Papaver somniferum

33: 347: 920: 359: 1142: 319: 993: 932: 46: 798:, six stages can be distinguished. The growth development starts with the growth of the seedlings. In a second step the rosette-type leaves and stalks are formed. After that budding (hook stage) takes place as a third step. The hook stage is followed by flowering. Subsequently, technical maturity is reached, which means that the plant is ready for cutting. The last step is biological maturity; dry seeds are ripened. The photoperiod seems to be the main determinant of flower development of 416:), or it can be reduced to form 4-phenylhydroxyacetaldehyde (4-HPAA). Subsequently, L-DOPA reacts with 4-HPAA and, through a series of reactions, forms (S) -norcoclaurine, which carries the benzylisoquinoline skeleton that gives its name to this pathway. The conversion of (S) -norcoclaurin to (S) -reticuline is one of the key points, since from (S) -reticuline morphine can be formed through the morphinan route, noscapine through the path of the noscapina or berberina. 908: 1588: 375: 1303: 489: 975: 335: 1011: 1495: 1503: 786:) is another significant pest. The insect lives in the soil and migrates in spring to the poppy fields after crop emergence. Adults damage the leaves of small plants by eating them. Female lay their eggs into the tissue of lower leaves. Insect larvae hatch and burrow into the soil to complete their life cycle on the poppy roots as adults. 1176:, poppies growing in fields larger than 100 square metres (120 sq yd) is obliged for reporting to the local Custom Office. Extraction of opium from the plants is prohibited by law (§ 15 letter d/ of the act). It is also prohibited to grow varieties with more than 0.8% of morphine in dry matter of their 1668:

Morphine is the predominant alkaloid found in the cultivated varieties of opium poppy that are used for opium production. Other varieties produce minimal opium or none at all, such as the latex-free Sujata type. Non-opium cultivars that are planted for drug production feature a high level of thebaine

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Many countries grow the plants, and some rely heavily on the commercial production of the drug as a major source of income. As an additional source of profit, the seeds of the same plants are sold for use in foods, so the cultivation of the plant is a significant source of income. This international

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bear a sparse distribution of coarse hairs. The large leaves are lobed, the upper stem leaves clasping the stem, the lowest leaves with a short petiole. The flowers are up to 3–10 cm (1–4 in) diameter, normally with four white, mauve or red petals, sometimes with dark markings at the base.

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Poppy seeds are used as a food in many cultures. They may be used whole by bakers to decorate their products or milled and mixed with sugar as a sweet filling. They have a creamy and nut-like flavor, and when used with ground coconut, the seeds provide a unique and flavour-rich curry base. They can

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It shall be unlawful for any person who is not the holder of a license authorizing him to produce the opium poppy, duly issued to him by the Secretary of the Treasury in accordance with the provisions of this Act, to produce the opium poppy, or to permit the production of the opium poppy in or upon

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is one of the most destructive poppy diseases worldwide. The seed-borne fungus causes root rot in young plants and stunted stems in plants at a higher development stage, where leaf spots appear on the leaves and is being transmitted to capsules and seeds. Early sowing of seeds and deep plowing of

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and belong to the same plant family, which impedes the chemical control of this weed species. Therefore, weed management represents a big challenge and requires technological knowledge from the farmer. In order to increase the efficiency of weed control not only chemical weed control should be

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faces a challenge caused by the contradictory breeding goals for this species. On one hand a very high content of alkaloids is requested for medical uses. The global demand for the alkaloids and the pharmaceutical derivatives has increased in the past years. Therefore, there is a need for the

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has shifted from pre-emergence treatments to post-emergence treatments. Especially, the application of the two herbicides mesotrione and tembotrione has become very popular. The combined application of those two herbicides has been shown to be recommendable for effective weed management in

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can be grown legally in the United States as a seed crop or ornamental flower. During the summer, opium poppies can be seen flowering in gardens throughout North America and Europe, and displays are found in many private plantings, as well as in public botanical and museum gardens such as

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Live plants and seeds of the opium poppy are widely sold by seed companies and nurseries in most of the western world, including the United States. Poppies are sought after by gardeners for the vivid coloration of the blooms, the hardiness and reliability of the poppy plants, the exotic

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if the person charged proves that the prohibited plant to which the charge relates was of the species Papaver somniferum, and that it was not intended to be a source of any controlled drug or that it was not being developed as a strain from which a controlled drug could be

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The poppy genome contains 51,213 genes encoding proteins distributed 81.6% in 11 individual chromosomes and 18.4% remaining in unplaced scaffolds. In addition, 70.9% of the genome is made up of repetitive elements, of which the most represented are the long terminal repeat

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estate in 1987. It removed the poppy plants that had been planted continually there since Jefferson was alive and using opium from them. Employees of the foundation also destroyed gift shop items like shirts depicting the poppy and packets of the heirloom seed.

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This led to the Poppy Rebellion, and to the Narcotics Bureau arresting anyone planting opium poppies and forcing the destruction of poppy fields of anyone who defied the prohibition of poppy cultivation. Though the press of those days favored the

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shows a very slow development in the beginning of its vegetation period. Due to this fact the competition of weeds is very high in early stages. It is very important to control weeds effectively in the first 50 days after sowing. Additionally,

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by private individuals on a small scale (such as personal gardens), citizens in EU countries where poppy seed is eaten heavily, such as countries in the Central-Eastern region, strongly resisted the plan, causing the EU to change course.

3151: 1424:. The cultivation and manufacture of Indian opium was further centralized and controlled through a series of acts issued between 1797 and 1949. East India Company merchants balanced an economic deficit from the importation of 1198:

reasons, poppies were once grown as a cash crop by farmers in California. The law of poppy cultivation in the United States is somewhat ambiguous. The reason for the ambiguity is that the Opium Poppy Control Act of 1942 (now

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PINKE G, PÁL RW, TÓTH K, KARÁCSONY P, CZÚCZ B, BOTTA-DUKÁT Z (16 September 2011). "Weed vegetation of poppy (Papaver somniferum) fields in Hungary: effects of management and environmental factors on species composition".

1653:(FDA). Its marketing and distribution persists because its historical use preceded the Federal Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act of 1938. Tincture of opium B.P., containing 1% w/v of anhydrous morphine, also remains in the 866:

chocolate-vegetal fragrance note of some cultivars, and the ease of growing the plants from purchased flats of seedlings or by direct sowing of the seed. Poppy seed pods are also sold for dried flower arrangements.

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Pinke G, Tóth K, Kovács AJ, Milics G, Varga Z, Blazsek K, Gál KE, Botta-Dukát Z (3 July 2014). "Use of mesotrione and tembotrione herbicides for post-emergence weed control in alkaloid poppy (Papaver somniferum)".

653:, or has been introduced and become naturalized extensively in all regions of the British Isles, particularly in the south and east and in almost all other countries of the world with suitable, temperate climates. 724:, produces systemic infections leading to stunting and deformation of poppy plants. Downy mildew can be controlled preventively at the initial stage of seed development through several fungicide applications. 588:

has had a very long tradition of use, starting in the Neolithic. This long period of time allowed the development of a broad range of different forms. In total there are 52 botanical varieties. Breeding of

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Barnawal D, Pandey S, Bharti N, Pandey A, Ray T, Singh S, Chanotiya C, Kalra A (3 April 2017). "ACC deaminase-containing plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria protect Papaver somniferum from downy mildew".

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is rather susceptible to herbicides. The pre-emergence application of the herbicide chlortoluron has been shown to be effective in reducing weed levels. However, in the last decade the weed management of

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of the birds, the cake is nutritive and fits to their special needs. Next to the animal fodder, poppy offers other by-products. For example, the stem of the plant can be used for energy briquettes and

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The native range of opium poppy is probably the Eastern Mediterranean, but extensive cultivation and introduction of the species throughout Europe since ancient times have obscured its origin. It has

617:. Colors of the flowers vary widely, as do other physical characteristics, such as number and shape of petals , number of flowers and fruits, number of seeds, color of seeds, and production of opium. 2685:

Mahdavi-Damghani A, Kamkar B, Al-Ahmadi MJ, Testi L, Muñoz-Ledesma FJ, Villalobos FJ (October 2010). "Water stress effects on growth, development and yield of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)".

1530:, an edible oil that has many uses. The seeds contain very low levels of opiates and the oil extracted from them contains even less. Both the oil and the seed residue also have commercial uses. 6120: 6115: 6110: 5438: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4836: 1382:

adaptation of the Greek form. Evidence of the early domestication of opium poppy has been discovered through small botanical remains found in regions of the Mediterranean and west of the

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bans cultivation in certain provinces. In northern Burma bans have ended a century-old tradition of growing the opium poppy. Between 20,000 and 30,000 former poppy farmers left the

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Bajpai S, Gupta MM, Kumar S (September 1999). "Identification of Indian Landraces of Opium Poppy Papaver somniferum Resistant to Damping-off and Downy Mildew Fungal Diseases".

4831: 7144: 5247: 1225:. Today, this area of law has remained vague and remains somewhat controversial in the United States. The Opium Poppy Control Act of 1942 was repealed on 27 October 1970. 3491: 1268:

the cultivation of the opium poppy is illegal, as is possession of poppy seed. At least one man has been imprisoned for possessing poppy seed obtained from a bread roll.

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Tang J, Lebas B, Liefting L, Veerakone S, Wei T, Ward L (29 October 2015). "Opium poppy mosaic virus, a new umbravirus isolated from Papaver somniferum in New Zealand".

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Menéndez-Perdomo I.M., Hagel J.M. and Facchini P.J. (2021). "Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid analysis using high-resolution Orbitrap LC-MSn." J Mass Spectrom 56 (2): e4683

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167/1998 Sb. Zákon o návykových látkách a o změně některých dalších zákonů, Czech Republic, effective since 1 January 1999; § 29 effective since 1 January 1999; § 29

2350:"Disentangling Peronospora on Papaver: Phylogenetics, Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Host Range of Downy Mildew of Opium Poppy (Papaver somniferum) and Related Species" 4055: 3403:"United States Code: Title 21,188 to 188n. Repealed. Pub. L. 91–513, title III, 1101(a)(7), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1292 | LII / Legal Information Institute" 2187:

Yadav HK, Shukla S, Singh SP (16 August 2006). "Genetic Variability and Interrelationship Among Opium and its Alkaloids in Opium Poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.)".

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are among nations that ban even having poppy seeds, not just growing the plants for them. The UAE has a long prison sentence for anyone possessing poppy seeds.

