Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure has immediate and substantial effects on blood and blood vessels in a way that increases the risk of a heart attack, particularly in people already at risk. Exposure to tobacco smoke for 30 minutes significantly reduces coronary flow velocity reserve in healthy

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A systematic review compared smoking control programmes and their effects on smoke exposure in children. The review distinguishes between community-based, ill-child and healthy-child settings and the most common types of interventions were counselling or brief advice during clinical visits. The

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states that engineering approaches, such as ventilation, are ineffective and do not protect against secondhand smoke exposure. However, this does not necessarily mean that such measures are useless in reducing harm, only that they fall short of the goal of reducing exposure completely to zero.

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Overall increased risk of death in both adults, where it was estimated to kill 53,000 nonsmokers per year in the U.S in 1991, and in children. The World Health Organization states that passive smoking causes about 600,000 deaths a year, and about 1% of the global burden of disease. As of 2017,

331:: Exposure to secondhand smoke may increase the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in adults 50 and over. Children exposed to secondhand smoke show reduced vocabulary and reasoning skills when compared with non-exposed children as well as more general cognitive and intellectual deficits. 1987:

The industry quickly realised that, if it wanted to continue to prosper, it became vital that research did not demonstrate that tobacco smoke was a dangerous community air pollutant. This requirement has been the central pillar of its passive smoking policy from the early 1970s to the present

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To simulate environmental tobacco smoke, scientists expose animals to sidestream smoke, that which emanates from the cigarette's burning cone and through its paper, or a combination of mainstream and sidestream smoke. The IARC monographs conclude that mice with prolonged exposure to simulated

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demonstrate supportive attitudes of the public towards smoke-free policies in outdoor areas. A vast majority of the public supports restricting smoking in various outdoor settings. The respondents' support for the policies were for varying reasons such as litter control, establishing positive

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of studies regarding passive smoking and coronary heart disease in which they reported a very weak association between passive smoking and heart disease mortality. They concluded that exposure to secondhand smoke increased the risk of death from CHD by only 5%, although this analysis has been

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have found widespread public awareness that secondhand smoke is harmful. In both 1992 and 2000 surveys, more than 80% of respondents agreed with the statement that secondhand smoke was harmful. A 2001 study found that 95% of adults agreed that secondhand smoke was harmful to children, and 96%

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These meta-analyses show that there is a statistically significant and consistent association between lung cancer risk in spouses of smokers and exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke from the spouse who smokes. The excess risk is of the order of 20% for women and 30% for men and remains after

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during the 1930s. Terms used include "environmental tobacco smoke" to refer to the airborne matter, while "involuntary smoking" and "passive smoking" refer to exposure to secondhand smoke. The term "environmental tobacco smoke" can be traced back to a 1974 industry-sponsored meeting held in

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In 1998, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, through the publication by its National Toxicology Program of the 9th Report on Carcinogens, listed environmental tobacco smoke among the known carcinogens, observing of the EPA assessment that "The individual studies were carefully

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in October of the same year, and concluded the authors found "no association between childhood exposure to ETS and lung cancer risk" but "did find weak evidence of a dose–response relationship between risk of lung cancer and exposure to spousal and workplace ETS." An accompanying editorial

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concluded in 2004 that there was sufficient evidence that secondhand smoke caused cancer in humans. Those who work in environments where smoke is not regulated are at higher risk. Workers particularly at risk of exposure include those in installation repair and maintenance, construction and

848:, would seek to eliminate third-hand smoke beginning in July 2012, and that employees whose clothing smelled of smoke would not be allowed to work. This prohibition was enacted because third-hand smoke poses a special danger for the developing brains of infants and small children. 1536:

reduced the prevalence of tobacco use. Articles published until 2005, were examined to further support this evidence. The examined studies provided sufficient evidence that smoke-free policies reduce tobacco use among workers when implemented in worksites or by communities.

1408:) acknowledge the medical consensus that secondhand smoke carries health risks, while others continue to assert that the evidence is inconclusive. Several tobacco companies advocate the creation of smoke-free areas within public buildings as an alternative to comprehensive 1198:

In response, the WHO issued a press release stating that the results of the study had been "completely misrepresented" in the popular press and were in fact very much in line with similar studies demonstrating the harms of passive smoking. The study was published in the

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Worsening of asthma, allergies, and other conditions. A 2014 systematic review and meta-analysis found that passive smoking was associated with a slightly increased risk of allergic diseases among children and adolescents; the evidence for an association was weaker for

1052:, the Enstrom and Kabat paper was cited by the US District Court as "a prime example of how nine tobacco companies engaged in criminal racketeering and fraud to hide the dangers of tobacco smoke." The Court found that the study had been funded and managed by the 962:

found that 56% of respondents felt that secondhand smoke was "very harmful", a number that has held relatively steady since 1997. Another 29% believe that secondhand smoke is "somewhat harmful"; 10% answered "not too harmful", while 5% said "not at all harmful".

1382:, it was found that the executive board of the society and the editorial board of the journal were dominated by paid tobacco-industry consultants. The journal published a large amount of material on passive smoking, much of which was "industry-positive". 375:

Recent studies comparing females exposed to secondhand smoke and non-exposed females, demonstrate that females exposed while pregnant have higher risks of delivering a child with congenital abnormalities, longer lengths, smaller head circumferences, and

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Philip Morris then expect the group of scientists to operate within the confines of decisions taken by PM scientists to determine the general direction of research, which apparently would then be 'filtered' by lawyers to eliminate areas of sensitivity.

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A major component of the industry attack was the mounting of a campaign to establish a "bar" for "sound science" that could not be fully met by most individual investigations, leaving studies that did not meet the criteria to be dismissed as "junk

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The positions of major tobacco companies on the issue of secondhand smoke is somewhat varied. In general, tobacco companies have continued to focus on questioning the methodology of studies showing that secondhand smoke is harmful. Some (such as

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environmental tobacco smoke, that is six hours a day, five days a week, for five months with a subsequent four-month interval before dissection, will have significantly higher incidence and multiplicity of lung tumors than with control groups.

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which state that "effective measures to provide protection from exposure to tobacco smoke ... require the total elimination of smoking and tobacco smoke in a particular space or environment in order to create a 100% smoke-free environment."

1048:, Enstrom requested a "substantial research commitment... in order for me to effectively compete against the large mountain of epidemiologic data and opinions that already exist regarding the health effects of ETS and active smoking." In a 235:: Passive smoking is a risk factor for lung cancer. In the United States, secondhand smoke is estimated to cause more than 7,000 deaths from lung cancer a year among non-smokers. A quarter of all cases occur in people who have never smoked. 10113:

U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Coordinating Center for Health Promotion; National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; Office on Smoking and Health (2006-06-27).

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Multiple studies have been conducted to determine the carcinogenicity of environmental tobacco smoke to animals. These studies typically fall under the categories of simulated environmental tobacco smoke, administering condensates of

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Takagi, Hisato; Sekino, Seishiro; Kato, Takayoshi; Matsuno, Yukihiro; Umemoto, Takuya (February 2006). "Revisiting evidence on lung cancer and passive smoking: Adjustment for publication bias by means of "trim and fill" algorithm".

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legislation "for protection from exposure to tobacco smoke in indoor workplaces, public transport, indoor public places and, as appropriate, other public places." (Article 8 of the FCTC) The parties to the FCTC have further adopted

1037:, though the accompanying editorial noted that "they may overemphasise the negative nature of their findings." This paper was widely promoted by the tobacco industry as evidence that the harms of passive smoking were unproven. The 10225:Öberg, Mattias; Jaakkola, Maritta S; Woodward, Alistair; Peruga, Armando; Prüss-Ustün, Annette (January 2011). "Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke: a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries". 9095:""Conclusions about exposure to ETS and health that will be unhelpful to us"*: How the tobacco industry attempted to delay and discredit the 1997 Australian National Health and Medical Research Council report on passive smoking" 10347:

Small, Elysia; Shah, Hina P.; Davenport, Jake J.; Geier, Jacqueline E.; Yavarovich, Kate R.; Yamada, Hidetaka; Sabarinath, Sreedharan N.; Derendorf, Hartmut; Pauly, James R.; Gold, Mark S.; Bruijnzeel, Adrie W. (January 2010).

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Feleszko, W; Ruszczyński, M; Jaworska, J; Strzelak, A; Zalewski, BM; Kulus, M (November 2014). "Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and risk of allergic sensitisation in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

799:, all known to be highly carcinogenic. Mainstream smoke, sidestream smoke, and secondhand smoke contain largely the same components, however the concentration varies depending on type of smoke. Several well-established 1195:, among other sources, alleged that the WHO withheld from publication of its own report that supposedly failed to prove an association between passive smoking and a number of other diseases (lung cancer in particular). 1097:

that "...of the 75 published studies of ETS and lung cancer, some 70% did not report statistically significant differences of risk and are moot. Roughly 17% claim an increased risk and 13% imply a reduction of risk."

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risk of lung cancer of 1.29 for women exposed to secondhand smoke from their spouses. A 2014 meta-analysis noted that "the association between exposure to secondhand smoke and lung cancer risk is well established."

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The industry developed a network of ventilation 'experts' to promote its position that smoke-free environments were not necessary, often without disclosing the financial relationship between these experts and the

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The most current positions of major tobacco companies on the issue of passive smoking can be found on their websites. As of 13 January 2009, the following websites contain tobacco-industry positions on the topic:

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Chen, R; Hu, Z; Orton, S; Chen, RL; Wei, L (December 2013). "Association of passive smoking with cognitive impairment in nonsmoking older adults: a systematic literature review and a new study of Chinese cohort".

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was the first country in the world to institute a comprehensive national ban on smoking in all indoor workplaces on 29 March 2004. Since then, many others have followed suit. The countries which have ratified the

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argued that the disclosure section in the Enstrom and Kabat BMJ paper, although it met the journal's requirements, "does not reveal the full extent of the relationship the authors had with the tobacco industry."

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Opinion polls have shown considerable support for smoke-free laws. In June 2007, a survey of 15 countries found 80% approval for such laws. A survey in France, reputedly a nation of smokers, showed 70% support.

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Philip Morris reported that it was putting "...vast amounts of funding into these projects... in attempting to coordinate and pay so many scientists on an international basis to keep the ETS controversy alive."

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Lv, X; Sun, J; Bi, Y; Xu, M; Lu, J; Zhao, L; Xu, Y (15 November 2015). "Risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease associated with secondhand smoke exposure: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

4831:"Cardiovascular Consequences of Childhood Secondhand Tobacco Smoke Exposure: Prevailing Evidence, Burden, and Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association" 814:, one after the other, in a 60 m garage with a limited air exchange. The cigarettes produced PM pollution exceeding outdoor limits, as well as PM concentrations up to 10-fold that of the idling engine. 3268:

Been, Jasper; Nurmatov, U. B.; Cox, B; Nawrot, T. S.; Van Schayck, C. P.; Sheikh, A (28 March 2014). "Effect of smoke-free legislation on perinatal and child health: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

1033:, argued that the harms of passive smoking had been overstated. Their analysis reported no statistically significant relationship between passive smoking and lung cancer, coronary heart disease (CHD), or 5203:"Concentrations of the Carcinogen 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanone in Sidestream Cigarette Smoke Increase after Release into Indoor Air: Results from Unpublished Tobacco Industry Research" 612:

Doctor-diagnosed asthma is more common among non-smoking adults exposed to ETS than those not exposed. Among people with asthma, higher ETS exposure is associated with a greater risk of severe attacks.

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Barnoya J, Arvizu M, Jones MR, Hernandez JC, Breysse PN, Navas-Acien A (November 2010). "Secondhand smoke exposure in bars and restaurants in Guatemala City: before and after smoking ban evaluation".

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Göran; Pohlabeln, Hermann; Riboli, Elio; Schmid, Giovanni; Simonato, Lorenzo; Tre'daniel, Jean; Whitley, Elise; Wichmann, Heinz-Erich; Winck, Carlos; Zambon, Paola; Saracci, Rodolfo (7 October 1998).

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Bentayeb, Malek; Simoni, Marzia; Norback, Dan; Baldacci, Sandra; Maio, Sara; Viegi, Giovanni; Annesi-Maesano, Isabella (6 December 2013). "Indoor air pollution and respiratory health in the elderly".

1258:, and groups representing growers, distributors and marketers of tobacco took legal action, claiming that the EPA had manipulated this study and ignored accepted scientific and statistical practices. 6302:

Tsai, James; Homa, David M.; Gentzke, Andrea S.; Mahoney, Margaret; Sharapova, Saida R.; Sosnoff, Connie S.; Caron, Kevin T.; Wang, Lanqing; Melstrom, Paul C.; Trivers, Katrina F. (7 December 2018).

510:: Most studies have found a significant association between passive smoking and sleep disordered breathing in children, but further studies are needed to determine whether this association is causal. 9838: 1573: 1262: 651:, in his 2006 report, estimated that living or working in a place where smoking is permitted increases the non-smokers' risk of developing heart disease by 25–30% and lung cancer by 20–30%. 13049: 1208:

When all the evidence, including the important new data reported in this issue of the Journal, is assessed, the inescapable scientific conclusion is that ETS is a low-level lung carcinogen.

5520:"Exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke and lung cancer by histological type: A pooled analysis of the International Lung Cancer Consortium (ILCCO): Secondhand tobacco smoke and lung cancer" 1600:

in recent decades to curb other types of pollution. This would guarantee that a portion of bars/restaurants in a jurisdiction will be smoke-free, while leaving the decision to the market.

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Raghuveer, Geetha; White, David A.; Hayman, Laura L.; Woo, Jessica G.; Villafane, Juan; Celermajer, David; Ward, Kenneth D.; de Ferranti, Sarah D.; Zachariah, Justin (18 October 2016).

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U.S. Department of Health; Human Services; National Toxicology Program, eds. (December 2–3, 1998). "Final Report on Carcinogens – Background Document for Environmental Tobacco Smoke".

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Garne D, Watson M, Chapman S, Byrne F (2005). "Environmental tobacco smoke research published in the journal Indoor and Built Environment and associations with the tobacco industry".

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Wang, Meng; Wang, Zhi-Ping; Zhang, Meng; Zhao, Zhong-Tang (13 August 2013). "Maternal passive smoking during pregnancy and neural tube defects in offspring: a meta-analysis".

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Similarly, children who are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke are shown to experience a range of adverse effects and a higher risk of becoming smokers later in life. The

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Zhong, Lijie; Goldberg, Mark S; Parent, Marie-Élise; Hanley, James A (January 2000). "Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and the risk of lung cancer: a meta-analysis".

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Environmental tobacco smoke can be evaluated either by directly measuring tobacco smoke pollutants found in the air or by using biomarkers, an indirect measure of exposure.

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Breath CO monitor displaying carbon monoxide concentration of an exhaled breath sample (in ppm) with corresponding percent concentration of carboxyhemoglobin displayed below

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was 23%. A 1997 meta-analysis found that secondhand smoke exposure increased the risk of heart disease by a quarter, and two 1999 meta-analyses reached similar conclusions.

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tasked with "offsetting" damaging studies on passive smoking, as well as by Philip Morris who stated that Enstrom's work was "clearly litigation-oriented". A 2005 paper in

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consultant, claimed that "of the 19 studies" on passive smoking "only 8— slightly more than 42%— reported statistically significant increases in heart disease incidence."

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that exposure to secondhand smoke is harmful. The link between passive smoking and health risks is accepted by every major medical and scientific organisation, including:

3476:"Active or Passive Exposure to Tobacco Smoking and Allergic Rhinitis, Allergic Dermatitis, and Food Allergy in Adults and Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 164:

argued that research into "thirdhand smoke" renders it inappropriate to refer to passive smoking with the term "secondhand smoke", which the authors stated constitutes a

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According to latest WHO report, more than 1.3 million deaths are attributed to passive smoking worldwide every year. The health risks of secondhand smoke are a matter of

7513:, reviewing new evidence published since the 1998 report, found that recent research had confirmed the initially reported link between passive smoking and health risks. 4097:

Tinuoye, O.; Pell, J. P.; Mackay, D. F. (28 March 2013). "Meta-Analysis of the Association Between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Physician-Diagnosed Childhood Asthma".

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during his announcement of a nationwide smoke-free law: "That makes more than 13 deaths a day. It is an unacceptable reality in our country in terms of public health."

10175:. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Vol. 83. Lyon, France: IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. 7380: 5796: 14644: 10399: 4786:

Jara, SM; Benke, JR; Lin, SY; Ishman, SL (January 2015). "The association between secondhand smoke and sleep-disordered breathing in children: a systematic review".

1476:

As a consequence of the health risks associated with secondhand smoke, many national and local governments have outlawed smoking in indoor public places, including

6476:

Klesges RC, Debon M, Ray JW (October 1995). "Are self-reports of smoking rate biased? Evidence from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey".

11668: 10945: 1145:

effort was largely abandoned when it became clear that no independent epidemiological organization would agree to the standards proposed by Philip Morris et al.

833:

Pulmonary emphysema can be induced in rats through acute exposure to sidestream tobacco smoke (30 cigarettes per day) over a period of 45 days. Degranulation of

4375:

Jafta, N; Jeena, PM; Barregard, L; Naidoo, RN (May 2015). "Childhood tuberculosis and exposure to indoor air pollution: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

14212: 1370:

Creation of outlets for favourable research. In 1989, the tobacco industry established the International Society of the Built Environment, which published the

1626:

The IARC monographs concluded that sidestream smoke condensates had a significantly higher carcinogenic effect on mice than did mainstream smoke condensates.

362:(Evidence of the causal link is described only as "suggestive" by the US Surgeon General in his 2006 report.) Laws limiting smoking decrease premature births. 12999: 4019: 1270: 620:, exposure to secondhand smoke has been estimated to cause between 3,000 and 5,000 premature deaths per year, with the larger figure cited by Prime Minister 9353: 8038:

Enstrom, JE; Kabat, GC (March 2006). "Environmental tobacco smoke and coronary heart disease mortality in the United States--a meta-analysis and critique".

3803:"Environmental tobacco smoke and cardiovascular disease. A position paper from the Council on Cardiopulmonary and Critical Care, American Heart Association" 13029: 6861:"Why is environmental tobacco smoke more strongly associated with coronary heart disease than expected? A review of potential biases and experimental data" 4358: 2505: 1713: 1331: 690:

review did not find superior outcomes for any intervention, and the authors caution that evidence from adult settings may not generalise well to children.

266:: A 2016 systematic review and meta-analysis found that secondhand smoke exposure was associated with a significant increase in the risk of bladder cancer. 7896:"Proposed Research on the relationship of Low Levels of Active Smoking to Mortality: Letter from James Enstrom to Philip Morris Scientific Affairs office" 15602: 3619:

Sun, K; Liu, D; Wang, C; Ren, M; Yang, C; Yan, L (November 2014). "Passive smoke exposure and risk of diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective studies".

1454:

On May 22, 2009, a three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit unanimously upheld the lower court's 2006 ruling.

1391:, found that "...despite their internal acknowledgment of the hazards of secondhand smoke, Defendants have fraudulently denied that ETS causes disease." 7433: 5250:

Whincup, Peter H; Gilg, Julie A; Emberson, Jonathan R; Jarvis, Martin J; Feyerabend, Colin; Bryant, Andrew; Walker, Mary; Cook, Derek G (24 July 2004).

