898:
391:
964:
373:
920:
1039:
696:
717:
739:
56:
79:
783:
942:
360:
832:
854:
876:
805:
761:
595:) per capsule. Capsules containing more than one seed result in flatness on one side of the seeds. The point of attachment of the seed in the capsule (hilum) shows as a large, circular, whitish scar. The capsule epidermis has "spines" (botanically: prickles) in some species, while other capsules are warty or smooth. At maturity, the capsule splits into three sections to release the seeds.
634:
Native
Americans used to crush the seeds and the resulting mash was thrown into still or sluggish waterbodies to stun or kill fish. They then boiled and drained (leached) the fish at least three times to dilute the toxin's effects. New shoots from the seeds also have been known to kill grazing
612:
All parts of the buckeye or horse chestnut tree are moderately toxic, including the nut-like seeds. The toxin affects the gastrointestinal system, causing gastrointestinal disturbances. The USDA notes that the toxicity is due to
1413:
Harrington, Mark G.; Edwards, Karen J.; Johnson, Sheila A.; Chase, Mark W.; Gadek, Paul A. (Apr–Jun 2005). "Phylogenetic inference in
Sapindaceae sensu lato using plastid matK and rbcL DNA sequences".
1092:
called himself the "log cabin and hard cider candidate", portraying himself sitting in a log cabin made of buckeye logs and drinking hard cider, causing Ohio to become known as "the
Buckeye State".
571:
species have stout shoots with resinous, often sticky, buds, with opposite, palmately divided leaves, often very large—to 65 cm (26 in) across in the
Japanese horse chestnut,
1115:(the local parliament), and the opening of the first leaf is recorded and announced publicly. Over the years, four different horse chestnut trees have been used for these recordings.
260:
1012:, a flowering shrub. Several other members of the genus are used as ornamentals, and several horticultural hybrids have also been developed, most notably the red horse chestnut
546:
after the Roman name for an edible acorn. Common names for these trees include "buckeye" and "horse chestnut", though they are not in the same order as the true chestnuts,
1529:
702:
346:
229:
1767:
556:. Some are also called white chestnut or red chestnut. In Britain, they are sometimes called conker trees because of their link with the game of
1806:
1006:), is also a valuable ornamental tree with yellow flowers, but is less widely planted. Among the smaller species is the bottlebrush buckeye,
1556:
1868:
1520:
1715:
1153:
1085:
1780:
1728:
1250:
1198:
1965:
1785:
1504:
Carnival
Campaign: How the Rollicking 1840 Campaign of "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" Changed Presidential Elections Forever
897:
648:, but phylogenetic analyses of morphological and molecular data have more recently caused this family, along with the
1811:
1754:
1062:
The horse chestnut was not native to
Britain and was only introduced from Europe in 1650 (on the estates of both
514:
Northern
Hemisphere, with six species native to North America and seven to 13 species native to Eurasia. Several
27:
390:
591:
2–5 cm (1–2 in) diameter, usually globose, containing one to three seeds (often erroneously called a
1886:
1793:
1231:
Hardin, JW. 1960. A revision of the
American Hippocastanaceae V, Species of the Old World. Brittonia 12:26-38
1104:
394:
Fruit of a Horse-chestnut still in a half cocoon of which the fragile sprout has already reached the soil.
1960:
1642:
1637:
1614:
1707:
1694:
963:
372:
1881:
575:. Species are deciduous or evergreen. Flowers are showy, insect- or bird-pollinated, with four or five
1821:
78:
1733:
919:
1373:
1038:
1873:
1702:
1112:
523:
1847:
1689:
1567:
1547:
1089:
992:
723:
291:
205:
64:
1772:
1502:
1482:'Thujoy Khreshchatyk'. Why Kyivans miss chestnuts and how they became a symbol of the capital"
1909:
1842:
1834:
695:
1663:
1412:
1078:
789:
236:
1860:
1013:
242:
8:
1855:
1478:
1337:. Washington, D.C.: US Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service.