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under ACSN 9630. Most (all?) states also use this classification under the uniform penal code. Possession of a Schedule II drug is a federal and state felony.

1165:, poppy seed is commonly used for traditional pastries and cakes, and it is legal to grow poppies throughout the region, although Germany requires a licence. 5944: 3858: 2994:

Yadav H, Shukla S, Singh S (2007). "Assessment of genotype × environment interactions for yield and morphine content in opium poppy (Papaver somniferumL.)".

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is very susceptible to environmental changes. This behaviour led to a stagnation of the poppy seed market value between 2008–2009 as a consequence of high

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Singh, A., I. M. Menendez-Perdomo, et al. (2019). "Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in opium poppy: an update." Phytochem Rev 18(6): 1457–1482

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The opiate drugs are extracted from opium. The latex oozes from incisions made on the green seed pods and is collected once dry. Tincture of opium or

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Singh A, Gupta R, Saikia SK, Pant A, Pandey R (December 2016). "Diseases of medicinal and aromatic plants, their biological impact and management".

857:, a growth density of 70 to 80 plants per square meter is recommended. Latex-to-biomass yield is greatest under conditions of slight water deficit. 5834: 5307: 3472: 3197: 2538: 8091: 7351: 6992: 6984: 6045: 5503: 5388: 5197: 5044: 7261: 7025: 5302: 3211: 1658: 436:

The analysis of synergy of the opium poppy reveals traces of segmental duplications 110 million years ago (MYA), before the divergence between

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as a residue of the oil pressing can be used as fodder for different animals as e.g., poultry and fancy fowls. Especially in the time of the

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poppy residues can reduce fungal inoculum during the plant growing season in the following year on neighboring poppy stocks, respectively.

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Salavert A, Zazzo A, Martin L, Antolín F, Gauthier C, Thil F, Tombret O, Bouby L, Manen C, Mineo M, Mueller-Bieniek A (20 November 2020).

3286:"21 U.S.C. § 188 : US Code – Section 188 TO 188N: Repealed. Pub. L. 91-513, title III, Sec. 1101(a)(7), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1292" 346: 7296: 6768: 6622: 6285: 6100: 5743: 5152: 8171: 4011: 1669:

or oripavine. Those are refined into drugs like oxycodone. Raw opium contains about 8–14% morphine by dry weight, or more in high-yield

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development of varieties with a high opium yield. On the other hand, the food industry demands as low alkaloid contents as possible.

3706: 3349: 1649:, consisting of opium dissolved in alcohol or a mixture of alcohol and water, is one of many unapproved drugs regulated by the U.S. 318: 8039: 6435: 5999: 5788: 4888: 4210: 3241: 1732: 714:

and curling of the affected tissues with necrotic spots. The leaf under-surface is covered with a downy mildew coating containing

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The United Kingdom does not require a licence for opium poppy cultivation, but does for extracting opium for medicinal products.

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The genes responsible for the conversion of thebaine are found in chromosome 1, chromosome 2, chromosome 7, and perhaps others.

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Australia (Tasmania), Turkey and India are the major producers of poppy for medicinal purposes and poppy-based drugs, such as

4125: 4120:. Translated by John R. Baker, with assistance from Annabel Lee and Cornelia Ballent. Rochester, Vermont: Park Street Press. 4096: 3748: 1933: 1449: 1405: 8230: 1221:, the state of California supported the farmers who grew opium poppies for their seeds for uses in foods such as poppy seed 8404: 8109: 281:

produce edible seeds. This differentiation has strong implications for legal policy surrounding the growing of this plant.

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Today many varieties have been bred that do not produce a significant quantity of opium. The cultivar 'Sujata' produces no

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Askitopoulou H, Ramoutsaki IA, Konsolaki E (2002). "Archaeological evidence on the use of opium in the Minoan world".

3424: 2938: 8399: 4056:"International Narcotics Control Bureau, Technical Reports, 2008, Part IV, Statistical information on narcotic drugs" 3827: 3309:"The traffic in narcotic drugs: The implementation of treaty obligations in regulating the traffic in narcotic drugs" 1986: 1723: 1342: 572: 539: 32: 8318: 7773: 6565: 3774: 2968: 2037: 898:

was addressed by a UN resolution "to fight the international trade in illicit opium poppy seeds" on 28 July 1998.

8158: 8078: 6560: 3215: 1468: 887: 4179:"Downward Spiral – Banning Opium in Afghanistan and Burma", Transnational Institute TNI, Debate Paper, June 2005 1443:

Many modern writers, particularly in the 19th century, have written on the opium poppy and its effects, notably

8313: 6485: 1686: 1324: 1233: 879: 823:. Sowing time (autumn or spring), preceding crop and soil texture are important variables influencing the weed 521: 510: 8269: 1464:. In this work, a young artist overdoses on opium and experiences a series of visions of his unrequited love. 8140: 4157: 1870: 1133:(100% of the world's supply) production. Tasmania also had 25% of the world's opium and codeine production. 234:

This poppy is grown as an agricultural crop on a large scale, for one of three primary purposes: to produce

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perforate the leaves of young plants and aphids suck on the sap of the flower buds. The poppy root weevil (

7904: 3880: 3108: 2646:"Poppy root weevils (Stenocarus ruficornis, Stephens 1831) control in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)" 1595:

The opium poppy, as its name indicates, is the principal source of opium, the dried latex produced by the

8277: 7894: 7889: 7866: 7253: 1632: 1218: 8057: 4184:"Withdrawal Symptoms in the Golden Triangle – A Drugs Market in Disarray" TNI Paper by Tom Kramer et al. 3485:

Section 9(4) of the Misuse of Drugs Act states, "It shall be a defense to a charge under subsection (1)

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Ohlašovací povinnost pěstitelů máku a konopí podle par. 29 zákona č. 167/1999 Sb., o návykových látkách

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sites show the incredibly early cultivation and natural spread of the plant throughout western Europe.

3263: 2971:. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2019. Archived from 2107: 8369: 8194: 6683: 5673: 5398: 4716: 1229: 883: 870: 429:. This enrichment of genes is related to the maintenance of homeostasis and a positive regulation of 405: 8008: 3219: 3212:"Authorized Sources of Narcotic Raw Materials, 21 CFR Part 1312; Docket No. DEA-282F, RIN 1117-AB03" 1764: 1400:

Opium became a major colonial commodity, moving legally and illegally through trade networks on the

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region, where the ban was implemented in 2005, fled to areas where growing opium is still possible.

1243:, its preparations, derivatives, alkaloids and salts, although an exception is made for poppy seed. 1203:) stated that any opium poppies should be declared illegal, even if the farmers were issued a state 1190:

In the United States, opium poppies and poppy straw are prohibited. As the opium poppy is legal for

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is susceptible to several fungal, insect and virus infections including seed borne diseases such as

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The genes responsible for the conversion of (S) -reticuline to noscapine are found on chromosome 11.

374: 45: 6653: 6595: 6055: 5814: 5059: 3323: 2739:

Gaur BL, Gupta PC, Sharma DD (January 1986). "Weed management in opium poppy Papaver somniferumL".

2554:"First Report of Systemic Downy Mildew of Opium Poppy Caused by Peronospora somniferi in Australia" 1662: 718:

that spread the infection further leading to plant damage and death. Another downy mildew species,

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The genes responsible for the conversion of (S) -reticuline to thebaine are found on chromosome 11.

220: 8132: 4183: 3521: 1261:, it is legal to cultivate the opium poppy as long as it is not used to produce controlled drugs. 1101:

Poppy seed oil remains a niche product due to the lower yield compared to conventional oil crops.

907: 8409: 8256: 8016: 7930: 7233: 6648: 5272: 5054: 2900: 1313: 729: 690: 499: 430: 3953: 3380: 1831:

Gaevskii A (1999). "On the intraspecies classification of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)".

694:, the causal agent of downy mildew, occurs preferentially during wet and humid conditions. This 546: 8096: 7990: 7789: 7731: 6060: 5074: 5049: 4948: 3475:. Department of Primary Industry and Resources, Northern Territory Government, Australia. 2016. 3103: 846: 3994: 3737:"The Economic Importance of Indian Opium and Trade with China on Britain's Economy, 1843–1890" 3664: 2901:"Water stress effects on growth, development and yield of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)" 1366:

Use of the opium poppy predates written history. The making and use of opium was known to the

8389: 7639: 7528: 7446: 6215: 4511: 4018: 2899:

Mahdavi-Damghani A, Kamkar B, Al-Ahmadi MJ, Testi L, Muñoz-Ledesma FJ, Villalobos FJ (2010).

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saw the opium trade as an investment opportunity beginning in 1683. In 1773, the Governor of

752:. In 2006, a novel virus tentatively called "opium poppy mosaic virus" (OPMV) from the genus 149: 8220: 2136: 412:. Tyrosine can follow two different routes: by tyrosine hydroxylase it can form L-dopamine ( 7938: 7726: 7618: 7598: 7488: 4291: 4271: 3606: 2912: 2840: 2694: 2361: 2052: 1673:. It may be used directly or chemically modified to produce semi-synthetic opioids such as 1265: 1141: 745: 394: 8328: 6028: 5371: 4237: 3542: 3285: 2969:"Poppy seed production in 2018, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)" 2036:

Ye K, Graham IA, Bowser TA, Lu Y, Teodor R, He Z, Ning Z, Li Y, Yang X (19 October 2018).

8: 8384: 7705: 7669: 7533: 7356: 6942: 6788: 6748: 6075: 5894: 5874: 5172: 5134: 5089: 3806:"Review of 'Opium and Empire in Southeast Asia: Regulating Consumption in British Burma'" 3053: 2428: 1401: 1367: 824: 277:

at all. Breadseed poppy is more accurate as a common name today because all varieties of

8243: 7838: 3610: 3554: 2916: 2844: 2698: 2365: 2056: 8336: 8003: 7982: 7568: 7558: 7538: 6888: 6195: 5884: 5618: 5508: 5162: 4626: 4466: 4426: 4229: 3637: 3594: 2805: 2626: 2532: 2484: 2392: 2349: 2286: 2212: 2086: 1978: 1848: 1413: 1070:

are susceptible to fluctuations mainly due to unstable yields. The performance of most

212: 40: 6673: 5829: 5069: 3579: 2004:

Wild flowers of Britain and Ireland: The Complete Guide to the British and Irish Flora

8374: 8215: 7912: 7690: 7644: 7478: 6678: 6070: 6065: 5839: 5084: 4646: 4281: 4131: 4121: 4092: 3823: 3642: 3624: 3191: 3166:"The painkilling fields: England's opium poppies that tackle the NHS morphine crisis" 2856: 2852: 2797: 2756: 2718: 2667: 2618: 2610: 2575: 2520: 2510: 2476: 2468: 2432: 2397: 2379: 2330: 2320: 2278: 2204: 2078: 2070: 2007: 1982: 1954: 1929: 1893: 1509: 1444: 869:

Though "opium poppy and poppy straw" are listed in Schedule II of the United States'

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and Ranunculaceae, and an event of duplication of the complete genome makes 7.8 MYA.

