594:
558:
582:
570:
606:
193:
33:
534:
522:
46:
420:
546:
469:, so the trees should not be planted near apiaries. When the shoots are small and leaves are new, they are lower in toxins and are grazed by livestock and wildlife. The flowers are a rich nectar source for many species of butterflies, and squirrels and chipmunks consume the seeds. Hydroquinone and epicatechin have been isolated from the seeds and have been shown to have
464:
Native groups occasionally used the plant as a food supply; after boiling and leaching the toxin out of the seeds or nut meats for several days, they could be ground into a flour or meal similar to that made from acorns. The nectar and pollen of the flowers is toxic to
269:
with five (rarely seven) leaflets. Each leaflet is 6–17 cm (2.4–6.7 in) long, with a finely toothed margin and (particularly in spring) downy surfaces. The leaves are tender and prone to damage from both spring freezing or snow and summer heat and
476:
It is used as an ornamental plant for its striking leaf buds, lime green foliage, fragrant white flowers, red-brown foliage in mid to late summer, and architectural silver branches through fall. The tree also acts as a soil binder, which prevents
354:
It is found growing in a wide range of conditions from crowded, moist, semi-shaded canyon bottoms to dry south-facing slopes and hilltops. In the coastal ranges north of Big Sur it is found growing alone on slopes, or intermingled with valley oak
841:
Kubo, Isao; Matsumoto, Akiko; Kozuka, Mutsuo.; Wood, William F. (1985). "Combined Effect on Plant Growth of (-)-Epicatechin and
Hydroquinone, Compounds from Aesculus californica NUTT. (Hippocastanaceae)".
311:
by growing during the wet late winter and spring months and entering dormancy in the dry summer months, though those growing in coastal regions tend to hold on to their leaves until mid-autumn.
973:
261:. It typically is multi-trunked, with a crown as broad as it is high. Trees are long lived, with an estimated lifespan between 250–280 (300 maximum) years. The
901:
Callahan F. 2005 Kalmiopsis
Journal, Vol. 12, 2005 Plant of the Year, California Buckeye (Aesculus californica (Spach.) Nutt.) Native Plant Society of Oregon
439:, used the poisonous nuts and seeds to stupefy schools of fish in small streams to make them easier to catch. The bark, leaves, and fruits contain the
1523:
1428:
1166:
1231:
301:, measuring 2–7 cm (0.8–2.8 in). The seeds are poisonous and are the largest known of any temperate (non-tropical) plant species.
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45:
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8:
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can be found standing alone in grassland at the lowest elevations, intermingled in
363:
294:
192:
1381:
664:
An island called
California: an ecological introduction to its natural communities
179:
32:
1367:
499:
401:
395:
83:
795:
Aesculus californica, in the USDA Forest
Service Fire Effects Information System
1314:
1270:
454:
357:
183:
70:
820:
1502:
1192:
1018:
490:
336:
266:
1472:
1327:
871:
Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge
University Press.
470:
344:
253:, up to 4–12 m (13–39 ft) tall, with gray bark often coated with
419:
285:
15–20 cm (6–8 in) long and 5–8 cm (2–3 in) broad. The
1218:
1140:
1027:
428:
387:
at intermediate elevations, and in mixed evergreen forests of black oak (
347:
in Oregon. A small disjunct population is found in the Chino Hills near
271:
129:
855:
797:(Report). USDA Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory
297:
5–8 cm (2–3 in) long, containing a large, round, orange-brown
1394:
1119:
703:
The
Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Western Region
507:
440:
290:
227:
119:
1145:
1091:
458:
450:
443:
243:
989:
1467:
1361:
1322:
1012:
466:
446:
220:
139:
96:
1420:
1158:
1096:
725:
961:
USDA Plants
Profile for Aesculus californica (California buckeye)
478:
282:
1083:
432:
278:
254:
231:
109:
494:
286:
246:
57:
298:
262:
258:
250:
840:
493:' name for horse chestnuts. It is derived from the old
327:
is widely distributed in
California, growing along the
767:
281:
are sweet-scented, white to pale pink, borne on erect
633:
Western
Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides)
727:
705:(Chanticleer Press ed.). Knopf. p. 540.
1500:
938:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
770:California Buckeye, in the USDA NRCS Plant Guide
575:Buckeyes grow and foliage dies back (September)
667:. University of California Press. p. 74.
660:
726:Philip Alexander Munz; David D. Keck (1973).
792:
457:. Buckeye also makes a good fireboard for a
339:. Its range extends to the foothills of the
314:
867:
865:
734:. University of California Press. p.
423:Seed of the California Buckeye in its husk
379:). In the foothills of the Sierra Nevada,
191:
31:
696:
694:
692:
690:
914:
814:
418:
862:
629:
473:properties by inhibiting plant growth.
