528:
475:
107:
493:
582:
545:
459:
442:
600:
565:
511:
193:
408:
425:
620:
1938:
45:
201:
184:, for example, one may see a complete gradation from the small brown outer scale through larger scales which on unfolding become somewhat green to the inner scales of the bud, which are remarkably leaf-like. Such a series suggests that the scales of the bud are in truth leaves, modified to protect the more delicate parts of the plant during unfavorable periods.
176:
Since buds are formed in the axils of leaves, their distribution on the stem is the same as that of leaves. There are alternate, opposite, and whorled buds, as well as the terminal bud at the tip of the stem. In many plants buds appear in unexpected places: these are known as adventitious buds.
135:
on the surface of the growing stem. By means of these scars one can determine the age of any young branch, since each year's growth ends in the formation of a bud, the formation of which produces an additional group of bud scale scars. Continued growth of the branch causes these scars to be
130:
which tightly enclose the more delicate parts of the bud. Many bud scales are covered by a gummy substance which serves as added protection. When the bud develops, the scales may enlarge somewhat but usually just drop off, leaving a series of horizontally-elongated
213:
Buds are often useful in the identification of plants, especially for woody plants in winter when leaves have fallen. Buds may be classified and described according to different criteria: location, status, morphology, and function.
160:
plants. In many of the latter, buds are even more reduced, often consisting of undifferentiated masses of cells in the axils of leaves. A terminal bud occurs on the end of a stem and lateral buds are found on the side. A head of
139:
In many plants, scales do not form over the bud, and the bud is then called a naked bud. The minute underdeveloped leaves in such buds are often excessively hairy. Naked buds are found in some shrubs, like some species of the
255:, when located elsewhere, for example on the trunk or roots (some adventitious buds may be former axillary ones that are reduced and hidden under the bark, while other adventitious buds are completely new formed ones).
527:
1768:
1773:
474:
335:), when scales, also referred to as a perule (lat. perula, perulaei) (which are in fact transformed and reduced leaves) cover and protect the embryonic parts;
544:
581:
1906:
492:
458:
619:
1824:
441:
1640:
671:
Plant life and plant uses; an elementary textbook, a foundation for the study of agriculture, domestic science or college botany
599:
564:
272:, for a bud that forms at the end of a growth season, and then lies dormant until the onset of the next growth season;
1830:
725:
1164:
251:
1645:
692:
1095:
298:, for an axillary bud taking over the function of a terminal bud (characteristic of species whose growth is
1814:
1401:
916:
510:
106:
136:
obliterated after a few years so that the total age of older branches cannot be determined by this means.
1896:
1650:
1630:
94:
or short shoots or may have the potential for general shoot development. The term bud is also used in
1967:
1962:
1780:
407:
282:, for buds whose growth has been delayed for a rather long time. The term is usable as a synonym of
1918:
1763:
813:
126:, especially in temperate or cold climates, are protected by a covering of modified leaves called
288:
1748:
1672:
1477:
180:
Often it is possible to find a bud in a remarkable series of gradations of bud scales. In the
1913:
1635:
1532:
1487:
1159:
718:
424:
38:
27:
1135:
8:
1805:
1350:
572:
500:
98:, where it refers to an outgrowth from the body which can develop into a new individual.
68:
1743:
1608:
1386:
1078:
864:
760:
534:
449:
431:
1901:
750:
745:
688:
1687:
1593:
1588:
1542:
1435:
1420:
1381:
1306:
1147:
1071:
968:
910:
589:
551:
115:
1482:
625:
An opening inflorescence bud at left, which will develop like the one to its right
90:
condition, or it may form a shoot immediately. Buds may be specialized to develop
1941:
1923:
1785:
1614:
1564:
1552:
1514:
1450:
1277:
1245:
1206:
1179:
1008:
1003:
894:
830:
711:
414:
170:
1835:
1800:
1753:
1735:
1699:
1455:
1282:
1260:
1226:
1201:
1184:
1174:
1169:
1051:
869:
854:
808:
803:
517:
347:, when also protected by hairs (it may apply either to scaly or to naked buds).