1387:

tobacco industry has engaged in widespread activities... that have gone beyond the bounds of accepted scientific practice." The U.S. District Court, in

128:

Concerns around secondhand smoke have played a central role in the debate over the harms and regulation of tobacco products. Since the early 1970s, the

15380: 11596: 1433: 284:

Passive smoking is strongly associated with an increased risk of stroke, and this increased risk is disproportionately high at low levels of exposure.

14894: 9368: 8528: 3713:"Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Association Between Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Periodontitis Endpoints Among Nonsmokers" 14639: 8395:

Levois, M.E.; Layard, M.W. (February 1995). "Publication Bias in the Environmental Tobacco Smoke/Coronary Heart Disease Epidemiologic Literature".

10406: 4688:"Association of Secondhand Smoke Exposure with Pediatric Invasive Bacterial Disease and Bacterial Carriage: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 4513:

Pagani, Linda S. (July 2014). "Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and brain development: The case of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder".

3093:

Zeng, Yan-Ni; Li, Ya-Min (10 December 2015). "Secondhand smoke exposure and mental health in adults: a meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies".

2561:"Association of Secondhand Smoke Exposure with Pediatric Invasive Bacterial Disease and Bacterial Carriage: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 14634: 11493: 9592:

Hopkins DP, Razi S, Leeks KD, Priya Kalra G, Chattopadhyay SK, Soler RE (2010). "Smokefree policies to reduce tobacco use. A systematic review".

449:. Secondhand smoke exposure is also associated with an almost doubled risk of hospitalization for asthma exacerbation among children with asthma. 9831: 7155: 6916:

Cendon, S.P.; Battlehner, C.; Lorenzi-Filho, G.; Dohlnikoff, M.; Pereira, P.M.; Conceição, G.M.S.; Beppu, O.S.; Saldiva, P.H.N. (October 1997).

3312:

Leonardi-Bee, J; Britton, J; Venn, A (April 2011). "Secondhand smoke and adverse fetal outcomes in nonsmoking pregnant women: a meta-analysis".

15627: 15607: 15385: 14192: 8816: 8529:"Smokescreens – The World Health Organization is showing signs of allowing politics to get in the way of truth. The Economist March 14th, 1998" 7462: 2708:

Dinas, PC; Koutedakis, Y; Flouris, AD (20 February 2013). "Effects of active and passive tobacco cigarette smoking on heart rate variability".

86:, which leads to its inhalation by nearby bystanders within the same environment. Exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke causes many of the same 9901: 5060:

Diethelm PA, Rielle JC, McKee M (2005). "The whole truth and nothing but the truth? The research that Philip Morris did not want you to see".

2620:"The Role of Tobacco Smoke in Bladder and Kidney Carcinogenesis: A Comparison of Exposures and Meta-analysis of Incidence and Mortality Risks" 1775:"There is sufficient evidence that involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) causes lung cancer in humans" 15205: 13044: 10094: 9852: 9514:"Reduced hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction after implementation of a smoke-free ordinance—City of Pueblo, Colorado, 2002–2006" 7307: 7232: 6818:

Celermajer, David S.; Adams, Mark R.; Clarkson, Peter; Robinson, Jacqui; McCredie, Robyn; Donald, Ann; Deanfield, John E. (18 January 1996).

2943: 1597: 1241: 895: 7107:"Formation of carcinogens indoors by surface-mediated reactions of nicotine with nitrous acid, leading to potential thirdhand smoke hazards" 803:

have been shown by the tobacco companies' own research to be present at higher concentrations in sidestream smoke than in mainstream smoke.

15165: 10077: 9426: 7274: 1553: 1428:

lawsuit against Philip Morris and other major cigarette manufacturers. Almost 7 years later, on August 17, 2006, U.S. District Court Judge

929: 7503: 3199:"Associations between Passive Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy and Preterm Birth: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies" 2744: 1273:. The EPA's appeal was upheld on the preliminary grounds that their report had no regulatory weight, and the earlier finding was vacated. 15325: 11658: 10935: 10163: 8105:, United States Factual Memorandum Pursuant to Order No. 470, Section V, United States District Court for the District of Columbia. p. 44 4134:"Effects of secondhand smoke exposure on asthma morbidity and health care utilization in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 1959: 1585: 1494: 1169: 772: 636: 573: 250: 245:

concluded in 2005 that passive smoking increases the risk of breast cancer in younger, primarily premenopausal females by 70% and the US

222: 9463:

Frazer, Kate; Callinan, Joanne E; McHugh, Jack; van Baarsel, Susan; Clarke, Anna; Doherty, Kirsten; Kelleher, Cecily (4 February 2016).

9270: 7351: 4739:"Impact of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on anaesthetic and surgical outcomes in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 2050: 14920: 12537: 11786: 10211: 10202: 10193: 8651:

Ong EK, Glantz SA (2000). "Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancer's second-hand smoke study".

7260: 900: 662: 658:

has identified reduction of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke as key element for actions to encourage healthy child development.

242: 226: 9403:

Parties recognize that scientific evidence has unequivocally established that exposure to tobacco causes death, disease and disability

9003: 8128: 3474:

Saulyte, Jurgita; Regueira, Carlos; Montes-Martínez, Agustín; Khudyakov, Polyna; Takkouche, Bahi; Novotny, Thomas E. (11 March 2014).

1929: 533:

studies show that non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke are at risk for many of the health problems associated with direct smoking.

225:

concluded in 2004 that "Involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) is carcinogenic to humans." The

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Chatzimichael, A; Tsalkidis, A; Cassimos, D; Gardikis, S; Tripsianis, G; Deftereos, S; Ktenidou-Kartali, S; Tsanakas, I (June 2007).

1581: 9451: 8758: 4564:. The Collaborative on Health and the Environment's Learning and Developmental Disabilities Initiative. July 1, 2008. Archived from 15632: 14811: 13039: 12971: 11379: 10271: 8694: 7256: 5821:

Wirth, N.; Abou-Hamdan, K.; Spinosa, A.; Bohadana, A.; Martinet, Y. (March 2005). "Le tabagisme passif" [Passive smoking].

2302: 6278: 4584:"Is exposure to secondhand smoke associated with cognitive parameters of children and adolescents?—a systematic literature review" 15390: 14930: 14609: 14182: 10312: 8510: 4515: 8790: 8740: 6548:"Methods for quantification of exposure to cigarette smoking and environmental tobacco smoke: focus on developmental toxicology" 15620: 15290: 14821: 9248: 4323: 1155: 249:

has concluded that the evidence is "suggestive", but still insufficient to assert such a causal relationship. In contrast, the

9004:"Minutes of a meeting of Philip Morris with British tobacco companies to discuss tobacco-industry strategy on passive smoking" 5747:

Stayner, Leslie; Bena, James; Sasco, Annie J.; Smith, Randall; Steenland, Kyle; Kreuzer, Michaela; Straif, Kurt (March 2007).

1654:; the risk increased with the duration of exposure to secondhand smoke and the number of smokers in the household. A study by 1352:'s landmark study, and for an example of how it attempted to delay and discredit a major Australian report on passive smoking) 627:

There is good observational evidence that smoke-free legislation reduces the number of hospital admissions for heart disease.

15300: 14619: 14162: 12844: 11591: 10434: 10219: 10180: 7168:

Samet, J. M.; Avila-Tang, E.; Boffetta, P.; Hannan, L. M.; Olivo-Marston, S.; Thun, M. J.; Rudin, C. M. (15 September 2009).

6595:

Irving JM, Clark EC, Crombie IK, Smith WC (January 1988). "Evaluation of a portable measure of expired-air carbon monoxide".

4558: 4132:

Wang, Zhen; May, Sara M.; Charoenlap, Suvanee; Pyle, Regan; Ott, Nancy L.; Mohammed, Khaled; Joshi, Avni Y. (November 2015).

2124: 1972: 1034: 302: 8102: 7388: 5800: 1378:. This journal did not require conflict-of-interest disclosures from its authors. With documents made available through the 763:). Breath CO monitors can also be used by emergency services to identify patients who are suspected of having CO poisoning. 426:

Skin conditions: A 2016 systematic review and meta-analysis found that passive smoking was associated with a higher rate of

14899: 13814: 13004: 12966: 11215: 10119: 9199: 8977: 8799: 6441:

McClure JB (April 2002). "Are biomarkers useful treatment aids for promoting health behavior change? An empirical review".

2435: 1720: 648: 246: 154: 10189: 9291: 7563: 3525:

Wei, X; E, M; Yu, S (January 2015). "A meta-analysis of passive smoking and risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus".

15245: 14614: 11691: 11643: 10321: 9281: 9031: 1639: 1379: 1213: 677:

of secondhand smoke exposure among U.S. nonsmokers declined from 87.5% in 1988 to 25.2% in 2014. However, nearly half of

10217:

Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Children Aged 3-19 Years with and Without Asthma in the United States, 1999-2010

9465:"Legislative smoking bans for reducing harms from secondhand smoke exposure, smoking prevalence and tobacco consumption" 8360:

Layard, M.W. (February 1995). "Ischemic Heart Disease and Spousal Smoking in the National Mortality Followback Survey".

3664:"Relation of active, passive, and quitting smoking with incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 1650:

gene. Another study conducted at the same universities concluded that cats living with a smoker were more likely to get

1073:

criticized for including two previous industry-funded studies that suffered from widespread exposure misclassification.

15671: 15340: 14714: 13995: 13172: 12827: 11648: 10980: 10975: 10930: 10392: 8882:

Barnes DE, Bero LA (1998). "Why review articles on the health effects of passive smoking reach different conclusions".

536:

In 1992, a review estimated that secondhand smoke exposure was responsible for 35,000 to 40,000 deaths per year in the

281:

Epidemiological studies have shown that both active and passive cigarette smoking increase the risk of atherosclerosis.

2001: 260:: A 2015 overview of systematic reviews found that exposure to secondhand smoke increased the risk of cervical cancer. 15360: 15345: 15315: 15170: 15080: 14766: 14731: 14083: 13834: 13271: 12869: 12582: 12118: 11847: 11447: 11422: 11064: 10880: 9188: 8966: 6133:"Health effects of passive smoking. 1. Parental smoking and lower respiratory illness in infancy and early childhood" 1131: 986: 784: 160: 1557:

smoke-free role models for youth, reducing youth opportunities to smoke, and avoiding exposure to secondhand smoke.

980:

in Australia which criticised both scientific research on passive smoking and policy proposals to restrict smoking.

592:

The National Asthma Council of Australia cites studies showing that secondhand smoke is probably the most important

15330: 15235: 15150: 15095: 14904: 14736: 14724: 11938: 11633: 11056: 11041: 7538: 1471: 8919:"Changing conclusions on secondhand smoke in a sudden infant death syndrome review funded by the tobacco industry" 4686:

Lee, Chien-Chang; Middaugh, Nicole A.; Howie, Stephen R. C.; Ezzati, Majid; Lanphear, Bruce P. (7 December 2010).

1330:

The industry has sought to position the secondhand smoke debate as essentially concerned with civil liberties and

1084:, a tobacco industry spokesman and consultant and an expert on risk utility and scientific research, wrote in the 522: 15569: 15493: 15395: 15090: 15054: 14889: 14796: 14157: 13019: 12833: 12213: 11498: 11389: 11310: 11129: 10087: 7217: 4355: 5019:

He, Jiang; Vupputuri, Suma; Allen, Krista; Prerost, Monica R.; Hughes, Janet; Whelton, Paul K. (25 March 1999).

1724: 15615: 15370: 15355: 15335: 15310: 15295: 15255: 15195: 15145: 14781: 11777: 11744: 11182: 11104: 11000: 9780:"Tobacco industry efforts to present ventilation as an alternative to smoke-free environments in North America" 9286: 7441: 7437: 6182:"Health effects of passive smoking. 4. Parental smoking, middle ear disease and adenotonsillectomy in children" 1173: 1053: 923: 751: 707: 7496: 1326:

Accordingly, the tobacco industry have developed several strategies to minimise the impact on their business:

806:

Secondhand smoke has been shown to produce more particulate-matter (PM) pollution than an idling low-emission

350:: a 2014 meta-analysis found that maternal secondhand smoke exposure increased the risk of miscarriage by 11%. 15676: 15549: 15498: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15115: 14826: 13671: 12981: 12925: 12920: 12497: 12025: 11571: 11046: 10716: 10107: 9629:"Review of the quality of studies on the economic effects of smoke-free policies on the hospitality industry" 7228: 6356:"Family and carer smoking control programmes for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke" 5927:"The effects of smoke-free legislation on acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 1348:

Delaying and discrediting legitimate research (see for an example of how the industry attempted to discredit

1319:

smoke as "the most dangerous development to the viability of the tobacco industry that has yet occurred." In

1255: 884: 874: 9329: 5252:"Passive smoking and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: prospective study with cotinine measurement" 4222:

Dybing E, Sanner T (1999). "Passive smoking, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and childhood infections".

3138:"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Miscarriage and Maternal Exposure to Tobacco Smoke During Pregnancy" 1443:

publicly denied, while internally acknowledging, that secondhand tobacco smoke is harmful to nonsmokers, and

1179:

In March 1998, before the study was published, reports appeared in the media alleging that the IARC and the

15375: 15365: 15320: 15305: 15285: 15275: 15250: 15230: 15160: 15120: 15110: 15100: 12542: 12093: 12014: 11973: 11586: 11520: 10915: 10778: 9341: 7675:"Environmental tobacco smoke and tobacco related mortality in a prospective study of Californians, 1960-98" 7413: 4271: 4049:"Developing Asthma in Childhood from Exposure to Secondhand Tobacco Smoke: Insights from a Meta-Regression" 1287: 918: 440: 9365: 8535: 4964:"Epidemiologic studies of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular disease and ETS exposure from spousal smoking" 4456:"Passive smoking in the etiology of non-syndromic orofacial clefts: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 2328:

Alberg, Anthony J.; Brock, Malcolm V.; Ford, Jean G.; Samet, Jonathan M.; Spivack, Simon D. (1 May 2013).

1519:

Smoking bans by governments result in decreased harm from secondhand smoke, including less admissions for

1290:. The 2006 U.S. Surgeon General's report criticized the tobacco industry's role in the scientific debate: 15471: 15407: 15350: 15225: 15220: 15215: 15200: 15190: 15140: 15135: 15125: 15105: 15085: 15044: 14495: 12885: 12687: 12198: 12133: 12051: 11963: 11827: 11576: 10890: 9721:"At the frontier of tobacco control: A brief review of public attitudes toward smoke-free outdoor places" 1367:. Ong & Glantz (2001) cite an internal Phillip Morris memo giving evidence of this as company policy. 977: 951: 879: 9239: 8430:

Law, Malcolm R; Wald, Nicholas J (July 2003). "Environmental tobacco smoke and ischemic heart disease".

7724:"Effect of passive smoking on health: More information is available, but the controversy still persists" 6084:"Environmental tobacco smoke exposure among infants, children and young people: now is no time to relax" 4647:"Parental Smoking and the Risk of Middle Ear Disease in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 15579: 15554: 15280: 15240: 15210: 15155: 13569: 13034: 12915: 12622: 12387: 12231: 11581: 10792: 10562: 8695:"Tobacco Companies Strategies to Undermine Tobacco Control Activities at the World Health Organization" 7331: 6632:"Philip Morris toxicological experiments with fresh sidestream smoke: more toxic than mainstream smoke" 5105:"Philip Morris toxicological experiments with fresh sidestream smoke: more toxic than mainstream smoke" 3879: 1634:

Secondhand smoke is popularly recognised as a risk factor for cancer in pets. A study conducted by the

1432:

found that the Government had proven its case and that the tobacco company defendants had violated the

1421: 905: 580:(WHO) reviewed all significant published evidence related to tobacco smoking and cancer. It concluded: 507: 423:

passive smoking causes about 900,000 deaths a year, which is about 1/8 of all deaths caused by smoking.

10207: 7105:

Sleiman, M.; Gundel, L. A.; Pankow, J. F.; Jacob, P.; Singer, B. C.; Destaillats, H. (13 April 2010).

1363:): attacking the methodology behind research showing health risks as flawed and attempting to promote 15584: 14831: 14565: 14510: 13643: 13254: 13087: 12946: 12910: 12712: 12342: 12297: 12225: 12077: 12020: 11696: 11548: 11409: 10875: 10850: 10641: 10427: 10299: 10159: 10081: 9431: 9391: 8471:"Multicenter Case-Control Study of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Lung Cancer in Europe" 7355: 7278: 6511:

Okoli CT, Kelly T, Hahn EJ (October 2007). "Secondhand smoke and nicotine exposure: a brief review".

5925:

Lin, Hualiang; Wang, Hongchun; Wu, Wei; Lang, Lingling; Wang, Qinzhou; Tian, Linwei (December 2013).

4559:"Scientific Consensus Statement on Environmental Agents Associated with Neurodevelopmental Disorders" 4324:"The role of breastfeeding and passive smoking on the development of severe bronchiolitis in infants" 4053: 2061: 1668: 1655: 1609: 1180: 1153:

In 1995, Levois and Layard, both tobacco industry consultants, published two analyses in the journal

947: 909: 890: 868: 776: 655: 640: 577: 545: 87: 10151: 10132:

Secondhand smoke exposure causes disease and premature death in children and adults who do not smoke

8313:"Constructing "Sound Science" and "Good Epidemiology": Tobacco, Lawyers, and Public Relations Firms" 8261:"Constructing 'Sound Science' and 'Good Epidemiology': Tobacco, Lawyers, and Public Relations Firms" 8159: 8052: 7785:"Tobacco industry efforts undermining evidence linking secondhand smoke with cardiovascular disease" 7499:

concluded that passive smoking was a cause of lung cancer, heart disease, and other health problems.

7469: 6057:. Publications and Reports of the Surgeon General. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). 3357:"Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analyses" 1882:"Tobacco Industry Efforts Undermining Evidence Linking Secondhand Smoke With Cardiovascular Disease" 14202: 13134: 12956: 12652: 12252: 12031: 11922: 11907: 11734: 11686: 11208: 10805: 10116:"The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General" 9235: 5021:"Passive Smoking and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease — A Meta-Analysis of Epidemiologic Studies" 1714:"The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General" 1684: 1401: 1225: 408: 9866: 9249:"Imperial Tobacco Group PLC - Media - Our view - Smoking and health - Environmental tobacco smoke" 8788: 8726: 7327: 7079: 5705:"Meta-analysis of studies of passive smoking and lung cancer: effects of study type and continent" 1642:

linked the occurrence of feline oral cancer to exposure to environmental tobacco smoke through an

810:. In an experiment conducted by the Italian National Cancer Institute, three cigarettes were left 153:, while the term "passive smoking" was first used in the title of a scientific paper in 1970. The 14884: 14851: 14841: 14791: 14786: 14411: 13730: 13725: 13129: 13054: 12976: 12905: 12849: 12781: 12677: 12592: 12502: 12467: 11943: 11623: 11618: 10925: 10567: 10476: 9896: 7839: 7384: 7282: 6354:

Behbod, Behrooz; Sharma, Mohit; Baxi, Ruchi; Roseby, Robert; Webster, Premila (31 January 2018).

6054:

The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General

4915:"Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and ischaemic heart disease: an evaluation of the evidence" 1520: 1160:

former smokers, unlike current ones, are not at a significantly increased risk of heart disease.