208: 3851:"How the DEA Scrubbed Thomas Jefferson's Monticello Poppy Garden from Public Memory" 2809: 2630: 2488: 2290: 2216: 2090: 8394: 8341: 7917: 7761: 7659: 7654: 7456: 7078: 7015: 6838: 6554: 6480: 6205: 5934: 5688: 5528: 5242: 4501: 3813: 3675: 3632: 3614: 3575: 3450: 3170: 3003: 2920: 2848: 2789: 2748: 2710: 2702: 2657: 2602: 2565: 2460: 2424: 2387: 2369: 2270: 2196: 2060: 1885: 1852: 1840: 1472: 1437: 682: 610: 426: 204: 4017:. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding, Winter 2006. Archived from 3402: 2165:

Dittbrenner A (2009). "Variability of alkaloid content in Papaver somniferum L ".

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levels, bad weather and poor quality. The world leading importer of poppy seed is

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The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants, Enthnopharmacology and Its Applications

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is a variety with flowers that are highly double and deeply lobed. The variety

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be dry roasted and ground to be used in wet curry (curry paste) or dry curry.

1180:, excluding research and experimental purposes (§24/1b/ of the act). The name 397:, synthesized through the metabolic pathway of benzylisoquinoline. First, the 296:

herb growing to about 100 centimetres (40 inches) tall. The plant is strongly

8358: 8184: 7969: 7812: 7736: 7578: 7503: 7346: 7005: 6783: 6738: 6688: 6611: 6599: 6305: 6220: 6200: 6185: 6180: 6125: 5899: 5889: 5593: 5513: 5237: 5177: 5167: 5104: 5079: 4873: 4816: 4606: 4551: 4541: 4536: 4516: 4451: 4401: 4386: 4301: 4195: 3628: 3007: 2860: 2801: 2760: 2722: 2671: 2614: 2579: 2472: 2436: 2383: 2282: 2208: 2074: 1871:"Latex-less opium poppy: cause for less latex and reduced peduncle strength)" 1527: 650: 466: 401: 334: 263: 165: 7378: 4135: 3054:"Global Poppy Seed Market – The Czech Republic Is the Key Producing Country" 2662: 2645: 2524: 2334: 2065: 309:

rays, or fluted cap. All parts of the plant exude white latex when wounded.

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established a monopoly on the production of Bengal opium, on behalf of the

1409: 1146: 685:

have been considered as major control measures for various poppy diseases.

670: 293: 216: 192: 116: 106: 3595:"Direct dating reveals the early history of opium poppy in western Europe" 1928:(Fourth ed.). Middlewood Green, Suffolk, U.K.: C & M Floristics. 8127: 8065: 7821: 7664: 7271: 7248: 7162: 7088: 7055: 7035: 6913: 6898: 6893: 6883: 6873: 6793: 6763: 6758: 6603: 6575: 6570: 6540: 6525: 6515: 6495: 6490: 6450: 6415: 6405: 6360: 6340: 6325: 6320: 6290: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6170: 6145: 6130: 6105: 6095: 6085: 6080: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5969: 5909: 5904: 5879: 5738: 5728: 5708: 5668: 5663: 5638: 5623: 5588: 5583: 5483: 5458: 5352: 5347: 5337: 5327: 5317: 5252: 5182: 5139: 4983: 4913: 4883: 4868: 4853: 4826: 4791: 4776: 4761: 4746: 4711: 4701: 4671: 4656: 4631: 4596: 4591: 4581: 4571: 4531: 4526: 4486: 4476: 4411: 4396: 4371: 4331: 4316: 4306: 1542: 1425: 1383: 1286: 1258: 777: 720: 707: 255: 8207: 8031: 7881: 2972: 2247:

Copenhagen, Denmark: Global Biodiversity Information Facility, GBIF.org.

2233:. London, U.K.: Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. 22 April 2016. 8044: 7756: 7746: 7623: 7613: 7553: 7518: 7513: 7366: 7336: 7311: 7192: 7103: 7083: 7060: 6903: 6878: 6868: 6823: 6813: 6798: 6713: 6607: 6535: 6530: 6505: 6475: 6465: 6440: 6425: 6400: 6370: 6345: 6335: 6295: 6275: 6265: 6245: 6175: 6160: 5979: 5959: 5954: 5929: 5859: 5798: 5778: 5733: 5723: 5718: 5658: 5648: 5578: 5493: 5342: 5332: 5322: 5312: 5277: 5267: 5232: 5202: 5192: 5187: 5124: 4968: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4923: 4908: 4878: 4796: 4786: 4781: 4731: 4686: 4666: 4636: 4586: 4566: 4521: 4446: 4336: 4326: 2714: 2552:

Thangavel T, Wilson CR, Jones S, Scott JB, Voglmayr H (February 2017).

2244: 1844: 1624: 1534: 1489: 1476: 1327: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 754: 749: 598: 513: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 398: 235: 200: 2464: 1889: 242:(for use mainly by the pharmaceutical industry), and to produce other 8070: 7977: 7951: 7751: 7523: 7483: 7473: 7426: 7321: 7316: 7266: 7238: 7167: 7128: 7123: 7098: 7093: 7020: 6928: 6918: 6808: 6718: 6632: 6590: 6580: 6520: 6510: 6500: 6470: 6460: 6455: 6410: 6380: 6260: 6240: 6140: 6135: 6090: 6009: 6004: 5964: 5949: 5924: 5854: 5793: 5763: 5713: 5703: 5698: 5563: 5453: 5418: 5413: 5357: 5282: 5262: 5257: 5227: 5157: 5119: 5099: 5094: 5034: 5018: 5008: 4953: 4863: 4811: 4806: 4741: 4696: 4676: 4556: 4546: 4391: 4166: 1628: 1620: 1600: 1562: 1428:

by selling Indian opium which was smuggled into China in defiance of

1387: 1130: 711: 678: 305:

The fruit is a hairless, rounded capsule topped with 12–18 radiating

259: 251: 7783: 3812:. Cambridge imperial and post-colonial studies. Palgrave Macmillan. 3163: 2898: 2684: 1587: 1302: 1058:

In 2018, world production of poppy seeds for consumption was 76,240

488: 254:) that are processed by pharmaceutical companies into drugs such as 8290: 8166: 7806: 7695: 7674: 7593: 7563: 7468: 7436: 7326: 7118: 6863: 6773: 6753: 6743: 6698: 6627: 6420: 6330: 6315: 6280: 6270: 6150: 5974: 5869: 5844: 5783: 5768: 5678: 5598: 5568: 5548: 5518: 5463: 5443: 5408: 5297: 5222: 5207: 5129: 5109: 4978: 4973: 4958: 4928: 4898: 4858: 4726: 4616: 4561: 4471: 4406: 4376: 4261: 1685:

Opium poppies (flower and fruit) appear on the coat of arms of the

1670: 1646: 1639: 1616: 1608: 1538: 1515: 1498:

Dried blue, grey and white poppy seeds used for pastries in Germany

1279: 1251: 1195: 1191: 1126: 1122: 1110: 1071: 715: 695: 674: 641:

produces no latex and no commercial utility for opioid production.

614: 409: 325: 297: 247: 243: 96: 8083: 7956: 3154:, Celní správa (Custom Service of the Czech Republic), 19. 6. 2014 2644:

Bečka D, Cihlář P, Vlažný P, Pazderů K, Vašák J (3 October 2014).

1736: 8179: 7925: 7608: 7548: 7508: 7463: 7421: 7291: 7172: 7050: 6733: 6617: 6395: 6385: 5613: 5543: 5478: 5428: 5287: 5039: 5013: 5003: 4988: 4893: 4706: 4681: 4431: 4311: 4192:, London, I.B. Tauris (Cambridge, Harvard University Press: 2010) 1612: 1604: 1204: 1114: 1095: 1040: 703: 699: 126: 1239:

Canada forbids possessing, seeking or obtaining the opium poppy

393:

The alkaloids are organic nitrogenous compounds, derivatives of

266:

ones) are continually underway. A comparatively small amount of

7943: 7741: 7498: 7301: 7286: 7281: 7152: 7045: 6708: 6375: 6190: 5849: 5773: 5758: 5748: 5523: 5114: 4993: 4611: 4491: 4173:

Opium Poppy Cultivation and Heroin Processing in Southeast Asia

3565: 1674: 1506: 1417: 1394: 1275: 1222: 1200: 1153:, another related species of poppy which often grows alongside 1091: 1087: 1066:

with 35% of the world total (table). Poppy seed production and

1063: 980: 413: 301: 224: 3078:

Frick C, Hebeisen T (2005). "Mohn als alternative Ölpflanze".

762:

containing leaf mosaic and mottling symptoms, in New Zealand.

710:

and curvature of the stem and flower stalks. The symptoms are

7588: 7431: 7306: 6908: 6803: 6545: 6300: 6165: 5538: 5488: 5448: 5212: 4903: 4847: 4756: 4441: 4436: 3950:"Travel Warning – Khas Khas (Poppy Seed) Imprisonment in UAE" 3022: 1582: 1379: 1361: 1289:, the cultivation of the opium poppy is strictly prohibited. 1271: 1083: 1079: 1067: 1059: 1016: 963: 365: 274: 239: 196: 57: 4247: 1774:. University of Wisconsin Extension, Master Gardener Program 1494: 7493: 6310: 2347: 1953:(3 ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. 1502: 1149:, Lincolnshire, England. Also visible in the field are red 228: 3592: 3453:. Justice Laws Website, Government of Canada. 4 April 2018 2592: 2449: 1975:

Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain

1386:, predating circa 5000 BC. These samples found in various 2551: 1591:

Dried poppy seed pods and stems (plate), and seeds (bowl)

1566: 1125:

was the largest producer of the poppy cultivars used for

2643: 3665:"The Global Career of Indian Opium and Local Destinies" 3023:"Czech Republic as an Important Producer of Poppy Seed" 1460:

used opium for inspiration, subsequently producing his

1278:

region as a result of the ban in 2002. People from the

270:

is also produced commercially for ornamental purposes.