71:
48:
302:: terminal bud dies and is replaced by the closer axillary bud, for examples
1956:
1871:
1619:
1537:
1509:
1472:
1440:
1376:
1345:
1296:
1196:
998:
981:
904:
884:
825:
820:
768:
381:
286:, but is better employed for buds waiting undeveloped for years, for example
110:
266:, for secondary buds formed besides a principal bud (axillary or terminal);
1866:
1856:
1758:
1467:
976:
943:
658:
Manual of
Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada
239:
206:
192:
1682:
1667:
1662:
1598:
1460:
1240:
1211:
1110:
1105:
953:
793:
788:
773:
123:
1711:
1704:
1694:
1677:
1360:
1355:
1291:
1083:
930:
889:
783:
235:
is equivalent but rather reserved for the one at the top of the plant);
157:
83:
20:
44:
1819:
1716:
1445:
1250:
1231:
1142:
1066:
986:
938:
879:
859:
798:
307:
299:
1861:
1851:
1795:
1790:
1557:
1430:
1406:
1323:
993:
778:
312:
181:
166:
145:
87:
1046:
1041:
958:
948:
685:
606:
482:
247:
is the equivalent but some adventitious buds may be lateral too);
162:
95:
31:
1499:
1391:
1311:
1265:
1255:
1216:
1154:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
734:
465:
373:
91:
60:
1723:
1657:
1579:
1547:
1504:
1396:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1316:
1301:
1270:
1191:
849:
840:
660:. Bronx, New York: New York Botanical Garden Press. page 512.
303:
141:
200:
1574:
1569:
1221:
1061:
1036:
1031:
1015:
874:
132:
79:
75:
1494:
703:
19:"Flower bud" redirects here. For EP of GFriend, see
86:. Once formed, a bud may remain for some time in a
390:, containing both embryonic leaves and flower(s).
1954:
647:. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co. page 598.
169:) is an exceptionally large terminal bud, while
656:Cronquist, Arthur, and Henry A. Gleason. 1991.
719:
217:Botanists commonly use the following terms:
1825:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
682:
673:. New York: American book company. page 188
643:Walters, Dirk R., and David J. Keil. 1996.
358:, only containing vegetative structures: a
726:
712:
468:'s flower bud with spirally folded petals
368:, only containing embryonic flower(s): a
1769:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
362:is an embryonic shoot containing leaves;
199:
191:
105:
43:
1955:
587:Inflorescence bud of the parrot bush (
243:, when located in the axil of a leaf (
231:, when located at the tip of a stem (
707:
687:, New York: Dover Publications, Inc,
13:
14:
1979:
1774:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
1937:
1936:
618:
598:
580:
563:
543:
526:
509:
491:
473:
457:
440:
423:
406:
396:
187:
676:
663:
650:
637:
447:Black buds of a European ash,
1:
630:
341:, when not covered by scales;
1815:History of plant systematics
1402:Thorns, spines, and prickles
204:Terminal, vegetative bud of
7:
101:
74:and normally occurs in the
16:Immature or embryonic shoot
10:
1984:
1631:Alternation of generations
733:
36:
25:
18:
1932:
1880:
1844:
1781:Cultivated plant taxonomy
1744:Biological classification
1734:
1607:
1523:
1419:
1369:
1094:
1024:
967:
929:
903:
839:
759:
741:
550:Inflorescence bud of the
196:Plant buds classification
1641:Evolutionary development
173:are large lateral buds.
1292:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
645:Vascular plant taxonomy
316:have sympodial growth).
1907:by author abbreviation
1831:Plant taxonomy systems
1749:Botanical nomenclature
683:Trelease, W. (1967) ,
669:Coulter, John G. 1913.
210:
197:
119:
56:
1914:Botanical expeditions
605:Inflorescence bud of
570:Inflorescence bud of
203:
195:
109:
67:is an undeveloped or
47:
1646:Evolutionary history
1636:Double fertilization
1488:Cellular respiration
39:Bud (disambiguation)
37:For other uses, see
28:asexual reproduction
865:Non-vascular plants
573:Acanthus balcanicus
501:Coreopsis tinctoria
150:Viburnum alnifolium
82:or at the tip of a
1370:Surface structures
1165:Flower development
611:Cynara cardunculus
535:Diospyros eriantha
450:Fraxinus excelsior
372:contains a single
211:
198:
120:
57:
1950:
1949:
1589:Herbaceous plants
1415:
1414:
556:Helianthus annuus
378:inflorescence bud
122:The buds of many
1975:
1968:Plant morphology
1963:Plant physiology
1940:
1939:
1919:Individual trees
1594:Secondary growth
1565:Succulent plants
