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chest and limits the amount of air that can be taken into the lungs in preparation for coughing, making the cough weak and ineffective. This reflex may also be impaired by damage to the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve which relays the afferent branch of the reflex arc. This nerve is most commonly damaged by swallowing a foreign object, such as a chicken bone, resulting in it being lodged in the
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The reflex is impaired in the person whose abdominals and respiratory muscles are weak. This problem can be caused by disease conditions that lead to muscle weakness or paralysis, by prolonged inactivity, or as outcome of surgery involving these muscles. Bed rest interferes with the expansion of the
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The efferent neural pathway then follows, with relevant signals transmitted back from the cerebral cortex and medulla via the vagus and superior laryngeal nerves to the glottis, external intercostals, diaphragm, and other major inspiratory and expiratory muscles. The mechanism of a cough is as
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The abdominal muscles contract to accentuate the action of the relaxing diaphragm; simultaneously, the other expiratory muscles contract. These actions increase the pressure of air within the lungs.
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The bronchi and non-cartilaginous portions of the trachea collapse to form slits through which the air is forced, which clears out any irritants attached to the respiratory lining.
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supplying the ear may also elicit a cough. This ear-cough reflex is also known as Arnold's nerve reflex (ANR), linked to the
51:(at the bottom of the trachea, as it splits into bronchi) are especially sensitive. Cough receptors in the surface cells (
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Ganong WF, "Chapter 36. Regulation of
Respiration" (Chapter). Ganong WF: Review of Medical Physiology, 22nd Edition:
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189:, or vocal cord pathology (including paralysis or anesthesia) may prevent effective clearing of the airways.
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The cough receptors or rapidly adapting irritant receptors are located mainly on the posterior wall of the
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31:, which causes rapidly moving air which usually remove the foreign material before it reaches the
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https://web.archive.org/web/20071221162754/http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=706628
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Guyton and Hall
Textbook of Medical Physiology with Student Consult Online Access (12th ed.)
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Dicpinigaitis, Peter V.; Kantar, Ahmad; Enilari, Oladunni; Paravati, Francesco (2018).
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http://www.healthhype.com/cough-reflex-physiology-process-ear-cough-reflexes.html
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320:"Prevalence of Arnold Nerve Reflex in Adults and Children With Chronic Cough"
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277:"Unravelling vagal hypersensitivity in chronic cough: A distinct disease"
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The cough reflex can be tested by inhaling air with nebulized 200 μmol/L
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Air rushes into the lungs in order to equalise the pressure.
55:) of the respiratory tract are also sensitive to chemicals.
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Hegland, K. W.; Bolser, D. C.; Davenport, P. W. (2012).
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152:) and the vocal cords contract to shut the larynx.
23:occurs when stimulation of cough receptors in the
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254:. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. p. 473.
27:by dust or other foreign particles produces a
275:Zhang, Mengru; Morice, Alyn H. (2023-08-29).
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173:Stimulation of the auricular branch of the
35:. This typically clears particles from the
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367:"Volitional control of reflex cough"
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107:of the brain. This is the afferent
63:are sensitive to chemicals such as
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383:10.1152/japplphysiol.01299.2011
179:auricular branch of vagus nerve
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148:closes (muscles innervated by
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371:Journal of Applied Physiology
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336:10.1016/j.chest.2017.11.019
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281:The Journal of Physiology
150:recurrent laryngeal nerve
134:(innervated by segmental
97:superior laryngeal nerve
99:which stems from the
57:Terminal bronchioles
250:Hall, John (2011).
183:respiratory muscles
132:intercostal muscles
75:Physiology of cough
136:intercostal nerves
261:978-1-4160-4574-8
89:carina of trachea
25:respiratory tract
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417:Cough Reflex:
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330:(3): 675–679.
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113:cough center
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21:cough reflex
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193:Dysfunction
175:vagus nerve
160:vocal cords
101:vagus nerve
93:bronchioles
234:References
53:epithelium
344:1931-3543
297:0022-3751
216:capsaicin
124:Diaphragm
119:follows:
440:Reflexes
434:Category
401:22492938
352:29197546
305:37642341
222:See also
202:(in the
69:chlorine
392:3774289
210:Testing
164:glottis
146:glottis
105:medulla
81:trachea
67:gas or
61:alveoli
41:trachea
37:bronchi
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85:larynx
49:carina
45:larynx
16:Reflex
324:Chest
228:Cough
71:gas.
33:lungs
29:cough
397:PMID
348:PMID
340:ISSN
301:PMID
293:ISSN
256:ISBN
158:The
144:The
39:and
19:The
387:PMC
379:doi
375:113
332:doi
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