1178:, pp. 62–63: "There appears to be evidence for contact between Epirus and Mycenean culture from the early and middle Bronze Age (mostly ceramic), with most evidence dating to the late Bronze Age and including as well as pottery remains, weaponry (swords and double-axes), tools and jewellery, and imports from the Europe and the Near East. Objects and archaeological remains at the site of Dodona suggest that there was already some kind of cult activity there in the late Bronze Age. There is little evidence for the Dark Age period (1200/1100-730/700 BC), but contact between the area and cities in South Greece seems to resume in the eighth century (with the foundation of Kassopeia in 730-700 BC by Elis, and settlements by Corinth, including Ambracia, Anaktorion Epidamnus and Apollonia, 650/630 BC), and this is supported by the appearance at Dodona of bronze votive offerings from the south of Greece, dating to the end of the eighth century, and beginning with the pervasive tripod, but going on through the archaic period to encompass a variety of animal, human and divine imagery."
835:; and then, being a slave there, she established a shrine of Zeus under an oak that was growing there; for it was reasonable that, as she had been a handmaid of the temple of Zeus at Thebes, she would remember that temple in the land to which she had come. After this, as soon as she understood the Greek language, she taught divination; and she said that her sister had been sold in Libya by the same Phoenicians who sold her. I expect that these women were called 'doves' by the people of Dodona because they spoke a strange language, and the people thought it like the cries of birds; then the woman spoke what they could understand, and that is why they say that the dove uttered human speech; as long as she spoke in a foreign tongue, they thought her voice was like the voice of a bird. For how could a dove utter the speech of men? The tale that the dove was black signifies that the woman was Egyptian.
935:
1202:, p. 97: The tholos tomb at Parga, in which not only thirteenth-century Mycenaean but also native pottery was found, had a spearhead which may possibly be classed with the type mentioned. A short sword was found at Ephyra, not far south of Parga and also close to the sea (see above for the Mycenaean pottery on this site). North and inland from here, at Paramythia, a cist tomb (note the type) produced a rather earlier variety of the short sword, with sloping shoulders. Yet another, with squared shoulders (as are the others I shall mention) was found at Dodona, not far south of the plain of lannina; it had no context, but a Mycenaean sherd of c. 1200 b.c. was unearthed on the site, in association with what sound like kylix stems.
806:, one to Libya and one to Dodona; the latter settled on an oak tree, and there uttered human speech, declaring that a place of divination from Zeus must be made there; the people of Dodona understood that the message was divine, and therefore established the oracular shrine. The dove which came to Libya told the Libyans (they say) to make an oracle of Ammon; this also is sacred to Zeus. Such was the story told by the Dodonaean priestesses, the eldest of whom was Promeneia and the next Timarete and the youngest Nicandra; and the rest of the servants of the temple at Dodona similarly held it true.
453:
75:
48:
68:
747:
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508:) from southern Greek cities. Dedication to the Oracle of Dodona arrived from most of the Greek world including its colonies. Although an adjacent area there were few Illyrian dedication most probably because the Oracle preferred interaction with the Greek world. Until 650 BCE, Dodona was a religious and oracular centre mainly for northern tribes; only after 650 BCE did it become important for the southern tribes.
398:, according to various accounts, priestesses and priests in the sacred grove interpreted the rustling of the oak (or beech) leaves to determine the correct actions to be taken. According to a new interpretation, the oracular sound originated from bronze objects hanging from oak branches and sounded with the wind blowing, similar to a
774:, the other in Hellas; these women, they said, were the first founders of places of divination in the aforesaid countries." The simplest analysis of the quote is: Egypt, for Greeks as well as for Egyptians, was a spring of human culture of all but immeasurable antiquity. This mythic element says that the oracles at the oasis of
567:
The details of this story are as follows. Odysseus says to the swineherd
Eumaeus (possibly giving him a fictive account) that he (Odysseus) was seen among the Thesprotians, having gone to inquire of the oracle at Dodona whether he should return to Ithaca openly or in secret (as the disguised Odysseus
888:
At the outset, it is true, those who uttered the prophecies were men (this too perhaps the poet indicates, for he calls them “hypophetae” and the prophets might be ranked among these), but later on three old women were designated as prophets, after Dione also had been designated as temple-associate
660:
made Dodona the religious capital of his domain and beautified it by implementing a series of construction projects (i.e. grandly rebuilt the Temple of Zeus, developed many other buildings, added a festival featuring athletic games, musical contests, and drama enacted in a theatre). A wall was built
608:
Over 4200 oracular tablets have been found in Dodona, written in different alphabets, and dated approximately between the mid-6th and early 2nd centuries BCE. All the texts were written in Greek, and attest to over 1200 personal names from different areas; these were almost exclusively Greek, with
563:
The oracle also features in another passage involving
Odysseus, giving a story of his visit to Dodona. Odysseus's words "bespeak a familiarity with Dodona, a realization of its importance, and an understanding that it was normal to consult Zeus there on a problem of personal conduct."