3514:"Travellers who 'smuggle' poppy seeds face Dubai jail" 2507:

Opium poppy : botany, chemistry, and pharmacology

1212:

any place owned, occupied, used, or controlled by him.

300:, giving a greyish-green appearance, and the stem and 3164:

Phillip, Rhodri, & Barry Wigmore (14 July 2007).

2829: 2778: 2348:

Voglmayr H, Montes-Borrego M, Landa BB (7 May 2014).

211:, but has since been obscured and vastly expanded by 16:

Species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae

2260: 1826: 1824: 1822: 3492:"New Zealand Legislation: Misuse of Drugs Act 1975" 2160: 2158: 2156: 1948: 207:grown in gardens. Its native range was east of the 3306: 2001: 3027:AGRIS On-Line Papers in Economics and Informatics 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2038:"The opium poppy genome and morphinan production" 1819: 8356: 7369:(met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer) 4089:Opium Poppy: Botany, Chemistry, and pharmacology 4004: 3218:, US Department of Justice. 2008. Archived from 2993: 2414: 2186: 2153: 2035: 1599:. Opium contains a class of naturally occurring 4048: 3020: 2738: 1712:. Vol. 1. Laurentius Salvius. p. 508. 770:There are only a few pests that can do harm to 465:was formally described by the Swedish botanist 4225: 3992:Bronwen Jean Bryant and Kathleen Mary Knights 3511: 3425:"21 USC Chapter 6 – Narcotic Drugs 01/03/2007" 3347: 2297: 1254:, some 50% of the world supply is cultivated. 7408: 7394: 4211: 4190:"Opium. Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy" 4175:from the School of Pacific and Asian Studies 3766: 3707:"The Cultivation of the Opium Poppy in India" 3264:"Controlled Substances Import and Export Act" 3077: 2945:. Washington State University. Archived from 2875:"An overview of the Tasmanian poppy industry" 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2256: 2254: 2182: 2180: 1526:are an important food item and the source of 1207:. § 3 of the Opium Poppy Control Act stated: 219:from ancient times to the present day, being 195:. It is the species of plant from which both 3242:"Bulletin on Narcotics – 1950 Issue 3 – 002" 3196:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2734: 2732: 2537:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2319:. Sneyd, Jan. Stuttgart (Hohenheim): Ulmer. 2231:"BSBI Distribution Maps, Papaver somniferum" 1232:, opium poppy and poppy straw are listed as 706:in a secondary infection. The fungus causes 3658: 3656: 2879:Grains Research and Development Corporation 2164: 644: 443:The genes are possibly grouped as follows: 7401: 7387: 4218: 4204: 3925:"5 Recent Food Bans from Around the World" 3700: 3698: 3451:"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 1996" 2816: 2767: 2500: 2498: 2251: 2177: 2167:Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 1868: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1184:refers to blue poppy seeds used for food. 850:applied but also mechanical weed control. 625:is a variety with flowers that are highly 478: 31: 4091:. United States: CRC Press. p. 164. 3843: 3817: 3730: 3728: 3679: 3636: 3618: 3543:page 4 of the Drug Policy Briefing nr. 29 3096: 2961: 2729: 2661: 2569: 2391: 2373: 2314: 2117:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 16 May 2023 2064: 1638:means "sleep-bringing", referring to the 1343:Learn how and when to remove this message 573:Learn how and when to remove this message 4086: 4012:"Unapproved Drugs, What's the Big Deal?" 3662: 3653: 2782:International Journal of Pest Management 1830: 1799: 1733:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland 1705: 1586: 1501: 1493: 1140: 3704: 3695: 2495: 2223: 2102: 2100: 2020: 1916: 1914: 1864: 1862: 1786: 1397:, stomach illnesses, and bad eyesight. 8357: 4115: 4080: 3986: 3734: 3725: 3350:"The development of international law" 3021:Procházka P, Smutka L (30 June 2012). 1995: 1967: 1949:Clapham A, Tutin T, Warburg E (1981). 1942: 1759: 1757: 1483: 7788: 7787: 7382: 4199: 3995:Pharmacology for Health Professionals 3952:. Brett M.Christensen. Archived from 3899:"Mahanandi " Gasagasalu ~ Bendakaaya" 3803: 3797: 3772: 2002:Blamey M, Fitter R, Fitter A (2003). 1920: 1716: 1642:properties of some of these opiates. 1450:Confessions of an English Opium Eater 1174:167/1998 Sb. Addictive Substances Act 8319:615e3e2f-0e4e-4480-9591-a69a9ff52682 8195:37567610-22bc-41de-b33a-ec2a87c80f91 3051: 2429:10.1046/j.1439-0434.1999.147009535.x 2237: 2097: 1951:Excursion flora of the British Isles 1911: 1859: 1722: 1556:attempted to ban the cultivation of 1325:adding citations to reliable sources 1296: 827:. A highly abundant weed species in 511:adding citations to reliable sources 482: 3370: 1754: 1378:. The English name is based on the 203:are derived and is also a valuable 13: 4109: 3512:McGrath, Ginny (8 February 2008). 3316:The American University Law Review 2504: 2317:Mohn : Sorten, Anbau, Rezepte 2138:Papaveraceae Papaver somniferum L. 1833:Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal 609:(DC.) Arcang. There are also many 14: 8421: 6186:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol) 5514:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol) 4467:Dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene) 4452:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol) 4143: 4043:The Extra Pharmacopeia Martindale 3348:Young, Richard (September 1952). 3266:. US Food and Drug Administration 2509:. New York: Food Products Press. 1422:East India Company administration 727:Leaf blight caused by the fungus 8270:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:673724-1 7774:List of plants used in herbalism 6566:Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether 3354:American Bar Association Journal 3099:"The Poppy Industry in Tasmania" 2853:10.1111/j.1365-3180.2011.00885.x 1301: 1250:is illegal to cultivate, but in 1129:(85% of the world's supply) and 1009: 991: 973: 930: 918: 906: 629:, and are grown in many colors. 487: 373: 357: 345: 333: 317: 44: 6561:Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether 4036: 3977: 3968: 3942: 3917: 3891: 3873: 3586: 3559: 3555:양귀비·대마 재배 땐 ‘큰일’…관상용 한포기도 절대 안돼 3548: 3536: 3505: 3479: 3465: 3443: 3417: 3395: 3364: 3341: 3300: 3278: 3256: 3234: 3216:Drug Enforcement Administration 3204: 3157: 3145: 3136: 3123: 3090: 3071: 3045: 3014: 2987: 2931: 2892: 2867: 2678: 2637: 2586: 2545: 2453:Journal of Applied Microbiology 2443: 2408: 2341: 2129: 1469:Drug Enforcement Administration 1312:needs additional citations for 1136: 888:North Carolina Botanical Garden 498:needs additional citations for 6486:Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide 3901:. Nandyala.org. Archived from 3857:. 2 March 2010. Archived from 3545:by the Transnational Institute 3427:. Joffelaw.com. Archived from 1926:New Flora of the British Isles 1699: 1687:Royal College of Anaesthetists 880:United States Botanical Garden 789: 284: 1: 6461:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine) 5654:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin) 5263:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine) 4692:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin) 3775:"Opioids' Devastating Return" 3580:10.1016/S0531-5131(02)00769-0 3568:International Congress Series 2905:Agricultural Water Management 2687:Agricultural Water Management 1692: 1456:The French Romantic composer 1086:(16 000 tonnes), followed by 953:Poppy seed production – 2018 945: 860: 794:In the growth development of 698:penetrates the roots through 388: 380:Close-up of white poppy seeds 5684:N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon 3663:Farooqui A (December 2016). 2939:"Culinary Poppy Cultivation" 2794:10.1080/09670874.2014.953622 2375:10.1371/journal.pone.0096838 1651:Food and Drug Administration 1518:filled with poppy seed paste 1432:bans. This trade led to the 1393:Opium was used for treating 1246:In some parts of Australia, 7: 8405:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 7337:β-Lipotropin (proendorphin) 6965:((pF)Phe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH 6346:Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29) 4832:Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone 3307:Harry J. Anslinger (1959). 2925:10.1016/j.agwat.2010.05.011 2707:10.1016/j.agwat.2010.05.011 2650:Plant, Soil and Environment 2571:10.1094/pdis-06-16-0796-pdn 2006:. London: A & C Black. 1800:Bradsher K (19 July 2014). 