1202:’s diversity is in south-western Asia and the Aegean area. They have poricidal capsules and usually dark filaments. This section is morphologically diverse however, leading Kadereit (1989) to recognize three distinct groups. The first comprises species with tetraploid and hexaploid genomes, with long capsules. The second group contains diploid species and diverse morphologies. The third group consists of diploid species and uniform morphologies. Carolan et al. (2006) showed some incongruences between their trnL-F and ITS maximum parsimony trees, showing weak support for Kadereit's (1989) groupings. Further analyses with more species and more samples will be necessary to resolve the phylogeny at this level.
1967:(460–377 BC) was one of the first to emphasize the medicinal uses of the poppy and outline several methods of preparation. He described poppy juice as narcotic, hypnotic, and cathartic. He also recognized the plant's uses as food, particularly the seeds. By the first century AD, Dioskorides wrote down the first poppy taxonomy. He distinguished between several different kinds, the first of which was the "cultivated" or "garden" poppies. He further distinguished two types within this category, ones with black and others with white seeds. Both had elongated capsules and the black-seeded variety was involuted. Historians speculate this variety was
1886:
2010:(1856–1860) between China and Great Britain resulted from attempts by successive Chinese emperors to suppress increasing imports of opium into the country. In the first half of the 19th century, poppy seed oil was an important food crop, but large-scale production did not begin until Europe began to manufacture morphine in the mid-19th century. While 800–1000 tons of Indian opium are processed legally each year, this represents only an estimated 5% of total opium production worldwide; the majority is produced illegally. The first factory specializing in dry capsule processing was built in 1928.
697:
656:
365:
55:
1154:
913:
33:
2014:
the United States, opium is illegal, as is possession or cultivation of the flower itself. However, the law is seldom enforced when poppies are grown for culinary or ornamental use. The Opium Poppy
Control Act Of 1942 led to the “Poppy Rebellion”, and a battle between California farmers and the federal government. Today, the law and its enforcement remain vague and controversial, even inciting episodes between gardeners and "the poppy police".
797:
1995:. He wrote about medical applications of the plant; the leaves and capsules were boiled in water to create juice, pressed and rubbed to create tablets, and the dried latex was used to form opium. These products were used in much the same way they are in many cultures today, to promote sleep and to relieve indigestion and respiratory problems.
958:
annual species, of the same name. As the name implies, it is native to western North
America, and is characterized by a slender, ribbed, glabrous capsule, a racemose inflorescence, yellow anthers and filaments, and valvate capsule dehiscece. Previous morphological-based taxonomies of these species have led to unreliable groupings.
2013:
Today, morphine and codeine are common alkaloids found in several poppy varieties, and are important drugs for much of the world. Australia, Turkey and India are the most important producers of poppy for medicinal use, while the US, the UK, France, Australia and
Hungary are the largest processors. In
756:
sections, with characteristic indels. Morphological characters also support this distinction, including the presence of an apical plug in the capsules, long internodes above the basal leaf rosette, bristly capsules and polyporate pollen grains. Carolan et al. (2006) supported
Kadereit et al. (1997)’s
1963:, the gods of sleep, night and death, with the symbol of the poppy. The earliest written record appeared in the eighth century BC. Early Greek accounts seem to indicate the plant was used for euthanasia; on some Greek islands, women used it in old age to shorten the time left until natural death.
957:
of, an annual flower native to South Africa. The capsule is glabrous narrow, long and poricidal. The vegetative parts are covered with setae, and the growth form is a rosette with rarely branching axes, and narrowly elliptical incised leaves. P. sect. californicum, is also represented by a single
1998:
A century later, Galen wrote even more extensively about the diverse applications of various poppy products. He wrote that opium was the strongest known drug for dulling the senses and for inducing sleep. He wrote about its use to treat a variety of ailments, including eye and lung inflammation.
974:
share valvate capsule dehiscence and pale filaments, but geographically these species are distinct, and do not follow molecular evidence. Commonality among these features is therefore hypothesized to be a result of convergence. In
Carolan et al.’s (2006) combined ITS, trnL-F trees, both
1125:
spp. have a subscapose growth habit, and their distribution includes south-western Asia, northern Africa and southern Spain. There are some leaves on the lower part of the flower axis carrying a single flower. Carolan et al.’s (2006) analysis placed
1208:
has traditionally been characterized by the absence of a stigma, and the presence of a sessile stigmatic disc. Carolan et al. (2006) demonstrated that several species with this trait however are closely related to taxa possessing a style e.g.
