605:
and carried by capillary action past the fulcrum to a larger sponge reservoir which they fashioned to resemble wings. When enough water has been absorbed by the reservoir, the now-heavy bottom causes the bird to tip into a head-up position. With the beak out of the water, eventually enough water evaporates from the sponge that the original balance is restored and the head tips down again. Although a small drop in temperature may occur due to evaporative cooling, this does not contribute to the motion of the bird. The device operates relatively slowly with 7 hours 22 minutes being the average cycle time measured.
530:
494:
482:
518:
506:
264:
251:
is wet, or as long as a temperature differential is maintained between the head and body. This differential can be generated without evaporative cooling in the head; for instance, a heat source directed at the bottom bulb will create a pressure differential between top and bottom that will drive the engine. The ultimate source of energy is the temperature gradient between the toy's head and base; the toy is not a
29:
169:
396:
The drinking bird may also be considered to be an entropy engine driven by the difference of the entropy of liquid water and the entropy of water vapor dispersed in air, that is, the sum of the entropy of evaporation of pure water plus the entropy of dilution of water vapor in air. The evaporation of
250:
If a glass of water is placed so that the beak dips into it on its descent, the bird will continue to absorb water and the cycle will continue as long as there is enough water in the glass to keep the head wet. However, the bird will continue to dip even without a source of water, as long as the head
159:
Air is removed from the apparatus during manufacture, so the space inside the body is filled by vapor evaporated from the fluid. The upper bulb has a "beak" attached which, along with the head, is covered in a felt-like material. The bird is typically decorated with paper eyes, a plastic top hat, and
425:
In 1881 Israel L. Landis got a patent for a similar oscillating motor. A year later (1882), the Iske brothers got a patent for a similar motor. Unlike the drinking bird, the lower tank was heated and the upper tank just air-cooled in this engine. Other than that, it used the same principle. The Iske
267:
604:
This bird works as follows: it is balanced such that, when dry, it tips into a head-down position. The bird is placed next to a water source such that this position brings its beak into contact with water. Water is then lifted into the beak by capillary action (the authors used a triangular sponge)
417:
visited
Germany, saw a pulse hammer, and in 1768, improved it. Franklin's pulse hammer consisted of two glass bulbs connected by a U-shaped tube; one of the bulbs was partially filled with water in equilibrium with its vapor. Holding the partially filled bulb in one's hand would cause the water to
317:– as the drinking bird is first evacuated, partially filled and sealed, the pressure and thus the boiling point in the drinking bird will be different), gives the heat engine the ability to extract motion from low temperatures. The drinking bird is a heat engine that works at room temperature.
266:
271:
270:
265:
272:
274:
586:
In 2003 an alternative mechanism was devised by Nadine
Abraham and Peter Palffy-Muhoray of Ohio, USA, that utilizes capillary action combined with evaporation to produce motion, but has no volatile working fluid. Their paper "A Dunking Bird of the Second Kind", was submitted to the
273:
170:
1441:
269:
171:
384:
By considering the difference between the wet and dry bulb temperatures, it is possible to develop a mathematical expression to calculate the maximum work that can be produced from a given amount of water "drunk". Such analysis is based on the definition of the
445:. The book explained the "insatiable" mechanism: "Since the headtube's temperature becomes lower than that of the tail reservoir, this causes a drop in the pressure of the saturated vapours in the head-tube ..." It was said in Shanghai, China, that when
173:
1439:
Mitch
Hurwitz (Director), Troy Miller (Director), Mitch Hurwitz (Writer), Jim Vallely (Writer), Paul Rust (Story Editor), Jim Brandon (Story Editor), Brian Singleton (Story Editor), Will Arnett (Actor), Peter Jason (Voice) (May 26, 2013).
128:
A drinking bird consists of two glass bulbs joined by a glass tube (the bird's neck/body). The tube extends nearly all the way into the bottom bulb, and attaches to the top bulb but does not extend into it.
268:
593:, and published in June 2004. It describes a mechanism which, while similar to the original drinking bird, operates without a temperature difference. Instead it utilizes a combination of
132:
The space inside the bird contains a fluid, usually colored for visibility. (This dye might fade when exposed to light, with the rate depending on the dye/color). The fluid is typically
1457:
397:
water is an endothermic process requiring the input of thermal energy or a positive enthalpy flow from the environment. Since a spontaneous process requires a negative change in
172:
805:"Miles V. Sullivan is a member of the Photolithography Group in the Bipolar IC ... He is probably best known as the inventor of the “perpetually” drinking bird novelty."