1524:Plants used in Native American cuisine
1501:
933:
700:
687:
427:Native American tribes, including the
411:) as it nears the limit of its range.
994:
993:
817:Watching Butterflies on Mount Diablo
414:
587:Buckeye husks split open (November)
331:and in the lower elevations of the
13:
14:
1550:
1529:Pre-Columbian California cuisine
1460:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:782168-1
1302:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:781583-1
974:Interactive Distribution Map of
604:
592:
580:
568:
556:
544:
532:
520:
242:Aesculus californica is a large
44:
506:'Californica' means 'native to
834:
808:
786:
768:Kat Anderson; Wayne Roderick.
761:
719:
654:
623:
497:name for a different species,
237:
1:
616:
373:) and California bay laurel (
919:. Sonora, CA: Hooker Press.
894:
484:
323:variety native to the West,
7:
936:An Island Called California
701:Little, Elbert L. (1994) .
636:. New York: Knopf. p.
611:Buckeye sprouting (January)
10:
1555:
917:Discover California Shrubs
513:
307:has adapted to its native
217:California horse-chestnut,
1351:
1002:
630:Whitney, Stephen (1985).
405:) and interior live oak (
199:
190:
168:
161:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
819:(Report). Archived from
563:Buckeyes forming in July
527:Buds opening in February
376:Umbellularia californica
315:Distribution and habitat
211:, commonly known as the
1353:Calothyrsus californica
887:(paperback). pp 38, 84
661:Elna S. Bakker (1984).
1534:Drought-tolerant trees
953:Jepson Flora Project:
424:
915:Casebeer, M. (2004).
422:
309:Mediterranean climate
1263:Aesculus californica
1034:Aesculus californica
1004:Aesculus californica
985:– U.C. Photo gallery
983:Aesculus californica
976:Aesculus californica
968:Aesculus californica
966:Calflora database –
955:Aesculus californica
539:Foliage around March
208:Aesculus californica
172:Aesculus californica
25:Aesculus californica
1514:Flora of California
934:Bakker, E. (1971).
856:10.1248/cpb.33.3826
551:Flower spike in May
399:), ponderosa pine (
367:), coast live oak (
154:A. californica
730:A California Flora
599:Harvested buckeyes
481:in hilly regions.
425:
385:blue oak woodlands
341:Siskiyou Mountains
267:palmately compound
213:California buckeye
1496:
1495:
1245:Open Tree of Life
996:Taxon identifiers
844:Chem. Pharm. Bull
793:Howard, Janet L.
745:978-0-520-02405-2
674:978-0-520-04948-2
415:Toxicity and uses
349:Chino, California
230:and southwestern
204:
203:
1546:
1539:Ornamental trees
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265:are dark green,
219:is a species of
195:
174:
49:
48:
35:
21:
20:
16:Species of plant
1554:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1519:Flora of Oregon
1499:
1498:
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1484:
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1471:
1466:
1458:
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1077:
1069:
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1026:
1017:
1016:
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998:
946:
927:
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863:
839:
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826:
824:
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772:
766:
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748:
746:
724:
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624:
619:
612:
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588:
585:
576:
573:
564:
561:
552:
549:
540:
537:
528:
525:
516:
500:Quercus petraea
487:
461:or hand drill.
455:red blood cells
449:, which causes
417:
396:Pinus sabiniana
361:), Oregon oak (
317:
240:
186:
176:
170:
157:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1552:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1486:wfo-0000581489
1477:
1464:
1451:
1438:
1425:
1412:
1399:
1386:
1373:
1357:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1341:wfo-0000522247
1332:
1319:
1306:
1293:
1280:
1267:
1254:
1241:
1228:
1215:
1202:
1189:
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1111:
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1000:
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987:
979:
971:
963:
958:
950:
944:
931:
925:
912:
896:
893:
890:
889:
861:
833:
815:Kevin Hintsa.
807:
785:
775:(Report). USDA
760:
744:
718:
711:
686:
673:
653:
646:
621:
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579:
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565:
562:
555:
553:
550:
543:
541:
538:
531:
529:
526:
519:
515:
512:
489:'Aesculus' is
486:
483:
416:
413:
393:), gray pine (
381:A. californica
358:Quercus lobata
325:A. californica
316:
313:
305:A. californica
239:
236:
202:
201:
200:Natural range
197:
196:
188:
187:
177:
166:
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149:
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73:
68:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1551:
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1527:
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1504:
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1251:
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1242:
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1233:
1229:
1225:
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1216:
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1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
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1116:
1112:
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1076:
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1007:
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986:
984:
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978:
977:
972:
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969:
964:
962:
959:
957:
956:
951:
947:
945:0-520-04948-9
941:
937:
932:
928:
926:0-9665463-1-8
922:
918:
913:
910:
906:
902:
899:
898:
886:
885:9780521685535
882:
878:
877:9780521866453
874:
868:
866:
857:
853:
850:: 3826–3828.