824:
into two groups based on degree of leaf dissection (finely dissected leaves vs. broad leaf lobes). Kadereit (1990) and
Kadereit and Sytsma (1992) regarded finely dissected leaves as a derived character, and suggested that
815:
is widely distributed, with populations spanning central, inner and eastern Asia, Siberia, Scandinavia, northern
Greenland, Canada, the Rocky Mountains, and regions of Europe. It has been distinguished from other
1007:
are both native to southwestern North
America, and share habitats. They are also morphologically similar, sharing glabrous buds, bright orange corollas, and yellow anthers. Their capsules are different, with
747:
is distributed widely from the
Himalayas to Macaronesian Islands. These species are easily distinguished in petal and capsule characters, but are clearly closely related according to molecular analysis.
2419:
Kadereit JW. 1988c. The affinities of the south-hemispherical
Papaver aculeatum Thunb. (Papaveraceae). Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 109: 335–341
343:, and several others, although those with a style do exist. The sessile plate-like stigmata lies on top of the ovary. Pollen-receptive surfaces. The characteristic fruit type of
769:, including polyporate pollen grains, and long internodes superior the basal leaf rosette. Previous taxonomies of the Old World clade did include the close relationship between
1695:
550:
502:
462:
624:
608:
576:
538:
452:
1659:
1326:
592:
528:
482:
472:
1737:
1340:
492:
869:., yet differences in the disc and other morphological characters have led to suggestions that this feature may not be homologous. The results of the Carolan
1815:
1681:
1625:
1565:
1475:
1390:
1288:
1229:
has long been considered the most derived clade within Papaveroideae, due to the belief that the stigmatic disc was an apomorphous characteristic. Sections
1633:
1603:
1549:
1411:
1303:
820:
sections morphologically by its bristly, valvate capsules, pinnatisect leaves, pale stamen, and white, orange or yellow corolla. Older taxonomies divided
1760:
1752:
1580:
1527:
1497:
1404:
1397:
561:
1837:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1666:
1617:
1453:
1319:
801:
2572:
1673:
1588:
1557:
2296:
1688:
1333:
2882:
1973:. Other species were in use, as well. Dioskorides named the “flowering” poppy as a type with strong hypnotic properties. This is believed to be
1058:. Kadereit et al. (1997) first provided evidence that this relationship is not monophyletic. Carolan et al. (2006) confirmed the separation of
2921:
145:
2189:
Bernath. 1998. Poppy: the genus Papaver.—(Medicinal and aromatic plants : industrial profiles; v. 3). Harwood Academic Publishers.
2957:
2830:
2895:
2843:
2744:
2617:
2900:
1225:. This evidence, in combination with morphological differences among the discs suggests convergent evolutionary pathways.
2551:
Gray, Jack. 2002. Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1800s to 2000. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 22–23
2476:
Kadereit JW (1996). "A revision of Papaver L. sects Pilosa Prantl and Pseudopilosa M. Popov ex Gunther (Papaveraceae)".
1897:
In the course of history, poppies have always been attributed important medicinal properties. The stems contain a milky
2739:
1377:
2556:
2194:
2089:
3021:
2278:
Ernst WR. 1962. A comparative morphology of the Papaveraceae. PhD thesis, Stanford University, Stanford, California
2926:
2869:
2461:
2975:
3016:
2908:
3062:
2569:
1989:, a Roman historian, later mentioned an “intermediate” type between the wild and cultivated poppy, likely
2718:
2713:
2690:
2339:
966:
have racemose inflorescences, pale filiform filaments and long capsules with flat stigmatic discs, while
303:
are visible on top of the capsule, and the number of stigmas corresponds to the number of fused carpels.
2822:
2796:
2970:
665:
518:
374:
351:
capsule. The stigmatic disc rests on top of the capsule, and beneath it are dehiscent pores or valves.
2936:
2848:
2116:
James C. Carolan; Ingrid L. I. Hook; Mark W. Chase; Joachim W. Kadereit; Trevor R. Hodkinson (2006).
54:
1710:
676:
385:
2962:
2817:
2115:
1885:
1882:
Crete, because a figurine known as the "poppy goddess" was found at a Minoan sanctuary in Crete.