240:
Liquid flows back to the bottom bulb (the toy is designed so that when it has tipped over the neck's tilt allows this). Pressure equalizes between top and bottom bulbs.
974:
1232:
Rivista scientifico-industriale delle principali scoperte ed invenzioni … (Scientific-industrial review of major discoveries and inventions … )
909:
749:
1465:
246:
The liquid in the bottom bulb is heated by ambient air, which is at a temperature slightly higher than the temperature of the bird's head.
1249:
Atti del Reale
Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti (Transactions of the Royal Venetian Institute of Science, Letters, and Arts)
338:, which establishes that molecules in a given space at a given temperature vary in energy level, and therefore can exist in multiple
422:
combined three
Franklin tubes to build a simple heat motor that was powered by evaporation in a way similar to the drinking bird.
1488:
1103:
348:(or condensation), which establishes that substances absorb (or give off) heat when changing state at a constant temperature.
545:
The drinking bird has been used in many fictional contexts. Drinking birds have been featured as plot elements in the 1951
1412:
806:
704:
335:
324:, which establishes a proportional relationship between temperature and pressure exerted by a gas in a constant volume.
116:
that mimic the motions of a bird drinking from a water source. They are sometimes incorrectly considered examples of a
1582:
463:
as working fluid. It was again patented in the US by Miles V. Sullivan in 1946. He was a Ph.D. inventor-scientist at
381:
By using a water-ethanol mixture instead of water, the effect of different rates of evaporation can be demonstrated.
529:
331:, which establishes a proportional relationship between number of gas particles and pressure in a constant volume.
234:
When the bird tips over, the bottom end of the neck tube rises above the surface of the liquid in the bottom bulb.
845:
1380:
449:
and his wife, Elsa, arrived in
Shanghai in 1922, they were fascinated by the Chinese "insatiable birdie" toy.
820:
1121:
1168:
589:
981:
1587:
493:
950:
786:
217:
The lower temperature and condensation together cause the pressure to drop in the head (governed by
1560:
791:
370:: The temperature difference between the head and body depends on the relative humidity of the air.
345:
208:
56:
1227:
481:
1597:
1411:"Dr. Sullivan also holds patents on several novelty items such as the well-known drinking bird."
746:
670:- the branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work
1592:
1244:
137:
1210:
1193:
1110:
621:
consisting of a set of sealed chambers with volatile fluid inside just as in the drinking bird
505:
1261:
866:
773:
721:
557:
517:
739:
1602:
1503:
1273:
1184:
1018:
924:
694:
563:
367:
149:
214:
The temperature decrease causes some of the dichloromethane vapor in the head to condense.
8:
1607:
1577:
194:
160:
one or more tail feathers. The whole device pivots on a crosspiece attached to the body.
1507:
1277:
1022:
928:
426:
brothers during that time got various patents on a related engine which is now known as
237:
A bubble of warm vapor rises up the tube through this gap, displacing liquid as it goes.
1289:
661:
578:, drinking birds are a symbolic prop which represent the progression of Les' insanity.
386:
243:
The weight of the liquid in the bottom bulb restores the bird to its vertical position.
218:
1548:
1519:
1376:
1293:
1006:
700:
551:
453:
414:
398:
1511:
1281:
1180:
1034:
1026:
940:
932:
753:
657:
594:
567:, a delusional character hears the voice of God speaking through a drinking bird.
409:
By the 1760s (or earlier) German artisans had invented a so-called "pulse hammer" (
361:
321:
252:
117:
821:"Drinking Birds and Hand Boilers – Why these Retro Souvenirs are Still So Popular"
459:
Arthur M. Hillery got a US patent in 1945. Arthur M. Hillery suggested the use of
546:
468:
446:
419:
302:
197:. The initial state of the system is a bird with a wet head oriented vertically.
133:
1312:
1446:(Television production). 4 (Original Cut ed.). Netflix. 07:37 minutes in.