1038: 1029: 990:

have identified these industry-wide coordinated activities as one of the earliest expressions of

913: 670: 553: 369: 14874: 10335: 9946:"p53 expression and environmental tobacco smoke exposure in feline oral squamous cell carcinoma" 9418: 6820:"Passive Smoking and Impaired Endothelium-Dependent Arterial Dilatation in Healthy Young Adults" 2939:"The role of secondhand smoke in sinusitis: a systematic review: Sinusitis and secondhand smoke" 1961:

Lifting the smokescreen: tobacco industry strategy to defeat smoke free policies and legislation

665:

monitors the extent of and trends in exposure to environmental tobacco smoke by measuring serum

15666: 14965: 14401: 14396: 14132: 13933: 13737: 13666: 13165: 13119: 13081: 12961: 12672: 12103: 11701: 11663: 11538: 11488: 11462: 11069: 10940: 10613: 10542: 10537: 10492: 8047: 5627:

Bailar, John C. (25 March 1999). "Passive Smoking, Coronary Heart Disease, and Meta-Analysis".

3447:

Janson C (2004). "The effect of passive smoking on respiratory health in children and adults".

2274: 606:

Children with asthma who are exposed to smoking in the home generally have more severe disease.

600:

Smoking by either parent, particularly by the mother, increases the risk of asthma in children.

541: 402: 200: 184: 14293: 10034:

Reif JS, Dunn K, Ogilvie GK, Harris CK (1992). "Passive smoking and canine lung cancer risk".

9923: 5662:

Raupach, Tobias; Schäfer, Katrin; Konstantinides, Stavros; Andreas, Stefan (1 February 2006).

2761: 2559:

Lee, Chien-Chang; Middaugh, Nicole A.; Howie, Stephen R. C.; Ezzati, Majid (7 December 2010).

1739:

Secondhand smoke causes premature death and disease in children and in adults who do not smoke

221:

General: overall increased risk; reviewing the evidence accumulated on a worldwide basis, the

14846: 14801: 14761: 14217: 13459: 13295: 13181: 13139: 12817: 12776: 12492: 12163: 11983: 11755: 11005: 10900: 10800: 10502: 10138: 9862: 9760: 7359: 2618:

Cumberbatch, Marcus G.; Rota, Matteo; Catto, James W.F.; La Vecchia, Carlo (September 2016).

1093: 845: 621: 495: 10167: 9384: 3562:"Passive smoking and risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies" 2083:

Brawley, Otis W.; Glynn, Thomas J.; Khuri, Fadlo R.; Wender, Richard C. (18 November 2013).

395:. It remains unclear whether the association between passive smoking and diabetes is causal. 15574: 15466: 14879: 14836: 14776: 14704: 14677: 14197: 14172: 14142: 14137: 13963: 13764: 12941: 12931: 12875: 12812: 12707: 12287: 12236: 11802: 11739: 11706: 11510: 11351: 11258: 11036: 10952: 10732: 10608: 10572: 10517: 10507: 10420: 9007: 8143: 7929: 7598: 6029: 5583: 4467: 4276: 3573: 3210: 2880:

Dogar, O. F.; Pillai, N.; Safdar, N.; Shah, S. K.; Zahid, R.; Siddiqi, K. (November 2015).

2572: 1786: 1774: 1577: 1467: 994:. Further, they state that the disinformation spread by the tobacco industry has created a 955:

considered tobacco-industry claims that secondhand smoke was not harmful to be untruthful.

861: 783:

contains more than 4,000 chemicals, including 69 known carcinogens. Of special concern are

488: 337:: Exposure to secondhand smoke is associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms. 324: 98: 90:, although to a lower prevalence due to the reduced concentration of smoke that enters the 10995: 3958:"Passive smoking and sudden infant death syndrome: review of the epidemiological evidence" 2207:"The New Danger of Thirdhand Smoke: Why Passive Smoking Does Not Stop at Secondhand Smoke" 1440:

conspired to minimize, distort and confuse the public about the health hazards of smoking;

8: 15544: 15481: 15049: 14985: 14719: 14421: 14343: 13790: 13774: 13720: 13604: 12807: 12797: 12771: 12557: 12219: 12128: 12098: 11998: 11968: 11862: 11822: 11724: 11427: 11243: 11201: 11177: 10905: 10859: 10742: 10557: 10552: 10393:"United States of America v. Philip Morris et al.: Final Opinion of Judge Gladys Kessler" 9859: 9513: 8765: 5664:"Secondhand smoke as an acute threat for the cardiovascular system: a change in paradigm" 2882:"Second-hand smoke and the risk of tuberculosis: a systematic review and a meta-analysis" 1229: 1220:) that the controversy over the WHO's alleged suppression of data had been engineered by 991: 727: 377: 208: 114: 14240: 10990: 10985: 9569: 9544: 7933: 7602: 5587: 4471: 3711:

Akinkugbe, Aderonke A.; Slade, Gary D.; Divaris, Kimon; Poole, Charles (November 2016).

3577: 3214: 2619: 2576: 15488: 15075: 14694: 14550: 14505: 14485: 14444: 13562: 13430: 13382: 13232: 13070: 13014: 12951: 12728: 12607: 12602: 12392: 12203: 12188: 11770: 11543: 11432: 11238: 11149: 11109: 10854: 10752: 10747: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10661: 10651: 10646: 10636: 10620: 10592: 10471: 10374: 10349: 10278: 10250: 10047: 9975: 9804: 9779: 9701: 9653: 9628: 9489: 9464: 9317: 9167: 9119: 9094: 9070: 9045: 8948: 8810: 8701: 8676: 8337: 8312: 8285: 8260: 8232: 8207: 8189: 8073: 8015: 7998: 7955: 7877: 7860:

Thun, Michael J (4 October 2003). "More misleading science from the tobacco industry".

7814: 7748: 7723: 7655: 7194: 7169: 7133: 7106: 7055: 7030: 7006: 6981: 6893: 6880: 6860: 6759: 6705: 6681:"Particulate matter from tobacco versus diesel car exhaust: an educational perspective" 6680: 6656: 6631: 6572: 6547: 6380: 6355: 6328: 6303: 6255: 6230: 6206: 6181: 6157: 6132: 6113: 6002: 5977: 5953: 5926: 5773: 5748: 5609: 5544: 5519: 5499: 5486: 5469: 5325: 5300: 5232: 5178: 5153: 5129: 5104: 5085: 4996: 4983: 4963: 4939: 4914: 4855: 4830: 4811: 4763: 4738: 4714: 4687: 4645:

Jones, Laura L.; Hassanien, A; Cook, DG; Britton, J; Leonardi-Bee, J (1 January 2012).

4540: 4490: 4455: 4436: 4356:

Preventing Smoking and Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Before, During, and After Pregnancy

4301: 4247: 4199: 4174: 4074: 4048: 3982: 3957: 3933: 3908: 3737: 3712: 3688: 3663: 3644: 3596: 3561: 3502: 3475: 3429: 3386: 3337: 3294: 3233: 3198: 3162: 3137: 3118: 3070: 3043: 3024: 2970: 2919: 2906: 2881: 2862: 2595: 2560: 2536: 2417: 2404: 2354: 2329: 2231: 2206: 2179: 2154: 1911: 593: 477: 312:

infection and accelerate the progression of the disease, but the evidence remains weak.

289: 271: 10238: 9545:"Impact of institutional smoking bans on reducing harms and secondhand smoke exposure" 9155: 8856: 8831: 8792:

Meeting of the NTP Board of Scientific Counselors – Report on Carcinogens Subcommittee

8664: 8514: 8443: 7801: 7784: 7699: 7674: 7610: 7409: 6779:"Acute effects of passive smoking on the coronary circulation in healthy young adults" 6746: 6729: 6454: 6419: 5859: 5834: 5446: 5276: 5251: 5073: 3909:"Association of atopic dermatitis with smoking: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 3679: 3282: 2458: 2021: 1898: 1881: 15559: 15539: 15130: 14935: 14806: 14667: 14464: 14431: 14406: 13918: 13651: 13324: 13158: 12642: 12597: 12352: 12347: 12277: 12173: 12009: 11812: 11628: 11457: 11394: 11356: 11263: 11124: 10967: 10920: 10768: 10737: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10666: 10656: 10587: 10582: 10379: 10242: 10176: 10123: 10051: 10016: 9967: 9809: 9742: 9693: 9658: 9609: 9574: 9525: 9494: 9266: 9159: 9124: 9075: 9028:

A Study of Public Attitudes toward Cigarette Smoking and the Tobacco Industry in 1978

8940: 8899: 8861: 8744: 8668: 8633: 8592: 8492: 8447: 8412: 8377: 8342: 8290: 8237: 8065: 8020: 7947: 7806: 7753: 7704: 7647: 7199: 7138: 7060: 7011: 6982:"Households contaminated by environmental tobacco smoke: sources of infant exposures" 6939: 6898: 6841: 6800: 6751: 6710: 6661: 6612: 6608: 6577: 6528: 6493: 6489: 6458: 6423: 6385: 6333: 6260: 6246: 6231:"Perceptions of Second-hand Smoke Risks Predict Future Adolescent Smoking Initiation" 6211: 6162: 6105: 6100: 6083: 6058: 6007: 5958: 5907: 5838: 5778: 5726: 5685: 5644: 5601: 5549: 5491: 5450: 5415: 5379: 5374: 5349: 5330: 5281: 5224: 5183: 5134: 5077: 5042: 5001: 4944: 4895: 4860: 4803: 4768: 4754: 4719: 4668: 4615: 4532: 4495: 4440: 4428: 4424: 4392: 4335: 4293: 4239: 4204: 4155: 4114: 4079: 3987: 3938: 3824: 3783: 3742: 3693: 3636: 3601: 3542: 3507: 3456: 3421: 3378: 3329: 3286: 3238: 3167: 3110: 3075: 3016: 2962: 2923: 2911: 2854: 2807: 2766: 2725: 2690: 2642: 2600: 2528: 2486: 2478: 2474: 2409: 2359: 2236: 2184: 2106: 2025: 1978: 1968: 1903: 1855: 1593: 1592:

Others have suggested a system of tradable smoking pollution permits, similar to the

1405: 1232:

and international and scientific experts with hidden financial ties to the industry.

1118: 1045: 760: 756: 480:

problems, and neurobehavioral effects. Animal models suggest a role for nicotine and

427: 175:" is sometimes used to refer to smoke that goes into the air directly from a burning 20: 9979: 9944:

Snyder LA, Bertone ER, Jakowski RM, Dooner MS, Jennings-Ritchie J, Moore AS (2004).

9252: 9171: 8952: 8680: 8257:, from the Philip Morris document archive. Retrieved October 3, 2007. Also cited in 7959: 7881: 7833:"American Cancer Society Condemns Tobacco Industry Study for Inaccurate Use of Data" 7170:"Lung Cancer in Never Smokers: Clinical Epidemiology and Environmental Risk Factors" 6934: 6917: 6117: 5503: 5089: 4815: 4663: 4646: 4600: 4583: 4544: 4528: 4251: 3341: 3028: 2866: 2421: 1850: 1833: 1659:

that the dog spent within the home had no effect on the dog's risk for lung cancer.

15661: 15476: 15059: 14975: 14756: 14699: 14687: 14386: 14265: 14207: 14167: 14124: 14025: 13928: 13889: 13872: 13810: 13707: 13109: 12864: 12859: 12442: 12148: 12046: 12041: 12036: 11953: 11653: 11530: 11483: 11452: 11442: 11336: 11305: 11248: 11172: 11154: 11031: 10895: 10885: 10870: 10686: 10577: 10547: 10532: 10512: 10497: 10466: 10369: 10361: 10342:

WHO Policy recommendations on protection from exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke

10254: 10234: 10043: 10006: 9957: 9799: 9791: 9732: 9685: 9648: 9640: 9601: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9484: 9480: 9476: 9243: 9151: 9114: 9106: 9065: 9057: 8930: 8891: 8851: 8843: 8660: 8623: 8482: 8439: 8404: 8369: 8332: 8324: 8280: 8272: 8227: 8219: 8164: 8077: 8057: 8010: 7937: 7869: 7818: 7796: 7743: 7735: 7694: 7686: 7659: 7637: 7606: 7189: 7181: 7128: 7118: 7050: 7042: 7001: 6993: 6929: 6888: 6872: 6831: 6790: 6763: 6741: 6700: 6692: 6651: 6643: 6604: 6567: 6559: 6520: 6485: 6450: 6415: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6323: 6315: 6250: 6242: 6201: 6193: 6152: 6144: 6095: 5997: 5989: 5948: 5938: 5897: 5830: 5768: 5760: 5716: 5675: 5636: 5613: 5591: 5539: 5531: 5481: 5442: 5407: 5369: 5361: 5320: 5312: 5271: 5263: 5214: 5173: 5165: 5124: 5116: 5069: 5032: 4991: 4975: 4934: 4926: 4887: 4850: 4842: 4795: 4758: 4750: 4709: 4699: 4658: 4605: 4595: 4524: 4485: 4475: 4420: 4384: 4285: 4272:"Prenatal and postnatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure and children's health" 4231: 4194: 4186: 4145: 4106: 4069: 4061: 3977: 3969: 3928: 3920: 3854: 3814: 3773: 3732: 3724: 3683: 3675: 3648: 3628: 3591: 3581: 3534: 3497: 3487: 3433: 3413: 3390: 3368: 3321: 3298: 3278: 3228: 3218: 3157: 3149: 3122: 3102: 3065: 3055: 3006: 2998: 2974: 2952: 2901: 2893: 2846: 2797: 2756: 2717: 2682: 2634: 2590: 2580: 2540: 2520: 2470: 2399: 2391: 2349: 2341: 2226: 2218: 2174: 2166: 2096: 2017: 1930:"CDC - Fact Sheet - Smoke-Free Policies Reduce Smoking - Smoking & Tobacco Use" 1915: 1893: 1845: 1673: 1635: 1616: 1524: 1349: 1185: 841: 780: 647:

Much research has come from studies of nonsmokers who are married to a smoker. The

196: 172: 129: 9705: 8254: 7303: 7185: 5411: 5236: 5219: 5202: 4565: 4305: 3662:

Pan, An; Wang, Yeli; Talaei, Mohammad; Hu, Frank B; Wu, Tangchun (December 2015).

3538: 2128: 779:

concluded that non-smokers are exposed to the same carcinogens as active smokers.

15564: 15451: 14950: 14925: 14771: 14555: 14469: 14391: 14381: 14152: 14147: 14030: 13968: 13945: 13589: 13579: 13104: 12718: 12632: 12627: 12572: 12562: 12552: 12482: 12422: 12337: 12322: 12143: 12138: 12113: 12108: 11978: 11902: 11638: 11478: 11399: 11366: 10815: 10773: 10527: 10522: 10443: 9605: 9372: 9277: 9110: 7510: 6563: 6524: 4878:

Steenland, K. (1 January 1992). "Passive smoking and the risk of heart disease".

4846: 4704: 4480: 4362: 3586: 3492: 3223: 2850: 2721: 2686: 2638: 2585: 2395: 2277:

Proposed Identification of Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Toxic Air Contaminant

1678: 1651: 796: 792: 481: 470: 392: 359: 315:

The majority of studies on the association between secondhand smoke exposure and

257: 145: 72: 9543:

Frazer, Kate; McHugh, Jack; Callinan, Joanne E; Kelleher, Cecily (27 May 2016).

9511: 8727:"Respiratory health effects of passive smoking: Lung cancer and other disorders" 6836: 6819: 6546:

Florescu A, Ferrence R, Einarson T, Selby P, Soldin O, Koren G (February 2009).

5640: 5468:

Taylor, Richard; Gumming, Robert; Woodward, Alistair; Black, Megan (June 2001).

5267: 5154:"Sidestream cigarette smoke toxicity increases with aging and exposure duration" 5037: 5020: 4582:

Chen, Ruoling; Clifford, Angela; Lang, Linda; Anstey, Kaarin J. (October 2013).

4454:

Sabbagh, HJ; Hassan, MH; Innes, NP; Elkodary, HM; Little, J; Mossey, PA (2015).

2504:

Macacu, Alina; Autier, Philippe; Boniol, Mathieu; Boyle, Peter (November 2015).

2275:

California Environmental Protection Agency: Air Resources Board (24 June 2005).

2085:"The first surgeon general's report on smoking and health: The 50th anniversary" 603:

The outlook for early childhood asthma is less favourable in smoking households.

15461: 15427: 15402: 14992: 14709: 14535: 14525: 14439: 14348: 14288: 14232: 13985: 13940: 13840: 13227: 13217: 12854: 12751: 12527: 12507: 12472: 12407: 12327: 12168: 12158: 12067: 11917: 11887: 11842: 11837: 11515: 11374: 11346: 11331: 11134: 10115: 9295: 8847: 7463:"National Response to Passive Smoking in Enclosed Public Places and Workplaces" 7084: 6918:"Pulmonary emphysema induced by passive smoking: an experimental study in rats" 6229:

Song, Anna V.; Glantz, Stanton A.; Halpern-Felsher, Bonnie L. (December 2009).

6052: 5902: 5885: 5680: 5663: 4235: 4150: 4133: 3924: 3762:"Passive smoking and heart disease. Epidemiology, physiology, and biochemistry" 2786:"Meta-analysis of the association between secondhand smoke exposure and stroke" 2745:"Passive cigarette smoking induces inflammatory injury in human arterial walls" 2380:"Electronic cigarettes: a policy statement from the American Heart Association" 1643: 1566: 1429: 1217: 1212:

With the release of formerly classified tobacco industry documents through the

1088: 1085: 1081: 1044:

Enstrom's ties to the tobacco industry also drew scrutiny; in a 1997 letter to

1024: 1003: 973: 934: 830:, and myocardial exercise tolerance at levels commonly found in the workplace. 263: 10365: 9689: 9046:"'We will speak as the smoker': the tobacco industry's smokers' rights groups" 9027: 8628: 8611: 8487: 8470: 8177: 8114: 8061: 7895: 7739: 7690: 7468:. Australian National Public Health Partnership. November 2000. Archived from 3632: 3417: 3373: 3356: 3106: 2897: 2524: 1436:. In particular, Judge Kessler found that PM and other tobacco companies had: 1244:(EPA) issued a report estimating that 3,000 lung cancer related deaths in the 526:

Exposure to secondhand smoke by age, race, and poverty level in the US in 2010

15655: 15534: 15508: 15503: 15417: 14980: 14940: 14560: 14540: 14449: 14376: 14303: 14298: 14283: 14079: 13879: 13862: 13830: 13609: 13550: 13415: 13347: 13329: 13300: 13267: 13249: 12936: 12787: 12682: 12647: 12417: 12412: 12367: 12362: 12208: 12183: 12178: 12153: 12123: 11993: 11892: 11872: 11852: 11763: 11417: 11300: 11099: 10957: 10810: 8895: 8560:

WHO Rejects smoking link with lung cancer. Zimbabwe Independent 1998, Oct 23.

8193: 7832: 7031:"Beliefs about the health effects of "thirdhand" smoke and home smoking bans" 6958: 5943: 5764: 5365: 5316: 4930: 4289: 4190: 3884: 3060: 3002: 2482: 1982: 1528: 1371: 1364: 1360: 1245: 1191: 1125: 1106: 1069: 1020: 807: 561: 537: 453: 416: 334: 275: 238: 229:

reports that about 70 chemicals present in secondhand smoke are carcinogenic.

