95:
867:
rear. This front-to-rear burn pattern minimizes the effect seen in rear-igniting cartridges where a portion of the powder at the front of the charge is wasted, as it is forced down and out of the barrel and burns in the air as muzzle flash. It also ensures that the whole charge burns under the highest possible pressure, theoretically minimising unburnt residues. Consequently, a smaller charge can be used to obtain the same velocity as a rear-ignited charge of the same bullet calibre and weight. It also increases the handling security of the cartridge, since it is virtually impossible to set the primer off accidentally.
919:
that purpose. The needle could be easily replaced in under 30 seconds, even in the field. Because the rifle used black powder, residue accumulated at the back of the barrel, making cleaning necessary after about 60–80 shots. This was not a large problem because the individual soldier carried fewer cartridges than that and Dreyse created an "air chamber" by having a protruding needle tube. (The
Chassepot also had this, but it was more likely to jam after fewer shots because its chamber had a smaller diameter.) A soldier trained before the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 had to finish field cleaning in less than 10 minutes.
834:
25:
847:
1491:
814:
in 1866. The employment of the needle-gun changed military tactics in the 19th century, as a
Prussian soldier could fire five (or more) shots, even while lying on the ground, in the time that it took his Austrian muzzle-loading counterpart to reload while standing. Production was ramped up after the
765:
The
British Army evaluated the Dreyse needle gun in 1849–1851. In the British trials, the Dreyse was shown to be capable of six rounds per minute, and to maintain accuracy at 800–1,200 yards (730–1,100 m). The trials suggested that the Dreyse was "too complicated and delicate" for service use.
918:
The placement of the primer directly behind the bullet meant the firing needle was enclosed in black powder when the gun was fired, causing stress to the pin, which could break over time and render the rifle useless until it could be replaced. Soldiers were provided with two replacement needles for
862:
charge. The 15.4 mm (0.61 in) bullet was shaped like an acorn, with the broader end forming a point and the primer attached to its base. The bullet was held in a paper case known as a sabot, which separated from the bullet as it exited the muzzle. Between this inner lining and the outer
866:
The upper end of the paper case is rolled up and tied. Upon release of the trigger, the point of the needle pierces the rear of the cartridge, passes through the powder and hits the primer fixed to the base of the sabot. Thus the burn-front in the black powder charge passes from the front to the
805:
of the weapon possible in the early 1860s. The new 1862 model and the enhanced M/55 ammunition type expedited the use and widespread adoption of the weapon in the 1860s. The success of German private industry in delivering the necessary amount of armaments for the army marked the definite end of
829:
Sometime in the late 1860s, Japan acquired an unknown number of Model 1862 rifles and bayonets. These were marked with the imperial chrysanthemum stamp. China also acquired Dreyse rifles for the modernisation of their armed forces.
870:
There was also a blank cartridge developed for the needle gun. It was shorter and lighter than the live round, since it lacked the projectile, but was otherwise similar in construction and powder load.
1570:
Rolf
Wirtgen (Ed.) Das Zündnadelgewehr - Eine militärtechnische Revolution im 19.Jhd., Herford 1991 (In-depth German monograph on Dreyse and the development of his weapon in historical context)
688:. His adoption of the bolt-action breech-loading principle combined with this igniter system gave the rifle its military potential, as these factors allowed a much faster rate of fire.
903:, against which it was fielded during the Franco-Prussian War. This was mainly because a sizable amount of gas escaped at the breech when the rifle was fired with a
719:
in 1849. Many German states subsequently adopted the weapon. The Sömmerda factory could not meet demand and produced only 30,000 rifles a year. Most of the
Prussian
739:
being equipped with the weapon in 1855. Dreyse consented to state manufacture of the rifle to increase production. The Royal
Prussian Rifle Factory at the
1671:
162:
774:
muzzle-loading rifle was judged to be a better weapon, and an improved version was adopted as the
Pattern 1851 Minié-type muzzle-loading rifle.
1635:
1506:
1620:
1511:
822:
In 1867, Romania purchased 20,000 rifles and 11,000 carbines from the
Prussian government. These were used to great effect in the
1666:
748:
886:
When the needle was dirty, the rifle tended to misfire. Colonel Hawker considered that a new needle was required every 12 shots.