667:
653:
438:
355:
339:
225:
190:
186:
1425:
1399:
1262:"Modo di utilizzare il calorico dell' ambiente per produrre un piccolo lavoro"
1245:"Modo di utilizzare il calorico dell' ambiente per produrre un piccolo lavoro"
1228:"Modo di utilizzare il calorico dell' ambiente per produrre un piccolo lavoro"
1150:
1145:
1112:
Experiments And
Observations On Electricity, Made At Philadelphia in America …
1061:
895:
724:. American Physical Society, with permission of the Hyperion(Reprint edition).
1571:
1340:
735:
472:
390:
328:
314:
306:
141:
66:
628:
571:
286:
401:, the positive enthalpy has to be overcome by the large entropy increase.
16:
Novelty toy powered by temperature difference caused by evaporating water.
1556:
644:
632:
618:
614:
598:
427:
182:
113:
42:
1426:"USD146744S - Design for an activated toy bird figure - Google Patents"
1285:
1039:
945:
624:
418:
flow into the empty bulb. In 1872, the
Italian physicist and engineer
153:
1515:
1030:
1005:
Güémez, J.; Valiente, R.; Fiolhais, C.; Fiolhais, M. (December 2003).
936:
908:
Güémez, J.; Valiente, R.; Fiolhais, C.; Fiolhais, M. (December 2003).
1090:. Flórez-Orrego, Daniel. Polytechnic School, University of Sao Paulo.
649:
464:
290:
1126:. Vol. 2. Edinburgh, Scotland: J. Murray. p. 14, footnote.
758:
136:(DCM), also known as methylene chloride. Earlier versions contained
1087:
640:
375:
1139:
1072:
636:
460:
294:
145:
734:
452:
In addition, the
Japanese professor of toys, Takao Sakai, from
351:
28:
1004:
907:
231:
As the liquid rises, the bird becomes top heavy and tips over.
433:
A Chinese drinking bird toy dating back to 1910s~1930s named
1264:[Way to use ambient heat to produce a little work].
1247:[Way to use ambient heat to produce a little work].
1230:[Way to use ambient heat to produce a little work].
193:. Like all heat engines, the drinking bird works through a
1104:
Benjamin
Franklin's letter to John Winthrop of 2 July 1768
1458:"Reading Australia: 'The Floating World' by John Romeril"
719:
189:
to a pressure difference within the device, and performs
110:
52:
1443:
Arrested Development S4E11 Original Cut "A New Attitude"
1138:
For videos of Franklin's pulse hammer in operation, see
374:
The operation of the bird is also affected by relative
309:(39.6 °C (103.3 °F) under standard pressure
207:
Evaporation lowers the temperature of the glass head (
1486:
1487:
Abraham, Nadine; Palffy-Muhoray, Peter (June 2004).
1120:
Robison, John; Watt, James; Brewster, David (1822).
1088:"Three hand-solved thermodynamics exercises for fun"
740:"Exhibit-Based Energy Teaching at the Exploratorium"
1119:
540:
258:
1370:
185:that exploits a temperature difference to convert
1208:
1191:
1166:
1115:. London, England: David Henry. pp. 489–492.
228:in the warmer base pushes the liquid up the neck.
1569:
475:in 1947, that cites Arthur M. Hillery's patent.
33:Drinking bird about to dip its beak in the water
627:- a glass container with two bulbs containing
204:The water evaporates from the felt on the head.
750:Office of Scientific and Technical Information
285:The drinking bird is an exhibition of several
597:, gravitational potential difference and the
123:
1394:
1392:
140:. Miles V. Sullivan's 1945 patent suggested
1335:
1333:
1307:
1305:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
861:
859:
801:
799:
342:(solid/liquid/gas) at a single temperature.
688:
686:
684:
27:
1389:
1361:(Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005):86–87.
1085:
1038:
944:
867:"How the Drinking Bird Science Toy Works"
757:
84:Miles V. Sullivan / Chinese craftspeople
1546:
1330:
1302:
1259:
1242:
1225:
1108:
877:
856:
796:
692:
262:
167:
103:dunking birds, drinky birds, water birds
681:
1570:
1357:Alice Calaprice and Trevor Lipscombe,
1185:10.1038/scientificamerican09051874-150
1167:(Editorial staff) (5 September 1874).
1062:"The Engineering of the Drinking Bird"
570:In Australian contemporary playwright
555:and the 1968 science fiction thriller
1371:酒井高男 (Takao Sakai) (February 1977).