165: 144:

created the term "passive smoking" ("Passivrauchen") in a publication in the

141: 48: 28: 14278: 10298:: Report of the Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents from the 10198: 9292:"R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company - Smoking & Health - Summary of Opinions" 9061: 8328: 8276: 8223: 7873: 7642: 7625: 7410:"AMA: Surgeon General's secondhand smoke report a wake-up call to lawmakers" 7123: 3819: 3802: 2802: 2785: 2379: 2276: 16:

Inhalation of tobacco smoke by persons other than the intended active smoker

15422: 14970: 14672: 14358: 14177: 14112: 14057: 14005: 13884: 13850: 13802: 13698: 13516: 13372: 13285: 13114: 12792: 12692: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12587: 12522: 12402: 12372: 12312: 12307: 12282: 12193: 12072: 11988: 11912: 11897: 11882: 11144: 11139: 10825: 10383: 10246: 10127: 10020: 9971: 9813: 9795: 9746: 9697: 9662: 9613: 9578: 9529: 9498: 9163: 9128: 9079: 8944: 8935: 8918: 8865: 8672: 8451: 8408: 8373: 8346: 8294: 8241: 8069: 8024: 7951: 7810: 7757: 7708: 7651: 7203: 7142: 7064: 7046: 7015: 6997: 6902: 6804: 6795: 6778: 6755: 6714: 6696: 6665: 6647: 6581: 6532: 6462: 6427: 6389: 6337: 6319: 6264: 6109: 6062: 5993: 5962: 5911: 5842: 5782: 5730: 5689: 5648: 5605: 5553: 5495: 5454: 5419: 5383: 5350:"Reanalysis of epidemiological evidence on lung cancer and passive smoking" 5285: 5228: 5187: 5169: 5138: 5120: 5081: 5046: 5005: 4979: 4864: 4807: 4772: 4723: 4672: 4619: 4536: 4499: 4432: 4396: 4339: 4297: 4243: 4208: 4159: 4118: 4083: 3973: 3942: 3746: 3697: 3640: 3605: 3546: 3511: 3460: 3425: 3382: 3333: 3325: 3290: 3242: 3171: 3114: 3079: 3020: 2966: 2915: 2858: 2811: 2770: 2729: 2694: 2646: 2604: 2532: 2490: 2413: 2363: 2240: 2188: 2110: 2029: 1907: 1859: 1425: 1409: 1356: 1341: 1251: 1221: 1110: 819: 788: 719: 530: 309: 122: 10055: 8903: 8637: 8596: 8496: 8416: 8381: 6943: 6845: 6616: 6497: 6304:"Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Among Nonsmokers — United States, 1988–2014" 6215: 6166: 6148: 6011: 5334: 4948: 4899: 4891: 4388: 3991: 3828: 3787: 3778: 3761: 2345: 1295:

to sustain controversy even as the scientific community reached consensus.

1183:(WHO) were suppressing information. The reports, appearing in the British 14869: 14816: 14662: 14500: 14368: 14323: 14245: 14222: 13955: 13913: 13621: 13484: 13410: 13365: 13212: 13124: 12766: 12723: 12697: 12637: 12617: 12612: 12487: 12447: 12432: 12377: 12302: 12272: 12267: 12083: 11948: 11867: 11554: 11114: 11019: 10910: 10011: 9994: 9839:

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers

9737: 9720: 9332:, U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, 22 May 2009 9030:, produced for the Tobacco Institute and released under the terms of the 5721: 5704: 5301:"The accumulated evidence on lung cancer and environmental tobacco smoke" 4110: 3728: 3153: 1574:

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers

1463: 1057: 959: 827: 347: 232: 204: 102: 37: 13150: 11074: 9995:"Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Risk of Malignant Lymphoma in Pet Cats" 9962: 9945: 8551:

Le Grand C. Anti-smokers blown away by study. Australian 1998, March 10.

6730:"Cardiovascular effects of secondhand smoke: nearly as large as smoking" 6197: 5749:"Lung Cancer Risk and Workplace Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke" 2459:"Lung cancer in never smokers: Disease characteristics and risk factors" 2222: 2170: 1584:

have reached similar conclusions. The implementation guidelines for the

1176:

between risk of lung cancer and exposure to spousal and workplace ETS."

14945: 14682: 14416: 14308: 13781: 13626: 13574: 13204: 12880: 12802: 12733: 12702: 12577: 12547: 12477: 12427: 12397: 12382: 12357: 12262: 12062: 11958: 11877: 11817: 9644: 6915: 6884: 4987: 4799: 3473: 3011: 2506:"Active and passive smoking and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis" 2101: 2084: 2013: 1477: 800: 674: 501: 457: 365: 353: 118: 110: 7492:

Two relevant reports have been published by the Scientific Committee:

5535: 4610: 4321: 4065: 2957: 2938: 1565:

Alternatives to smoke-free laws have also been proposed as a means of

1544:

the post-implementation survey compared to pre-implementation survey.

1263:

United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina

1172:(IARC) on environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) found "weak evidence of a 1049: 684: 15456: 15412: 14960: 14955: 14530: 14515: 14490: 14338: 14333: 14318: 14313: 14273: 14250: 14187: 14044: 14017: 13901: 13759: 13742: 13715: 13631: 13594: 13584: 13557: 13528: 13489: 13476: 13454: 13425: 13222: 12839: 12517: 12512: 12462: 12437: 12292: 12088: 11224: 10216: 8570: 8208:"Turning Science Into Junk: The Tobacco Industry and Passive Smoking" 8117:, from the Legacy Tobacco Documents Archive. Retrieved July 19, 2007. 7589:

Shermer, Michael (May 2010). "I am a sceptic, but I'm not a denier".

6959:"Effects of long-term passive smoking on the mast cells in rat lungs" 5884:

Meyers, David G.; Neuberger, John S.; He, Jianghua (September 2009).

5596: 5571: 1485: 999: 834: 759:, and this can be directly correlated to the blood CO concentration ( 609:

Many adults with asthma identify ETS as a trigger for their symptoms.

341: 316: 308:

According to a 2015 review, passive smoking may increase the risk of

176: 106: 83: 33: 10272:"Tobacco Company Strategies to Undermine Tobacco Control Activities" 8798:. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. p. 24. Archived from 8583:"Passive smoking does cause lung cancer, do not let them fool you". 7942: 7917: 6876: 6082:

Pugmire, Juliana; Sweeting, Helen; Moore, Laurence (February 2017).

1415: 698: 14459: 14353: 14255: 13978: 13909: 13867: 13857: 13825: 13820: 13785: 13599: 13506: 13466: 13442: 13395: 13290: 13259: 12822: 12756: 12257: 12057: 11857: 11832: 11807: 11119: 10830: 10820: 9853:"Institute for Health and Consumer Protection Activity Report 2003" 6956: 5661: 4409: 1114: 823: 740: 715: 711: 666: 328: 11278: 10412: 10304: 9189:"The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke" 8967:"The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke" 187:, while "mainstream smoke" refers to smoke that a smoker exhales. 14570: 14089: 14072: 14067: 14052: 14000: 13990: 13973: 13845: 13686: 13681: 13614: 13540: 13360: 13280: 12332: 12004: 11341: 11326: 11295: 10118:. Publications and Reports of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Ga.: 9512:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (January 2009).

8180:, listing Milloy as a paid consultant. Retrieved August 22, 2007. 7029:

Winickoff JP, Friebely J, Tanski SE, et al. (January 2009).

2457:

Pallis, Athanasios G.; Syrigos, Konstantinos N. (December 2013).

1489: 811: 150: 80: 76: 9419:"Guidelines on the Protection from Exposure to Secondhand Smoke" 3907:

Kantor, R; Kim, A; Thyssen, JP; Silverberg, JI (December 2016).

1481: 14520: 14454: 13923: 13769: 13749: 13511: 13435: 13400: 13339: 13009: 12761: 12567: 12317: 11384: 11253: 9462: 6817: 6032:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 5820: 2127:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from 1335: 822:

among adult nonsmokers. Secondhand smoke exposure also affects

732:

associated with behaviour changes due to nicotine consumption.

678: 617: 585:

controlling for some potential sources of bias and confounding.

446: 296: 215: 91: 19:"Second hand smoke" redirects here. For the Sublime album, see 11785: 10308: 8612:"Passive Smoking and Lung Cancer Risk: What Is the Story Now?" 2617: 1504:

Guidelines on the Protection from Exposure to secondhand Smoke

818:

nonsmokers. Secondhand smoke is also associated with impaired

13656: 13494: 13447: 13310: 13024: 12457: 11268: 11193: 9719:

Thomson, George; Wilson, Nick; Edwards, Richard (June 2009).

8178:

Philip Morris budget for "Strategy and Social Responsibility"

7167: 6545: 6050: 5470:"Passive smoking and lung cancer: a cumulative meta-analysis" 2836: 469:

Maternal passive smoking increases the risk of non-syndromic

180: 10350:"Tobacco smoke exposure induces nicotine dependence in rats" 9542: 8832:"Passive smoking: Tobacco industry publishes disinformation" 3044:"The Cognitive Deficits Associated with Second-Hand Smoking" 2937:

Hur, Kevin; Liang, Jonathan; Lin, Sandra Y. (January 2014).

2376: 1269:

In 2002, the EPA successfully appealed this decision to the

14545: 14062: 13676: 13545: 13533: 13501: 13319: 13242: 13237: 12532: 12452: 11505: 10224: 9943: 9675: 9591: 8467: 7275:"Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke" 7156:

Louisiana Hospital to Ban Odor of Smoke on Workers' Clothes

6980:

Matt GE, Quintana PJ, Hovell MF, et al. (March 2004).

5886:"Cardiovascular Effect of Bans on Smoking in Public Places" 3136:

Pineles, B. L.; Park, E.; Samet, J. M. (10 February 2014).

8610:

Blot, William J.; McLaughlin, Joseph K. (7 October 1998).

7626:"Denialism: what is it and how should scientists respond?" 5467: 4453: 4377:

The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease

3906: 3710: 1124:

Another component of criticism cited by Milloy focused on

14645:

Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs

14328: 13754: 13521: 10400:

United States District Court for the District of Columbia

10317: 10208:

Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke

10078:

Health Effects of Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke

9832:"ASHRAE Position Document on Environmental Tobacco Smoke" 6228: 5863: 5854: 5852: 5432: 5249: 4644: 4374: 3354: 1647: 998:

movement, sharing many characteristics of other forms of

513:

Adverse effects on the cardiovascular system of children.

452:

Lung infections, also including more severe illness with

7104: 6279:"WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC)" 4365:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. July 2007. 1163: 1009: 589:

Subsequent meta-analyses have confirmed these findings.

11669:

Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products

10946:

Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products

10346: 10336:

Guidelines Protection from Exposure to Secondhand Smoke

9141: 7028: 6679:

Invernizzi G, Ruprecht A, Mazza R, et al. (2004).

6678: 6594: 6406:

Metz-Favre C, Donnay C, de Blay F (February 2005). "".

6405: 5396: 5018: 4828: 3311: 2503: 2082: 1280: 855: 9366:

Smokers Daring Bloomberg To Ticket Them Under Park Ban

6353: 6301: 5849: 5299:

Hackshaw, A K; Law, M R; Wald, N J (18 October 1997).

4685: 4581: 4269: 2784:

Oono, I.P.; Mackay, D.F.; Pell, J.P. (December 2011).

2707: 2558: 1880:

Tong, Elisa K.; Glantz, Stanton A. (16 October 2007).

1394: 1355:

Promoting "good epidemiology" and attacking so-called

10033: 9626: 8463: 8461: 5746: 5703:

Taylor, R.; Najafi, F.; Dobson, A. (1 October 2007).

4131: 4046: 3267: 3197:

Cui, H; Gong, TT; Liu, CX; Wu, QJ (25 January 2016).

2879: 1532:

mortality and to lower exposure to secondhand smoke.

1434:

Racketeer Influenced Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO)

1345:

evidence of harm were by industry-affiliated authors.

1271:

United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit

319:

have found a significant association between the two.

195:

Secondhand smoke causes many of the same diseases as

9890:

Haveman, Robert; John Mullahy (September 25, 2005).

9718: 9342:

Altria, Cigarette Makers Lose 'Lights' Ruling Appeal

6922:

Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research

6777:

Otsuka R, Watanabe H, Hirata K, et al. (2001).

6776: 6349: 6347: 6081: 6075: 4913:

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contributing to lung damage has also been observed.

463:

Impaired respiratory function and slowed lung growth

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Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

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Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A

2205:Protano, Carmela; Vitali, Matteo (1 October 2011). 1334:rather than with health, by funding groups such as 685:

Interventions to reduce environmental tobacco smoke

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Philip Morris et al. 7304:"Health Effects of Exposure to Secondhand Smoke" 5742: 5740: 5207:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 4651:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 4317: 4315: 4265: 4263: 4261: 3135: 2247: 2125:"Health Effects of Exposure to Secondhand Smoke" 1321:United States of America v. Philip Morris et al. 544:of heart disease due to ETS was 2.2%, while the 10112: 8877: 8875: 8168:on January 26, 2006. Retrieved August 22, 2007. 8129:"Stoking the Rigged Terror of Secondhand Smoke" 8126: 7579:, 10 April 2000, "The IPA sings its own song". 7539:"More Smokers Feeling Harassed by Smoking Bans" 7524: 7111:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6475: 6180:Strachan, D. P.; Cook, D. G. (1 January 1998). 6023: 6021: 5298: 4632: 4034: 4004: 3841: 3661: 3255: 3184: 2987: 2824: 2659: 2289: 14193:Legal history of cannabis in the United States 9092: 9044:Smith, E. A.; Malone, R. E. (5 January 2007). 8616:JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 8609: 8475:JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 7999:"The limits of competing interest disclosures" 7996: 6510: 3913:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 3095:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2944:International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology 2783: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1636:Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine 556:, may have been substantially underestimated. 13166: 11771: 11209: 10428: 9778:Drope J, Bialous SA, Glantz SA (March 2004). 9385:"WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control" 9037: 8998: 8996: 8994: 8301: 7721: 7623: 7308:United States Environmental Protection Agency 6770: 6727: 5924: 5890:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 5737: 5696: 4912: 4736: 4312: 4258: 3759: 3618: 3559: 3041: 2991:Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 2743:Zou, N; Hong, J; Dai, QY (20 February 2009). 2456: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2204: 1957: 1598:United States Environmental Protection Agency 1242:United States Environmental Protection Agency 896:United States Environmental Protection Agency 476:Learning difficulties, developmental delays, 13193: 9323: 8872: 8394: 8037: 7997:Bero, LA; Glantz, S; Hong, MK (April 2005). 7825: 7672: 7080:"A New Cigarette Hazard: 'Third-Hand Smoke'" 6629: 6179: 6130: 6018: 5200: 5151: 5102: 4221: 4020:"Secondhand Smoke and Children Fact Sheet", 3955: 3196: 1554:Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 1497:(FCTC) have a legal obligation to implement 1313: 930:National Health and Medical Research Council 11659:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 10936:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 10164:International Agency for Research on Cancer 9043: 8718: 8255:Scientific Communications Through the Media 7624:Diethelm, P.; McKee, M. (16 October 2008). 7536: 6539: 6308:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 6027: 5201:Schick, S. F.; Glantz, S. (1 August 2007). 5053: 4270:DiFranza JR, Aligne CA, Weitzman M (2004). 4047:Vork KL, Broadwin RL, Blaisdell RJ (2007). 2936: 1946: 1767: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1586:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 1523:. In the first 18 months after the town of 1495:WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 1446:destroyed documents relevant to litigation. 1170:International Agency for Research on Cancer 946:Recent major surveys conducted by the U.S. 773:International Agency for Research on Cancer 637:International Agency for Research on Cancer 630: 574:International Agency for Research on Cancer 251:International Agency for Research on Cancer 223:International Agency for Research on Cancer 14921:Arguments for and against drug prohibition 13173: 13159: 12538:High efficiency glandless circulating pump 11787:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 11778: 11764: 11216: 11202: 10435: 10421: 10309:British American Tobacco Documents Archive 10212:California Environmental Protection Agency 10203:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 10194:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 8991: 8881: 8815:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8205: 7782: 7261:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 6858: 6440: 6401: 6399: 6028:Fitzsimmons, Kathleen (21 November 2013). 5978:"Lung cancer from passive smoking at work" 5194: 5145: 5096: 4351: 4349: 4138:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 2742: 2259: 2200: 2198: 2148: 2146: 1879: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 937:Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health 901:California Environmental Protection Agency 663:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 243:California Environmental Protection Agency 227:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 158:smoke". In contrast, a 2011 commentary in 13180: 11564: 10373: 10010: 9961: 9803: 9736: 9652: 9568: 9488: 9118: 9069: 8934: 8855: 8650: 8627: 8486: 8336: 8310: 8284: 8258: 8231: 8051: 8014: 7941: 7800: 7776: 7747: 7698: 7641: 7193: 7132: 7122: 7054: 7005: 6933: 6892: 6835: 6794: 6745: 6704: 6655: 6571: 6379: 6327: 6254: 6205: 6156: 6131:Strachan, D P; Cook, D G (October 1997). 6099: 6001: 5952: 5942: 5901: 5772: 5720: 5679: 5595: 5565: 5563: 5543: 5485: 5373: 5324: 5275: 5218: 5177: 5128: 5036: 4995: 4938: 4877: 4871: 4854: 4762: 4713: 4703: 4662: 4609: 4599: 4489: 4479: 4198: 4149: 4073: 3981: 3932: 3818: 3777: 3736: 3687: 3595: 3585: 3501: 3491: 3372: 3232: 3222: 3161: 3069: 3059: 3010: 2956: 2905: 2801: 2762:10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.2009.04.0016 2760: 2671: 2594: 2584: 2403: 2353: 2230: 2178: 2155:"Other people's smoke: what's in a name?" 2100: 1897: 1849: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1582:European Commission Joint Research Centre 1451:deny the health effects of ETS exposure. 1359:(a term popularised by industry lobbyist 1248:were caused by passive smoking annually. 14895:Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S. 14592: 12972:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation 11380:Cigarette smoking among college students 9993:Bertone ER, Snyder LA, Moore AS (2002). 9924:"Secondhand Smoke Causes Cancer in Pets" 9921: 9427:Framework Convention for Tobacco Control 8759:"Flue-Cured Tobacco Cooperative vs. EPA" 7915: 5797:"Health effects of indoor air pollution" 5348:Copas, J B; Shi, JQ (12 February 2000). 5347: 4516:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 3956:Anderson, HR; Cook, DG (November 1997). 3801:Taylor AE, Johnson DC, Kazemi H (1992). 3446: 1958:Diethelm, Pascal; McKee, Martin (2006). 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1831: 1697: 1629: 1201:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 966: 697: 521: 71:), by individuals other than the active 27: 14931:Capital punishment for drug trafficking 13986:Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids 10390: 10313:University of California, San Francisco 9824: 9549:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9469:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 9219: 8829: 8429: 8090: 7984: 7972: 7770: 7588: 6396: 6360:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5569: 4737:Chiswell, C; Akram, Y (February 2017). 4346: 3668:The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 3527:Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2463:Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 2195: 2152: 2143: 1825: 1820: 1744: 1068:In 2006, Enstrom and Kabat published a 746: 101:, and have been a major motivation for 88:health effects caused by active smoking 15654: 14822:Office of National Drug Control Policy 14610:International drug control conventions 9845: 8917:Tong EK, England L, Glantz SA (2005). 8397:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 8362:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 8359: 6051:Office on Smoking Health (US) (2006). 5626: 5560: 4512: 4175:"Cough • 2: Chronic cough in children" 4015: 4013: 3524: 3092: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2378:Outcomes, Research (14 October 2014). 1803: 1596:pollution permits systems used by the 1488:, as well as some outdoor open areas. 1156:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 972:conservative think tanks, such as the 79:into the surrounding atmosphere as an 15013: 14591: 14163:List of cannabis rights organizations 14110: 13192: 13154: 12845:Programmable communicating thermostat 11759: 11197: 10416: 10220:National Center for Health Statistics 10169:Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking 9050:The European Journal of Public Health 7630:The European Journal of Public Health 7455: 7077: 6859:Howard, G; Thun, MJ (December 1999). 5975: 5709:International Journal of Epidemiology 3406:Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 1999: 1866: 1164:World Health Organization controversy 1035:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 1010:Industry-funded studies and critiques 552:in particular the risk of developing 303:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 12967:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing 11730: 10305:The Legacy Tobacco Documents Library 10158: 10120:Surgeon General of the United States 9892:"Let Bars Buy, Sell Smoking Permits" 9318:Litigation Against Tobacco Companies 9200:Surgeon General of the United States 8978:Surgeon General of the United States 8724:US Environmental Protection Agency. 7918:"Passive-smoking study faces review" 7859: 5572:"Passive smoking: out from the haze" 2513:Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2436:"Health Effects of Secondhand Smoke" 2253: 1771: 1721:Surgeon General of the United States 1560: 1281:Tobacco-industry funding of research 1148: 1014: 856:Opinion of public health authorities 752:Carbon monoxide monitored via breath 596:, especially around young children: 278:and reduced heart rate variability. 155:Surgeon General of the United States 11644:Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement 10442: 10391:Kessler, Gladys (August 17, 2006). 10322:Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement 9032:Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement 8842:(7413): 502–3, author reply 504–5. 8432:Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 8162:, by Paul D. Thacker. Published in 4010: 2710:International Journal of Cardiology 2675:International Journal of Cardiology 2547: 1640:University of Massachusetts Amherst 1547: 1395:Position of major tobacco companies 1214:Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement 681:and the poor were exposed in 2014. 434: 13: 14715:Law Enforcement Action Partnership 12828:Minimum efficiency reporting value 11649:Tobacco packaging warning messages 11277: 10931:Tobacco packaging warning messages 10318:Philip Morris USA Document Archive 10048:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116276 7328:"The Truth about Secondhand Smoke" 5487:10.1111/j.1467-842x.2001.tb00564.x 4173:de Jongste JC, Shields MD (2003). 1834:"Secondhand smoke: facts and lies" 1457: 766: 40:came into effect on March 29, 2004 14: 15688: 14732:Students for Sensible Drug Policy 12870:Standard temperature and pressure 12583:Packaged terminal air conditioner 12119:Passive daytime radiative cooling 11848:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle 11423:Cigarette smoking for weight loss 10320:, made public as a result of the 10065: 8265:American Journal of Public Health 7802:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.715888 6865:Environmental Health Perspectives 6747:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.492215 6030:"Reducing Worker Exposure to ETS" 5982:American Journal of Public Health 5860:"France to ban smoking in public" 5753:American Journal of Public Health 4968:Environmental Health Perspectives 2211:Environmental Health Perspectives 1899:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.715888 1216:, it was found (by Elisa Ong and 1132:American Journal of Public Health 987:European Journal of Public Health 941: 785:polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons 190: 161:Environmental Health Perspectives 14737:Transform Drug Policy Foundation 14631:Other treaties addressing drugs 14111: 11939:Absorption-compression heat pump 11729: 11720: 11719: 11697:Countries by tobacco consumption 11634:Smoking bans in private vehicles 11168: 11167: 11042:Smoking bans in private vehicles 10100:from the original on 2008-07-16. 10027: 9999:American Journal of Epidemiology 9986: 9937: 9915: 9883: 9771: 9753: 9712: 9669: 9620: 9585: 9536: 9505: 9456: 9445: 9359: 9347: 9335: 9311: 9225: 9213: 9135: 9086: 9021: 8959: 8910: 8823: 8782: 8751: 8733: 8687: 8603: 8576: 8563: 8554: 8545: 8521: 8503: 8423: 8388: 8353: 8248: 8199: 8183: 8171: 8153: 8120: 8115:ETS / IAQ SCIENTIFIC CONSULTANTS 8108: 8096: 8084: 8031: 7990: 7978: 7966: 7888: 7853: 7764: 7715: 7666: 7617: 7582: 7569: 7556: 7530: 7518: 7486: 7426: 7402: 7373: 7344: 7320: 7296: 7267: 7249: 7210: 7161: 7149: 7098: 7078:Rabin, Roni Caryn (2009-01-02). 7071: 7022: 6973: 6950: 6909: 6852: 6811: 6721: 6672: 6623: 6588: 6504: 6469: 6434: 6295: 6271: 6247:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.04.022 6222: 6101:10.1136/archdischild-2016-311652 6088:Archives of Disease in Childhood 6044: 5969: 5918: 5877: 5814: 5789: 5655: 4755:10.1136/archdischild-2016-310687 4743:Archives of Disease in Childhood 4425:10.1136/archdischild-2013-305444 4413:Archives of Disease in Childhood 3142:American Journal of Epidemiology 2475:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.06.011 2006:The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine 1472:Smoking bans in private vehicles 644:extraction, and transportation. 15570:Regulation of therapeutic goods 15494:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder 15055:Opium production in Afghanistan 12834:Normal temperature and pressure 12214:Vapor-compression refrigeration 11390:Smoking in association football 11130:Smoking in association football 9922:Thompson, Andrea (2007-08-31). 9725:Nicotine & Tobacco Research 8127:Gori, Gio Batta (Spring 2007). 7238:from the original on 2008-07-16 6935:10.1590/s0100-879x1997001000017 6824:New England Journal of Medicine 5629:New England Journal of Medicine 5620: 5524:International Journal of Cancer 5510: 5461: 5426: 5390: 5341: 5292: 5243: 5025:New England Journal of Medicine 5012: 4955: 4906: 4822: 4779: 4730: 4679: 4664:10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.158 4638: 4626: 4601:10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.07.001 4575: 4551: 4529:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.008 4506: 4447: 4403: 4368: 4215: 4166: 4125: 4099:Nicotine & Tobacco Research 4090: 4040: 4028: 3998: 3949: 3900: 3872: 3847: 3835: 3794: 3753: 3717:Nicotine & Tobacco Research 3704: 3655: 3612: 3553: 3518: 3467: 3440: 3397: 3348: 3305: 3261: 3249: 3190: 3178: 3129: 3086: 2981: 2930: 2873: 2830: 2818: 2777: 2736: 2701: 2665: 2653: 2611: 2497: 2450: 2428: 2370: 2321: 2295: 2283: 2117: 2076: 2051:"Chapter 32 History of Tobacco" 2043: 1851:10.1590/S0036-36342008000500016 75:. It occurs when tobacco smoke 15518:of tobacco or other substances 11223: 11105:Tobacco consumption by country 11001:Smoking and female infertility 10199:Tobacco Smoke in the Workplace 9561:10.1002/14651858.CD011856.pub2 9481:10.1002/14651858.CD005992.pub3 9287:R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company 7438:American Academy of Pediatrics 6372:10.1002/14651858.CD001746.pub4 3760:Glantz SA, Parmley WW (1991). 2303:"Secondhand Smoke (SHS) Facts" 1993: 1922: 1779: 1389:U.S.A. v. Philip Morris et al. 1235: 1054:Center for Indoor Air Research 924:American Academy of Pediatrics 136: 1: 15550:Needle and syringe programmes 15499:Long-term effects of cannabis 14900:Psilocybin mushrooms legality 14827:School district drug policies 12982:Testing, adjusting, balancing 12926:Building information modeling 12921:Building services engineering 12498:Ground-coupled heat exchanger 12026:Demand controlled ventilation 11974:Building insulation materials 11047:Tobacco-free college campuses 10239:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61388-8 10108:National Institutes of Health 10088:"Environmental Tobacco Smoke" 9156:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17990-2 9093:Trotter L, Chapman S (2003). 8665:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02098-5 8444:10.1016/s0033-0620(03)00078-1 7673:Enstrom JE, Kabat GC (2003). 7611:10.1016/S0262-4079(10)61210-9 7564:Cato and the tobacco industry 7352:"Secondhand Smoke Fact Sheet" 7257:"Secondhand Smoke Fact Sheet" 7229:National Institutes of Health 7218:"Environmental Tobacco Smoke" 7186:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0376 6963:Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire 6728:Barnoya J, Glantz SA (2005). 6455:10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00425-1 6420:10.1016/S0761-8425(05)85439-7 5835:10.1016/s0761-8417(05)84776-5 5823:Revue de Pneumologie Clinique 5447:10.1016/s0169-5002(99)00093-8 5412:10.1016/j.lungcan.2005.11.004 5220:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-0210 5074:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66474-4 3680:10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00316-2 3539:10.1016/j.diabres.2014.09.019 3283:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60082-9 2330:"Epidemiology of Lung Cancer" 2022:10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70064-5 1691: 1603: 1300:by tobacco-industry lawyers: 1256:R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company 976:in the United States and the 885:United States Surgeon General 875:National Institutes of Health 693: 415:A possible increased risk of 109:and indoor venues, including 14620:1971 Psychotropic Substances 12543:High-pressure cut-off switch 12094:Ice storage air conditioning 12015:Dedicated outdoor air system 11521:Nicotine replacement therapy 10916:Smoking and male infertility 10130:. O2NLM: WA 754 H4325 2006. 9900:. p. B2. Archived from 9606:10.1016/j.amepre.2009.10.029 9518:MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep 9111:10.1136/tc.12.suppl_3.iii102 7537:Saad, Lydia (25 July 2007). 7414:American Medical Association 6609:10.1016/0091-7435(88)90076-X 6564:10.1097/FTD.0b013e3181957a3b 6525:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.12.024 6490:10.1016/0895-4356(95)00020-5 6235:Journal of Adolescent Health 5152:Schick S, Glantz SA (2006). 4847:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000443 4705:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000374 4481:10.1371/journal.pone.0116963 3587:10.1371/journal.pone.0069915 3493:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001611 3224:10.1371/journal.pone.0147848 2851:10.1080/10934529.2013.826052 2722:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.10.140 2687:10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.07.011 2639:10.1016/j.eururo.2015.06.042 2586:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000374 2396:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000107 1723:. 2006-06-27. Archived from 1552:Recent surveys taken by the 1376:Indoor and Built Environment 1288:sudden infant death syndrome 919:American Medical Association 473:by 50% among their children. 441:Sudden infant death syndrome 7: 15408:Pharmaceutical distribution 15045:Coca production in Colombia 14496:Counterculture of the 1960s 12886:Thermostatic radiator valve 12688:Thermostatic radiator valve 12199:Underfloor air distribution 12134:Radiant heating and cooling 12052:Energy recovery ventilation 11964:Automobile air conditioning 11828:Domestic energy consumption 11692:Cigarette smoke carcinogens 10891:Smokeless tobacco keratosis 10190:Secondhand Smoke Fact Sheet 9344:Bloomberg news, 22 May 2009 8206:Samet JM, Burke TA (2001). 8160:Smoked Out: Pundit for Hire 7783:Tong EK, Glantz SA (2007). 7158:, Fox News, October 3, 2011 6837:10.1056/NEJM199601183340303 6630:Schick S, Glantz S (2005). 5641:10.1056/NEJM199903253401211 5268:10.1136/bmj.38146.427188.55 5103:Schick S, Glantz S (2005). 5038:10.1056/NEJM199903253401204 2153:Chapman, S. (1 June 2003). 1662: 1420:On September 22, 1999, the 1277:summarized and evaluated." 978:Institute of Public Affairs 952:Centers for Disease Control 880:Centers for Disease Control 735: 517: 484:in neurocognitive problems. 65:environmental tobacco smoke 10: 15693: 15580:Substance abuse prevention 15555:Opioid replacement therapy 13035:Institute of Refrigeration 12916:Architectural technologist 12388:Electrostatic precipitator 10976:Breastfeeding difficulties 9320:U.S. Department of Justice 8848:10.1136/bmj.327.7413.502-c 8585:The Ceylon Medical Journal 8311:Ong EK, Glantz SA (2001). 7332:American Heart Association 7225:11th Report on Carcinogens 5903:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.07.022 4236:10.1191/096032799678839914 4151:10.1016/j.anai.2015.08.005 3925:10.1016/j.jaad.2016.07.017 2886:Epidemiology and Infection 1607: 1514: 1461: 1422:U.S. Department of Justice 1174:dose–response relationship 906:American Heart Association 710:monitored through breath, 508:Sleep disordered breathing 18: 15672:Health effects of tobacco 15593: 15585:Supervised injection site 15527: 15442: 15068: 15035: 15024: 15020: 15014: 15009: 14913: 14875:Anabolic steroid legality 14862: 14747: 14655: 14640:Convention Against Doping 14635:Law of the Sea Convention 14602: 14598: 14587: 14566:Urban legends about drugs 14478: 14430: 14367: 14264: 14231: 14123: 14119: 14106: 14043: 14016: 13954: 13900: 13801: 13706: 13697: 13642: 13475: 13338: 13203: 13199: 13188: 13097: 13088:Volatile organic compound 13063: 12990: 12947:Environmental engineering 12911:Architectural engineering 12894: 12742: 12713:Ultra-low particulate air 12298:Automatic balancing valve 12245: 12226:Variable refrigerant flow 12078:Heat recovery ventilation 12021:Deep water source cooling 11931: 11793: 11715: 11679: 11624:Plain cigarette packaging 11609: 11529: 11471: 11448:Schizophrenia and smoking 11408: 11365: 11319: 11288: 11275: 11231: 11163: 11092: 11055: 11027: 11018: 10966: 10881:Schizophrenia and smoking 10876:Prevalence of tobacco use 10851:Health effects of tobacco 10846: 10839: 10791: 10761: 10725: 10629: 10601: 10485: 10459: 10450: 10366:10.1007/s00213-009-1716-z 10300:World Health Organization 10160:World Health Organization 10082:National Cancer Institute 9690:10.1007/s10552-010-9673-8 9432:World Health Organization 9392:World Health Organization 8196:. 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Health Perspect. 