434:
3067:
2791:
2633:
2433:
2887:
1016:
species. However, Carolan et al.’s (2006) analysis strongly supports a monophyletic group for
2998:
765:
are in fact sister taxa. They share some morphological characters that distinguish them from
2949:
2622:
1186:
comprises seventeen annual species. Carolan et al. (2006) use three representative species,
2752:
2315:
1822:
1437:
918:
679:. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
388:. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
8:
2366:
Kadereit, J.W. (1988a). "Sectional affinities and geographical distribution in the genus
1879:
1482:
311:
2783:
2319:
3029:
2809:
2804:
2406:
2331:
2229:
2156:
2117:
2063:
1969:
1903:
1786:
1744:
1610:
1595:
1460:
1418:
1374:
1369:
1362:
178:
49:
2944:
2726:
2671:
2552:
2190:
2161:
2122:
and related genera based on DNA sequences from ITS nuclear ribosomal DNA and plastid
2085:
1981:
1829:
1778:
1718:
1649:
1641:
1542:
1489:
1445:
1347:
1295:
513:
41:
2335:
1054:
is composed of mostly Asian dwelling species, and a single European representative,
3057:
3034:
2731:
2534:
2485:
2402:
2323:
2221:
2151:
2143:
2134:
2055:
2007:
1975:
1852:
1702:
1572:
1354:
923:
702:
406:
260:
254:
and cold regions of Eurasia, Africa and North America. It is the type genus of the
198:
2682:
2695:
2589:
2576:
2212:
2046:
2003:
1986:
1534:
1504:
1467:
1429:
1311:
1271:
696:
314:
300:
244:
92:
3008:
2913:
1991:
1928:
1864:
1726:
1512:
1263:
1158:
336:
307:
240:
79:
2489:
317:, capped by the dried stigmas. The opened capsule scatters its numerous, tiny
3051:
2656:
2602:
1945:
1941:
1860:
1731:
1520:
340:
251:
162:
135:
2988:
2165:
1246:
949:
have unique geographic distributions in relation to the rest of the genus.
873:(2006) analysis present a major problem to previous taxonomy of the genera
426:
264:
247:
236:
170:
125:
115:
1066:. In fact, it forms a well-supported sister-group to the core sections of
673:. The reason given is: publications since 2006 are not taken into account.
382:. The reason given is: publications since 2006 are not taken into account.
2856:
2665:
2538:
2147:
2018:
1964:
1875:
1856:
2705:
2525:
Kahl, O. (2007). "The medicinal use of opium in ninth-century Baghdad".
1153:
901:
must be elevated to genus status, or combined with the Asian species of
2835:
2327:
2233:
2067:
1937:
912:
445:
332:
32:
2861:
2778:
2765:
2503:
Kadereit JW (1989). "A revision of Papaver section Rhoeadium Spach".
1923:
1867:
1258:
841:
s.l. broad leaf lobes were ancestral. Carolan et al. (2006) resolved
569:
414:
410:
328:
296:
2627:
2225:
2059:
861:
possesses a sessile stigmatic disc, similar to the typical discs of
2983:
2650:
1960:
1933:
1915:
1911:
1908:
796:
743:
occur allopatrically from the Adriatic Sea to the Himalayan range.
105:
2770:
1901:
that may cause skin irritation, and the latex in the opium poppy (
2874:
1919:
1871:
1012:
possessing a distinct style that is reminiscent of those in many
232:
1893:
are slit to release the latex, which contains various alkaloids.
1730: : common poppy, corn poppy, annual poppy, Flanders poppy,
1952:
1267:
1150:
are separated based on morphological and chemical differences.
348:
292:
276:
2757:
219:
1898:
1270:
distribution and includes some of the most northerly-growing
288:
280:
256:
228:
66:
1237:
exhibit valvate dehiscence, and their basal position within
1032:, basal to that grouping. They recommended that both sects.
2206:
Robert W. Kiger (1985). "Revised sectional nomenclature in
1979:. Finally, the “wild” poppy he described is believed to be
318:
213:
204:
641:
16:
Genus of flowering plants in the poppy family Papaveraceae
1956:
1358: : long pricklyhead poppy, prickly poppy, pale poppy
837:
sects. Bittkau and Kadereit (2002) demonstrated that for
669:
of parts of this article (those related to this section)
378:
of parts of this article (those related to this section)
284:
2592:. Drug Enforcement Administration. Retrieved 12-09-2011.
2294:
1241:
suggest this may be an ancestral form. Its presence in
291:
in red, pink, orange, yellow, or lilac. There are many
2021:
in flower arrangements, especially the Iceland poppy.
1198:
for their genetic analysis. The geographic center of
1178:
is questionable based on current molecular evidence.
2389:
Kadereit, J.W.; Sytsma, K.J. (1992). "Disassembling
216:
210:
201:
2393:: a restriction site analysis of chloroplast DNA".