1012:. Aristotle clearly uses "Dodona" as the designation of the whole district in which the oracle was situated. Thus, according to some scholars, the origin of the words "Hellenes" and "Hellas" was from Dodona. Also, the word "Greece" may have been derived from this area.
703:
closed all pagan temples, banned all pagan religious activities, and cut down the ancient oak tree at the sanctuary of Zeus. Although the surviving town was insignificant, the long-hallowed pagan site must have retained significance for
Christians given that a
814:
tradition in Egypt. The element of the dove may be an attempt to account for a folk etymology applied to the archaic name of the sacred women that no longer made sense and the eventual connection with Zeus, justified by a tale told by a priestess. Was the
2074:. Vol. I. London, UK: Printed for G. Strahan, R. Ware, W. Innys, J. and P. Knapton, S. Birt, D. Browne, H. Whitridge, T. Longman, C. Hitch, J. Hodges, B. Barker, R. Manry and S. Cox, J. Whiston, J. and J. Rivington, J. Ward, M. Cooper, and M. Austen.
1190:, p. 160: Although without remains of a Mycenaean cult building, excavations at Dodona have shown that a cult was practised there from Mycenaean times. Mycenaean offerings, among them bronze objects of the 14th and 13th centuries were brought...
1111:, p. 39: "...Greek gods too, especially Zeus the sky-god, were at home on Mt. Olympus and in Pieria, and the Zeus of Dodona derived his importance from the Bronze Age when he displaced a Mother Goddess and assimilated her as Aphrodite."
826:
But my own belief about it is this. If the
Phoenicians did in fact carry away the sacred women and sell one in Libya and one in Hellas, then, in my opinion, the place where this woman was sold in what is now Hellas, but was formerly called
989:, the prophetess at Delphi. The introduction of female attendants probably took place in the fifth century. The timing of change is clearly prior to Herodotus (5th century BCE), with his narrative about the doves and Egypt.
483:
Cult activity at Dodona was already established in some form during the Late Bronze Age (or
Mycenaean period). Mycenaean offerings such as bronze objects of the 14th and 13th centuries were brought in Dodona. A 13th century
875:
In ancient times, then, Dodona was under the rule of the
Thesprotians; and so was Mount Tomaros, or Tmaros (for it is called both ways), at the base of which the temple is situated. And both the tragic poets and
920:
Among the
Thesprotians and the Molossians old women are called "peliai" and old men "pelioi," as is also the case among the Macedonians; at any rate, those people call their dignitaries "peligones" (compare the
718:
965:, as a water deity, received special honours at Dodona. The area of the oracle was quite swampy, with lakes in the area and reference to the "holy spring" of Dodona may be a later addition.
839:
Thesprotia, on the coast west of Dodona, would have been available to the seagoing
Phoenicians, whom readers of Herodotus would not have expected to have penetrated as far inland as Dodona.
912:), and also that most of the women whose descendants are the prophetesses of today went along at the same time; and it is from this fact that Zeus was also called “Pelasgian.”
680:(led by Aemilius Paulus). A fragment of Dio Cassius reports that Thracian soldiers instigated by King Mithridates sacked the sanctuary ca. 88 BCE. In the reign of the emperor
1667:, p. 64: "But from the fifth century the sanctuary appears to have been managed by priestesses, and this may indicate some sort of reorganization in the intervening period."