1585:
1561:
1452:
684:
consisting of a long needle driven by a coiled conchoidal spring that fired the internal percussion cap on the base of the
1151:
1604:
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1535:
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216:
68:
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1419:
655:. However, to conceal the revolutionary nature of the design, the rifle entered military service in 1841 as the
1476:
1324:
256:
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94:
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from 1859 to 1863, the Dreyse needle gun played an important role in the Austro-Prussian victory in the
1661:
711:, but only 45,000 units had been produced by 1848. It was used in combat for the first time during the
625:
266:
762:. At first, the Spandau factory produced 12,000 Dreyse needle guns a year, rising to 48,000 in 1867.
911:
and increased speed in loading, was introduced later, but it was replaced shortly thereafter by the
1138:
33:
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271:
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with the help of state loans to ramp up production. It was accepted for service in 1841 as the
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On the Road to Total War: The
American Civil War and the German Wars of Unification, 1861–1871
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Tactics and Rifles of the Battle of Königgrätz – Lorenz and Dreyse Rifles in Action
1101:
810:. The Prussian Army infantry had 270,000 Dreyse needle guns by the outbreak of the
685:
172:
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908:
904:
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broke out in 1870, the
Prussian Army had 1,150,000 needle guns in its inventory.
802:
740:
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632:
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PreuĂźische ZĂĽndnadelgewehre In Deutschland 1861-1871 und die Aptierung nach Beck
1195:
Preußische Zündnadelgewehre In Deutschland 1861–1871 und die Aptierung nach Beck
854:
The cartridge used with this rifle consisted of the paper case, the bullet, the
1597:
From Musket to Metallic Cartridge: A Practical History of Black Powder Firearms
1444:
From Musket to Metallic Cartridge: A Practical History of Black Powder Firearms
1341:
From Musket to Metallic Cartridge: A Practical History of Black Powder Firearms
1317:
From Waterloo to Balaclava: tactics, technology, and the British Army 1815–1854
855:
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After the Prussian army received a 25% increase in funding and was reformed by
724:
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236:
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728:
727:, a smoothbore weapon whose range and accuracy was far inferior to the French
616:
to open and close the chamber. It was used as the main infantry weapon of the
1645:
1502:
1497:
863:
case was the powder charge, consisting of 4.8 g (74 grains) of black powder.
628:(1787–1867), who had been conducting numerous design experiments since 1824.
182:
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When the gun was heated and foul, operating the bolt required much strength.
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Die Handwaffen des brandenburgisch-preußisch-deutschen Heeres 1640–1945
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1556:(First ed.). West Sussex, England: Woodfield Publishing Ltd.
1554:
The Dreyse MILITARY NEEDLE-IGNITION SYSTEM, an illustrated history
1496:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1134:
1132:
1412:
The Reality of War, a memory of the Franco-Prussian War 1870–1871
794:
496:
1621:
The Needle-Gun and Cartridge, Chambers's Journal, 18 August 1866
715:
and proved its combat superiority in street fighting during the
1414:, translated by Fermer, Douglas, Cassell & Co, p. 27,
1129:
759:
735:. The Prussian Army's low level of funding resulted in just 90
680:
made by Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse were muzzle-loading, with a
652:
568:
678 m (741.5 yd) (maximum setting on sights for M/65)
565:
527 m (576.3 yd) (maximum setting on sights for M/62)
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
895:
The escape of gas at the breech got worse as firing continued.
723:
in the 1850s were still equipped with the obsolete 1839 Model
609:
892:
The barrel tended to wear at the junction with the cylinder.
1289:
1268:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
668:). It had a rate of fire of about six rounds per minute.
1387:
1385:
1301:
1152:"Frederick Townsend Ward and the Ever— Victorious Army"
922:
1382:
612:, as well as the first breech-loading rifle to use a
695:
ordered 60,000 of the new rifles. Dreyse set up the
691:
After successful testing in 1840, the Prussian king
1230:
1228:
1226:
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1218:
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1214:
1234:
624:. It was invented in 1836 by the German gunsmith
1643:
1211:
1594:
1319:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–40.
899:Its effective range was less than that of the
883:The spring that drove the needle was delicate.
1525:
1469:A Day of Battle, Mars-La-Tours 16 August 1870
1295:
1283:
1515:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1165:
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643:, since it passed like a needle through the
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1631:Forgotten Weapons – Dreyse M60 Needle Rifle
1573:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
841:
1530:. Cambridge: German Historical Institute.
1405:
1403:
1235:Eckhardt, Werner; Morawietz, Otto (1957).
1672:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1836
1580:. Krause Publications. pp. 102–106.