1008:
860:
305:
1927:
1605:
1455:
1438:
1430:
948:
926:
767:
584:
333:
326:
254:
73:
34:
1955:
1829:
1650:
1530:"A morphological phylogenetic analysis of Aesculus L. and Billia Peyr. (Sapindaceae)"
1486:
1384:
Hardin, JW. 1957. A revision of the
American Hippocastanaceae I. Brittonia 9:145-171.
1246:
1222:
Hardin, JW. 1957. A revision of the
American Hippocastanaceae II. Brittonia 9:173-195
1194:
377:
172:
1442:
1213:
Hardin, JW. 1957. A revision of the American Hippocastanaceae I. Brittonia 9:145-171
1932:
1537:
1422:
710:
northeast India (Sikkim) eastward to southern China (Guangxi) and northern Vietnam
639:
580:
515:
448:
410:
1619:
1352:. Monroe, Louisiana: The Herbarium of Northeast Louisiana University. p. 118.
1655:
1362:
1124:
1108:
1051:
1043:
970:
882:
838:
745:
716:
588:
492:
364:
340:
312:
298:
284:
116:
1798:
1528:
Forest, F., Drouin, J. N., Charest, R., Brouillet, L., & Bruneau A. (2001).
738:
606:
1919:
1050:
Interpretations of the tree leaves can be seen in architectural details in the
998:
904:
811:
319:
272:
103:
55:
990:
The most familiar member of the genus worldwide is the common horse chestnut,
1949:
1590:
1426:
1394:
Judd, W.S.; Sanders, R.W.; Donoghue, M.J. (1994). "Angiosperm family pairs".
539:
511:
211:
189:
1899:
1081:
used from 1969 to 1995. It remains an official symbol of Kyiv to this day.
1067:
1063:
507:
197:
782:
1741:
1599:
1100:
592:
496:
162:
1629:
1434:
1313:
A field guide to edible wild plants of eastern and central North America
1720:
941:
658:
602:
359:
152:
1300:(second ed.). New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston. p. 214.
1111:; every year since 1818, the tree is observed by the secretary of the
853:
831:
1746:
1676:
649:
621:
583:, arranged in a panicle inflorescence. Flowering starts after 80–110
20:
1561:
1541:
1245:(1. publ. ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 15.
1894:
1584:
1152:, that is now discouraged as a formal geochronological unit by the
1149:
628:
624:
548:
529:
129:
1681:
1759:
875:
804:
614:
557:
553:
760:
33:"Red chestnut" redirects here. For the moth with this name, see
1096:
644:
617:
142:
1668:
653:
576:
504:
399:
90:
891:
western North America, endemic to Baja California del Norte
1074:
500:
472:
454:
434:
416:
732:
Europe, native to the Balkans; northeastern North America
466:
428:
662:), to be included in the soapberry family (Sapindaceae).
463:
425:
1474:
1472:
1188:
638:
The genus was considered to be in the ditypic family
475:
460:
457:
437:
422:
419:
26:"Horse chestnut" redirects here. For other uses, see
19:
Not to be confused with the Ancient Greek playwright
1469:
1189:
Ogg, J.G.; Gradstein, F.M.; Gradstein, F.M. (2004).
469:
431:
1393:
451:
413:
609:of Japan over about four millennia, until 300 AD.
1947:
1073:The leaf of Aesculus was the official symbol of
560:, played with the seeds, also called conkers.
1466:Scottish Garden Buildings by Tim Buxbaum p.11
1280:
1265:
1193:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1148:This designation has as a part of it a term,
1456:New York Flora Atlas: Aesculus hippocastanum
1406:
1243:The Living Fields: Our Agricultural Heritage
1378:
1315:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 172.
536:seedpods, but belong to a different genus.
1348:Dale, Thomas R.; Scogin, Dixie B. (1988).