2040:Robert W. Kiger (1973). "Sectional nomenclature in
207:
1748: : Atlas poppy, Moroccan poppy, Spanish poppy
893:resolved as a monophyletic group, sister to other
339:is characteristically absent for the type species
1944:is used in cooking and pharmaceuticals, and as a
1878:. The origin of the cultural symbol was probably
999:and should not be relegated as a separate genus.
671:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
380:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
321:as air movement shakes it, due to the long stem.
3049:
2605:. Harper’s Magazine. 1997. Retrieved 12-11-2011.
2431:
1093:s.s. form a well-supported clade, consisting of
299:, which results from the fusion of carpels. The
2579:. University of Tasmania. Retrieved 12-09-2011.
2205:
2039:
2427:
2425:
2388:
1926:, derived from the flowers of the corn poppy (
2505:Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
2471:
2469:
2361:
2359:
2301:s.l. (Papaveraceae): polyphyly or monophyly?"
2295:Kadereit JW, Schwarzbach AE, Jork KB (1997).
2262:Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2252:Kadereit, J. W. (1986). "A revision of
2247:
2245:
2243:
1782: : Poppy of Troy, dwarf breadseed poppy
983:attach to basal nodes within the main clade
716:includes four annual, half-rosette species,
2582:
2502:
2475:
2422:
2413:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2496:
2466:
2356:
31:
2520:
2518:
2365:
2281:
2240:
2155:
2035:
2033:
1142:, found mostly in western Turkey Sects.
1044:. The authors reject the genus status of
413:with their lectotype species. Subsequent
409:by Kiger (1973, 1985), the following are
2595:
2562:
2524:
2251:
2172:
2094:
1884:
1152:
911:
849:, forming a sister clade to the rest of
795:
695:
675:Relevant discussion may be found on the
384:Relevant discussion may be found on the
3050:
2545:
2515:
2272:
2030:
1645: : Iceland poppy, Icelandic poppy
1538: : tulip poppy, Turkish red poppy
2632:
2631:
2442:Kadereit, a new section of the genus
1282:There are 70–100 species, including:
3022:212a1f8c-506c-4fd2-87ee-1c31c35cc2da
2937:3e1eb81d-52b8-4085-b5b7-577ebd4852bb
1940:are used in baking and cooking, and
1833: : Semitic poppy, Israeli poppy
1516: : long-headed poppy, blindeyes
649:
358:
295:in several whorls around a compound
2527:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
1846:
1256:(not to be confused with the genus
953:is represented by a single species
13:
2976:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000445-2
2407:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1992.tb01292.x
2372:Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen
1790: : Opium poppy (Type species)
1040:be elevated to “subgenera” within
789:be elevated to genus status, with
14:
3079:
2611:
1441: : fire poppy, western poppy
1245:, however, suggests it is also a
2623:University of Melbourne: Papaver
2570:"The Poppy Industry in Tasmania"
1870:, the poppy was associated with
654:
363:
197:
53:
2382:
2308:Plant Systematics and Evolution
1576: : round pricklyhead poppy
752:is a sister group to all other
287:opens, and four (or up to six)
2199:
2074:
1162:, a common poppy across Europe
572:with their lectotype species:
270:
1:
2024:
1951:The ancient Greeks portrayed
335:) with a globular ovary. The
7:
2478:Edinburgh Journal of Botany
2082:Sunset Western Garden Book,
1874:, goddess of fertility and
1851:Poppies have been grown as
1299: : South African poppy
1130:as sister to the remaining
354:
331:is superior (the flower is
10:
3084:
1756: : white alpine poppy
1696:Papaver purpureamarginatum
1277:
417:classification by Carolan
2640:
2490:10.1017/S0960428600003747
2432:Kadereit, J. W. (1988b).
1629: : McConnell's poppy
405:Divided into a number of
176:
169:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
30:
23:
2395:Nordic Journal of Botany
2080:Kathleen Norris Brenzel
1711:Papaver quintuplinervium
881:. As several species of
1841: : Walpole's poppy
993:Stylomecon heterophylla
991:(1997) postulated that
2017:They are also sold as
1894:
1774: : Oriental poppy
1714: : harebell poppy
1637: : Japanese poppy
1621: : Macoun's poppy
1493: : Svalbard poppy
1163:
935:
805:
706:
310:later develops into a
1932:), is used as a mild
1888:
1859:. They were found in
1660:Papaver paucifoliatum
1599: : Lapland poppy
1327:Papaver apokrinomenon
1156:
1138:is a single species,
1089:The core sections of
1024:, sister to the core
915:
799:
785:s.s. Carolan suggest
781:’s distinctness from
699:
283:that fall off as the
2370:L. (Papaveraceae)".