1765:"Breadseed or opium poppy, 1412:and others. Members of the 1219:Federal Bureau of Narcotics 1104: 661: 469:in his seminal publication 457: 10: 8426: 7357:Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) 6977:-NH)Gly)Nociceptin(1-13)NH 6081:Adrenorphin (metorphamide) 5248:Methylsamidorphan chloride 4482:Dimethylaminopivalophenone 4307:Adrenorphin (metorphamide) 4158:Comprehensive profile for 3620:10.1038/s41598-020-76924-3 3129:Ursula Heinzelmann (2008) 2115:Plants of the World Online 1802:"Shake-Up on Opium Island" 1680: 1580: 1576: 1487: 1370:. Its sap was later named 1359: 1355: 1168:Since January 1999 in the 730:Helminthosporium papaveris 702:and infects the leaves as 656: 324:Plant showing the typical 7796: 7770: 7719: 7683: 7632: 7414: 7409:Medicinal herbs and fungi 7277:Racecadotril (acetorphan) 7225: 7137: 6952: 6941: 6684:Buprenorphine/samidorphan 6641: 6596:Tricyclic antidepressants 6038: 6027: 5807: 5674:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl 5381: 5370: 5027: 4717:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl 4236: 3681:10.1590/2236-463320161404 3322:: 112–116. Archived from 2996:Acta Agronomica Hungarica 2753:10.1080/09670878609371076 2607:10.1007/s00705-015-2651-4 2417:Journal of Phytopathology 2275:10.1017/S1479262116000307 2201:10.1007/s10681-006-9111-x 1230:Controlled Substances Act 1037: 952: 884:Missouri Botanical Garden 871:Controlled Substances Act 419: 406:phenylalanine hydroxylase 352:Close-up of flower center 155: 148: 41:Scientific classification 39: 30: 23: 8400:Plants described in 1753 7262:Dexecadotril (retorphan) 7234:Enkephalinase inhibitors 7163:BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094) 7145:(Nphe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH 7061:Nociceptin (orphanin FQ) 4163:from MaltaWildPlants.com 3747:(Spring). Archived from 3008:10.1556/AAgr.55.2007.3.9 2741:Tropical Pest Management 1663:Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 1145:Opium poppy fields near 1121:reported, in 2014, that 765: 651:escaped from cultivation 645:Distribution and habitat 179:, commonly known as the 6960:(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin 6231:Dynorphin B (rimorphin) 5273:Nalorphine dinicotinate 4151:Grow Papaver Somniferum 3741:Economic Working Papers 3131:Food Culture in Germany 2263:Plant Genetic Resources 2245:"Papaver somniferum L." 2066:10.1126/science.aat4096 1292: 1053: 925:Czech blue poppy flower 831:fields was shown to be 691:Peronospora arborescens 479:Varieties and cultivars 368:) exuding from incision 364:Capsule showing latex ( 7732:Doctrine of signatures 6576:Spiradoline (U-62,066) 6521:Pethidine (meperidine) 5714:Pethidine (meperidine) 5404:ADL-5747 (PF-04856881) 5050:4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide 4949:Tetrahydropapaveroline 4864:Pethidine (meperidine) 3819:10.14296/RiH/2014/2010 3473:"Poppy Regulation Act" 3288:. Codes.lp.findlaw.com 3104:University of Tasmania 2943:WSU Mount Vernon NWREC 1592: 1519: 1499: 1214: 1158: 937:Czech blue poppy seeds 913:Red opium poppy flower 597:There is one accepted 408:, is transformed into 7267:Ecadotril (sinorphan) 6754:CERC-501 (LY-2456302) 6654:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone 6216:Dinalbuphine sebacate 6091:Alazocine (SKF-10047) 5815:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone 5774:Thiobromadol (C-8813) 5414:Alazocine (SKF-10047) 5060:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone 5040:2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol 4512:Dinalbuphine sebacate 3711:Bulletin on Narcotics 2663:10.17221/417/2014-pse 2505:D Kapoor, L. (1995). 2141:Vol. 1. ipni.org 1878:Physiologia Plantarum 1869:Chaturvedi N (2014). 1655:British Pharmacopoeia 1590: 1505: 1497: 1462:Symphonie Fantastique 1209: 1144: 783:Stenocarus ruficornis 721:Peronospora somniferi 475:in 1753 on page 508. 404:, through the enzyme 7727:Alternative medicine 7124:Sunobinop (S-117957) 6859:N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic 6191:Diamorphine (heroin) 5524:Diamorphine (heroin) 4492:Diamorphine (heroin) 4292:Acetyldihydrocodeine 4272:7-Hydroxymitragynine 4267:7-Acetoxymitragynine 3881:"Papaver somniferum" 3520:. UK. Archived from 3373:"Poppin' Up Poppies" 2595:Archives of Virology 1981:. 1981. p. 32. 1706:Linnaeus Cv (1753). 1661:substance under the 1321:improve this article 1266:United Arab Emirates 1241:(Papaver somniferum) 688:The fungal pathogen 522:"Papaver somniferum" 507:improve this article 395:secondary metabolism 7650:Echigoshirayukidake 7327:Ubenimex (bestatin) 7071:Nociceptin (1-13)NH 6679:β-Chlornaltrexamine 6649:4′-Hydroxyflavanone 6071:β-Chlornaltrexamine 5945:N-Benzylnaltrindole 5840:β-Chlornaltrexamine 5759:TAN-67 (SB-205,607) 5424:AR-M100390 (ARM390) 5085:β-Chlornaltrexamine 5055:4′-Hydroxyflavanone 4282:α-Chlornaltrexamine 4188:Chouvy P.A., 2009, 4154:from vizyonpara.com 3885:www.hort.purdue.edu 3754:on 12 November 2020 3705:Asthana SN (1954). 3611:2020NatSR..1020263S 3111:on 11 December 2011 2975:on 22 November 2016 2917:2010AgWM...97.1582M 2845:2011WeedR..51..621P 2699:2010AgWM...97.1582M 2366:2014PLoSO...996838V 2315:Wilfried A (2000). 2057:2018Sci...362..343G 1659:listed as a Class A 1484:Poppy seeds and oil 1402:Indian subcontinent 1172:, according to the 825:species composition 8172:Papaver~somniferum 8009:Papaver somniferum 7828:Papaver somniferum 7798:Papaver somniferum 7706:Japanese herbology 7684:Regional practices 6889:Norbinaltorphimine 6196:Diacetylnalorphine 5885:Diacetylnalorphine 5509:Desmethylclozapine 5163:Diacetylnalorphine 4843:Papaver somniferum 4427:Chloroxymorphamine 4160:Papaver somniferum 4116:Rätsch C (2005) . 3929:The Times of India 3905:on 3 November 2022 3861:on 4 December 2018 3810:Reviews in History 3599:Scientific Reports 3524:on 10 October 2011 3222:on 3 November 2022 2110:Papaver somniferum 1845:10.1007/BF02508453 1806:The New York Times 1767:Papaver somniferum 1593: 1558:Papaver somniferum 1524:Papaver somniferum 1520: 1500: 1414:East India Company 1228:Under the Federal 1159: 1119:The New York Times 1076:Papaver somniferum 894:trade in seeds of 839:Papaver somniferum 829:Papaver somniferum 821:Papaver somniferum 816:Papaver somniferum 811:Papaver somniferum 800:P. somniferum 758:was isolated from 681:in combination to 619:Papaver somniferum 463:Papaver somniferum 290:Papaver somniferum 279:P. somniferum 268:P. somniferum 187:, is a species of 176:Papaver somniferum 159:Papaver somniferum 141:P. somniferum 25:Papaver somniferum 8352: 8351: 8216:Open Tree of Life 7790:Taxon identifiers 7781: 7780: 7701:Islamic herbology 7691:Chinese herbology 7559:Purple coneflower 7376: 7375: 7221: 7220: 7066:Nociceptin (1-11) 6937: 6936: 6066:14-Methoxymetopon 6023: 6022: 5940:Methylnaltrindole 5366: 5365: 5035:(3S,4S)-Picenadol 4647:Levacetylmethadol 4127:978-0-89281-978-2 4098:978-1-56024-923-8 4087:Kapoor L (1995). 3804:Mills JH (2016). 3735:Deming S (2011). 3405:. Law.cornell.edu 3383:on 4 January 2019 2911:(10): 1582–1590. 2693:(10): 1582–1590. 2465:10.1111/jam.13417 2051:(6412): 343–347. 1935:978-1-5272-2630-2 1890:10.1111/ppl.12086 1709:Species Plantarum 1522:Poppy seeds from 1445:Thomas de Quincey 1438:Second Opium Wars 1353: 1352: 1345: 1234:Schedule II drugs 1051: 1050: 1047: 967: 583: 582: 575: 557: 472:Species Plantarum 209:Mediterranean Sea 172: 171: 8417: 8370:Medicinal plants 8345: 8344: 8332: 8331: 8322: 8321: 8309: 8308: 8299: 8298: 8286: 8285: 8273: 8272: 8260: 8259: 8247: 8246: 8234: 8233: 8224: 8223: 8211: 8210: 8198: 8197: 8188: 8187: 8175: 8174: 8162: 8161: 8149: 8148: 8146:NBNSYS0000002769 8136: 8135: 8123: 8122: 8113: 8112: 8100: 8099: 8087: 8086: 8074: 8073: 8061: 8060: 8048: 8047: 8035: 8034: 8025: 8024: 8012: 8011: 7999: 7998: 7986: 7985: 7973: 7972: 7960: 7959: 7947: 7946: 7934: 7933: 7921: 7920: 7908: 7907: 7898: 7897: 7885: 7884: 7875: 7874: 7862: 7861: 7852: 7851: 7842: 7841: 7832: 7831: 7830: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7785: 7784: 7762:Medicinal plants 7720:Related subjects 7711:Korean herbology 7696:Indian herbology 7655:Lingzhi mushroom 7403: 7396: 7389: 7380: 7379: 7256: 7183:Nociceptin (1-7) 7079:Norbuprenorphine 7016:Dihydroetorphine 6950: 6949: 6839:Methylnaltrexone 6749:Catechin gallate 6481:Norbuprenorphine 6206:Dihydroetorphine 6076:β-Funaltrexamine 6036: 6035: 5935:Methylnaltrexone 5875:Catechin gallate 5689:Norbuprenorphine 5529:Dihydroetorphine 5379: 5378: 5243:Methylnaltrexone 5135:Catechin gallate 5090:β-Funaltrexamine 4502:Dihydroetorphine 4245: 4244: 4220: 4213: 4206: 4197: 4196: 4169:from Opioids.com 4139: 4103: 4102: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4067: 4061:. Archived from 4060: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4023: 4016: 4008: 4002: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3821: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3773:Rinde M (2018). 3770: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3753: 3732: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3702: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3683: 3669: 3660: 3651: 3650: 3640: 3622: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3563: 3557: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3379:. Archived from 3368: 3362: 3361: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3328: 3313: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3195: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3174:. Archived from 3171:Evening Standard 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3140: 3134: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3107:. Archived from 3094: 3088: 3087: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3018: 3012: 3011: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2949:on 21 April 2021 2935: 2929: 2928: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2827: 2814: 2813: 2776: 2765: 2764: 2736: 2727: 2726: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2665: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2573: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2536: 2528: 2502: 2493: 2492: 2459:(5): 1286–1298. 2447: 2441: 2440: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2395: 2377: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2312: 2295: 2294: 2258: 2249: 2248: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2195:(1–2): 207–214. 