1460:
879:British trials in 1849–1851 showed that:
837:Chinese Hunan Army with Dreyse needle gun
554:200 m (218.7 yd) (point target)
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1551:
1501:
1427:
1314:
845:
832:
666: Light Percussion Rifle Model 1841
32:This article includes a list of general
1440:
1400:
1034:265–350 m/s (870–1,150 ft/s)
1644:
1636:Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse (in German)
1626:Cut through drawings of the Needle Gun
1466:
1409:
743:began production in 1853, followed by
658:leichtes Perkussionsgewehr Modell 1841
1370:from the original on 12 December 2021
1249:
1192:
708:leichtes Perkussionsgewehr Model 1841
1552:A-R-West, Leonard & Guy (2019).
1526:Förster, Stig; Nagler, Jörg (1997).
1391:
1343:. Crowood Press, 2013, pp. 125–130.
1254:(in German). BoD – Books on Demand.
995:6 to 8 rounds/minute (estimate, see
907:. An improved model, giving greater
18:
1599:. Crowood Press. pp. 125–130.
1250:Finze, Wolfgang (22 January 2016).
1193:Finze, Wolfgang (22 January 2016).
923:Comparison with contemporary rifles
662:
13:
1545:
631:The name "ignition needle rifle" (
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1683:
1614:
1181:Imperial Chinese Armies 1840–1911
815:war against Austria and when the
1489:
551:Effective firing range
93:
23:
1519:
1353:
1333:
1031:305 m/s (1,000 ft/s)
1667:Single-shot bolt-action rifles
1243:
1186:
1173:
1158:
1144:
969:1,200 m (1,300 yd)
874:
559:Maximum firing range
304:
1:
1122:
984:1,600 m (1,750 yd)
966:1,460 m (1,600 yd)
963:1,000 m (1,100 yd)
850:Dreyse mechanism, model 1862.
797:in 1864. The introduction of
713:German revolutions of 1848–49
534:305 m/s (1,000 ft/s) (before
217:German revolutions of 1848–49
1020:17.8 mm (.702 in)
1017:17.5 mm (0.69 in)
1014:15.4 mm (0.61 in)
824:Romanian War of Independence
787:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
605:was a 19th-century military
488:Acorn-shaped lead bullet in
262:Romanian War of Independence
7:
1360:capandball (17 June 2016).
1090:
1077:4.7 kg (10.4 lb)
1065:126 cm (49.6 in)
1062:142 cm (55.9 in)
501:15.4 mm (0.61 in)
453:134 cm (52.8 in)
424:4.8 kg (10.6 lb)
415:4.9 kg (10.8 lb)
10:
1688:
1394:From Waterloo to Balaclava
1049:78 cm (30.7 in)
1046:91 cm (35.8 in)
1023:11 mm (0.43 in)
671:
626:Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse
622:Wars of German Unification
291:Johann Nikolaus von Dreyse
267:Second Franco-Dahomean War
16:Prussian bolt-action rifle
1296:Förster & Nagler 1997
1284:Förster & Nagler 1997
1197:. BoD – Books on Demand.
1080:5 kg (11.0 lb)
1052:99.1 cm (39 in)
977:600 m (660 yd)
960:600 m (660 yd)
697:
599:
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444:143 cm (56 in)
437:
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257:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
202:
145:
129:
124:
115:Place of origin
114:
104:
92:
85:
1441:Flatnes, Oyvind (2013),
1179:Jowett, Phillip (2016).
1139:Ryozen Museum of History
842:Ammunition and mechanism
801:barrels made industrial
99:M-1841 Dreyse needle-gun
1595:Oyvind Flatnes (2013).
1512:Encyclopædia Britannica
1471:, Harrap, p. 279,
717:May Uprising in Dresden
587:V-notch and front post
473:91 cm (36 in)
272:First Sino-Japanese War
53:more precise citations.
1467:Ascoli, David (1987),
1410:LĂ©once, Patry (2001),
1315:Strachan, Hew (1985).
1166:
851:
838:
806:government-owned army
768:
707:
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520:Rate of fire
455:
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393:ZĂĽndnadelpioniergewehr
392:
385:ZĂĽndnadelpioniergewehr
384:
376:
368:
360:
352:
344:
338:
330:
322:
1164:D'Albéca, Alexandre.
1006:6 to 7 rounds/minute
849:
836:
524:4–5 rounds per minute
194:French auxiliary army
1574:John Walter (2006).