4022:American Lung Association 3633:10.1007/s12020-014-0194-1 3418:10.1007/s00404-013-2997-3 3374:10.3109/00016340903505748 3361:Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 3107:10.1007/s00127-015-1164-5 2898:10.1017/S0950268815001235 2525:10.1007/s10549-015-3628-4 2062:World Health Organization 2000:Gourd, Katherine (2014). 1669:Health effects of tobacco 1656:Colorado State University 1610:Animals and tobacco smoke 1314:Tobacco industry response 1181:World Health Organization 1101: 948:National Cancer Institute 910:American Lung Association 891:National Cancer Institute 869:World Health Organization 777:World Health Organization 641:World Health Organization 578:World Health Organization 546:attributable risk percent 15381:Turks and Caicos Islands 14890:Methamphetamine legality 14203:Marijuana Policy Project 13194:Major recreational drugs 13135:Template:Home automation 12957:Kitchen exhaust cleaning 12653:Solar-assisted heat pump 12253:Air conditioner inverter 12032:Displacement ventilation 11923:Vapour pressure of water 11908:Thermal destratification 11639:Tobacco control movement 10806:Islamic views on tobacco 9236:British American Tobacco 8896:10.1001/jama.279.19.1566 7504:2004 update by the SCOTH 7497:1998 report of the SCOTH 7174:Clinical Cancer Research 5976:Wells, A J (July 1998). 5944:10.1186/1471-2458-13-529 5765:10.2105/AJPH.2004.061275 5681:10.1093/eurheartj/ehi601 5366:10.1136/bmj.320.7232.417 5317:10.1136/bmj.315.7114.980 4931:10.1136/bmj.315.7114.973 4290:10.1542/peds.113.S3.1007 4191:10.1136/thorax.58.11.998 3061:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00046 3003:10.1177/0891988713496165 2790:Journal of Public Health 1685:Philip Morris v. Uruguay 1402:British American Tobacco 1226:British American Tobacco 631:Exposure and risk levels 540:in the early 1980s. The 409:Streptococcus pneumoniae 370:congenital malformations 14158:Cannabis rights leaders 13130:World Refrigeration Day 12977:Refrigerant reclamation 12906:Architectural acoustics 12850:Programmable thermostat 12782:Clean air delivery rate 12678:Thermal expansion valve 12593:Pressurisation ductwork 12503:Ground source heat pump 11944:Absorption refrigerator 11549:Disinformation playbook 10926:Tobacco-free pharmacies 9897:Wisconsin State Journal 8629:10.1093/jnci/90.19.1416 8488:10.1093/jnci/90.19.1440 8329:10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1749 8277:10.2105/ajph.91.11.1749 8224:10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1742 7916:Dalton R (March 2007). 7874:10.1136/bmjusa.03070002 7840:American Cancer Society 7385:American Cancer Society 7124:10.1073/pnas.0912820107 3820:10.1161/01.cir.86.2.699 3048:Frontiers in Psychiatry 2749:Chinese Medical Journal 1934:Smoking and Tobacco Use 1838:Salud Pública de México 1521:acute coronary syndrome 1076: 1039:American Cancer Society 1030:British Medical Journal 914:American Cancer Society 554:coronary heart diseases 201:cardiovascular diseases 121:, as well as some open 14966:Politics of drug abuse 13934:Mandragora officinarum 13120:Glossary of HVAC terms 13082:Sick building syndrome 12962:Mechanical engineering 12673:Smoke exhaust ductwork 12104:Mixed-mode ventilation 11539:Cultivation of tobacco 11489:Heated tobacco product 11463:Tobacco harm reduction 11282: 10146:Cite journal requires 9865:. 2003. Archived from 9796:10.1136/tc.2003.004101 9105:(Suppl 3:iii): 102–6. 8936:10.1542/peds.2004-1922 8409:10.1006/rtph.1995.1023 8374:10.1006/rtph.1995.1022 7722:Davey Smith G (2003). 7047:10.1542/peds.2008-2184 6998:10.1136/tc.2003.003889 6796:10.1001/jama.286.4.436 6697:10.1136/tc.2003.005975 6648:10.1136/tc.2005.011288 6320:10.15585/mmwr.mm6748a3 5994:10.2105/ajph.88.7.1025 5668:European Heart Journal 5170:10.1136/tc.2006.016162 5121:10.1136/tc.2005.011288 4980:10.1289/ehp.99107s6841 4588:Annals of Epidemiology 3974:10.1136/thx.52.11.1003 3326:10.1542/peds.2010-3041 1307: 1297: 1210: 1142: 703: 587: 542:absolute risk increase 527: 403:Neisseria meningitidis 41: 15326:Saint Kitts and Nevis 14625:1988 Drug Trafficking 14218:Cannabis and religion 13182:Recreational drug use 13140:Template:Solar energy 12818:Intelligent buildings 12777:Carbon dioxide sensor 12164:Room air distribution 11984:Central solar heating 11745:Electronic cigarettes 11281: 11183:Electronic cigarettes 11006:Smoking and pregnancy 10801:Smoking in Jewish law 9863:Joint Research Centre 9678:Cancer Causes Control 9452:Market Research World 9062:10.1093/eurpub/ckl244 8741:"The Osteen Decision" 8040:Inhalation Toxicology 7643:10.1093/eurpub/ckn139 6149:10.1136/thx.52.10.905 4892:10.1001/jama.267.1.94 4389:10.5588/ijtld.14.0686 3779:10.1161/01.cir.83.1.1 3449:Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2803:10.1093/pubmed/fdr025 2346:10.1378/chest.12-2345 2340:(5_suppl): e1S–e29S. 1630:Observational studies 1302: 1292: 1206: 1137: 1056:, a tobacco industry 967:Controversy over harm 846:Alexandria, Louisiana 787:, tobacco-specific N- 701: 622:Dominique de Villepin 582: 525: 496:meningococcal disease 489:middle ear infections 47:is the inhalation of 31: 15677:Indoor air pollution 15575:Responsible drug use 15386:United Arab Emirates 14705:Drug Policy Alliance 14593:Legality of drug use 14198:Legality of cannabis 14173:Cannabis Social Club 14143:Cannabis cultivation 14138:Cannabis consumption 13969:Cannabis (Marijuana) 13791:Psilocybin mushrooms 12942:Duct leakage testing 12932:Deep energy retrofit 12876:Thermographic camera 12813:Infrared thermometer 12288:Air source heat pump 12237:Water heat recycling 11803:Air changes per hour 11511:Electronic cigarette 11037:List of smoking bans 10996:Ptosis of the breast 10953:World No Tobacco Day 9600:(2 Suppl): S275–89. 9356:Reuters, 22 May 2009 8591:(2): 98. June 1998. 7527:, p. 588 Ch. 10 7525:Surgeon General 2006 4974:(suppl 6): 841–846. 4633:Surgeon General 2006 4284:(4 Suppl): 1007–15. 4035:Surgeon General 2006 4005:Surgeon General 2006 3842:Surgeon General 2006 3256:Surgeon General 2006 3185:Surgeon General 2006 2825:Surgeon General 2006 2660:Surgeon General 2006 2290:Surgeon General 2006 1578:U.S. Surgeon General 1468:List of smoking bans 1168:A 1998 study by the 862:scientific consensus 860:There is widespread 771:A 2004 study by the 747:Carbon monoxide (CO) 725:A 2007 study in the 325:Cognitive impairment 209:respiratory diseases 99:scientific consensus 32:Tobacco smoke in an 15633:Tobacco consumption 15603:Alcohol consumption 15545:Drug rehabilitation 15482:Effects of cannabis 15206:Indian Ocean region 14986:Philippine drug war 14615:1961 Narcotic Drugs 13296:nail polish remover 12808:HVAC control system 12798:Home energy monitor 12772:Building automation 12558:Inverter compressor 12220:Variable air volume 12129:Passive ventilation 12099:Kitchen ventilation 11999:Constant air volume 11969:Autonomous building 11619:Cigarette smuggling 11544:Tobacco advertising 11428:Nicotine dependence 10906:Stomatitis nicotina 10860:Nicotine withdrawal 9963:10.1354/vp.41-3-209 9860:European Commission 8190:"Secondhand Joking" 7934:2007Natur.446..242D 7868:(7418): E237–E238. 7603:2010NewSc.206R..36S 6198:10.1136/thx.53.1.50 5588:2007Natur.447.1049N 4472:2015PLoSO..1016963S 3919:(6): 1119–1125.e1. 3855:"Second-hand smoke" 3578:2013PLoSO...869915W 3215:2016PLoSO..1147848C 2577:2015PLoSO..1039907C 2438:. November 24, 2014 2223:10.1289/ehp.1103956 2171:10.1136/tc.12.2.113 2131:on 5 September 2015 1230:front organizations 1027:, published in the 992:corporate denialism 826:function, vascular 728:Addictive Behaviors 669:in national health 378:neural tube defects 15489:Drug-related crime 15166:Dominican Republic 15076:Illegal drug trade 14551:Religion and drugs 14506:Drug paraphernalia 14486:Chasing the dragon 14445:Fashion cigarettes 14026:Calea zacatechichi 13721:Psychoactive toads 13431:Mitragyna speciosa 13383:Dextropropoxyphene 13325:Nonbenzodiazepines 13233:Alcoholic beverage 13071:Indoor air quality 13015:ASTM International 12952:Hydronic balancing 12729:Wood-burning stove 12608:Radiator reflector 12393:Evaporative cooler 12204:Underfloor heating 12189:Thermal insulation 11433:Nicotine poisoning 11283: 11150:Nicotine marketing 11110:History of smoking 11057:Country and region 10901:Smoker's melanosis 10855:Nicotine poisoning 10354:Psychopharmacology 10284:on August 21, 2004 10012:10.1093/aje/kwf044 9904:on January 4, 2009 9790:(Suppl 1): i41–7. 9738:10.1093/ntr/ntp046 9645:10.1136/tc.12.1.13 9371:2013-11-26 at the 9276:2010-10-06 at the 8980:. 2006. p. 21 8317:Am J Public Health 8212:Am J Public Health 7509:2012-02-06 at the 7381:"Secondhand Smoke" 6871:(Suppl 6): 853–8. 5722:10.1093/ije/dym158 4800:10.1002/lary.24833 4635:, pp. 293–309 4361:2011-09-11 at the 4328:Minerva Pediatrica 4111:10.1093/ntr/ntt033 3844:, pp. 376–380 3729:10.1093/ntr/ntw105 3187:, pp. 198–205 3154:10.1093/aje/kwt334 2102:10.3322/caac.21210 1113:" commentator for 1004:HIV-AIDS denialism 704: 649:US Surgeon General 528: 487:Increased risk of 478:executive function 272:Circulatory system 42: 15649: 15648: 15645: 15644: 15641: 15640: 15560:Pharmacovigilance 15540:Drug legalization 15438: 15437: 15005: 15004: 15001: 15000: 14936:Cognitive liberty 14880:Cannabis legality 14668:Decriminalization 14583: 14582: 14579: 14578: 14465:Smoking fetishism 14102: 14101: 14098: 14097: 14039: 14038: 13919:Atropa belladonna 13286:contact adhesives 13228:Ethanol (alcohol) 13148: 13147: 13064:Health and safety 12643:Scroll compressor 12598:Process duct work 12353:Convection heater 12348:Condensing boiler 12278:Air-mixing plenum 12174:Solar combisystem 12010:Cross ventilation 11813:Building envelope 11753: 11752: 11629:Legal smoking age 11605: 11604: 11458:Smoking cessation 11395:Smoking fetishism 11191: 11190: 11125:Smoking fetishism 11088: 11087: 11014: 11013: 10968:Women and smoking 10921:Smoking cessation 10787: 10786: 10233:(9760): 139–146. 10182:978-92-832-1283-6 10071:Scientific bodies 9872:on March 27, 2009 9761:"No ifs or butts" 9196:Executive Summary 8974:Executive Summary 8622:(19): 1416–1417. 8481:(19): 1440–1450. 8271:(11): 1749–1757. 7987:, pp. 1380–3 7838:(Press release). 7412:(Press release). 7180:(18): 5626–5645. 7117:(15): 6576–6581. 6928:(10): 1241–1247. 6414:(1 Pt 1): 81–92. 6314:(48): 1342–1346. 5931:BMC Public Health 5896:(14): 1249–1255. 5582:(7148): 1049–51. 5536:10.1002/ijc.28835 5360:(7232): 417–418. 5311:(7114): 980–988. 5262:(7459): 200–205. 4925:(7114): 973–980. 4144:(5): 396–401.e2. 4066:10.1289/ehp.10155 3277:(9928): 1549–60. 2958:10.1002/alr.21232 2892:(15): 3158–3172. 2845:(14): 1783–1789. 1974:978-1-904097-57-0 1892:(16): 1845–1854. 1832:Samet JM (2008). 1561:Alternative forms 1380:Master Settlement 1149:Levois and Layard 1015:Enstrom and Kabat 996:tobacco denialism 761:carboxyhemoglobin 757:parts per million 428:atopic dermatitis 400:Risk of carrying 211:. These include: 21:Second-hand Smoke 15684: 15477:Drug harmfulness 15472:Driving impaired 15291:Papua New Guinea 15060:Rolling meth lab 15033: 15032: 15022: 15021: 15011: 15010: 14976:Mexican drug war 14885:Cocaine legality 14870:Alcohol legality 14700:Demand reduction 14688:Supply reduction 14600: 14599: 14589: 14588: 14266:Drinking culture 14208:Medical cannabis 14168:Cannabis smoking 14125:Cannabis culture 14121: 14120: 14108: 14107: 14084:recreational use 13929:Hyoscyamus niger 13890:Salvia divinorum 13873:Amanita muscaria 13835:recreational use 13815:recreational use 13704: 13703: 13272:recreational use 13201: 13200: 13190: 13189: 13175: 13168: 13161: 13152: 13151: 13110:Building science 12865:Smart thermostat 12860:Room temperature 12443:Fireplace insert 12149:Radon mitigation 12047:Electric heating 12042:District heating 12037:District cooling 11954:Air conditioning 11780: 11773: 11766: 11757: 11756: 11733: 11732: 11723: 11722: 11687:Cigarette brands 11654:Tobacco politics 11562: 11561: 11531:Tobacco industry 11484:Herbal cigarette 11472:Related products 11453:Sidestream smoke 11443:Third-hand smoke 11218: 11211: 11204: 11195: 11194: 11171: 11170: 11155:Tobacco industry 11032:Inflight smoking 11025: 11024: 10886:Sidestream smoke 10871:Third-hand smoke 10844: 10843: 10457: 10456: 10437: 10430: 10423: 10414: 10413: 10403: 10397: 10387: 10377: 10297: 10293: 10291: 10289: 10283: 10277:. Archived from 10276: 10264:Tobacco industry 10258: 10186: 10174: 10155: 10149: 10144: 10142: 10134: 10105: 10101: 10099: 10092: 10080:, from the U.S. 10060: 10059: 10031: 10025: 10024: 10014: 9990: 9984: 9983: 9965: 9941: 9935: 9934: 9932: 9931: 9919: 9913: 9912: 9910: 9909: 9887: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9877: 9871: 9857: 9849: 9843: 9842: 9836: 9828: 9822: 9821: 9807: 9775: 9769: 9768: 9757: 9751: 9750: 9740: 9716: 9710: 9709: 9673: 9667: 9666: 9656: 9624: 9618: 9617: 9589: 9583: 9582: 9572: 9540: 9534: 9533: 9509: 9503: 9502: 9492: 9460: 9454: 9449: 9443: 9442: 9440: 9439: 9423: 9415: 9406: 9405: 9400: 9399: 9389: 9381: 9375: 9363: 9357: 9351: 9345: 9339: 9333: 9327: 9321: 9315: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9303: 9294:. Archived from 9263: 9261: 9260: 9251:. Archived from 9244:Imperial Tobacco 9229: 9223: 9217: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9207: 9193: 9185: 9176: 9175: 9139: 9133: 9132: 9122: 9090: 9084: 9083: 9073: 9041: 9035: 9025: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9015: 9006:. Archived from 9000: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8985: 8971: 8963: 8957: 8956: 8938: 8914: 8908: 8907: 8879: 8870: 8869: 8859: 8830:Thun MJ (2003). 8827: 8821: 8820: 8814: 8806: 8804: 8797: 8786: 8780: 8779: 8777: 8776: 8770: 8764:. Archived from 8763: 8755: 8749: 8748: 8743:. Archived from 8737: 8731: 8730: 8722: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8712: 8706: 8700:. Archived from 8699: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8659:(9211): 1253–9. 8648: 8642: 8641: 8631: 8607: 8601: 8600: 8580: 8574: 8567: 8561: 8558: 8552: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8534:. Archived from 8533: 8525: 8519: 8518: 8513:. Archived from 8507: 8501: 8500: 8490: 8465: 8456: 8455: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8392: 8386: 8385: 8357: 8351: 8350: 8340: 8308: 8299: 8298: 8288: 8252: 8246: 8245: 8235: 8203: 8197: 8187: 8181: 8175: 8169: 8165:The New Republic 8157: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8133: 8124: 8118: 8112: 8106: 8100: 8094: 8088: 8082: 8081: 8055: 8035: 8029: 8028: 8018: 7994: 7988: 7982: 7976: 7970: 7964: 7963: 7945: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7903: 7892: 7886: 7885: 7857: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7847: 7837: 7829: 7823: 7822: 7804: 7780: 7774: 7768: 7762: 7761: 7751: 7734:(7398): 1048–9. 7719: 7713: 7712: 7702: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7645: 7621: 7615: 7614: 7586: 7580: 7573: 7567: 7560: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7534: 7528: 7522: 7516: 7490: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7480: 7474: 7467: 7459: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7449: 7440:. Archived from 7430: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7420: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7396: 7387:. Archived from 7377: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7358:. Archived from 7348: 7342: 7341: 7339: 7338: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7314: 7300: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7290: 7281:. Archived from 7271: 7265: 7264: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7243: 7237: 7222: 7214: 7208: 7207: 7197: 7165: 7159: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7136: 7126: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7058: 7026: 7020: 7019: 7009: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6937: 6913: 6907: 6906: 6896: 6856: 6850: 6849: 6839: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6798: 6774: 6768: 6767: 6749: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6708: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6659: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6575: 6543: 6537: 6536: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6478:J Clin Epidemiol 6473: 6467: 6466: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6403: 6394: 6393: 6383: 6351: 6342: 6341: 6331: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6289: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6258: 6226: 6220: 6219: 6209: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6160: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6103: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6025: 6016: 6015: 6005: 5988:(7): 1025–1029. 5973: 5967: 5966: 5956: 5946: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5905: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5856: 5847: 5846: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5799:. Archived from 5793: 5787: 5786: 5776: 5744: 5735: 5734: 5724: 5715:(5): 1048–1059. 5700: 5694: 5693: 5683: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5599: 5597:10.1038/4471049a 5570:Novak K (2007). 5567: 5558: 5557: 5547: 5530:(8): 1918–1930. 5514: 5508: 5507: 5489: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5430: 5424: 5423: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5377: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5328: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5279: 5247: 5241: 5240: 5222: 5213:(8): 1547–1553. 5198: 5192: 5191: 5181: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5132: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5040: 5016: 5010: 5009: 4999: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4942: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4858: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4788:The Laryngoscope 4783: 4777: 4776: 4766: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4717: 4707: 4698:(12): e1000374. 4683: 4677: 4676: 4666: 4642: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4613: 4603: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4563: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4493: 4483: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4372: 4366: 4353: 4344: 4343: 4319: 4310: 4309: 4267: 4256: 4255: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4202: 4185:(11): 998–1003. 4170: 4164: 4163: 4153: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4105:(9): 1475–1483. 4094: 4088: 4087: 4077: 4060:(10): 1394–400. 4044: 4038: 4037:, pp. 311–9 4032: 4026: 4017: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3985: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3936: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3822: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3781: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3740: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3691: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3599: 3589: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3505: 3495: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3376: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3265: 3259: 3258:, pp. 194–7 3253: 3247: 3246: 3236: 3226: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3165: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3073: 3063: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3014: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2960: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2909: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2834: 2828: 2827:, pp. 555–8 2822: 2816: 2815: 2805: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2764: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2627:European Urology 2624: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2598: 2588: 2571:(12): e1000374. 2556: 2545: 2544: 2510: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2407: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2357: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2309:. 5 January 2021 2299: 2293: 2292:, pp. 30–46 2287: 2281: 2280: 2272: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2234: 2202: 2193: 2192: 2182: 2150: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2104: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2058:www.afro.who.int 2055: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1966: 1955: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1940: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1901: 1877: 1864: 1863: 1853: 1829: 1823: 1818: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1797: 1783: 1777: 1769: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1735: 1729: 1718: 1710: 1674:Third-hand smoke 1617:sidestream smoke 1525:Pueblo, Colorado 1350:Takeshi Hirayama 1186:Sunday Telegraph 1019:A 2003 study by 842:third-hand smoke 781:Sidestream smoke 594:indoor pollutant 471:orofacial clefts 435:Risk to children 354:Low birth weight 173:sidestream smoke 130:tobacco industry 57:secondhand smoke 15692: 15691: 15687: 15686: 15685: 15683: 15682: 15681: 15652: 15651: 15650: 15637: 15595: 15589: 15565:Reagent testing 15523: 15514:Passive smoking 15444: 15434: 15064: 15050:Drug precursors 15037: 15028: 15026: 15016: 14997: 14951:Drug possession 14926:Cannabis rights 14909: 14905:Salvia legality 14858: 14749: 14743: 14651: 14594: 14575: 14556:Self-medication 14474: 14470:Tobacco smoking 14432:Smoking culture 14426: 14363: 14260: 14227: 14183:Cannabis vaping 14153:Cannabis rights 14148:Cannabis edible 14115: 14094: 14035: 14031:Silene capensis 14012: 13950: 13946:Diphenhydramine 13896: 13797: 13693: 13638: 13590:Methylphenidate 13580:Methamphetamine 13471: 13334: 13218:Benzodiazepines 13195: 13184: 13179: 13149: 13144: 13105:ASHRAE Handbook 13093: 13077:Passive smoking 13059: 12992: 12986: 12898: 12896: 12890: 12744: 12738: 12719:Whole-house fan 12633:Run-around coil 12628:Reversing valve 12573:Mechanical room 12563:Kerosene heater 12553:Infrared heater 12483:Gasoline heater 12423:Fan filter unit 12338:Condensate pump 12323:Centrifugal fan 12241: 12144:Radiant heating 12139:Radiant cooling 12114:Passive cooling 12109:Microgeneration 11979:Central heating 11927: 11903:Thermal comfort 11795: 11789: 11784: 11754: 11749: 11711: 11675: 11611: 11601: 11560: 11525: 11479:Candy cigarette 11467: 11438:Passive smoking 11404: 11400:Tobacco smoking 11361: 11357:Vending machine 11315: 11284: 11273: 11227: 11222: 11192: 11187: 11159: 11084: 11051: 11010: 10986:Cervical cancer 10962: 10866:Passive smoking 10835: 10816:Ceremonial pipe 10783: 10757: 10721: 10625: 10597: 10481: 10452: 10446: 10444:Tobacco smoking 10441: 10411: 10395: 10326: 10295: 10287: 10285: 10281: 10274: 10270: 10261: 10183: 10172: 10147: 10145: 10136: 10135: 10103: 10097: 10090: 10086: 10068: 10063: 10032: 10028: 9991: 9987: 9942: 9938: 9929: 9927: 9920: 9916: 9907: 9905: 9888: 9884: 9875: 9873: 9869: 9855: 9851: 9850: 9846: 9834: 9830: 9829: 9825: 9776: 9772: 9767:. 7 March 2005. 9759: 9758: 9754: 9717: 9713: 9674: 9670: 9633:Tobacco Control 9625: 9621: 9590: 9586: 9555:(5): CD011856. 