460:
Although the earliest inscriptions at the site date to c. 550–500 BCE, archaeological excavations conducted for more than a century have recovered artifacts as early as the
554:, living afar off, brooding over wintry Dodona" (thus demonstrating that Zeus also could be invoked from a distance). No buildings are mentioned, and the priests (called
2317:
Petersmann, Hubert (1986). "Der homerische
Demeterhymnus, Dodona und südslawisches Brauchtum" [The Homeric Demeter hymn, Dodona and South Slavic customs].
1001:, 1.14) places 'Hellas' in the parts about Dodona and the Achelous and says it was inhabited by "the Selloi, who were formerly called Graikoi, but now Hellenes."
2342:
1845:
Filos, Panagiotis (2023b). "Some
Remarks on Ancient Epirote Glosses". In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Filos, Panagiotis; Crespo, Emilio; de la Villa, Jesús (eds.).
750:
Plan of the sanctuary, as it developed up to the Roman period. #16 on this map is the Christian Basilica that occupies the site of the former Zeus temple.
488:
with squared shoulders was found at Dodona; it had no context, but a Mycenaean sherd of c. 1200 B.C. was also unearthed on the site, in association with
855:
This oracle, according to Ephorus, was founded by the Pelasgi. And the Pelasgi are called the earliest of all peoples who have held dominion in Greece.
676:(along with the Epirotes) reconstructed all the buildings at Dodona. In 167 BCE, the Molossian cities and possibly Dodona itself were destroyed by the
2461:
587:. By classical times, Dione was relegated to a minor role elsewhere in classical Greece, being made into an aspect of Zeus's more usual consort,
597:
According to some archaeologists, it was not until the 4th century BCE that a small stone temple to Dione was added to the site. By the time
819:
element in their name connected with "black" or "muddy" root elements in names like "Peleus" or "Pelops"? Is that why the doves were black?
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among the Laconians and the Massaliotes). And this, it is said, is the origin of the myth about the pigeons in the Dodonaean oak-tree.
128:
1043:
465:
2426:
692:
noted a sacred oak tree of Zeus. In 241 CE, a priest named Poplius Memmius Leon organized the Naia festival of Dodona. In 362 CE,
1827:
500:"), evidence of activity at Dodona is scant, but there is a resumption of contact between Dodona and southern Greece during the
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1214:, p. 59: ...archaeology has uncovered clear evidence that the cult of Zeus was established at Dodona by about 1200 BC.
2348:
968:
Jebb mostly follows Strabo in his analysis. Accordingly, he notes that the Selloi, the prophets of Zeus, were also called
672:, under the leadership of General Dorimachus, looted and set fire to the sanctuary. During the late 3rd century BCE, King
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1798:(2014). "Oracles and Oracle-Sellers. An Ancient Market in Futures". In Engles, David; Van Nuffelen, Peter (eds.).
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of Zeus at Dodona primarily designated "the god of streams, and, generally, of water". Jebb also points out that
1683:
568:
is doing). Odysseus later repeats the same tale to Penelope, who may not yet have seen through his disguise.
2476:
2401:
67:
2441:
505:
1721:
The Prehistory of the Balkans and the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries B.C
1096:
In 'Σπείρα. Επιστημονική Συνάντηση Προς Τιμήν Της Α. Ντούζουγλη Και Του Κ. Ζάχου'. Tapa. Athens. 2017
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Pötscher, Walter (1966). "Zeus Naios Und Dione in Dodona" [Zeus Naios And Dione At Dodona].
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Strabo also reports as uncertain the story that the predecessor of Dodona oracle was located in
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1227:
Experiencing Dodona: The Development of the Epirote Sanctuary from Archaic to Hellenistic Times
1149:
689:
472:. There was an ancient tradition that Dodona was founded as a colony from the city, also named
2204:
Christidis, A.-F.; Christidēs, A.-Ph; Arapopoulou, Maria; Χρίτη, Μαρία; Chrite, Maria (2007).
1652:
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have called Dodona 'Thesprotian Dodona.' But later on it came under the rule of the Molossoi.
2381:
452:
1909:
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According to Jebb, the Peleiades at Dodona were very early, and preceded the appointment of
594:
Many dedicatory inscriptions recovered from the site mention both "Dione" and "Zeus Naios".