1167:La France au Dahomey
791:Second Schleswig War
693:Friedrich Wilhelm IV
530:Muzzle velocity
388:U/M (modified model)
232:Second Schleswig War
1577:Rifles of the World
1239:. pp. 118–126.
1117:Caseless ammunition
817:Franco-Prussian War
812:Austro-Prussian War
676:The first types of
651:at the base of the
639:) was based on its
252:Franco-Prussian war
242:Austro-Prussian War
1112:Werndl–Holub rifle
948:Fusil modèle 1866
852:
839:
353:ZĂĽndnadelkarabiner
283:Production history
189:Tokugawa Shogunate
168:Khedivate of Egypt
135:Kingdom of Prussia
119:Kingdom of Prussia
87:Dreyse needle-gun
1662:Rifles of Germany
1587:978-0-89689-241-5
1563:978-1-84683-190-4
1454:978-1-84797-594-2
1339:Flatnes, Oyvind.
1088:
1087:
913:Mauser Model 1871
783:Albrecht von Roon
594:
593:
227:Taiping Rebellion
109:Bolt-action rifle
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1154:. 6 August 2021.
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1102:M1819 Hall rifle
1028:Muzzle velocity
1001:2 rounds/minute
992:6 rounds/minute
957:Effective range
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698:Dreyse-ZĂĽndnadel
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1505:, ed. (1911). "
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909:muzzle velocity
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770:carabine Ă tige
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741:Spandau Arsenal
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645:paper cartridge
637:ZĂĽndnadelgewehr
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511:Breech-loading
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377:ZĂĽndnadelbĂĽchse
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339:ZĂĽndnadelbĂĽchse
331:ZĂĽndnadelbĂĽchse
323:ZĂĽndnadelgewehr
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130:In service
125:Service history
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1059:Total length
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1652:Early rifles
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1520:Bibliography
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1396:, p. 41
1393:
1372:. Retrieved
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1097:Podewils gun
917:
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869:
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860:black powder
853:
828:
821:
776:
764:
733:Lorenz rifle
690:
675:
647:to strike a
630:
597:
595:
470: length
146:Used by
80:
65:
56:
37:
1447:, Crowood,
1421:030435913-0
1374:20 December
1366:. YouTube.
1107:Kammerlader
974:Sighted to
944:Minié rifle
937:Kammerlader
875:Limitations
766:The French
752: [
701:factory in
614:bolt action
589:iron sights
579:Single-shot
540:), 350m/s (
513:bolt action
345:PikenbĂĽchse
307: built
222:Platine War
133:1841–1876 (
51:introducing
1646:Categories
1638:(archived)
1507:Needle-Gun
1478:0245542507
1326:0521304393
1123:References
799:cast steel
737:battalions
682:firing pin
678:needle gun
641:firing pin
603:needle-gun
310:1,375,000+
247:Boshin War
34:references
950:Chassepot
939:M1849/55
901:Chassepot
808:workshops
779:Wilhelm I
618:Prussians
537:Aptierung
484:Cartridge
299:From 1824
59:July 2011
1368:Archived
1170:. p.218.
1091:See also
1011:Calibre
997:article)
858:and the
793:against
721:infantry
703:Sömmerda
315:Variants
296:Designed
288:Designer
1500::
1141:exhibit
933:Dreyse
915:rifle.
795:Denmark
672:History
663:transl.
620:in the
543:aptiert
497:Caliber
178:Bavaria
163:Romania
153:Prussia
47:improve
1603:
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1258:
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952:rifle
930:Rifle
760:Erfurt
745:Danzig
653:bullet
633:German
600:Dreyse
584:Sights
507:Action
468:Barrel
438:Length
348:) M/54
173:Brazil
36:, but
756:]
749:Saarn
729:Minié
686:sabot
610:rifle
158:China
1601:ISBN
1582:ISBN
1558:ISBN
1532:ISBN
1473:ISBN
1449:ISBN
1416:ISBN
1376:2016
1345:ISBN
1321:ISBN
1256:ISBN
1199:ISBN
785:and
758:and
596:The
459:M/62
450:M/41
430:M/62
421:M/41
409:Mass
396:M/69
380:M/65
372:M/62
364:M/60
334:M/49
326:M/41
209:List
203:Wars
137:and
105:Type
1509:".
305:No.
1648::
1429:^
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826:.
781:,
754:de
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661:(
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66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