9541: 9537: 9510: 9506: 9475:(2): CD005992. 9461: 9457: 9450: 9446: 9437: 9435: 9421: 9417: 9416: 9409: 9397: 9395: 9387: 9383: 9382: 9378: 9373:Wayback Machine 9364: 9360: 9352: 9348: 9340: 9336: 9328: 9324: 9316: 9312: 9301: 9299: 9290: 9278:Wayback Machine 9258: 9256: 9247: 9230: 9226: 9218: 9214: 9205: 9203: 9191: 9187: 9186: 9179: 9150:(9461): 804–9. 9140: 9136: 9091: 9087: 9042: 9038: 9026: 9022: 9013: 9011: 9002: 9001: 8992: 8983: 8981: 8969: 8965: 8964: 8960: 8915: 8911: 8890:(19): 1566–70. 8880: 8873: 8828: 8824: 8808: 8807: 8802: 8795: 8787: 8783: 8774: 8772: 8768: 8761: 8757: 8756: 8752: 8739: 8738: 8734: 8725: 8723: 8719: 8710: 8708: 8704: 8697: 8693: 8692: 8688: 8649: 8645: 8608: 8604: 8582: 8581: 8577: 8568: 8564: 8559: 8555: 8550: 8546: 8538: 8531: 8527: 8526: 8522: 8509: 8508: 8504: 8466: 8459: 8428: 8424: 8393: 8389: 8358: 8354: 8323:(11): 1749–57. 8309: 8302: 8253: 8249: 8204: 8200: 8188: 8184: 8176: 8172: 8158: 8154: 8146: 8131: 8125: 8121: 8113: 8109: 8101: 8097: 8089: 8085: 8053:10.1.1.495.2191 8036: 8032: 8003:Tobacco Control 7995: 7991: 7983: 7979: 7971: 7967: 7943:10.1038/446242a 7914: 7910: 7901: 7899: 7894: 7893: 7889: 7858: 7854: 7845: 7843: 7835: 7831: 7830: 7826: 7795:(16): 1845–54. 7781: 7777: 7769: 7765: 7720: 7716: 7671: 7667: 7622: 7618: 7597:(2760): 36–37. 7587: 7583: 7574: 7570: 7561: 7557: 7547: 7545: 7535: 7531: 7523: 7519: 7511:Wayback Machine 7491: 7487: 7478: 7476: 7472: 7465: 7461: 7460: 7456: 7447: 7445: 7432: 7431: 7427: 7418: 7416: 7408: 7407: 7403: 7394: 7392: 7379: 7378: 7374: 7365: 7363: 7350: 7349: 7345: 7336: 7334: 7326: 7325: 7321: 7312: 7310: 7302: 7301: 7297: 7288: 7286: 7273: 7272: 7268: 7255: 7254: 7250: 7241: 7239: 7235: 7220: 7216: 7215: 7211: 7166: 7162: 7154: 7150: 7103: 7099: 7090: 7088: 7076: 7072: 7027: 7023: 6978: 6974: 6955: 6951: 6914: 6910: 6877:10.2307/3434565 6857: 6853: 6816: 6812: 6775: 6771: 6740:(20): 2684–98. 6726: 6722: 6677: 6673: 6628: 6624: 6593: 6589: 6552:Ther Drug Monit 6544: 6540: 6519:(10): 1977–88. 6509: 6505: 6484:(10): 1225–33. 6474: 6470: 6439: 6435: 6404: 6397: 6366:(1): CD001746. 6352: 6345: 6300: 6296: 6287: 6285: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6227: 6223: 6178: 6174: 6143:(10): 905–914. 6129: 6125: 6080: 6076: 6067: 6065: 6049: 6045: 6035: 6033: 6026: 6019: 5974: 5970: 5923: 5919: 5882: 5878: 5869: 5867: 5858: 5857: 5850: 5819: 5815: 5806: 5804: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5745: 5738: 5701: 5697: 5660: 5656: 5635:(12): 958–959. 5625: 5621: 5568: 5561: 5515: 5511: 5466: 5462: 5431: 5427: 5395: 5391: 5346: 5342: 5297: 5293: 5248: 5244: 5199: 5195: 5158:Tobacco Control 5150: 5146: 5109:Tobacco Control 5101: 5097: 5068:(9479): 86–92. 5058: 5054: 5031:(12): 920–926. 5017: 5013: 4960: 4956: 4911: 4907: 4876: 4872: 4841:(16): e336–59. 4827: 4823: 4784: 4780: 4735: 4731: 4684: 4680: 4643: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4594:(10): 652–661. 4580: 4576: 4568: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4511: 4507: 4466:(3): e0116963. 4452: 4448: 4408: 4404: 4373: 4369: 4363:Wayback Machine 4354: 4347: 4320: 4313: 4268: 4259: 4224:Hum Exp Toxicol 4220: 4216: 4171: 4167: 4130: 4126: 4095: 4091: 4045: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4018: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3954: 3950: 3905: 3901: 3891: 3889: 3880:"The last gasp" 3878: 3877: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3799: 3795: 3758: 3754: 3723:(11): 2047–56. 3709: 3705: 3674:(12): 958–967. 3660: 3656: 3617: 3613: 3558: 3554: 3523: 3519: 3486:(3): e1001611. 3472: 3468: 3445: 3441: 3402: 3398: 3353: 3349: 3310: 3306: 3266: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3209:(1): e0147848. 3195: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3134: 3130: 3091: 3087: 3040: 3036: 2986: 2982: 2935: 2931: 2878: 2874: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2782: 2778: 2741: 2737: 2706: 2702: 2670: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2622: 2616: 2612: 2557: 2548: 2508: 2502: 2498: 2455: 2451: 2441: 2439: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2390:(16): 1418–36. 2375: 2371: 2326: 2322: 2312: 2310: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2288: 2284: 2273: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2203: 2196: 2159:Tobacco Control 2151: 2144: 2134: 2132: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2081: 2077: 2067: 2065: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2002:"Fritz Lickint" 1998: 1994: 1975: 1964: 1956: 1947: 1938: 1936: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1878: 1867: 1830: 1826: 1819: 1804: 1795: 1793: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1770: 1745: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1698: 1694: 1679:Tobacco control 1665: 1652:feline lymphoma 1632: 1612: 1606: 1563: 1550: 1517: 1474: 1460: 1458:Smoke-free laws 1418: 1410:smoke-free laws 1397: 1332:smokers' rights 1316: 1283: 1238: 1166: 1151: 1104: 1079: 1062:Tobacco Control 1017: 1012: 969: 944: 858: 797:4-aminobiphenyl 793:aromatic amines 769: 767:Pathophysiology 749: 738: 708:Carbon monoxide 696: 687: 633: 531:Epidemiological 520: 482:carbon monoxide 437: 393:Type 2 diabetes 360:Premature birth 258:Cervical cancer 254:few years ago". 247:Surgeon General 193: 146:German language 139: 45:Passive smoking 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15690: 15680: 15679: 15674: 15669: 15664: 15647: 15646: 15643: 15642: 15639: 15638: 15636: 15635: 15630: 15625: 15624: 15623: 15618: 15610: 15605: 15599: 15597: 15591: 15590: 15588: 15587: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15537: 15531: 15529: 15528:Harm reduction 15525: 15524: 15522: 15521: 15520: 15519: 15511: 15506: 15501: 15496: 15491: 15486: 15485: 15484: 15474: 15469: 15464: 15462:Date rape drug 15459: 15454: 15448: 15446: 15440: 15439: 15436: 15435: 15433: 15432: 15431: 15430: 15428:Liquor license 15425: 15420: 15415: 15405: 15403:Darknet market 15400: 15399: 15398: 15393: 15388: 15383: 15378: 15373: 15368: 15363: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15298: 15293: 15288: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15268: 15263: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15243: 15238: 15233: 15228: 15223: 15218: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15168: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15128: 15123: 15118: 15113: 15108: 15103: 15098: 15093: 15088: 15083: 15072: 15070: 15066: 15065: 15063: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15047: 15041: 15039: 15030: 15018: 15017: 15007: 15006: 15003: 15002: 14999: 14998: 14996: 14995: 14993:Zero tolerance 14990: 14989: 14988: 14983: 14978: 14968: 14963: 14958: 14953: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14917: 14915: 14911: 14910: 14908: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14866: 14864: 14860: 14859: 14857: 14856: 14855: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14819: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14767:Czech Republic 14764: 14759: 14753: 14751: 14745: 14744: 14742: 14741: 14740: 14739: 14734: 14729: 14728: 14727: 14720:Liberalization 14717: 14712: 14710:Harm reduction 14707: 14702: 14692: 14691: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14659: 14657: 14653: 14652: 14650: 14649: 14648: 14647: 14642: 14637: 14629: 14628: 14627: 14622: 14617: 14606: 14604: 14596: 14595: 14585: 14584: 14581: 14580: 14577: 14576: 14574: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14536:Party and play 14533: 14528: 14526:Needle sharing 14523: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14503: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14482: 14480: 14476: 14475: 14473: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14440:Cigarette card 14436: 14434: 14428: 14427: 14425: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14409: 14404: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14373: 14371: 14365: 14364: 14362: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14349:Tailgate party 14346: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14299:Drinking games 14296: 14291: 14289:Binge drinking 14286: 14281: 14276: 14270: 14268: 14262: 14261: 14259: 14258: 14253: 14248: 14243: 14237: 14235: 14233:Coffee culture 14229: 14228: 14226: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14200: 14195: 14190: 14185: 14180: 14175: 14170: 14165: 14160: 14155: 14150: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14129: 14127: 14117: 14116: 14104: 14103: 14100: 14099: 14096: 14095: 14093: 14092: 14087: 14077: 14076: 14075: 14070: 14060: 14055: 14049: 14047: 14041: 14040: 14037: 14036: 14034: 14033: 14028: 14022: 14020: 14014: 14013: 14011: 14010: 14009: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13983: 13982: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13960: 13958: 13952: 13951: 13949: 13948: 13943: 13941:Dimenhydrinate 13938: 13937: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13906: 13904: 13898: 13897: 13895: 13894: 13893: 13892: 13882: 13877: 13876: 13875: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13854: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13841:alkyl nitrites 13838: 13823: 13818: 13807: 13805: 13799: 13798: 13796: 13795: 13794: 13793: 13779: 13778: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13765:Peruvian torch 13757: 13752: 13747: 13746: 13745: 13735: 13734: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13712: 13710: 13701: 13695: 13694: 13692: 13691: 13690: 13689: 13684: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13663: 13662: 13654: 13648: 13646: 13640: 13639: 13637: 13636: 13635: 13634: 13629: 13619: 13618: 13617: 13612: 13607: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13566: 13565: 13555: 13554: 13553: 13548: 13538: 13537: 13536: 13526: 13525: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13504: 13499: 13498: 13497: 13487: 13481: 13479: 13473: 13472: 13470: 13469: 13464: 13463: 13462: 13452: 13451: 13450: 13440: 13439: 13438: 13428: 13423: 13422: 13421: 13413: 13408: 13407: 13406: 13398: 13393: 13392: 13391: 13388: 13380: 13379: 13378: 13370: 13369: 13368: 13358: 13357: 13356: 13353: 13344: 13342: 13336: 13335: 13333: 13332: 13330:Quinazolinones 13327: 13322: 13317: 13316: 13315: 13314: 13313: 13305: 13304: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13277: 13276: 13275: 13257: 13252: 13250:Gabapentinoids 13247: 13246: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13209: 13207: 13197: 13196: 13186: 13185: 13178: 13177: 13170: 13163: 13155: 13146: 13145: 13143: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13117: 13112: 13107: 13101: 13099: 13095: 13094: 13092: 13091: 13085: 13079: 13074: 13067: 13065: 13061: 13060: 13058: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12996: 12994: 12988: 12987: 12985: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12902: 12900: 12892: 12891: 12889: 12888: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12855:Psychrometrics 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12831: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12754: 12752:Air flow meter 12748: 12746: 12740: 12739: 12737: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12528:Heating system 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12508:Heat exchanger 12505: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12473:Gas compressor 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12408:Expansion tank 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12328:Ceramic heater 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12249: 12247: 12243: 12242: 12240: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12223: 12217: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12169:Solar air heat 12166: 12161: 12159:Renewable heat 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12075: 12070: 12068:Forced-air gas 12065: 12060: 12055: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12023: 12018: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11935: 11933: 11929: 11928: 11926: 11925: 11920: 11918:Thermodynamics 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11888:Psychrometrics 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11843:Gas compressor 11840: 11838:Fluid dynamics 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11799: 11797: 11791: 11790: 11783: 11782: 11775: 11768: 11760: 11751: 11750: 11748: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11727: 11716: 11713: 11712: 11710: 11709: 11704: 11702:Rolling papers 11699: 11694: 11689: 11683: 11681: 11677: 11676: 11674: 11673: 11672: 11671: 11666: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11615: 11613: 11607: 11606: 11603: 11602: 11600: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11568: 11566: 11559: 11558: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11535: 11533: 11527: 11526: 11524: 11523: 11518: 11516:Nicotine pouch 11513: 11508: 11503: 11502: 11501: 11496: 11486: 11481: 11475: 11473: 11469: 11468: 11466: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11414: 11412: 11406: 11405: 11403: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11375:Cigarette card 11371: 11369: 11363: 11362: 11360: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11323: 11321: 11317: 11316: 11314: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11292: 11290: 11286: 11285: 11276: 11274: 11272: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11235: 11233: 11229: 11228: 11221: 11220: 11213: 11206: 11198: 11189: 11188: 11186: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11164: 11161: 11160: 11158: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11135:Smoking jacket 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11096: 11094: 11090: 11089: 11086: 11085: 11083: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11061: 11059: 11053: 11052: 11050: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11028: 11022: 11016: 11015: 11012: 11011: 11009: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10972: 10970: 10964: 10963: 10961: 10960: 10955: 10950: 10949: 10948: 10943: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10857: 10847: 10841: 10837: 10836: 10834: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10797: 10795: 10789: 10788: 10785: 10784: 10782: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10765: 10763: 10759: 10758: 10756: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10729: 10727: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10719: 10717:United Kingdom 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10633: 10631: 10627: 10626: 10624: 10623: 10618: 10616: 10611: 10605: 10603: 10599: 10598: 10596: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10489: 10487: 10483: 10482: 10480: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10463: 10461: 10454: 10448: 10447: 10440: 10439: 10432: 10425: 10417: 10410: 10409: 10404: 10388: 10360:(1): 143–158. 10344: 10339: 10332: 10331: 10330: 10325: 10324: 10315: 10302: 10296:(1.55 MB) 10267: 10266: 10265: 10260: 10259: 10222: 10214: 10205: 10201:from the U.S. 10196: 10192:from the U.S. 10187: 10181: 10156: 10148:|journal= 10110: 10084: 10074: 10073: 10072: 10067: 10066:External links 10064: 10062: 10061: 10036:Am J Epidemiol 10026: 10005:(3): 268–273. 9985: 9936: 9914: 9882: 9844: 9823: 9770: 9752: 9731:(6): 584–590. 9711: 9668: 9619: 9584: 9535: 9524:(51): 1373–7. 9504: 9455: 9444: 9407: 9376: 9358: 9346: 9334: 9322: 9310: 9308: 9307: 9284: 9264: 9241: 9224: 9222:, p. 1523 9212: 9177: 9134: 9085: 9056:(3): 306–313. 9036: 9020: 8990: 8958: 8929:(3): e356–66. 8909: 8871: 8822: 8805:on 2007-11-29. 8781: 8750: 8747:on 2000-08-15. 8732: 8717: 8686: 8643: 8602: 8575: 8573:1998, March 9. 8562: 8553: 8544: 8541:on 2007-11-29. 8520: 8517:on 2007-10-13. 8502: 8457: 8422: 8403:(1): 184–191. 8387: 8368:(1): 180–183. 8352: 8300: 8247: 8218:(11): 1742–4. 8198: 8182: 8170: 8152: 8149:on 2009-01-16. 8119: 8107: 8095: 8083: 8046:(3): 199–210. 8030: 7989: 7977: 7975:, p. 1380 7965: 7908: 7887: 7852: 7824: 7775: 7773:, p. 1383 7763: 7714: 7685:(7398): 1057. 7665: 7616: 7581: 7577:The Australian 7568: 7555: 7529: 7517: 7515: 7514: 7500: 7485: 7454: 7425: 7401: 7372: 7343: 7319: 7295: 7266: 7248: 7209: 7160: 7148: 7097: 7085:New York Times 7070: 7021: 6972: 6949: 6908: 6851: 6830:(3): 150–155. 6810: 6769: 6720: 6671: 6642:(6): 396–404. 6622: 6587: 6538: 6503: 6468: 6433: 6408:Rev Mal Respir 6395: 6343: 6294: 6270: 6241:(6): 618–625. 6221: 6172: 6123: 6094:(2): 117–118. 6074: 6043: 6017: 5968: 5917: 5876: 5848: 5813: 5788: 5759:(3): 545–551. 5736: 5695: 5674:(4): 386–392. 5654: 5619: 5559: 5509: 5480:(3): 203–211. 5460: 5425: 5406:(2): 245–246. 5389: 5340: 5291: 5242: 5193: 5144: 5115:(6): 396–404. 5095: 5052: 5011: 4954: 4905: 4870: 4821: 4778: 4749:(2): 123–130. 4729: 4678: 4637: 4625: 4574: 4571:on 2009-03-27. 4550: 4505: 4446: 4419:(11): 985–92. 4402: 4383:(5): 596–602. 4367: 4345: 4334:(3): 199–206. 4311: 4257: 4214: 4165: 4124: 4089: 4039: 4027: 4009: 3997: 3968:(11): 1003–9. 3948: 3899: 3888:. 19 July 2017 3871: 3846: 3834: 3813:(2): 699–702. 3793: 3752: 3703: 3654: 3611: 3552: 3517: 3466: 3439: 3412:(3): 513–521. 3396: 3347: 3304: 3260: 3248: 3189: 3177: 3148:(7): 807–823. 3128: 3101:(9): 1339–48. 3085: 3034: 2997:(4): 199–208. 2980: 2929: 2872: 2829: 2817: 2796:(4): 496–502. 2776: 2755:(4): 444–448. 2735: 2700: 2664: 2652: 2633:(3): 458–466. 2610: 2546: 2519:(2): 213–224. 2496: 2469:(3): 494–503. 2449: 2427: 2369: 2320: 2294: 2282: 2258: 2246: 2194: 2142: 2116: 2075: 2042: 1992: 1973: 1945: 1921: 1865: 1824: 1802: 1778: 1743: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1664: 1661: 1644:overexpression 1631: 1628: 1608:Main article: 1605: 1602: 1567:harm reduction 1562: 1559: 1549: 1548:Public opinion 1546: 1516: 1513: 1459: 1456: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1430:Gladys Kessler 1417: 1414: 1396: 1393: 1384: 1383: 1368: 1353: 1346: 1339: 1315: 1312: 1282: 1279: 1237: 1234: 1218:Stanton Glantz 1165: 1162: 1150: 1147: 1103: 1100: 1089:Cato Institute 1082:Gio Batta Gori 1078: 1075: 1025:Geoffrey Kabat 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 974:Cato Institute 968: 965: 943: 942:Public opinion 940: 939: 938: 935:United Kingdom 932: 926: 921: 916: 903: 898: 893: 887: 882: 877: 871: 857: 854: 768: 765: 755:exhalation in 748: 745: 737: 734: 695: 692: 686: 683: 632: 629: 614: 613: 610: 607: 604: 601: 576:(IARC) of the 519: 516: 515: 514: 511: 505: 499: 492: 485: 474: 467: 464: 461: 450: 444: 436: 433: 432: 431: 424: 420: 413: 398: 397: 396: 390: 383: 382: 381: 373: 363: 357: 351: 338: 332: 322: 321: 320: 313: 306: 299: 287: 286: 285: 282: 269: 268: 267: 264:Bladder cancer 261: 255: 236: 230: 197:direct smoking 192: 191:Health effects 189: 138: 135: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15689: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15667:Air pollution 15665: 15663: 15660: 15659: 15657: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15613: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15600: 15598: 15594:Countries by 15592: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15536: 15535:Drug checking 15533: 15532: 15530: 15526: 15517: 15516: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15504:Neurotoxicity 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15490: 15487: 15483: 15480: 15479: 15478: 15475: 15473: 15470: 15468: 15465: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15453: 15450: 15449: 15447: 15441: 15429: 15426: 15424: 15421: 15419: 15418:Cannabis shop 15416: 15414: 15411: 15410: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15401: 15397: 15394: 15392: 15391:United States 15389: 15387: 15384: 15382: 15379: 15377: 15374: 15372: 15369: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15297: 15294: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15274: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15247: 15246:Latin America 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15229: 15227: 15224: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15122: 15119: 15117: 15114: 15112: 15109: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15078: 15077: 15074: 15073: 15071: 15067: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15046: 15043: 15042: 15040: 15034: 15031: 15023: 15019: 15012: 15008: 14994: 14991: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14981:Plan Colombia 14979: 14977: 14974: 14973: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14954: 14952: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14941:Designer drug 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14922: 14919: 14918: 14916: 14912: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14867: 14865: 14863:Drug legality 14861: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14814: 14813: 14812:United States 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14754: 14752: 14746: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14726: 14725:Latin America 14723: 14722: 14721: 14718: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14706: 14703: 14701: 14698: 14697: 14696: 14695:Policy reform 14693: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14665: 14664: 14661: 14660: 14658: 14654: 14646: 14643: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14632: 14630: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14612: 14611: 14608: 14607: 14605: 14603:International 14601: 14597: 14590: 14586: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14561:Sex and drugs 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14541:Poly drug use 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14483: 14481: 14477: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14450:Cloud-chasing 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14437: 14435: 14433: 14429: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14377:Psychonautics 14375: 14374: 14372: 14370: 14366: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14304:Drinking song 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14294:Diethyl ether 14292: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14284:Beer festival 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14271: 14269: 14267: 14263: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14238: 14236: 14234: 14230: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14130: 14128: 14126: 14122: 14118: 14114: 14109: 14105: 14091: 14088: 14085: 14081: 14080:Nitrous oxide 14078: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14065: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14050: 14048: 14046: 14042: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14023: 14021: 14019: 14015: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13988: 13987: 13984: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13966: 13965: 13962: 13961: 13959: 13957: 13953: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13916: 13915: 13911: 