638:
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was worshipped at Dodona as "Zeus Naios" or "Naos" (god of the spring below the oak in the
304:
283:
8:
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673:
395:
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901:...the temple was transferred from Thessaly, from the part of Pelasgia which is about
700:
333:
1738:
Constantinidou, Soteroula (1992). "The Importance of Bronze in Early Greek Religion".
653:", had the gift of prophecy, because it contained an oak timber spirited from Dodona.
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605:) and Herodotus wrote about the oracle, the priestesses had appeared at the site.
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1846:
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560:) slept on the ground with unwashed feet. No priestesses are mentioned in Homer.
497:
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102:
1741:Δωδώνη: επιστημονική επετηρίς της Φιλοσοφικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Ιωαννίνων
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in Libya and of Dodona in Epirus were equally old, but similarly transmitted by
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759:
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501:
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383:
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326:
47:
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1092:"A Bronze Wheel from Dodona. The Iynx, the Cauldron and the Music of the Gods"
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997:
143:
130:
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around the oracle itself and the holy tree, as well as temples to Dione and
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non-Greek names (e.g. Thracian, Illyrian) making up around 1% of the total.
496:
was established around the same time. During the post-Mycenaean period (or "
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consulted the oracle prior to his military campaigns against the Persians.
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53:
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Sacrificial hammer from Dodona. Bronze, 7th century BCE. Louvre Museum
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551:
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504:(8th century BCE) with the presence of bronze votive offerings (i.e.
359:
337:
2203:
1848:
Classical Philology and Linguistics: Old Themes and New Perspectives
884:
According to Strabo, the prophecies were originally uttered by men:
2280:
Parker, Robert (April 2016). "Seeking advice from Zeus at Dodona".
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1091:
986:
962:
902:
894:
681:
662:
571:
According to some scholars, Dodona was originally an oracle of the
526:
469:
367:
1981:
The Meaning of Religion: Lectures in the Phenomenology of Religion
1627:
This was the name of the senators at Sparta, meaning 'the elders'.
429:) who was joined and partly supplanted in historical times by the
2206:
A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity
1851:. Trends in Classics – Greek and Latin Linguistics. Vol. 1.
978:
946:
860:
733:
669:
515:
378:. It remained an important religious sanctuary until the rise of
1919:
Gwatkin, William E. Jr. (1961). "Dodona, Odysseus, and Aeneas".
1893:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
877:
848:
763:
729:
684:
the site was prominent enough to feature an honorary statue of
556:
550:(circa 750 BCE), Achilles prays to "High Zeus, Lord of Dodona,
534:
410:
329:
322:
318:
206:
116:
106:
94:
27:
2100:
Prehistory and History: Ethnicity, Class and Political Economy
575:
attended by priestesses. She was identified at other sites as
803:
783:
771:
685:
642:
546:
541:
522:
489:
349:
341:
1972:
Sophocles: The Plays and Fragments (Part V. The Trachiniae)
770:; one, they said they had heard was taken away and sold in
650:
588:
511:
493:
485:
436:
345:
274:
268:
259:
2049:
Hellenic Traveller: A Guide to the Ancient Sites of Greece
792:
follows with what he was told by the prophetesses, called
782:
culture, and that the seeresses – Herodotus does not say "
699:
Pilgrims still consulted the oracle until 391-392 CE when
370:
originated. The oracle was first under the control of the
1298:
810:
In the simplest analysis, this was a confirmation of the
362:
considered the region around Dodona to have been part of
294:
529:, the worship of Jupiter (Zeus) at Dodona was set up by
2427:
Joe Stubenrauch - Dodona: Pathways to the Ancient World
2140:
Mysteries of the Oracles: The Last Secrets of Antiquity
2028:
The Druids and King Arthur: A New View of Early Britain
1874:. New York, NY and Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter.
633:, Dodona gained a reputation far beyond Greece. In the
348:. Situated in a remote region away from the main Greek
1636:
The similarity of these two words is pointed out here.
728:
Panorama of the theatre of Dodona, the modern village
492:
stems. Archaeological evidence shows that the cult of
1953:
Migrations and Invasions in Greece and Adjacent Areas
1820:"The alphabets and dialects of the oracular lamellae"
544:, and only Zeus is mentioned in this account. In the
271:
1080:, Chapter VIII, "Of the Oracles of Jupiter", p. 265.