1553:Prostrate shrubs
1436:Apical dominance
1421:Plant physiology
1382:Epicuticular wax
927:
926:
920:
911:Plant morphology
728:
721:
714:
705:
704:
698:
697:
680:
674:
667:
661:
654:
648:
641:
622:
602:
590:Banksia sessilis
584:
567:
552:common sunflower
547:
530:
513:
495:
477:
461:
444:
427:
410:
321:for morphology:
229:
228:
171:Brussels sprouts
116:Halesia carolina
1983:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1928:
1897:Botanical terms
1890:
1876:
1840:
1786:Citrus taxonomy
1764:Author citation
1730:
1624:
1603:
1525:
1519:
1515:Turgor pressure
1423:
1411:
1365:
1180:Floral symmetry
1098:
1090:
1020:
1009:Vascular bundle
1004:Vascular tissue
963:
923:
914:
913:
899:
870:Vascular plants
835:
831:Plant pathology
755:
737:
732:
702:
701:
695:
681:
677:
668:
664:
655:
651:
642:
638:
633:
626:
623:
614:
603:
594:
585:
576:
568:
559:
548:
539:
531:
522:
514:
505:
496:
487:
478:
469:
462:
453:
445:
436:
428:
419:
415:Alnus glutinosa
411:
399:
226:
225:
190:
104:
53:Fagus sylvatica
42:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1981:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1887:Related topics
1885:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1836:Taxonomic rank
1833:
1828:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1788:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1754:Botanical name
1746:
1740:
1738:
1736:Plant taxonomy
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1712:Megasporangium
1709:
1708:
1707:
1700:Microsporangia
1692:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1545:
1540:
1538:Cushion plants
1529:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1475:
1473:Plant hormones
1470:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1456:Photosynthesis
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1175:Floral formula
1172:
1170:Floral diagram
1167:
1162:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1123:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1099:(incl. Flower)
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1059:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1001:
999:Storage organs
996:
991:
990:
989:
979:
973:
971:
965:
964:
962:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
935:
933:
924:
922:
921:
907:
901:
900:
898:
897:
892:
887:
885:Spermatophytes
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
855:Archaeplastida
852:
846:
844:
837:
836:
834:
833:
828:
823:
818:
817:
816:
809:Phytogeography
806:
804:Phytochemistry
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
765:
763:
761:Subdisciplines
757:
756:
754:
753:
748:
742:
739:
738:
731:
730:
723:
716:
708:
700:
699:
693:
675:
662:
649:
635:
634:
632:
629:
628:
627:
624:
617:
615:
604:
597:
595:
586:
579:
577:
569:
562:
560:
549:
542:
540:
532:
525:
523:
518:Vitis vinifera
515:
508:
506:
497:
490:
488:
479:
472:
470:
463:
456:
454:
446:
439:
437:
429:
422:
420:
412:
405:
403:
398:
395:
394:
393:
392:
391:
385:
363:
352:for function:
350:
349:
348:
342:
336:
319:
318:
317:
296:pseudoterminal
293:
289:epicormic buds
273:
267:
258:
257:
256:
248:
236:
221:for location:
189:
186:
113:bud scales in
103:
100:
49:European beech
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1980:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1943:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1872:Phytochemical
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1510:Transpiration
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1297:Inflorescence
1295:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
988:
985:
984:
983:
982:Ground tissue
980:
978:
975:
974:
972:
970:
966:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
934:
932:
928:
925:
918:
912:
909:
908:
906:
905:Plant anatomy
902:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
845:
842:
838:
832:
829:
827:
826:Plant ecology
824:
822:
821:Plant anatomy
819:
815:
812:
811:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
769:Archaeobotany
767:
766:
764:
762:
758:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
740:
736:
729:
724:
722:
717:
715:
710:
709:
706:
696:
690:
686:
679:
672:
666:
659:
653:
646:
640:
636:
621:
616:
612:
608:
601:
596:
592:
591:
583:
578:
575:
574:
566:
561:
557:
553:
546:
541:
537:
536:
529:
524:
520:
519:
512:
507:
503:
502:
494:
489:
485:
484:
476:
471:
467:
460:
455:
452:
451:
443:
438:
434:
433:
426:
421:
417:
416:
409:
404:
401:
400:
397:Image gallery
389:
386:
383:
382:inflorescence
379:
375:
371:
367:
364:
361:
357:
354:
353:
351:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
330:
326:
323:
322:
320:
315:
314:
309:
305:
301:
297:
294:
291:
290:
285:
281:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
261:
259:
254:
253:
249:
246:
242:
241:
237:
234:
230:
223:
222:
220:
219:
218:
215:
209:
208:
202:
194:
188:Types of buds
185:
183:
178:
174:
172:
168:
164:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
137:
134:
129:
125:
118:
117:
112:
111:Inflorescence
108:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
54:
50:
46:
40:
33:
29:
26:For usage in
22:
1867:Horticulture
1857:Floriculture
1759:Correct name
1609:Reproduction
1599:Woody plants
1524:Plant growth
1483:Gas Exchange
1468:Phytomelanin
1346:Plant embryo
1096:Reproductive
1056:
944:Phragmoplast
684:
678:
670:
665:
657:
652:
644:
639:
610:
588:
571:
555:
533:
516:
499:
481:
448:
430:
413:
387:
380:contains an
377:
369:
366:reproductive
365:
359:
355:
344:
338:
332:
328:
324:
311:
295:
287:
283:
279:
275:
269:
263:
260:for status:
252:adventitious
250:
244:
238:
232:
224:
216:
212:
207:Ficus carica
205:
179:
175:
153:
149:
138:
127:
124:woody plants
121:
114:
64:
58:
52:
1683:Pollen tube
1678:Pollinators
1668:Pollination
1663:Germination
1478:Respiration
1461:Chlorophyll
1307:Pedicellate
1241:Gametophyte
1160:Aestivation
1111:Antheridium
1106:Archegonium
954:Plasmodesma
931:Plant cells
794:Paleobotany
789:Ethnobotany
774:Astrobotany
521:flower buds
504:flower buds
1957:Categories
1705:Microspore
1695:Sporangium
1673:Artificial
1361:Sporophyte
1356:Sporophyll
1351:Receptacle
1246:Gynandrium
1116:Androecium
1025:Vegetative
895:Angiosperm
890:Gymnosperm
784:Dendrology
694:0486218007
631:References
486:flower bud
370:flower bud
356:vegetative
158:herbaceous
154:V. lantana
21:Flower Bud
1902:Botanists
1820:Herbarium
1717:Megaspore
1615:Evolution
1558:Subshrubs
1526:and habit
1451:Nutrition
1446:Cellulose
1441:Bulk flow
1424:Materials
1387:Epidermis
1251:Gynoecium
1232:Endosperm
1227:Dispersal
1143:Staminode
1079:Sessility
1067:Cataphyll
987:Mesophyll
939:Cell wall
880:Lycophyte
860:Bryophyte
814:Geobotany
799:Phycology
376:while an
308:persimmon
300:sympodial
264:accessory
156:) and in
146:Viburnums
69:embryonic
1942:Category
1862:Forestry
1852:Agronomy
1845:Practice
1796:Cultivar
1791:Cultigen
1651:timeline
1543:Rosettes
1431:Aleurone
1407:Trichome
1324:Perianth
1136:Filament
994:Meristem
917:glossary
779:Bryology
498:Opening
480:Opening
360:leaf bud
333:perulate
313:Platanus
240:axillary
227:terminal
167:Brassica
102:Overview
1620:Ecology
1377:Cuticle
1207:Capsule
1197:Anatomy
1148:Tapetum
1072:Petiole
1047:Rhizome
1042:Rhizoid
969:Tissues
959:Vacuole
949:Plastid
751:Outline
746:History
607:cardoon
483:Nelumbo
329:covered
284:resting
276:dormant
270:resting
245:lateral
182:buckeye
163:cabbage
96:zoology
92:flowers
88:dormant
32:Budding
1924:Plants
1827:(IAPT)
1580:Lianas
1548:Shrubs
1500:Starch
1392:Nectar
1312:Raceme
1278:Stigma
1266:Locule
1256:Carpel
1217:Pyrena
1155:Flower
1131:Anther
1126:Stamen
1121:Pollen
843:groups
735:Botany
691:
466:quince
374:flower
280:latent
233:apical
128:scales
61:botany
30:, see
1884:Lists
1801:Group
1724:Spore
1658:Flora
1575:Vines
1570:Trees
1533:Habit
1505:Sugar
1397:Stoma
1339:Sepal
1334:Petal
1329:Tepal
1317:Umbel
1302:Bract
1283:Style
1271:Ovule
1261:Ovary
1202:Berry
1192:Fruit
1185:Whorl
1052:Shoot
850:Algae
841:Plant
432:Tilia
388:mixed
345:hairy
339:naked
325:scaly
304:beech
165:(see
142:Sumac
133:scars
78:of a
72:shoot
55:) bud
1806:Grex
1688:Self
1222:Seed
1084:Stem
1062:Leaf
1037:Root
1032:Bulb
1016:Wood
977:Cork
875:Fern
689:ISBN
402:Buds
152:and
144:and
84:stem
80:leaf
76:axil
63:, a
1495:Sap
1212:Nut
1057:Bud
538:bud
435:bud
418:bud
327:or
278:or
65:bud
59:In
1959::
464:A
310:,
306:,
919:)
915:(
727:e
720:t
713:v
613:)
609:(
593:)
558:)
554:(
384:;
331:(
292:;
148:(
51:(
41:.
34:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