1347:
1216:
1207:
54:
1521:Germplasm Resources Information Network:
1324:
1322:
1225:
1107:is used to indicate the beginning of the
1496:
1310:
1304:
1154:International Commission on Stratigraphy
1037:
389:
371:
358:
1449:
1948:
1367:
1328:
1319:
1259:
1240:
601:seeds were traditionally eaten, after
1566:
1565:
1274:
1234:
1170:
16:Flowering genus in family Sapindaceae
1822:51761f47-1c5e-453b-8af7-72a4d0359285
1387:
1356:
1341:
1295:
1289:
1135:
1046:depicting horse chestnut tree leaves
1268:Prehistoric Hunter-Gathers in Japan
665:
13:
1281:Aikens, C.M.; Higachi, T. (1982).
1266:Akazawa, T.; Aikens, C.M. (1986).
14:
1977:
1514:
962:
940:
918:
896:
874:
852:
830:
803:
781:
759:
737:
715:
694:
447:
409:
77:
1887:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:36263-1
1460:
1086:1840 U.S. presidential campaign
28:Horse chestnut (disambiguation)
1182:
1142:
985:
563:
68:, the European horse chestnut
1:
1350:100 woody plants of Louisiana
1130:
1057:
491:, comprises 13–19 species of
1553:King's American Dispensatory
1270:. University of Tokyo Press.
1163:
7:
1966:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1118:
524:Arcto-Tertiary distribution
10:
1982:
1285:. New York Academic Press.
1191:A geologic time scale 2004
1177:Sunset Western Garden Book
32:
25:
18:
1574:
1374:Guide to Poisonous Plants
1298:The Wild Food Trail Guide
1033:
587:. The fruit matures to a
223:
218:
203:
196:
74:Scientific classification
72:
62:
53:
46:
1507:, by Ronald Shafer, 2016
1427:10.1600/0363644054223549
1396:Harvard Papers in Botany
1241:Harlan, Jack R. (1995).
386:, the red horse chestnut
1113:Grand Council of Geneva
954:Japanese horse chestnut
631:possibly contributing.
483:), with species called
1311:Peterson, Lee (1977).
1105:official chestnut tree
1090:William Henry Harrison
1047:
1042:Column details in the
996:. The yellow buckeye,
993:Aesculus hippocastanum
935:eastern North America
913:eastern North America
869:eastern North America
847:eastern North America
825:eastern North America
798:western North America
773:Chinese horse chestnut
724:Aesculus hippocastanum
532:seedpods resemble the
395:
387:
369:
292:Aesculus hippocastanum
206:Aesculus hippocastanum
65:Aesculus hippocastanum
1843:Paleobiology Database
1041:
751:Indian horse chestnut
522:exhibits a classical
393:
375:
362:
1363:Fishing with Poisons
1335:Willd.), Plant Guide
1329:Nelson, Guy (2006).
790:Aesculus californica
237:Aesculus californica
1296:Hall, Alan (1976).
1283:Prehistory of Japan
1022:, a hybrid between
1009:Aesculus parviflora
866:bottlebrush buckeye
861:Aesculus parviflora
585:growing degree days
579:fused into a lobed
306:Aesculus parviflora
1961:Sapindaceae genera
1557:Winter ID pictures
1048:
949:Aesculus turbinata
927:Aesculus sylvatica
795:California buckeye
768:Aesculus chinensis
396:
388:
370:
334:Aesculus turbinata
327:Aesculus sylvatica
262:Aesculus chinensis
255:Aesculus chinensis
36:Cerastis rubricosa
1943:
1942:
1830:Open Tree of Life
1568:Taxon identifiers
1536:79 (2): 154–169.