802:
that two black doves had come flying from Thebes in
265:
256:
1822:. In Papadopoulou, V. N.; Vasileiou, E. D. (eds.).
612:
525:) and as "Zeus Bouleus" (Counsellor). According to
262:
2244:Oracles, Curses, and Risk Among the Ancient Greeks
2046:
1756:The Oracles of the Ancient World: A Complete Guide
1148:
905:(and Scotussa does belong to the territory called
468:, and some in the archaeological museum at nearby
312:
2433:
2071:Archaeologia Graeca or the Antiquities of Greece
1490:
1488:
1699:
1270:
916:In a fragment of Strabo we find the following:
2007:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1996) .
1872:Laster im Mittelalter/Vices in the Middle Ages
1737:
1223:
1187:
859:The site of the oracle was dominated by Mount
1951:Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1976).
1932:Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1986).
1891:Didyma: Apollo's Oracle, Cult, and Companions
1804:. Brussels: Éditions Latomus. pp. 55–95.
1723:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1485:
1423:
1421:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
2421:Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
2006:
1869:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1547:
1039:
2123:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press.
2078:
1675:
1673:
1362:
2316:
2137:
1978:
1888:
1870:Flüeler, Christoph; Rohde, Martin (2009).
1773:
1700:Boardman, John; Hammond, N. G. L. (1982).
1559:
1535:
1418:
1412:
1347:
1282:
1199:
46:
2260:
2044:
1983:. The Hague, The Netherlands: M. Nijhoff.
1774:Desborough, Vincent Robin d'Arba (1972).
1644:
1642:
1565:
1494:
1171:
1169:
972:, which name derived from Mount Tomares.
851:, the oracle was founded by the Pelasgi:
758:2:54–57) was told by priests at Egyptian
2355:
1974:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1813:. Cultural Society 'The Ancient Dodona'.
1718:
1670:
1254:
1102:
976:was also a variant reading found in the
933:
745:
616:
466:National Archaeological Museum of Athens
451:
2462:Archaeological sites in Epirus (region)
2241:
2081:A Dictionary of the Ancient Greek World
2025:
1992:. Genève, Switzerland: Librairie Droz.
1950:
1931:
1918:
1808:
1794:
1664:
1531:
1519:
1479:
1467:
1451:
1374:
1258:
1175:
1132:
1108:
1057:
374:before it passed into the hands of the
352:, it was considered second only to the
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2279:
2175:
2067:
1844:
1817:
1752:
1639:
1455:
1439:
1427:
1211:
1166:
1077:
1053:
1051:
2408:"Sacred Places: Trees and the Sacred"
2097:
1987:
1907:
1801:Religion and Competition in Antiquity
1679:
1136:
1120:
929:
766:had been carried away from Thebes by
540:The earliest mention of Dodona is in
2222:
2156:
2116:
2079:Sacks, David; Murray, Oswyn (1995).
1969:
1648:
1286:
1089:
1048:
863:, the area being controlled by the
641:, a retelling of an older story of
601:mentioned Dodona (fragmentary play
13:
2457:Populated places in ancient Epirus
2196:
1990:Les Lamelles Oraculaires de Dodone
1979:Kristensen, William Brede (1960).
1970:Jebb, Richard Claverhouse (1892).
14:
2493:
2394:
2263:Greek Sanctuaries: New Approaches
2117:Tarn, William Woodthorpe (1913).
939:Terpsichore statuette from Dodona
762:in the 5th century BCE "that two
621:A map of the main sanctuaries in
1889:Fontenrose, Joseph Eddy (1988).
1022:List of cities in ancient Epirus
717:
613:Classical and Hellenistic Greece
583:. The oracle also was shared by
447:
417:(identified at other sites with
344:describe Dodona as an oracle of
252:
73:
66:
2053:. London, UK: Faber and Faber.
2011:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
1955:. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Press.
1936:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
1658:
1630:
1621:
1604:
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1368:
1338:
1325:
1308:
1292:
1276:
1264:
1248:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1181:
688:. The 2nd century CE traveller
2227:. Cambridge University Press.
2208:. Cambridge University Press.
2178:Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece
1934:A History of Greece to 322 B.C
1811:Archaeological Guide to Dodona
1704:. Cambridge University Press.