1823:Papaver triniifolium
1738:Papaver rhopalothece
1722: : rooted poppy
1584: : alpine poppy
1553: : Arctic poppy
1438:Papaver californicum
1341:Papaver arachnoideum
919:Papaver californicum
829:formed a group with
3063:Papaveraceae genera
2320:1997PSyEv.204...75K
2130:intergenic spacers"
2084:(1995) pp. 606–607
1907:) contains several
1816:Papaver tenuifolium
1769:P. pseudo-orientale
1706: : pigmy poppy
1682:Papaver polychaetum
1626:Papaver mcconnellii
1566:Papaver guerlekense
1508: : Pirin poppy
1483:Papaver cylindricum
1476:Papaver curviscapum
1449: : Welsh poppy
1391:Papaver aurantiacum
1315: : dwarf poppy
1289:Papaver acrochaetum
1249:within that group.
905:, as a subgenus of
845:as sister to sect.
833:as sister to other
635:Calomecon orientale
2575:2011-12-11 at the
2539:10.1093/shm/hkn013
2328:10.1007/BF00982533
2297:"The phylogeny of
2148:10.1093/aob/mcl079
2118:"Phylogenetics of
1970:Papaver somniferum
1904:Papaver somniferum
1895:
1891:Papaver somniferum
1889:The seed-heads of
1787:Papaver somniferum
1745:Papaver rupifragum
1634:Papaver miyabeanum
1611:Papaver lateritium
1604:Papaver lasiothrix
1596:Papaver lapponicum
1550:Papaver gorodkovii
1461:Papaver commutatum
1419:Papaver bracteatum
1412:Papaver bipinnatum
1370:Papaver atlanticum
1363:Papaver armeniacum
1307: : pale poppy
1304:Papaver alboroseum
1164:
995:arose from within
936:
806:
732:(Kadereit 1986a).
707:
646:and related genera
589:Boiss. & Huet)
568:The following are
235:of frost-tolerant
179:Papaver somniferum
3045:
3044:
2945:Open Tree of Life
2634:Taxon identifiers
2601:Pollan, Michael.
2590:"Drug Scheduling"
2008:Second Opium Wars
1982:Papaver orientale
1855:since 5000 BC in
1853:ornamental plants
1830:Papaver umbonatum
1779:Papaver setigerum
1773:
1766:
1761:Papaver setiferum
1753:Papaver sendtneri
1719:Papaver radicatum
1655:
1650:Papaver orientale
1642:Papaver nudicaule
1581:Papaver kluanense
1543:Papaver gorgoneum
1528:Papaver giganteum
1498:Papaver decaisnei
1490:Papaver dahlianum
1471: : ice poppy
1446:Papaver cambricum
1405:Papaver berberica
1398:Papaver belangeri
1348:Papaver arenarium
1296:Papaver aculeatum
1166:The monophyly of
1062:from the rest of
955:Papaver aculeatum
922:, is placed in a
757:suggestions that
694:
693:
621:L.) - superfluous
562:Roemeria refracta
421:(2006) suggested
403:
402:
189:
188:
165:
42:Papaver setigerum
3075:
3038:
3037:
3025:
3024:
3012:
3011:
3002:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2979:
2978:
2966:
2965:
2953:
2952:
2940:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2917:
2916:
2914:NHMSYS0000461484
2904:
2903:
2891:
2890:
2878:
2877:
2865:
2864:
2852:
2851:
2839:
2838:
2826:
2825:
2813:
2812:
2800:
2799:
2787:
2786:
2774:
2773:
2761:
2760:
2748:
2747:
2735:
2734:
2722:
2721:
2709:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2686:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2629:
2628:
2606:
2599:
2593:
2586:
2580:
2566:
2560:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2473:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2429:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2344:
2338:. Archived from
2305:
2292:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2249:
2238:
2237:
2203:
2197:
2187:
2170:
2169:
2159:
2135:Annals of Botany
2113:
2092:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2054:(5/6): 579–582.