2184: 2175: 2174: 2162: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2104: 2095: 2094: 2068: 2042: 2033: 2018: 2017: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1918: 1909: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1875: 1866: 1857: 1856: 1828: 1817: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1797: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1773: 1761: 1752: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1741: 1735:. Archived from 1730: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1703: 1633:specific epithet 1473:Thomas Jefferson 1406:Colonial America 1348: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1328: 1305: 1297: 1182:Czech blue poppy 1038: 1015: 1013: 1012: 997: 995: 994: 979: 977: 976: 961: 950: 949: 934: 922: 910: 683:cultural methods 578: 571: 567: 564: 558: 556: 515: 491: 483: 427:retrotransposons 377: 361: 349: 337: 321: 264:biotechnological 205:ornamental plant 161: 49: 48: 35: 21: 20: 8425: 8424: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8415: 8414: 8355: 8354: 8353: 8348: 8340: 8335: 8327: 8325: 8317: 8312: 8304: 8302: 8294: 8289: 8281: 8276: 8268: 8263: 8255: 8250: 8242: 8237: 8229: 8227: 8219: 8214: 8206: 8203:Observation.org 8201: 8193: 8191: 8183: 8178: 8170: 8165: 8157: 8152: 8144: 8139: 8131: 8126: 8118: 8117:MichiganFlora: 8116: 8108: 8103: 8095: 8090: 8082: 8077: 8069: 8064: 8056: 8051: 8043: 8038: 8030: 8028: 8020: 8015: 8007: 8002: 7994: 7989: 7981: 7976: 7968: 7963: 7955: 7950: 7942: 7937: 7929: 7924: 7916: 7911: 7903: 7901: 7893: 7888: 7880: 7878: 7870: 7865: 7857: 7855: 7847: 7845: 7837: 7835: 7826: 7825: 7820: 7811: 7810: 7805: 7792: 7782: 7777: 7766: 7715: 7679: 7640:Almond mushroom 7628: 7410: 7407: 7377: 7372: 7254: 7217: 7148: 7133: 7074: 6996: 6988: 6980: 6976: 6968: 6945: 6933: 6729:Binaltorphimine 6674:6β-Naltrexol-d4 6637: 6256:Ethylketazocine 6211:Dihydromorphine 6031: 6019: 5830:6β-Naltrexol-d4 5803: 5559:Ethylketazocine 5534:Dihydromorphine 5374: 5362: 5070:6β-Naltrexol-d4 5023: 4822:Oxymorphonazine 4577:Furanylfentanyl 4507:Dihydromorphine 4362:Benzhydrocodone 4251: 4249: 4240: 4232: 4227:Opioid receptor 4224: 4146: 4128: 4112: 4110:Further reading 4107: 4106: 4099: 4085: 4081: 4071: 4069: 4068:on 1 March 2012 4065: 4058: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3956:on 19 June 2017 3948: 3947: 3943: 3933: 3931: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3771: 3767: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3733: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3703: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3667: 3661: 3654: 3591: 3587: 3564: 3560: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3527: 3525: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3480: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3431:on 6 March 2014 3423: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3369: 3365: 3346: 3342: 3332: 3330: 3329:on 1 April 2012 3326: 3311: 3305: 3301: 3291: 3289: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3269: 3267: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3247: 3245: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3225: 3223: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3189: 3188: 3181: 3179: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3097:Dicker, Jason. 3095: 3091: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3050: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3019: 3015: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2952: 2950: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2828: 2817: 2777: 2768: 2737: 2730: 2683: 2679: 2656:(10): 470–474. 2642: 2638: 2591: 2587: 2550: 2546: 2530: 2529: 2517: 2503: 2496: 2448: 2444: 2413: 2409: 2346: 2342: 2327: 2313: 2298: 2259: 2252: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2185: 2178: 2163: 2154: 2144: 2142: 2135: 2134: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2106: 2105: 2098: 2040: 2034: 2021: 2014: 2000: 1996: 1989: 1979:Reader's Digest 1973: 1972: 1968: 1961: 1947: 1943: 1936: 1919: 1912: 1902: 1900: 1873: 1867: 1860: 1829: 1820: 1810: 1808: 1798: 1787: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1763: 1762: 1755: 1745: 1743: 1742:on 26 June 2015 1739: 1728: 1721: 1717: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1683: 1607:, that include 1585: 1579: 1492: 1486: 1467:In the US, the 1430:Qing government 1368:ancient Minoans 1364: 1358: 1349: 1338: 1332: 1329: 1318: 1306: 1295: 1139: 1107: 1056: 1010: 1008: 992: 990: 974: 972: 948: 943: 942: 941: 938: 935: 926: 923: 914: 911: 863: 792: 768: 738:Mosaic diseases 664: 659: 647: 579: 568: 562: 559: 516: 514: 504: 492: 481: 460: 422: 391: 386: 385: 384: 381: 378: 369: 362: 353: 350: 341: 338: 329: 322: 287: 223:across much of 189:flowering plant 185:breadseed poppy 168: 163: 157: 144: 43: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8423: 8413: 8412: 8410:Flora of Malta 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8346: 8342:wfo-0000480963 8333: 8323: 8310: 8300: 8287: 8274: 8261: 8248: 8235: 8225: 8212: 8199: 8189: 8176: 8163: 8150: 8137: 8124: 8114: 8101: 8088: 8075: 8062: 8049: 8036: 8026: 8013: 8000: 7987: 7974: 7961: 7948: 7935: 7922: 7909: 7899: 7886: 7876: 7863: 7853: 7843: 7833: 7818: 7802: 7800: 7794: 7793: 7779: 7778: 7771: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7723: 7721: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7687: 7685: 7681: 7680: 7678: 7677: 7672: 7670:Morel mushroom 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7645:Chaga mushroom 7642: 7636: 7634: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7418: 7416: 7412: 7411: 7406: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7383: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7370: 7360: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7330: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7257:-Phenylalanine 7251: 7246: 7241: 7229: 7227: 7223: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7146: 7141: 7139: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7084:Racemethorphan 7081: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7031:Levomethorphan 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6956: 6954: 6947: 6939: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6536:Racemethorphan 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6356:Levomethorphan 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6042: 6040: 6033: 6025: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5811: 5809: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5724:Racemethorphan 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5634:Levomethorphan 5631: 5629:Leu-enkephalin 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5383: 5376: 5368: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5308:Naltrexonazine 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4909:Racemethorphan 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4652:Levomethorphan 4649: 4644: 4642:Leu-enkephalin 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4602:Hydromorphinol 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4497:Dihydrocodeine 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4462:Dextromoramide 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4367:Benzylmorphine 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4297:Acetylfentanyl 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4258: 4256: 4242: 4234: 4233: 4223: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4170: 4167:Opium FAQ v1.0 4164: 4155: 4145: 4144:External links 4142: 4141: 4140: 4126: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4097: 4079: 4047: 4035: 4024:on 5 July 2010 4003: 3985: 3976: 3967: 3941: 3916: 3890: 3872: 3842: 3828: 3796: 3765: 3724: 3694: 3652: 3585: 3558: 3547: 3535: 3504: 3478: 3464: 3442: 3416: 3394: 3377:Texas Gardener 3363: 3340: 3299: 3277: 3255: 3233: 3203: 3156: 3144: 3135: 3122: 3089: 3080:AGRARForschung 3070: 3044: 3013: 3002:(3): 331–338. 2986: 2960: 2930: 2891: 2866: 2839:(6): 621–630. 2815: 2788:(3): 187–195. 2766: 2747:(4): 267–268. 2728: 2677: 2636: 2601:(1): 197–201. 2585: 2544: 2516:978-1560249238 2515: 2494: 2442: 2423:(9): 535–538. 2407: 2340: 2326:978-3800131129 2325: 2296: 2269:(4): 370–383. 2250: 2236: 2222: 2176: 2152: 2128: 2096: 2019: 2013:978-1408179505 2012: 1994: 1987: 1966: 1960:978-0521232906 1959: 1941: 1934: 1910: 1884:(3): 436–445. 1858: 1818: 1785: 1753: 1725:BSBI List 2007 1715: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1682: 1679: 1581:Main article: 1578: 1575: 1554:European Union 1528:poppy seed oil 1488:Main article: 1485: 1482: 1458:Hector Berlioz 1376:ancient Greeks 1357: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1309: 1307: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1170:Czech Republic 1163:Central Europe 1138: 1135: 1106: 1103: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1045:United Nations 1035: 1034: 1029: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1005: 1004: 1001: 999:Czech Republic 987: 986: 983: 969: 968: 959: 955: 954: 947: 944: 940: 939: 936: 929: 927: 924: 917: 915: 912: 905: 902: 901: 900: 862: 859: 843:Papaver rhoeas 834:Papaver rhoeas 791: 788: 767: 764: 744:are caused by 663: 660: 658: 655: 646: 643: 581: 580: 495: 493: 486: 480: 477: 459: 456: 455: 454: 451: 448: 421: 418: 390: 387: 383: 382: 379: 372: 370: 363: 356: 354: 351: 344: 342: 339: 332: 330: 323: 316: 313: 312: 311: 286: 283: 191:in the family 170: 169: 164: 153: 152: 146: 145: 138: 136: 132: 131: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 94: 87: 86: 81: 74: 73: 68: 61: 60: 55: 51: 50: 37: 36: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8422: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8343: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8324: 8320: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8301: 8297: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8226: 8222: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8190: 8186: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8115: 8111: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8027: 8023: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7900: 7896: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7877: 7873: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7850: 7844: 7840: 7834: 7829: 7823: 7819: 7814: 7808: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7786: 7776: 7775: 7769: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7682: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7631: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7579:Summer savory 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7404: 7399: 7397: 7392: 7390: 7385: 7384: 7381: 7368: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7352:Pronociceptin 