1487:Ukrayinska Pravda
1415:Systematic Botany
1252:978-0-521-40112-8
1200:978-0-521-78142-8
1136:Explanatory notes
983:
982:
703:Aesculus assamica
357:
356:
347:Aesculus assamica
192:
173:Hippocastanoideae
1973:
1936:
1935:
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1799:NHMSYS0000455624
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1205:
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1157:
1146:
1024:A. hippocastanum
966:
944:
922:
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878:
856:
834:
807:
785:
763:
741:
719:
698:
677:
676:
666:Selected species
640:Hippocastanaceae
542:named the genus
493:flowering plants
482:
481:
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1628:
1626:
1618:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1570:
1549:Aesculus glabra
1542:10.1139/b00-146
1517:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1479:
1477:
1470:
1465:
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1411:
1407:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1357:
1346:
1342:
1333:Aesculus glabra
1327:
1320:
1309:
1305:
1294:
1290:
1279:
1275:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1239:
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1201:
1187:
1183:
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1171:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1125:Anne Frank tree
1121:
1060:
1052:Reims Cathedral
1044:Reims Cathedral
1036:
988:
971:Aesculus wangii
932:painted buckeye
888:Parry's buckeye
883:Aesculus parryi
839:Aesculus glabra
746:Aesculus indica
683:Scientific name
670:The species of
668:
566:
530:Mexican buckeye
450:
446:
412:
408:
365:Aesculus glabra
353:
352:
341:Aesculus wangii
313:Aesculus parryi
299:Aesculus indica
285:Aesculus glabra
230:Aesculus arguta
214:
209:
187:
76:
40:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1979:
1969:
1968:
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1940:
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1937:
1933:wfo-4000000812
1924:
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1559:
1554:
1551:(Ohio buckeye)
1545:
1526:
1516:
1515:External links
1513:
1510:
1509:
1495:
1492:(in Ukrainian)
1490:(29 May 2019)
1468:
1459:
1448:
1421:(2): 366–382.
1405:
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1331:Ohio Buckeye (
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976:horse chestnut
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905:Aesculus pavia
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822:yellow buckeye
820:
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489:horse chestnut
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1016:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1001:
1000:
995:
994:
979:eastern Asia
978:
975:
973:
972:
968:
965:
961:
960:
956:
953:
951:
950:
946:
943:
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928:
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868:
865:
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846:
843:
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836:
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829:
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813:
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806:
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801:
797:
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787:
784:
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776:eastern Asia
775:
772:
770:
769:
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762:
758:
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754:eastern Asia
753:
750:
748:
747:
743:
740:
736:
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731:
728:
726:
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721:
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689:Distribution
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641:
636:
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582:
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545:
541:
540:Carl Linnaeus
537:
535:
531:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
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502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
480:
442:
406:
405:
401:
392:
385:
384:
380:
374:
368:Ohio buckeye
367:
366:
361:
349:
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343:
342:
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335:
331:
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328:
324:
322:
321:
317:
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263:
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138:
135:
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131:
128:
125:
122:
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118:
115:
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109:
108:
105:
104:Tracheophytes
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
80:
75:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
52:
49:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
22:
1861:Aesculus spp
1575:
1548:
1534:Can. J. Bot.
1533:
1522:
1503:
1498:
1485:
1462:
1451:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1380:
1369:
1358:
1349:
1343:
1334:
1330:
1312:
1306:
1297:
1291:
1282:
1276:
1267:
1261:
1242:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1190:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1144:
1094:
1088:, candidate
1083:
1079:coat of arms
1072:
1068:Stobo Castle
1064:Dawyck House
1061:
1049:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1003:
997:
991:
989:
969:
947:
925:
903:
881:
859:
844:Ohio buckeye
837:
816:
810:
788:
766:
744:
722:
701:
671:
669:
657:
643:
637:
633:
611:
607:Jōmon people
598:
597:
581:corolla tube
573:A. turbinata
572:
568:
567:
547:
543:
538:
533:
528:
519:
488:
484:
403:
402:
397:
382:
378:
363:
345:
339:
332:
325:
318:
311:
304:
297:
290:
283:
277:
271:
265:
261:
253:
247:
243:
235:
228:
204:
198:Type species
183:
182:
136:
123:
110:
97:
63:
47:
41:
35:
1742:iNaturalist
1600:Wikispecies
1101:Switzerland
1004:A. octandra
986:Cultivation
910:red buckeye
817:A. octandra
686:Common name
642:along with
564:Description
499:. They are
497:Sapindaceae
278:A. octandra
169:Subfamily:
163:Sapindaceae
117:Angiosperms
1950:Categories
1131:References
1058:In history
659:Dipteronia
376:Flower of
153:Sapindales
1164:Citations
674:include:
650:Aceraceae
629:alkaloids
622:glucoside
605:, by the
512:temperate
87:Kingdom:
21:Aeschylus
1956:Aesculus
1917:VASCAN:
1900:40033594
1895:Tropicos
1627:BioLib:
1606:Aesculus
1585:Wikidata
1576:Aesculus
1523:Aesculus
1443:85868684
1435:25064067
1150:Tertiary
1119:See also
1028:A. pavia
1015:Aesculus
672:Aesculus
635:cattle.