2037:
2006:(1839–1842) and
1976:Papaver hybridum
1847:History and uses
1838:Papaver walpolei
1809:Papaver stylatum
1802:Papaver strictum
1795:Papaver spicatum
1771:
1764:
1703:Papaver pygmaeum
1667:Papaver persicum
1653:
1618:Papaver macounii
1573:Papaver hybridum
1454:Papaver clavatum
1433:) - alpine poppy
1355:Papaver argemone
1320:Papaver amurense
1266:and circumpolar
916:The fire poppy,
802:Papaver spicatum
703:Papaver argemone
700:Illustration of
689:
686:
680:
666:factual accuracy
658:
657:
650:
514:P. cambrica
398:
395:
389:
375:factual accuracy
367:
366:
359:
226:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
161:
58:
57:
35:
21:
20:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3072:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3033:
3028:
3020:
3015:
3007:
3005:
2997:
2995:
2987:
2982:
2974:
2969:
2961:
2956:
2948:
2943:
2935:
2933:
2925:
2920:
2912:
2907:
2899:
2894:
2886:
2881:
2873:
2868:
2860:
2855:
2847:
2842:
2834:
2829:
2821:
2816:
2808:
2803:
2795:
2790:
2782:
2777:
2769:
2764:
2756:
2751:
2743:
2738:
2730:
2725:
2717:
2712:
2704:
2702:
2694:
2689:
2681:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2636:
2614:
2609:
2603:Opium Made Easy
2600:
2596:
2587:
2583:
2577:Wayback Machine
2568:Dicker, Jason.
2567:
2563:
2550:
2546:
2523:
2516:
2501:
2497:
2474:
2467:
2448:
2430:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2387:
2383:
2364:
2357:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2303:
2293:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2250:
2241:
2226:10.2307/1221582
2204:
2200:
2188:
2173:
2114:
2095:
2079:
2075:
2060:10.2307/1218633
2038:
2031:
2027:
1987:Pliny the Elder
1922:. The alkaloid
1849:
1844:
1674:Papaver pilosum
1589:Papaver lacerum
1558:Papaver gracile
1535:Papaver glaucum
1505:Papaver degenii
1468:Papaver croceum
1430:Papaver alpinum
1425:Papaver burseri
1312:Papaver alpinum
1280:
1217:, and P. sect.
1215:P. californicum
1211:S. heterophylla
1134:s.s. sections.
1022:P. californicum
1018:S. heterophylla
1010:S. heterophylla
1005:P. californicum
1001:S. heterophylla
968:P. californicum
897:sects., either
734:Papaver apulum,
690:
684:
681:
674:
659:
655:
648:
399:
393:
390:
383:
368:
364:
357:
273:
200:
196:
185:
182:
160:
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3081:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3035:wfo-4000027914
3026:
3013:
3003:
2993:
2980:
2967:
2954:
2941:
2931:
2918:
2905:
2892:
2879:
2866:
2853:
2840:
2827:
2814:
2801:
2788:
2775:
2762:
2749:
2736:
2723:
2710:
2700:
2687:
2677:
2662:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2618:Flora Italiana
2613:
2612:External links
2610:
2608:
2607:
2594:
2581:
2561:
2544:
2533:(2): 446–447.
2514:
2495:
2484:(3): 285–309.
2465:
2421:
2412:
2401:(2): 205–217.
2381:
2355:
2314:(1–2): 75–98.
2280:
2271:
2239:
2220:(1): 150–152.
2198:
2171:
2142:(1): 141–155.
2093:
2073:
2028:
2026:
2023:
1992:Papaver rhoeas
1929:Papaver rhoeas
1848:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1757:
1749:
1741:
1734:
1727:Papaver rhoeas
1723:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1692:
1689:Papaver postii
1685:
1678:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1646:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1546:
1539:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1513:Papaver dubium
1509:
1501:
1494:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1442:
1434:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1366:
1359:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1334:Papaver apulum
1330:
1323:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1159:Papaver rhoeas
692:
691:
662:
660:
653:
647:
640:
639:
638:
622:
606:
590:
587:P. macrostomum
566:
565:
547:
449:
401:
400:
371:
369:
362:
356:
353:
272:
269:
187:
186:
183:
174:
173:
167:
166:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
96:
95:
90:
83:
82:
77:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3080:
3069:
3068:Garden plants
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2604:
2598:
2591:
2585:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2558:
2557:0-19-870069-5
2554:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2519:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2428:
2426:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2360:
2345:on 2012-05-24
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2202:
2196:
2195:0-203-30418-7
2192:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2091:
2090:0-376-03874-8
2087:
2083:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2022:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1946:radiocontrast
1943:
1942:poppyseed oil
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1772:(Fedde) Medw.
1770:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1732:Shirley poppy
1729:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1521:Papaver fugax
1518:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1379:P. rupifragum
1376:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1275:
1274:land plants.
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:P. commutatum
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
934:, on its own.