7350: 7348: 7347:Proenkephalin 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7224: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7006:Buprenorphine 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6991: 6989: 6983: 6981: 6971: 6969: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6739:Buprenorphine 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6689:Amentoflavone 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6640: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6613: 6612:nortriptyline 6609: 6605: 6601: 6600:amitriptyline 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6556: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6306:Hydromorphone 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6221:Diprenorphine 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6201:Difelikefalin 6199: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6181:Cyprenorphine 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6126:Big dynorphin 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6046:3CS-nalmefene 6044: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5890:Diprenorphine 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5594:Hydromorphone 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5504:Deltorphin II 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5389:3CS-nalmefene 5387: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5238:Methocinnamox 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5198:Ginsenoside R 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5168:Diprenorphine 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5045:3CS-nalmefene 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4874:Phencyclidine 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4817:Oxymorphazone 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4607:Hydromorphone 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4552:Ethylmorphine 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4542:Endomorphin-2 4540: 4538: 4537:Endomorphin-1 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4517:Diphenoxylate 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4402:Butyrfentanyl 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4387:Buprenorphine 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4302:Acrylfentanyl 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4277:ψ-Akuammigine 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4246: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4228: 4221: 4216: 4214: 4209: 4207: 4202: 4201: 4198: 4191: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4147: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4113: 4100: 4094: 4090: 4083: 4064: 4057: 4051: 4044: 4039: 4020: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3998:, p. 290, at 3997: 3996: 3989: 3980: 3971: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3904: 3900: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3831: 3829:9780230296466 3825: 3820: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3784: 3780: 3779:Distillations 3776: 3769: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3731: 3729: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3699: 3682: 3677: 3674:(14): 52–73. 3673: 3666: 3659: 3657: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3556: 3551: 3544: 3539: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3493: 3487: 3482: 3474: 3468: 3452: 3446: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3404: 3398: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3303: 3287: 3281: 3265: 3259: 3243: 3237: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3199: 3193: 3178:on 5 May 2013 3177: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3160: 3153: 3148: 3139: 3132: 3126: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3093: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3017: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2990: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2895: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2833:Weed Research 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2733: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2558:Plant Disease 2555: 2548: 2540: 2534: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2499: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2446: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2360:(5): e96838. 2359: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2318: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2257: 2255: 2246: 2240: 2232: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2183: 2181: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2140: 2139: 2132: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2103: 2101: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2039: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2015: 2009: 2005: 1998: 1990: 1988:9780276002175 1984: 1980: 1976: 1970: 1962: 1956: 1952: 1945: 1937: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1915: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1872: 1865: 1863: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1807: 1803: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1770: 1768: 1760: 1758: 1738: 1734: 1727: 1726: 1719: 1711: 1710: 1702: 1698: 1690: 1688: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1589: 1584: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1517: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1496: 1491: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1363: 1347: 1344: 1336: 1333:February 2021 1326: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1310:This section 1308: 1304: 1299: 1298: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1248:P. somniferum 1244: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1156: 1155:P. somniferum 1152: 1151:field poppies 1148: 1143: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1046: 1042: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1018: 1007: 1006: 1002: 1000: 989: 988: 984: 982: 971: 970: 965: 960: 957: 956: 951: 933: 928: 921: 916: 909: 904: 903: 899: 897: 896:P. somniferum 891: 889: 885: 881: 876: 875:P. somniferum 872: 867: 858: 856: 855:P. somniferum 851: 848: 844: 840: 836: 835: 830: 826: 822: 817: 812: 807: 806:P. somniferum 803: 801: 797: 796:P. somniferum 787: 785: 784: 779: 775: 773: 772:P. somniferum 763: 761: 760:p. somniferum 757: 756: 751: 747: 743: 742:p. somniferum 739: 735: 732: 731: 725: 723: 722: 717: 716:conidiospores 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 692: 686: 684: 680: 677:. The use of 676: 672: 668: 667:P. somniferum 654: 652: 642: 640: 636: 632: 631:P. somniferum 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 603:P. somniferum 600: 595: 592: 591:P. somniferum 587: 586:P. somniferum 577: 574: 566: 555: 552: 548: 545: 541: 538: 534: 531: 527: 524: – 523: 519: 518:Find sources: 512: 508: 502: 501: 496:This section 494: 490: 485: 484: 476: 474: 473: 468: 467:Carl Linnaeus 464: 452: 449: 446: 445: 444: 441: 439: 434: 432: 431:transcription 428: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 402:phenylalanine 400: 396: 376: 371: 367: 360: 355: 348: 343: 336: 331: 327: 320: 315: 314: 310: 308: 303: 299: 295: 291: 282: 280: 276: 271: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 238:, to produce 237: 232: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 177: 167: 162: 160: 154: 151: 150:Binomial name 147: 143: 142: 137: 134: 133: 130: 129: 125: 122: 121: 118: 115: 112: 111: 108: 105: 102: 101: 98: 95: 92: 89: 88: 85: 82: 79: 76: 75: 72: 71:Tracheophytes 69: 66: 63: 62: 59: 56: 53: 52: 47: 42: 38: 34: 29: 26: 22: 19: 8390:Soma (drink) 7797: 7772: 7614:White willow 7584:Tea tree oil 7543: 7534:Marsh-mallow 7442:Asthma-plant 7363: 7342:Prodynorphin 7334:Propeptides: 7333: 7232: 7203:Thienorphine 7026:JNJ-19385899 7011:Cebranopadol 6993:Ac-RYYRIK-NH 6985:Ac-RYYRWK-NH 6669:6β-Naltrexol 6586:Thienorphine 6551:Salvinorin A 6351:Levallorphan 6156:Cebranopadol 6015:Thienorphine 5825:6β-Naltrexol 5609:JNJ-20788560 5604:Isomethadone 5499:Deltorphin I 5494:Deltorphin A 5474:Cebranopadol 5469:Casokefamide 5303:Naltrexazone 5293:Naloxonazine 5218:Levallorphan 5065:6β-Naltrexol 4964:Thienorphine 4919:Remifentanil 4842: 4841: 4772:Nicomorphine 4767:Nicodicodine 4722:Morphiceptin 4622:Ketobemidone 4457:Desomorphine 4442:DAMGO (DAGO) 4422:Cebranopadol 4417:Casokefamide 4159: 4150: 4117: 4088: 4082: 4070:. 