1198:English Mechanic and World of Science
819:Guy, The Souvenir (9 February 2015).
581:
1413:Electrochemical technology: Volume 6
1341:"US253868A - Motor - Google Patents"
1007:"Experiments with the drinking bird"
910:"Experiments with the drinking bird"
456:, also introduced this Chinese toy.
280:The Engineering of the Drinking Bird
163:
1489:"A dunking bird of the second kind"
818:
807:Bell Laboratories record: Volume 52
660:to transfer heat between two solid
289:and is therefore a staple of basic
13:
1209:(Editorial staff) (24 July 1874).
1192:(Editorial staff) (17 July 1874).
720:American Physical Society (2012).
14:
1619:
1540:
699:. Vol. 2. pp. 175–178.
200:The process operates as follows:
561:. In S4E11 of the comedy series
541:Notable usage in popular culture
528:
516:
504:
492:
480:
471:, USA. Robert T. Plate got a US
259:Physical and chemical principles
1480:
1462:www.australianbookreview.com.au
1450:
1432:
1418:
1405:
1364:
1351:
1157:
1132:
1123:System of Mechanical Philosophy
1094:
1079:
1054:
998:
967:
736:Exploratorium Teacher Institute
1215:Journal of the Society of Arts
901:
838:
812:
728:
713:
601:of water to power the device.
336:Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution
92:1945 / much earlier than 1920
1:
846:"How Does a Dippy Bird Work?"
674:
639:courses to demonstrate rapid
1359:Albert Einstein: A Biography
7:
1496:American Journal of Physics
1268:. 2nd series (in Italian).
1251:. 4th series (in Italian).
1109:Franklin, Benjamin (1769).
1011:American Journal of Physics
917:American Journal of Physics
608:
590:American Journal of Physics
10:
1624:
404:
297:education. These include:
124:Construction and materials
76:Bulbs, tube, axle, support
1547:Moriarty, Philip (2009).
1260:Bernardi, Enrico (1874).
1243:Bernardi, Enrico (1873).
1226:Bernardi, Enrico (1872).
850:Science.howstuffworks.com
696:Physics for Entertainment
693:Perelman, Yakov (1972) .
443:Physics for Entertainment
88:
80:
72:
62:
48:
38:
26:
21:
1583:Birds in popular culture
1561:University of Nottingham
1372:
975:"The Dipping Happy Bird"
177:Video of a Drinking Bird
57:scientific demonstration
1086:Flórez-Orrego, Daniel.
747:US Department of Energy
511:Arthur M. Hillery, 1944
181:The drinking bird is a
1151:Franklin's pulse glass
781:Cite journal requires
523:Miles V. Sullivan 1945
282:
178:
138:trichlorofluoromethane
1400:U.S. patent 2,384,168
896:U.S. patent 2,402,463
487:Israel L. Landis 1881
277:
176:
1375:(in Japanese). 講談社.
654:heat-transfer device
564:Arrested Development
535:Robert T. Plate 1947
368:Wet-bulb temperature
364:of the wicking felt.
346:Heat of vaporization
209:heat of vaporization
150:carbon tetrachloride
1549:"The Drinking Duck"
1508:2004AmJPh..72..782A
1313:"Oscillating motor"
1278:1874NCim...11...27B
1173:Scientific American
1023:2003AmJPh..71.1257G
929:2003AmJPh..71.1257G
722:"Insatiable Birdie"
389:efficiency and the
195:thermodynamic cycle
1317:Patents.google.com
1286:10.1007/bf02738665
825:Souvenirbuyers.com
582:Alternative design
576:The Floating World
499:Iske Brothers 1881
387:Carnot heat engine
283:
219:Equations of state
179:
1516:10.1119/1.1703543
1031:10.1119/1.1603272
1017:(12): 1257–1263.
937:10.1119/1.1603272
923:(12): 1257–1263.