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:
914:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
823:
819:
814:
810:
804:
803:
798:
794:
793:a sub-genus.
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
755:
751:
746:
742:
738:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
705:
704:
698:
688:
685:February 2021
678:
672:
668:
667:
661:
652:
651:
645:
642:Phylogeny of
636:
632:
631:
627:
623:
620:
616:
615:
611:
607:
604:
600:
599:
595:
591:
588:
584:
583:
579:
575:
574:
573:
571:
570:lectotypified
564:
563:
558:
557:
553:
548:
546:
545:
541:
536:
535:
531:
526:
525:
521:
516:
515:
510:
509:
505:
500:
499:
495:
490:
489:
485:
480:
479:
475:
470:
469:
465:
460:
459:
455:
450:
448:
447:
442:
441:
437:
432:
431:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:lectotypified
408:
397:
394:February 2021
387:
381:
377:
376:
370:
361:
360:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
327:
322:
320:
316:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
268:
266:
262:
259:
258:
253:
249:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
224:
195:
194:
181:
180:
175:
172:
168:
164:
159:
158:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:Papaveroideae
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
81:
80:Tracheophytes
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
44:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
2641:
2597:
2584:
2564:
2547:
2530:
2526:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2481:
2477:
2456:
2452:
2443:
2440:Californicum
2439:
2435:
2415:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2347:. Retrieved
2340:the original
2311:
2307:
2298:
2274:
2265:
2261:
2258:Argemonidium
2257:
2253:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2081:
2076:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2016:
2012:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1950:
1927:
1914:, including
1902:
1896:
1890:
1850:
1836:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1785:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1736:
1725:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1648:
1640:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1571:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1496:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1247:synapomorphy
1242:
1238:
1235:Californicum
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1157:
1148:Pseudopilosa
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1128:Pseudopilosa
1127:
1123:Pseudopilosa
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1095:Pseudopilosa
1094:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1076:Californicum
1075:
1072:Argemonidium
1071:
1070:, excluding
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1034:Californicum
1033:
1029:
1028:sects, with
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
981:Californicum
980:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
950:
946:
943:Californicum
942:
938:
937:
932:Californicum
931:
927:
917:
906:
902:
898:
894:
891:P. Meconella
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
855:Argemonidium
854:
853:, excluding
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
831:Argemonidium
830:
826:
821:
817:
812:
808:
807:
800:
790:
787:Argemonidium
786:
782:
779:Argemonidium
778:
774:
771:Argemonidium
770:
766:
762:
759:Argemonidium
758:
753:
750:Argemonidium
749:
744:
740:
736:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
714:Argemonidium
713:
709:
708:
701:
682:
670:
664:
643:
634:
629:
625:
619:P. orientale
618:
613:
609:
603:P. orientale
602:
597:
593:
586:
581:
577:
567:
560:
556:Argemonidium
555:
551:
543:
539:
533:
529:
524:Californicum
523:
519:
512:
508:Pseudopilosa
507:
503:
497:
493:
487:
483:
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467:
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427:monophyletic
422:
418:
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391:
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373:
344:
325:
324:The typical
323:
305:
274:
265:Papaveraceae
255:
192:
191:
190:
177:
171:Type species
156:
155:
126:Papaveraceae
116:Ranunculales
99:
86:
73:
40:
24:
18:
2857:iNaturalist
2666:Wikispecies
2588:Ayatollah.
2126:intron and
2019:cut flowers
1965:Hippocrates
1938:Poppy seeds
1876:agriculture
1857:Mesopotamia
1060:M. cambrica
1056:M. cambrica
987:. Kadereit
887:M. cambrica
885:(excluding
745:P. hybridum
741:P. pavonium
737:P. argemone
730:P. hybridum
722:P. pavonium
718:P. argemone
341:opium poppy
271:Description
132:Subfamily:
93:Angiosperms
3052:Categories
2511:: 225–286.
2378:: 139–156.
2349:2011-12-17
2025:References
1863:tombs. In
1383:atlanticum
1243:Meconidium
1223:Meconopsis
1221:and Asian
1140:P. pilosum
1111:Meconidium
1064:Meconopsis
1052:Meconopsis
1046:Stylomecon
1014:Meconopsis
972:Meconidium
970:and sect.