849:
845:
837:
823:on 2011-11-10
822:
818:
811:
796:
789:
771:
764:
757:
747:
741:
737:
732:
731:
722:
714:
708:
704:
697:
695:
693:
691:
676:
670:
666:
665:
657:
649:
647:0-394-73127-1
643:
639:
635:
634:
626:
622:
607:
602:
595:
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583:
578:
571:
566:
559:
554:
547:
542:
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530:
523:
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517:
511:
509:
504:
502:
501:
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492:
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480:
474:
472:
468:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
445:
442:
438:
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430:
421:
412:
410:
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404:
403:
398:
397:
392:
391:
386:
382:
378:
377:
372:
371:
366:
365:
360:
359:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:Cascade Range
334:
333:Sierra Nevada
330:
329:central coast
326:
322:
312:
310:
306:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
268:
264:
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252:
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222:
218:
214:
210:
209:
198:
194:
189:
185:
181:
175:
173:
167:
164:
163:Binomial name
160:
156:
155:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
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108:
105:
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101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
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79:
76:
75:
72:
71:Tracheophytes
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1352:
1003:
982:
975:
967:
954:
935:
916:
879:(hardback),
847:
843:
836:
825:. Retrieved
821:the original
810:
799:. Retrieved
788:
777:. Retrieved
763:
755:
749:. Retrieved
729:
721:
702:
678:. Retrieved
663:
656:
632:
625:
505:
498:
488:
475:
471:allelopathic
463:
426:
408:Q. wislizeni
406:
402:P. ponderosa
400:
394:
390:Q. kelloggii
388:
380:
374:
370:Q. agrifolia
368:
362:
356:
353:
345:Rogue Valley
324:
320:
318:
304:
303:
276:
241:
216:
212:
207:
206:
205:
171:
169:
153:
152:
140:
103:
90:
77:
64:
24:
18:
1276:kew-2624481
1219:NatureServe
1141:iNaturalist
1028:Wikispecies
364:Q. garryana
272:desiccation
238:Description
130:Sapindaceae
84:Angiosperms
1503:Categories
1271:Plant List
1055:Calflora:
827:2011-11-07
801:2011-11-07
779:2011-06-20
751:2011-06-20
712:0394507614
680:2011-06-11
617:References
508:California
441:neurotoxic
228:California
120:Sapindales
1368:Q39911470
1198:156820810
911:. (.pdf)]
909:1055-419X
895:Resources
485:Etymology
467:honeybees
459:bow drill
451:hemolysis
444:glycoside
319:The only
249:or small
244:deciduous
148:Species:
54:Kingdom:
1509:Aesculus
1473:50102797
1468:Tropicos
1434:11333442
1421:782168-1
1362:Wikidata
1328:15500017
1323:Tropicos
1224:2.153114
1172:10203959
1159:781583-1
1013:Wikidata
756:buckeye.
491:Linnaeus
447:aesculin
321:Aesculus
293:-shaped
283:panicles
141:Aesculus
126:Family:
97:Eudicots
1395:3189814
1206:MoBotPF
1120:3189813
1019:Q540646
514:Gallery
479:erosion
437:Luiseño
343:in the
295:capsule
279:flowers
255:lichens
221:buckeye
136:Genus:
116:Order:
58:Plantae
1447:183654
1408:404140
1284:PLANTS
1250:788245
1237:307252
1211:281051
1107:aescal
1104:FEIS:
1084:581628
1048:438086
942:
923:
907:
883:
875:
742:
709:
671:
644:
435:, and
433:Yokuts
263:leaves
259:mosses
232:Oregon
224:native
110:Rosids
1429:IRMNG
1185:28716
1167:IRMNG
1146:53348
1097:AECCA
1071:65BYX
773:(PDF)
495:Roman
289:is a
287:fruit
247:shrub
184:Nutt.
180:Spach
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
1455:POWO
1442:ITIS
1416:IPNI
1403:GRIN
1390:GBIF
1382:Q4BL
1297:POWO
1289:AECA
1258:PfaF
1232:NCBI
1193:IUCN
1180:ITIS
1154:IPNI
1133:1622
1128:GRIN
1115:GBIF
1092:EPPO
1043:BOLD
940:ISBN
921:ISBN
905:ISSN
881:ISBN
873:ISBN
740:ISBN
707:ISBN
669:ISBN
642:ISBN
429:Pomo
335:and
299:seed
277:The
257:and
251:tree
1481:WFO
1377:CoL
1336:WFO
1315:574
1310:RHS
1079:EoL
1066:CoL
1058:111
852:doi
736:994
638:397
510:'.
453:of
291:fig
226:to
215:or
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864:^
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