552:Putty Tat Trouble
454:Tohoku University
435:insatiable birdie
415:Benjamin Franklin
399:Gibbs free energy
275:
174:
164:Heat engine steps
96:
95:
1615:
1588:Educational toys
1564:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1518:. Archived from
1493:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1464:. Archived from
1454:
1448:
1447:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1416:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1387:
1386:
1368:
1362:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1337:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1309:
1300:
1297:
1266:Il Nuovo Cimento
1256:
1239:
1222:
1205:
1188:
1161:
1155:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1116:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
992:
986:
980:. Archived from
979:
971:
965:
964:
962:
961:
955:
949:. Archived from
948:
914:
905:
899:
898:
892:
875:
874:
863:
854:
853:
842:
836:
835:
833:
831:
816:
810:
803:
794:
792:(cover page URL)
790:
784:
779:
777:
769:
767:
766:
761:
744:
732:
726:
725:
717:
711:
710:
690:
658:phase transition
635:. It is used in
595:capillary action
532:
520:
508:
496:
484:
437:is described in
362:Capillary action
322:combined gas law
313: = 10
276:
253:perpetual motion
175:
118:perpetual motion
101:, also known as
31:
19:
18:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1568:
1567:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1468:on 18 June 2015
1456:
1455:
1451:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1352:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1162:
1158:
1137:
1133:
1099:
1095:
1084:
1080:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1003:
999:
990:
988:
984:
977:
973:
972:
968:
959:
957:
953:
912:
906:
902:
894:
893:
878:
865:
864:
857:
852:. 5 April 2001.
844:
843:
839:
829:
827:
817:
813:
804:
797:
782:
780:
771:
770:
764:
762:
759:10.2172/6421909
742:
733:
729:
718:
714:
707:
691:
682:
677:
611:
584:
547:Merrie Melodies
543:
536:
533:
524:
521:
512:
509:
500:
497:
488:
485:
469:Murray Hill, NJ
447:Albert Einstein
420:Enrico Bernardi
407:
303:dichloromethane
263:
261:
191:mechanical work
168:
166:
134:dichloromethane
126:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1621:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1598:Thermodynamics
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1566:
1565:
1542:
1541:External links
1539:
1536:
1535:
1502:(6): 782–785.
1479:
1449:
1431:
1417:
1404:
1388:
1381:
1363:
1350:
1329:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1257:
1240:
1234:(in Italian).
1223:
1206:
1189:
1175:. new series.
1156:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1117:
1106:
1093:
1078:
1053:
997:
966:
900:
876:
855:
837:
811:
795:
783:|journal=
738:(1993-07-27).
727:
712:
706:978-1401309213
705:
679:
678:
676:
673:
672:
671:
668:Thermodynamics
665:
647:
622:
610:
607:
583:
580:
542:
539:
538:
537:
534:
527:
525:
522:
515:
513:
510:
503:
501:
498:
491:
489:
486:
479:
439:Yakov Perelman
406:
403:
372:
371:
365:
359:
356:center of mass
349:
343:
332:
325:
318:
260:
257:
248:
247:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:vapor pressure
222:
215:
212:
205:
165:
162:
125:
122:
99:Drinking birds
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
50:
46:
45:
40:
39:Classification
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1620:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:Novelty items
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1553:Sixty Symbols
1550:
1545:
1544:
1525:on 2012-07-10
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1435:
1427:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1384:
1378:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:"A new motor"
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:"A new motor"
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:"A new motor"
1165:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1063:
1057:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
987:on 2021-08-01
983:
976:
970:
956:on 2011-07-01
952:
947:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
911:
904:
897:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
872:
871:Thoughtco.com
868:
862:
860:
851:
847:
841:
826:
822:
815:
808:
802:
800:
793:
788:
775:
760:
755:
751:
748:
741:
737:
731:
723:
716:
708:
702:
698:
697:
689:
687:
685:
680:
669:
666:
663:
659:
656:that employs
655:
651:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
623:
620:
616:
613:
612:
606:
602:
600:
596:
592:
591:
579:
577:
573:
568:
566:
565:
560:
559:
554:
553:
548:
531:
526:
519:
514:
507:
502:
495:
490:
483:
478:
477:
476:
474:
473:Design patent
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
423:
421:
416:
412:
402:
400:
394:
392:
391:psychrometric
388:
382:
379:
377:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
337:
333:
330:
329:ideal gas law
326:
323:
319:
316:
312:
308:
307:boiling point
304:
300:
299:
298:
296:
292:
288:
287:physical laws
281:
256:
254:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
223:
220:
216:
213:
210:
206:
203:
202:
201:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
161:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
121:
119:
115:
112:
108:
107:dipping birds
104:
100:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
67:Heat transfer
65:
61:
58:
54:
51:
47:
44:
41:
37:
30:
25:
22:Drinking bird
20:
1552:
1527:. Retrieved
1520:the original
1499:
1495:
1482:
1470:. Retrieved
1466:the original
1461:
1452:
1442:
1434:
1420:
1407:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1344:
1320:. Retrieved
1316:
1272:(1): 27–34.