1344:Richard Lattimore translation.
1224:Chapinal-Heras, Diego (2021).
1142:
1126:
1114:
1083:
1071:
1033:
389:
74:
1:
2159:Indo-European Poetry and Myth
1702:The Cambridge Ancient History
1692:
736:are visible in the background
708:named Theodorus attended the
629:Though it never eclipsed the
2419:Harry Thurston Peck (1898).
2138:Vandenberg, Philipp (2007).
1828:Ministry of Culture (Greece)
1824:Dodona: The Oracular Tablets
1027:
955:Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebb
741:
295:
7:
2161:. Oxford University Press.
2083:. Oxford University Press.
1818:Filos, Panagiotis (2023a).
1271:Boardman & Hammond 1982
1015:
1004:The alternative reading of
340:. The earliest accounts in
10:
2498:
2225:Greek Religion and Society
2176:Wilson, Nigel Guy (2006).
732:and the snow-capped Mount
631:Oracle of Apollo at Delphi
442:
308:
287:
25:
18:
2452:Temples in ancient Epirus
2294:10.1017/S001738351500025X
2261:Marinatos, Nanno (1993).
1060:, p. 77; Aristotle.
842:
366:and the region where the
332:, possibly dating to the
237:
229:
221:
216:
202:
188:
180:
172:
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45:
38:
2472:Cities in ancient Greece
2242:Eidinow, Esther (2007).
2098:Tandy, David W. (2001).
1826:(in English and Greek).
1548:Flüeler & Rohde 2009
1040:Liddell & Scott 1996
943:Michael C. Carlos Museum
710:First Council of Ephesus
26:Not to be confused with
2370:10.1163/156852566X00015
2142:. Bloomsbury Academic.
2045:Pentreath, Guy (1964).
2026:Melrose, Robin (2014).
2009:A Greek-English Lexicon
1809:Dakaris, S. I. (1971).
1780:. Ernest Benn Limited.
1759:. Bloomsbury Academic.
1753:Curnow, Trevor (2004).
1719:Boardman, John (1982).
1363:Sacks & Murray 1995
591:— but never at Dodona.
313:
21:Dodona (disambiguation)
1746:University of Ioannina
1150:Stephanus of Byzantium
1090:Harissis, Haralambos.
950:
927:
914:
891:
882:
857:
837:
808:
751:
626:
457:
2068:Potter, John (1751).
1921:The Classical Journal
1908:Guest, Edwin (1883).
1508:Description of Greece
937:
918:
899:
886:
873:
853:
824:
800:
798:("doves") at Dodona:
749:
649:, Jason's ship, the "
620:
455:
144:39.54639°N 20.78778°E
2223:Muir, J. V. (1985).
2180:. Psychology Press.
2157:West, M. L. (2007).
2102:. Black Rose Books.
1988:Lhôte, Éric (2006).
1914:. London: Macmillan.
1855:. pp. 401–426.
639:Apollonius of Rhodes
19:For other uses, see
2477:Thessalian colonies
1777:The Greek Dark Ages
1273:, pp. 272–273.
1188:Constantinidou 1992
941:, exhibited in the
674:Philip V of Macedon
396:classical antiquity
140: /
82:Shown within Greece
35:
2413:2009-12-13 at the
1830:. pp. 38–41.
1365:, "Dodona", p. 85.
1135:, pp. 62–63;
951:
930:Other commentaries
752:
701:Emperor Theodosius
627:
464:, many now at the
458:
425:, but here called
334:2nd millennium BCE
238:Public access
176:2nd millennium BCE
163:City and sanctuary
149:39.54639; 20.78778
33:
2442:Classical oracles
2282:Greece & Rome
2272:978-0-415-05384-6
2253:978-0-19-927778-0
2234:978-0-521-28785-2
2215:978-0-521-83307-3
2187:978-0-415-97334-2
2168:978-0-19-928075-9
2149:978-1-84511-402-2
2120:Antigonos Gonatas
2109:978-1-55164-188-1
2090:978-0-19-511206-1
2037:978-0-7864-5890-5
1911:Origines Celticae
1881:978-3-11-020274-8
1862:978-3-11-127300-6
1837:978-618-5445-06-5
1787:978-0-510-03261-6
1766:978-0-7156-3194-2
1711:978-0-521-23447-4
1562:, pp. 29–30.