625:aesculin
603:leaching
599:Aesculus
569:Aesculus
549:Castanea
544:Aesculus
534:Aesculus
520:Aesculus
404:Aesculus
379:Aesculus
266:wilsonii
244:Aesculus
219:Species
184:Aesculus
159:Family:
130:Eudicots
48:Aesculus
1910:5872380
1773:1271392
1760:36263-1
1721:3189801
1591:Q158752
1402:: 1–51.
1084:In the
1077:on its
627:, with
615:saponin
589:capsule
558:conkers
554:Fagales
552:in the
518:occur.
516:hybrids
510:to the
485:buckeye
179:Genus:
149:Order:
91:Plantae
1907:uBio:
1869:PLANTS
1835:404234
1819:NZOR:
1708:100706
1695:100706
1643:102148
1620:169114
1441:
1433:
1249:
1197:
1109:Spring
1097:Geneva
1034:In art
1019:carnea
1002:(syn.
957:Japan
654:maples
645:Billia
618:aescin
577:petals
508:native
505:shrubs
383:carnea
248:carnea
143:Rosids
1874:AESCU
1848:52908
1812:43363
1786:28714
1768:IRMNG
1747:53350
1682:1AECG
1669:37286
1439:S2CID
1431:JSTOR
1103:, an
680:Image
501:trees
400:genus
264:var.
137:Clade
124:Clade
111:Clade
98:Clade
1882:POWO
1856:PfaF
1807:NCBI
1781:ITIS
1755:IPNI
1729:GRIN
1716:GBIF
1677:EPPO
1638:BOLD
1630:3591
1615:APNI
1247:ISBN
1195:ISBN
1075:Kyiv
1066:and
1026:and
656:and
620:and
503:and
487:and
398:The
1928:WFO
1920:783
1794:NBN
1734:245
1703:FoC
1690:FNA
1664:EoL
1656:PTB
1651:CoL
1538:doi
1423:doi
1095:In
1070:).
593:nut
526:.
445:or
1952::
1930::
1897::
1884::
1871::
1858::
1845::
1832::
1809::
1796::
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1744::
1731::
1718::
1705::
1692::
1679::
1666::
1653::
1640::
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1602::
1587::
1532:.
1484:,
1471:^
1437:.
1429:.
1419:30
1417:.
1398:.
1321:^
1099:,
1054:.
1030:.
1017:×
455:aɪ
381:x
344:=
246:×
212:L.
190:L.
139::
126::
113::
100::
1544:.
1540::
1480:"
1445:.
1425::
1400:1
1255:.
1203:.
1156:.
819:)
815:(
652:(
479:/
476:s
473:ə
470:l
467:ʊ
464:j
461:k
458:s
452:ˈ
449:/
441:/
438:s
435:ə
432:l
429:ʊ
426:j
423:k
420:s
417:ɛ
414:ˈ
411:/
407:(
280:)
276:(
39:.
30:.
23:.
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