903:Meconopsis
883:Meconopsis
875:Meconopsis
843:Meconopsis
839:P. alpinum
468:Meconidium
446:Meconopsis
349:unilocular
333:hypogynous
245:perennials
231:of 70–100
146:Papavereae
2779:FloraBase
1924:rhoeadine
1912:alkaloids
1868:mythology
1765:Goldblatt
1262:) has an
1259:Meconella
1254:Meconella
1231:Meconella
1219:Meconella
1200:Rhoeadium
1196:P. rhoeas
1192:P. dubium
1184:Rhoeadium
1176:Rhoeadium
1168:Carinatae
1119:Rhoeadium
1107:Carinatae
1084:Meconella
899:Meconella
859:Meconella
847:Meconella
827:Meconella
822:Meconella
813:Meconella
726:P. apulum
677:talk page
630:Calomecon
614:Macrantha
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549:Clade 3.
544:Rhoeadium
458:Carinatae
451:Clade 2.
440:Meconella
433:Clade 1.
415:cladistic
386:talk page
329:gynoecium
312:dehiscing
279:have two
252:temperate
241:biennials
63:Kingdom:
3017:VicFlora
3006:VASCAN:
2989:40000658
2984:Tropicos
2740:eFloraSA
2703:BioLib:
2651:Wikidata
2573:Archived
2438:L. sect
2336:20019969
2268:: 25–43.
2256:section
2166:16675606
1961:Thanatos
1934:sedative
1916:morphine
1909:narcotic
1861:Egyptian
1272:vascular
791:Roemeria
775:Roemeria
763:Roemeria
425:was not
407:sections
355:Taxonomy
122:Family:
106:Eudicots
3058:Papaver
2999:5867546
2888:1019682
2875:31704-1
2836:2888431
2810:Papaver
2745:Papaver
2672:Papaver
2657:Q146391
2642:Papaver
2462:archive
2459:: 7–13.
2453:Rhodora
2444:Papaver
2436:Papaver
2391:Papaver
2368:Papaver
2316:Bibcode
2299:Papaver
2254:Papaver
2234:1221582
2208:Papaver
2157:2803553
2120:Papaver
2068:1218633
2042:Papaver
1948:agent.
1920:codeine
1872:Demeter
1767:, syn.
1677: :
1561: :
1278:Species
1239:Papaver
1227:Papaver
1206:Papaver
1180:Papaver
1172:Papaver
1132:Papaver
1115:Oxytona
1103:Papaver
1091:Papaver
1080:Horrida
1068:Papaver
1042:Papaver
1038:Horrida
1030:Horrida
1026:Papaver
997:Papaver
985:Papaver
977:Horrida
960:Horrida
951:Horrida
947:Horrida
941:sects.
939:Papaver
928:Papaver
924:section
907:Papaver
895:Papaver
879:Papaver
867:Papaver
863:Papaver
851:Papaver
835:Papaver
818:Papaver
809:Papaver
783:Papaver
767:Papaver
754:Papaver
710:Papaver
644:Papaver
598:Oxytona
534:Horrida
488:Papaver
478:Oxytona
423:Papaver
347:is the
345:Papaver
326:Papaver
315:capsule
301:stigmas
293:stamens
277:flowers
237:annuals
233:species
193:Papaver
157:Papaver
152:Genus:
142:Tribe:
112:Order:
67:Plantae
25:Papaver
2996:uBio:
2958:PLANTS
2950:438123
2934:NZOR:
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2797:123791
2719:162190
2683:193384
2680:APDB:
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1953:Hypnos
1880:Minoan
1427:(syn.
1268:arctic
1264:alpine
1252:Note:
1194:, and
1182:sect.
1144:Pilosa
1136:Pilosa
1117:, and
1099:Pilosa
989:et al.
964:Pilosa
930:sect.
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877:, and
871:et al.
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777:, nor
728:, and
712:sect.
628:sect.
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506:sect.
498:Pilosa
496:sect.
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476:sect.
466:sect.
456:sect.
438:sect.
419:et al.
297:pistil
289:petals
281:sepals
261:family
248:native
243:, and
2963:PAPAV
2901:18881
2883:IRMNG
2862:52504
2805:FoAO2
2784:21455
2771:1PAPG
2758:37668
2732:63JGF
2696:84911
2449:(PDF)
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2004:First
1899:latex
1865:Greek
1381:var.
337:style
319:seeds
308:ovary
257:poppy
229:genus
227:is a
100:Clade
87:Clade
74:Clade
3009:1503
2971:POWO
2927:3468
2922:NCBI
2896:ITIS
2870:IPNI
2849:8801
2844:GRIN
2831:GBIF
2766:EPPO
2714:BOLD
2706:3498
2691:APNI
2553:ISBN
2191:ISBN
2162:PMID
2124:trnL
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2002:The
1959:and
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