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Retrieved 1737:the original 1724: 1718: 1708: 1701: 1684: 1667: 1644: 1635: 1594: 1571:Saudi Arabia 1557: 1551: 1547: 1532: 1523: 1521: 1510: 1466: 1455: 1448: 1442: 1399: 1392: 1371: 1365: 1339: 1330: 1319:Please help 1314:verification 1311: 1284: 1270: 1263: 1256: 1247: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1227: 1215: 1210: 1189: 1186: 1181: 1173: 1167: 1160: 1154: 1147:Metheringham 1137:Restrictions 1118: 1108: 1100: 1075: 1057: 1031: 1026: 895: 892: 874: 868: 864: 854: 852: 842: 838: 832: 828: 820: 815: 810: 805: 804: 799: 795: 793: 781: 778:Flea beetles 776: 771: 769: 759: 753: 746:rattle virus 741: 736: 728: 726: 719: 689: 687: 671:downy mildew 666: 665: 648: 638: 634: 630: 623:paeoniflorum 622: 618: 606: 602: 596: 590: 585: 584: 569: 560: 550: 543: 536: 529: 517: 505:Please help 500:verification 497: 470: 462: 461: 442: 438:Papaveraceae 437: 435: 423: 392: 289: 288: 278: 272: 267: 233: 213:introduction 193:Papaveraceae 184: 180: 175: 174: 173: 158: 156: 140: 139: 127: 117:Papaveraceae 107:Ranunculales 90: 77: 64: 24: 18: 8244:kew-2561497 8128:NatureServe 8066:iNaturalist 7822:Wikispecies 7737:Herb garden 7544:Opium poppy 7457:medical use 7272:Kelatorphan 7249:Candoxatril 7138:Antagonists 7089:Racemorphan 7056:NNC 63-0532 7041:Lexanopadol 7036:Levorphanol 6914:Quadazocine 6899:Pawhuskin A 6894:Noribogaine 6884:Navacaprant 6874:Naltrindole 6794:Epicatechin 6759:Clocinnamox 6642:Antagonists 6604:desipramine 6571:Samidorphan 6541:Racemorphan 6526:Phenazocine 6516:Pentazocine 6496:Norketamine 6491:Noribogaine 6451:Nalfurafine 6416:Mirtazapine 6406:Metkefamide 6366:Lexanopadol 6361:Levorphanol 6341:Laudanosine 6326:ICI-204,448 6321:ICI-199,441 6291:Hemorphin-4 6251:Erinacine E 6236:Eluxadoline 6226:Dynorphin A 6171:Cyclazocine 6146:Butorphanol 6131:Bremazocine 6106:Asimadoline 6096:Allomatrine 6086:Akuammicine 5995:Quadazocine 5990:Pawhuskin A 5985:Noribogaine 5970:Naltrindole 5910:Epicatechin 5905:Eluxadoline 5880:Clocinnamox 5808:Antagonists 5739:Samidorphan 5729:Racemorphan 5709:Oxymorphone 5669:Mitragynine 5664:Metkefamide 5644:Lexanopadol 5639:Levorphanol 5624:Laudanosine 5589:Hydrocodone 5584:Hemorphin-4 5484:Cyclazocine 5459:Butorphanol 5434:β-Endorphin 5353:Samidorphan 5348:Quadazocine 5338:Pawhuskin A 5328:Noribogaine 5318:Naltrindole 5253:Naldemedine 5183:Epicatechin 5140:Clocinnamox 5028:Antagonists 4999:Tubotaiwine 4984:Trimebutine 4914:Racemorphan 4884:Piritramide 4869:Phenazocine 4854:Pentazocine 4827:Oxymorphone 4792:Oliceridine 4777:Norketamine 4762:Nicocodeine 4747:Naltalimide 4712:Mitragynine 4702:Metkefamide 4672:Loxicodegol 4662:Lexanopadol 4657:Levorphanol 4632:Laudanosine 4597:Hydrocodone 4592:Hodgkinsine 4582:Hemorphin-4 4572:Frakefamide 4532:Embutramide 4527:Dynorphin A 4487:Eluxadoline 4477:Dimenoxadol 4412:Carfentanil 4397:Butorphanol 4372:Bezitramide 4342:β-Endorphin 4332:Anileridine 4322:Akuammidine 4317:Akuammicine 4287:α-Narcotine 4072:30 December 3909:30 December 3835:5 September 3758:5 September 3717:5 September 3687:5 September 3528:2 September 3435:30 December 3409:30 December 3371:Richter S. 3292:30 December 3270:30 December 3248:30 December 3182:2 September 3115:2 September 3063:15 November 3037:15 November 2979:28 November 2715:10261/94915 1778:21 November 1426:Chinese tea 1384:Rhine River 1287:South Korea 1259:New Zealand 1161:In most of 790:Cultivation 708:hypertrophy 285:Description 256:hydrocodone 236:poppy seeds 221:naturalized 217:cultivation 201:poppy seeds 181:opium poppy 84:Angiosperms 8385:Entheogens 8359:Categories 8239:Plant List 7902:Calflora: 7757:Homeopathy 7747:Herbal tea 7599:Umckaloabo 7574:Star anise 7554:Peppermint 7519:Lemon balm 7514:Goldenseal 7447:Astragalus 7367:Kyotorphin 7312:Spinorphin 7193:SB-612,111 7188:Nocistatin 7158:BAN-ORL-24 7109:SCH-486757 7104:SCH-221510 6943:Nociceptin 6904:PF-4455242 6879:Naringenin 6869:Naltrexone 6829:LY-2795050 6824:LY-2459989 6819:LY-2444296 6814:LY-2196044 6799:Hyperoside 6714:Aticaprant 6608:imipramine 6531:Proxorphan 6506:Oxilorphan 6476:Niravoline 6466:Nalorphine 6441:Nalbuphine 6426:Moxazocine 6401:Metazocine 6371:Lofentanil 6336:Ketazocine 6296:Herkinorin 6276:Gemazocine 6266:Fedotozine 6246:Eptazocine 6176:Cyclorphan 6161:Ciprefadol 5980:Naringenin 5960:Naltrexone 5955:Nalorphine 5930:LY-2196044 5920:ICI-174864 5915:ICI-154129 5860:Bevenopran 5835:α-Santolol 5799:Zenazocine 5779:Tonazocine 5734:RWJ-394674 5719:Proglumide 5659:Metazocine 5649:Lofentanil 5579:Fluorophen 5343:Rimonabant 5333:Oxilorphan 5323:Naringenin 5313:Naltrexone 5278:Naloxazone 5268:Nalorphine 5233:LY-2196044 5203:Hyperoside 5193:Gemazocine 5188:Eptazocine 5125:Bevenopran 4969:Tianeptine 4944:Tapentadol 4939:Sufentanil 4934:Sinomenine 4924:Salsolinol 4879:Piminodine 4797:Oxycodegol 4787:Octreotide 4782:Nufenoxole 4732:Nalbuphine 4687:Meptazinol 4667:Loperamide 4637:Lefetamine 4587:Herkinorin 4567:Fluorophen 4522:Dipipanone 4447:Dermorphin 4337:Apparicine 4327:Alfentanil 4250:(abridged; 4230:modulators 3785:(2): 12–23 3489:produced." 3333:31 October 3033:(2): 35–47 2884:19 January 2564:(2): 392. 2173:: 103–107. 2145:1 November 1746:17 October 1693:References 1636:somniferum 1625:papaverine 1535:press cake 1533:The poppy 1490:Poppy seed 1477:Monticello 1410:Qing China 1360:See also: 946:Production 861:Ornamental 755:Umbravirus 750:Carlavirus 679:pesticides 635:laciniatum 599:subspecies 533:newspapers 399:amino acid 389:Metabolism 328:appearance 8022:220009871 7996:220009871 7978:FloraBase 7752:Herbalism 7524:Liquorice 7484:Fenugreek 7479:Chaparral 7474:Chamomile 7427:Aloe vera 7322:Tynorphin 7317:Thiorphan 7297:Opiorphan 7239:Amastatin 7168:J-113,397 7129:TH-030418 7099:Ro65-6570 7094:Ro64-6198 7021:Etorphine 6929:Zyklophin 6919:Taxifolin 6809:LY-255582 6769:Cyclofoxy 6719:Axelopran 6633:Xorphanol 6623:U-54,494A 6591:Tifluadom 6581:TH-030418 6511:Oxycodone 6501:Oripavine 6471:Naltriben 6456:Nalmefene 6411:Mianserin 6381:Lufuradom 6286:GR-103545 6261:Etorphine 6241:Enadoline 6141:Butorphan 6136:BRL-52537 6101:Apadoline 6010:Taxifolin 6005:SoRI-9409 5965:Naltriben 5950:Nalmefene 5925:LY-255582 5855:Axelopran 5794:Xorphanol 5764:TH-030418 5744:SB-235863 5704:Oxycodone 5699:Oripavine 5564:Etorphine 5454:Butorphan 5419:Amoxapine 5358:Taxifolin 5283:Naloxegol 5258:Nalmefene 5228:LY-255582 5158:Cyprodime 5153:Cyclofoxy 5120:Axelopran 5100:Alvimopan 5095:Akuammine 5080:α-Gliadin 5019:Xorphanol 5009:Valorphin 4954:TH-030418 4812:Oxycodone 4807:Oripavine 4742:Nalmexone 4697:Methadone 4677:LS-115509 4557:Etorphine 4547:Eseroline 4392:Butorphan 4253:full list 4028:3 January 3960:8 January 3934:8 January 3865:7 January 3789:23 August 3629:2045-2322 3574:: 23–29. 3518:The Times 3360:: 778–80. 3086:(1): 4–9. 3058:Index Box 2861:0043-1737 2802:0967-0874 2761:0143-6147 2723:0378-3774 2672:1214-1178 2615:0304-8608 2580:0191-2917 2533:cite book 2473:1364-5072 2437:0931-1785 2384:1932-6203 2283:1479-2621 2209:0014-2336 2189:Euphytica 2075:0036-8075 1903:7 January 1811:8 January 1671:cultivars 1629:noscapine 1621:oripavine 1603:known as 1601:alkaloids 1597:seed pods 1563:Singapore 1552:When the 1545:to heat. 1388:Neolithic 1157:as a weed 1131:oripavine 1072:genotypes 1062:, led by 847:congeners 712:chlorosis 615:cultivars 611:varieties 607:setigerum 563:July 2018 307:stigmatic 260:oxycodone 252:oripavine 244:alkaloids 135:Species: 54:Kingdom: 8375:Morphine 8314:VicFlora 8303:VASCAN: 8296:24000140 8291:Tropicos 8167:NSWFlora 8133:2.158703 8097:11129602 8084:673724-1 7879:BioLib: 7807:Wikidata 7675:Shiitake 7604:Valerian 7594:Turmeric 7564:Rosemary 7529:Marigold 7494:Flaxseed 7489:Feverfew 7469:Cardamom 7452:Cannabis 7437:Borututu 7208:Trap-101 7198:SR-16430 7119:SR-16435 6973:(PheΨ(CH 6953:Agonists 6864:Naloxone 6774:Dezocine 6744:Catechin 6699:Apigenin 6628:U-69,593 6421:Morphine 6391:MB-1C-OH 6331:Ketamine 6316:Ibogaine 6281:GR-89696 6271:Fentanyl 6151:BW373U86 6039:Agonists 6029:κ-opioid 5975:Naloxone 5870:Catechin 5845:Apigenin 5784:Tramadol 5769:Thebaine 5679:Morphine 5599:Ibogaine 5569:Fentanyl 5549:DPI-3290 5519:Dezocine 5464:BW373U86 5444:Biphalin 5409:ADL-5859 5382:Agonists 5372:δ-opioid 5298:Naloxone 5223:Lobeline 5208:Ibogaine 5130:Catechin 5110:Apigenin 4979:Tramadol 4974:Tilidine 4959:Thebaine 4929:SC-17599 4899:Propiram 4859:Pericine 4802:OM-3-MNZ 4727:Morphine 4617:Ketamine 4562:Fentanyl 4472:Dezocine 4407:BW373U86 4377:Biphalin 4262:3-HO-PCP 4248:Agonists 4238:μ-opioid 4136:57007969 3855:AlterNet 3672:Almanack 3647:33219318 3192:cite web 2810:83721260 2631:16114366 2623:26514844 2525:30544395 2489:33398558 2481:28186676 2402:24806292 2354:PLOS ONE 2335:76179514 2291:88963681 2217:25242061 2091:52137369 2083:30166436 1924:(2019). 1922:Stace CA 1898:24033330 1647:laudanum 1640:sedative 1617:thebaine 1609:morphine 1516:nut roll 1511:makowiec 1252:Tasmania 1201:repealed 1196:esthetic 1192:culinary 1178:capsules 1127:thebaine 1123:Tasmania 1111:morphine 1105:Medicine 1039:Source: 958:Country 748:and the 700:oospores 696:oomycete 675:root rot 662:Diseases 458:Taxonomy 410:tyrosine 326:glaucous 298:glaucous 248:thebaine 246:(mainly 113:Family: 97:Eudicots 8395:Papaver 8180:NTFlora 8045:2888439 7926:Ecocrop 7813:Q131584 7665:Meshima 7660:Maitake 7624:Za'atar 7609:Verbena 7549:Oregano 7509:Ginseng 7464:Caraway 7422:Alfalfa 7364:Others: 7292:RB-3007 7244:BL-2401 7213:UFP-101 7178:NalBzOH 7173:JTC-801 7114:SR-8993 7051:MT-7716 7001:BU08070 6854:MR-2266 6834:MeJDTic 6764:CVL-354 6734:BU09059 6724:AZ-MTAB 6704:Arodyne 6664:6'-GNTI 6659:5'-GNTI 6618:U-50488 6598:(e.g., 6446:NalBzOH 6431:MR-2034 6396:Menthol 6386:Matrine 6121:BAM-22P 6116:BAM-18P 6111:BAM-12P 6051:6'-GNTI 5820:5'-NTII 5754:SNC-162 5694:NalBzOH 5614:KNT-127 5544:DPI-221 5479:Codeine 5439:BAM-18P 5429:AZD2327 5394:6'-GNTI 5288:Naloxol 5014:Viminol 5004:U-47700 4989:TRIMU 5 4894:Prodine 4837:OxyPNPH 4752:Neopine 4737:NalBzOH 4707:Metopon 4682:Matrine 4432:Codeine 4382:BU08070 4357:BAM-22P 4352:BAM-18P 4347:BAM-12P 4312:AH-7921 3638:7679390 3607:Bibcode 3457:20 June 3244:. UNODC 2913:Bibcode 2841:Bibcode 2695:Bibcode 2393:4013089 2362:Bibcode 2053:Bibcode 2045:Science 1853:9716321 1681:Culture 1613:codeine 1605:opiates 1577:Opiates 1543:pellets 1471:raided 1374:by the 1356:History 1223:muffins 1115:codeine 1096:Germany 1043:of the 1041:FAOSTAT 1021:12,360 1003:13,666 985:26,991 704:conidia 657:Ecology 605:subsp. 547:scholar 128:Papaver 123:Genus: 103:Order: 58:Plantae 8252:PLANTS 8221:438118 8192:NZOR: 8058:406377 8032:PAPSOM 8029:FoIO: 7970:175589 7944:594796 7895:162191 7856:APDB: 7836:AoFP: 7742:Herbal 7619:Yarrow 7504:Ginkgo 7499:Ginger 7302:Selank 7287:RB-120 7282:RB-101 7226:Others 7153:AT-076 7046:MCOPPB 6709:AT-076 6555:salvia 6436:N-MPPP 6376:LPK-26 6000:SDM25N 5850:AT-076 5789:TRV250 5749:SNC-80 5619:Kratom 5399:7-SIOM 5115:AT-076 5105:AM-251 4994:TRV734 4889:PL-017 4627:Kratom 4612:IBNtxA 4134: 4124: 4095: 3826: 3645: 3635: 3627: 3497:7 July 3387:20 May 2953:14 May 2859: 2808: 2800: 2759: 2721: 2670: 2629: 2621: 2613: 2578: 2523: 2513: 2487: 2479: 2471: 2435: 2400: 2390: 2382: 2333: 2323: 2289: 2281: 2215: 2207: 2121:16 May 2089: 2081: 2073: 2010: 1985: 1957: 1932: 1896: 1851: 1675:heroin 1631:. 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