13908: 13907: 13905: 13903: 13899: 13891: 13888: 13887: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13874: 13871: 13870: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13836: 13832: 13831:Nitrous oxide 13829: 13828: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13816: 13812: 13809: 13808: 13806: 13804: 13803:Dissociatives 13800: 13792: 13789: 13788: 13787: 13783: 13780: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13762: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13744: 13741: 13740: 13739: 13736: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13718: 13717: 13714: 13713: 13711: 13709: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13699:Hallucinogens 13696: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13679: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13660: 13659: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13649: 13647: 13645: 13641: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13624: 13623: 13620: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13602: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13564: 13561: 13560: 13559: 13556: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13543: 13542: 13539: 13535: 13532: 13531: 13530: 13527: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13517:Energy drinks 13515: 13513: 13510: 13509: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13496: 13493: 13492: 13491: 13488: 13486: 13483: 13482: 13480: 13478: 13474: 13468: 13465: 13461: 13458: 13457: 13456: 13453: 13449: 13446: 13445: 13444: 13441: 13437: 13434: 13433: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13419: 13418: 13417: 13416:Hydromorphone 13414: 13412: 13409: 13404: 13403: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13389: 13386: 13385: 13384: 13381: 13376: 13375: 13374: 13371: 13367: 13364: 13363: 13362: 13359: 13354: 13351: 13350: 13349: 13348:Buprenorphine 13346: 13345: 13343: 13341: 13337: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13312: 13309: 13308: 13306: 13302: 13301:Paint thinner 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13283: 13282: 13278: 13273: 13269: 13268:Nitrous oxide 13266: 13265: 13263: 13262: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13230: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13210: 13208: 13206: 13202: 13198: 13191: 13187: 13183: 13176: 13171: 13169: 13164: 13162: 13157: 13156: 13153: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13102: 13100: 13096: 13089: 13086: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13072: 13069: 13068: 13066: 13062: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12997: 12995: 12993:organizations 12989: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12937:Duct cleaning 12935: 12933: 12930: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12903: 12901: 12893: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12835: 12832: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12788:Control valve 12786: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12749: 12747: 12741: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12708:Turning vanes 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12683:Thermal wheel 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12648:Solar chimney 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12418:Fan coil unit 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12363:Cooling tower 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12250: 12248: 12244: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12227: 12224: 12221: 12218: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12209:Vapor barrier 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12184:Solar heating 12182: 12180: 12179:Solar cooling 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12154:Refrigeration 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12124:Passive house 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11994:Chilled water 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11936: 11934: 11930: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11893:Sensible heat 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11873:Noise control 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11853:Heat transfer 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11800: 11798: 11792: 11788: 11781: 11776: 11774: 11769: 11767: 11762: 11761: 11758: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11728: 11726: 11718: 11717: 11714: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11684: 11682: 11678: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11661: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11616: 11614: 11608: 11598: 11597:United States 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11569: 11567: 11563: 11556: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11536: 11534: 11532: 11528: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11491: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11476: 11474: 11470: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11418:Chain smoking 11416: 11415: 11413: 11411: 11410:Health issues 11407: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11372: 11370: 11368: 11364: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11324: 11322: 11318: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11301:Rolling paper 11299: 11297: 11294: 11293: 11291: 11287: 11280: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11236: 11234: 11230: 11226: 11219: 11214: 11212: 11207: 11205: 11200: 11199: 11196: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11166: 11165: 11162: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11100:Chain smoking 11098: 11097: 11095: 11091: 11081: 11080:United States 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11058: 11054: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11029: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11017: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10981:Breast cancer 10979: 10977: 10974: 10973: 10971: 10969: 10965: 10959: 10958:Youth smoking 10956: 10954: 10951: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10938: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10896:Smoker's face 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10852: 10849: 10848: 10845: 10842: 10838: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10811:Tobacco fatwa 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10798: 10796: 10794: 10790: 10780: 10779:United States 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10766: 10764: 10762:North America 10760: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10730: 10728: 10726:South America 10724: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10634: 10632: 10628: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10606: 10604: 10600: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10490: 10488: 10484: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10464: 10462: 10458: 10455: 10449: 10445: 10438: 10433: 10431: 10426: 10424: 10419: 10418: 10415: 10408: 10405: 10401: 10394: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10337: 10334: 10333: 10328: 10327: 10323: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10280: 10273: 10269: 10268: 10263: 10262: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10191: 10188: 10184: 10178: 10171: 10170: 10165: 10161: 10157: 10153: 10140: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10111: 10109: 10104:(219 KB) 10096: 10089: 10085: 10083: 10079: 10076: 10075: 10070: 10069: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10037: 10030: 10022: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10004: 10000: 9996: 9989: 9981: 9977: 9973: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9956:(3): 209–14. 9955: 9951: 9947: 9940: 9926:. LiveScience 9925: 9918: 9903: 9899: 9898: 9893: 9886: 9868: 9864: 9861: 9854: 9848: 9840: 9833: 9827: 9820: 9815: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9774: 9766: 9762: 9756: 9748: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9730: 9726: 9722: 9715: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9672: 9664: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9623: 9615: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9594:Am J Prev Med 9588: 9580: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9539: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9519: 9515: 9508: 9500: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9482: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9466: 9459: 9453: 9448: 9433: 9429: 9428: 9420: 9414: 9412: 9404: 9393: 9386: 9380: 9374: 9370: 9367: 9362: 9355: 9350: 9343: 9338: 9331: 9330:Appeal Ruling 9326: 9319: 9314: 9298:on 2006-11-18 9297: 9293: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9282:International 9279: 9275: 9272: 9268: 9267:Philip Morris 9265: 9255:on 2009-01-16 9254: 9250: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9228: 9221: 9216: 9201: 9197: 9190: 9184: 9182: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9138: 9130: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9089: 9081: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9040: 9033: 9029: 9024: 9010:on 2007-10-13 9009: 9005: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8979: 8975: 8968: 8962: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8913: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8878: 8876: 8867: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8826: 8818: 8812: 8801: 8794: 8793: 8785: 8771:on 2008-10-09 8767: 8760: 8754: 8746: 8742: 8736: 8728: 8721: 8707:on 2004-08-21 8703: 8696: 8690: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8647: 8639: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8606: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8579: 8572: 8566: 8557: 8548: 8537: 8530: 8524: 8516: 8512: 8506: 8498: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8464: 8462: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8426: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8391: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8356: 8348: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8307: 8305: 8296: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8256: 8251: 8243: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8202: 8195: 8194:Steven Milloy 8191: 8186: 8179: 8174: 8167: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8130: 8123: 8116: 8111: 8104: 8099: 8093:, p. 162 8092: 8087: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8034: 8026: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8009:(2): 118–26. 8008: 8004: 8000: 7993: 7986: 7981: 7974: 7969: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7928:(7133): 242. 7927: 7923: 7919: 7912: 7897: 7891: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7856: 7841: 7834: 7828: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7779: 7772: 7767: 7759: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7718: 7710: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7669: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7620: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7591:New Scientist 7585: 7578: 7575:Nahan, Mike. 7572: 7565: 7559: 7544: 7540: 7533: 7526: 7521: 7512: 7508: 7505: 7501: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7489: 7475:on 2014-02-12 7471: 7464: 7458: 7444:on 2007-10-15 7443: 7439: 7435: 7429: 7415: 7411: 7405: 7391:on 2007-09-14 7390: 7386: 7382: 7376: 7362:on 2007-09-18 7361: 7357: 7353: 7347: 7333: 7329: 7323: 7309: 7305: 7299: 7285:on 2007-09-05 7284: 7280: 7276: 7270: 7263:. 2017-02-21. 7262: 7258: 7252: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7219: 7213: 7205: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7164: 7157: 7152: 7144: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7101: 7087: 7086: 7081: 7074: 7066: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7025: 7017: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6976: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6953: 6945: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6912: 6904: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6855: 6847: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6814: 6806: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6789:(4): 436–41. 6788: 6784: 6780: 6773: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6724: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6691:(3): 219–21. 6690: 6686: 6682: 6675: 6667: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6626: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6603:(1): 109–15. 6602: 6598: 6591: 6583: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6542: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6507: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6472: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6443:Am J Prev Med 6437: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6410:(in French). 6409: 6402: 6400: 6391: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6350: 6348: 6339: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6298: 6284: 6280: 6274: 6266: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6225: 6217: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6176: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6127: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6055: 6047: 6031: 6024: 6022: 6013: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5972: 5964: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5913: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5880: 5865: 5861: 5855: 5853: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5825:(in French). 5824: 5817: 5803:on 2006-08-05 5802: 5798: 5792: 5784: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5743: 5741: 5732: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5699: 5691: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5623: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5566: 5564: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5513: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5464: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5429: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5246: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5148: 5140: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5099: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5015: 5007: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4825: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4733: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4692:PLOS Medicine 4689: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4567: 4560: 4554: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4517: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4360: 4357: 4352: 4350: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4316: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4043: 4036: 4031: 4024: 4023: 4016: 4014: 4007:, p. 194 4006: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3903: 3887: 3886: 3885:The Economist 3881: 3875: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3843: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3572:(7): e69915. 3571: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3480:PLOS Medicine 3477: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3367:(4): 423–41. 3366: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3320:(4): 734–41. 3319: 3315: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3257: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3193: 3186: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2826: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2716:(2): 109–15. 2715: 2711: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2661: 2656: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2565:PLOS Medicine 2562: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2453: 2437: 2431: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2324: 2308: 2304: 2298: 2291: 2286: 2278: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2255: 2250: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2199: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2147: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2079: 2063: 2059: 2052: 2046: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1996: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1970: 1967:. p. 5. 1963: 1962: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1844:(5): 428–34. 1843: 1839: 1835: 1828: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1792: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1740: 1730:on 2019-02-26 1726: 1722: 1715: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1696: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1611: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1594:cap-and-trade 1590: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1558: 1555: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1529:Massachusetts 1526: 1522: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1455: 1452: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1406:Philip Morris 1403: 1392: 1390: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1372:peer-reviewed 1369: 1366: 1365:sound science 1362: 1361:Steven Milloy 1358: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1289: 1278: 1274: 1272: 1267: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1252:Philip Morris 1249: 1247: 1246:United States 1243: 1240:In 1993, the 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222:Philip Morris 1219: 1215: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1196: 1194: 1193: 1192:The Economist 1188: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1133: 1127: 1126:relative risk 1122: 1120: 1119:Philip Morris 1117:and a former 1116: 1112: 1108: 1107:Steven Milloy 1099: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1074: 1071: 1070:meta-analysis 1066: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1046:Philip Morris 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1021:James Enstrom 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 988: 983: 982:New Scientist 979: 975: 964: 961: 956: 953: 949: 936: 933: 931: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 911: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 872: 870: 867: 866: 865: 863: 853: 849: 847: 843: 838: 836: 831: 829: 825: 821: 815: 813: 809: 808:diesel engine 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 764: 762: 758: 753: 744: 742: 733: 730: 729: 723: 721: 717: 713: 709: 700: 691: 682: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 659: 657: 652: 650: 645: 642: 638: 628: 625: 623: 619: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 598: 597: 595: 590: 586: 581: 579: 575: 572:In 2004, the 570: 566: 563: 562:relative risk 557: 555: 549: 547: 543: 539: 538:United States 534: 532: 524: 512: 509: 506: 503: 500: 497: 493: 490: 486: 483: 479: 475: 472: 468: 465: 462: 459: 455: 454:bronchiolitis 451: 448: 445: 442: 439: 438: 429: 425: 421: 418: 417:periodontitis 414: 411: 410: 405: 404: 399: 394: 391: 387: 386: 384: 379: 374: 371: 367: 364: 361: 358: 355: 352: 349: 346: 345: 343: 339: 336: 335:Mental health 333: 330: 326: 323: 318: 314: 311: 307: 304: 300: 298: 294: 293: 291: 290:Lung problems 288: 283: 280: 279: 277: 276:heart disease 273: 270: 265: 262: 259: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 239:Breast cancer 237: 234: 231: 228: 224: 220: 219: 217: 214: 213: 212: 210: 206: 202: 198: 188: 186: 182: 178: 174: 169: 167: 166:pars pro toto 163: 162: 156: 152: 147: 143: 142:Fritz Lickint 134: 131: 126: 124: 123:public spaces 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 95: 93: 89: 85: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 53:passive smoke 50: 49:tobacco smoke 46: 39: 35: 30: 26: 22: 15621:Lifetime use 15513: 15423:Liquor store 15341:South Africa 14971:War on drugs 14797:Soviet Union 14673:Legalization 14511:Drug tourism 14359:Wine tasting 14279:Beer culture 14241:Coffee break 14178:Cannabis tea 14113:Drug culture 13956:Cannabinoids 13885:Salvinorin A 13851:amyl nitrite 13708:Psychedelics 13460:/paracetamol 13373:Desomorphine 13213:Barbiturates 13115:Fireproofing 13076: 12899:and services 12895:Professions, 12793:Gas detector 12693:Trickle vent 12668:Smoke damper 12663:Smoke canopy 12658:Space heater 12588:Plenum space 12523:Heating film 12403:Exhaust hood 12373:Dehumidifier 12313:Blast damper 12308:Barrier pipe 12283:Air purifier 12194:Thermosiphon 12073:Free cooling 11989:Chilled beam 11913:Thermal mass 11898:Stack effect 11883:Particulates 11863:Infiltration 11794:Fundamental 11707:Smoking bans 11437: 11145:Smoking room 11140:Tobacco pipe 10865: 10826:Kinnikinnick 10568:Saudi Arabia 10477:South Africa 10357: 10353: 10286:. 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Pedro 13760:Mescaline 13743:Ayahuasca 13716:Bufotenin 13661:Benzofury 13652:2C series 13632:Chocolate 13595:Modafinil 13585:Methylone 13558:Ephedrine 13529:Cathinone 13490:Arecoline 13455:Oxycodone 13426:Methadone 13260:Inhalants 12991:Industry 12840:OpenTherm 12518:Heat pump 12513:Heat pipe 12463:Fume hood 12438:Fireplace 12343:Condenser 12293:Attic fan 12089:Hydronics 11572:Argentina 11311:Additives 11244:Fire-safe 11065:Australia 10991:Menopause 10733:Argentina 10609:Australia 10573:Singapore 10518:Indonesia 10508:Hong Kong 10311:from the 9819:industry. 8811:cite book 8571:The Times 8048:CiteSeerX 4441:206856566 3621:Endocrine 2924:206285892 2483:1040-8428 2313:August 5, 2279:(Report). 2254:IARC 2004 1983:891398524 1787:"Tobacco" 1772:IARC 2004 1499:effective 1140:science." 1000:denialism 494:Invasive 466:Allergies 385:General: 342:pregnancy 317:sinusitis 177:cigarette 84:pollutant 51:, called 36:before a 34:Irish pub 15596:drug use 15509:Overdose 15445:drug use 15371:Thailand 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1638:and the 1580:and the 1424:filed a 1374:journal 1115:Fox News 984:and the 824:platelet 741:Cotinine 736:Cotinine 716:cotinine 712:nicotine 667:cotinine 518:Evidence 329:dementia 301:Risk of 295:Risk of 77:diffuses 15662:Smoking 15271:Nigeria 15266:Moldova 15186:Germany 15181:Finland 15176:Estonia 15116:Bolivia 14772:Germany 14571:Whoonga 14422:Therapy 14090:Poppers 14068:Ecstasy 14053:Cocaine 14001:APINACA 13991:JWH-018 13974:Hashish 13846:poppers 13682:Ecstasy 13615:Tobacco 13563:Ephedra 13541:Cocaine 13361:Codeine 13355:Subutex 13340:Opioids 12897:trades, 12468:Furnace 12333:Chiller 12005:Coolant 11740:Smoking 11735:Commons 11367:Culture 11342:Lighter 11327:Ashtray 11296:Tobacco 11264:Menthol 11239:Fashion 11070:England 10753:Uruguay 10748:Ecuador 10682:Ireland 10677:Iceland 10672:Hungary 10662:Germany 10652:Finland 10647:Croatia 10642:Armenia 10637:Albania 10621:Tokelau 10602:Oceania 10593:Vietnam 10472:Nigeria 10451:Country 10375:3586198 10255:7179156 10056:1546698 9805:1766145 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