1269:
1265:
1255:: 1379–1389.
1252:
1248:
1235:
1231:
1218:
1214:
1201:
1197:
1176:
1172:
1159:
1134:
1122:
1111:
1096:
1081:
1071:– via
1065:. Retrieved
1056:
1044:. Retrieved
1014:
1010:
1000:
989:. Retrieved
982:the original
969:
958:. Retrieved
951:the original
920:
916:
903:
870:
849:
840:
828:. Retrieved
824:
814:
774:cite journal
763:. Retrieved
730:
715:
695:
629:liquid water
603:
588:
585:
575:
572:John Romeril
569:
562:
556:
550:
544:
458:
451:
442:
434:
432:
424:
410:
408:
395:
383:
380:
373:
310:
284:
279:
249:
199:
180:
158:
131:
127:
114:heat engines
106:
102:
98:
97:
43:Heat engines
1603:Toy animals
1557:Brady Haran
1204:(486): 449.
1179:(10): 150.
1146:Pulse Glass
1040:10316/12328
946:10316/12328
645:evaporation
633:water vapor
619:heat engine
615:Minto wheel
599:evaporation
428:Minto wheel
413:). In 1767
305:with a low
224:The higher
187:heat energy
183:heat engine
63:Fuel source
49:Application
1608:Water toys
1578:1940s toys
1572:Categories
1529:2012-02-19
1382:4061179101
1345:Google.com
1322:30 January
1238:: 297–300.
1142:examples:
1067:30 January
1046:30 January
991:2021-08-01
960:2012-02-19
830:30 January
765:2010-03-03
675:References
662:interfaces
625:Cryophorus
411:Pulshammer
393:concepts.
154:chloroform
73:Components
1294:120829150
650:Heat pipe
558:The Power
465:Bell Labs
291:chemistry
255:machine.
1559:for the
641:freezing
609:See also
574:'s play
549:cartoon
376:humidity
120:device.
89:Invented
81:Inventor
1504:Bibcode
1373:おもちゃの科学
1274:Bibcode
1140:YouTube
1073:YouTube
1019:Bibcode
925:Bibcode
637:physics
461:acetone
405:History
295:physics
146:alcohol
1472:22 May
1379:
1292:
1221:: 788.
703:
352:Torque
340:phases
278:Video
1523:(PDF)
1492:(PDF)
1290:S2CID
1163:See:
1100:See:
985:(PDF)
978:(PDF)
954:(PDF)
913:(PDF)
752:: 3.
743:(PDF)
652:- a
152:, or
142:ether
105:, or
1474:2022
1415:1968
1377:ISBN
1324:2022
1069:2022
1048:2022
832:2022
809:1974
787:help
701:ISBN
631:and
617:- a
354:and
334:The
327:The
320:The
301:The
293:and
109:are
1512:doi
1282:doi
1181:doi
1035:hdl
1027:doi
941:hdl
933:doi
754:doi
643:by
467:in
441:'s
111:toy
53:Toy
1574::
1555:.
1551:.
1510:.
1500:72
1498:.
1494:.
1460:.
1391:^
1343:.
1332:^
1315:.
1304:^
1288:.
1280:.
1270:11
1219:22
1217:.
1213:.
1202:19
1200:.
1196:.
1177:31
1171:.
1033:.
1025:.
1015:71
1013:.
1009:.
939:.
931:.
921:71
919:.
915:.
879:^
869:.
858:^
848:.
823:.
798:^
778::
776:}}
772:{{
745:.
683:^
430:.
378:.
315:Pa
221:).
211:).
156:.
148:,
144:,
55:,
1563:.
1532:.
1514::
1506::
1476:.
1428:.
1385:.
1347:.
1326:.
1296:.
1284::
1276::
1253:2
1236:4
1187:.
1183::
1075:.
1050:.
1037::
1029::
1021::
994:.
963:.
943::
935::
927::
873:.
834:.
789:)
785:(
768:.
756::
709:.
664:.
358:.
311:p
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