1241:978-3-11-072772-2
293:
245:
244:
2489:
2423:, s.v. "Dodona".
2406:C. E. Witcombe,
2389:
2352:
2347:
2313:
2276:
2257:
2238:
2219:
2191:
2172:
2153:
2134:
2113:
2094:
2075:
2064:
2052:
2041:
2022:
2003:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1947:
1928:
1915:
1904:
1885:
1866:
1841:
1814:
1805:
1791:
1770:
1749:
1734:
1715:
1687:
1677:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1646:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1608:
1602:
1591:
1585:
1574:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1430:, pp. 38–41
1425:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1390:, 14.327-14.328.
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1335:, 16.233-16.235.
1329:
1323:
1312:
1306:
1296:
1290:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1146:
1140:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1055:
1046:
1037:
822:Herodotus adds:
786:" – were women.
721:
706:bishop of Dodona
668:In 219 BCE, the
623:Classical Greece
409:, Dodona was an
407:Nicholas Hammond
354:Oracle of Delphi
321:in northwestern
316:
310:
298:
292:romanized:
291:
289:
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
155:
154:
152:
151:
150:
145:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
77:
76:
70:
50:
36:
32:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2482:Temples of Zeus
2467:Mycenaean sites
2432:
2431:
2415:Wayback Machine
2400:A. E. Housman,
2397:
2392:
2345:
2273:
2254:
2235:
2216:
2199:
2197:Further reading
2194:
2188:
2169:
2150:
2131:
2110:
2091:
2061:
2038:
2019:
2000:
1963:
1944:
1901:
1882:
1863:
1838:
1796:Eidinow, Esther
1788:
1767:
1731:
1712:
1695:
1690:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1653:p. 202, Note #4
1647:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1609:
1605:
1592:
1588:
1575:
1566:
1560:Vandenberg 2007
1558:
1554:
1546:
1542:
1536:Fontenrose 1988
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1419:
1413:Vandenberg 2007
1411:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1326:
1313:
1309:
1297:
1293:
1285:, p. 104;
1283:Kristensen 1960
1281:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1257:, p. 653;
1253:
1249:
1242:
1234:. p. 184.
1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1200:Desborough 1972
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1167:
1147:
1143:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1056:
1049:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1018:
932:
845:
744:
739:
738:
737:
727:
722:
656:In c. 290 BCE,
615:
498:Greek Dark Ages
450:
445:
392:
325:was the oldest
255:
251:
193:Mycenaean Greek
148:
146:
142:
139:
134:
131:
129:
127:
126:
86:
85:
84:
83:
80:
79:
78:
57:
41:
31:
24:
17:
16:Hellenic oracle
12:
11:
5:
2495:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2404:
2396:
2395:External links
2393:
2391:
2390:
2364:(2): 113–147.
2353:
2319:Wiener Studien
2314:
2277:
2271:
2258:
2252:
2246:. OUP Oxford.
2239:
2233:
2220:
2214:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2173:
2167:
2154:
2148:
2135:
2129:
2114:
2108:
2095:
2089:
2076:
2065:
2059:
2042:
2036:
2023:
2017:
2004:
1998:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1961:
1948:
1942:
1929:
1916:
1905:
1899:
1886:
1880:
1867:
1861:
1842:
1836:
1815:
1806:
1792:
1786:
1771:
1765:
1750:
1735:
1729:
1716:
1710:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1669:
1657:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1603:
1586:
1564:
1552:
1540:
1534:, p. 26;
1524:
1512:
1499:
1497:, p. 165.
1495:Pentreath 1964
1484:
1472:
1460:
1458:, p. 240.
1454:, p. 46;
1444:
1432:
1417:
1405:
1392:
1379:
1377:, p. 100.
1367:
1346:
1337:
1324:
1316:Parallel Lives
1307:
1291:
1275:
1263:
1261:, p. 156.
1247:
1240:
1216:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1165:
1141:
1125:
1113:
1101:
1082:
1070:
1047:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1014:
957:, the epithet
931:
928:
844:
841:
743:
740:
724:
723:
716:
715:
714:
694:Emperor Julian
614:
611:
573:Mother Goddess
502:Archaic period
449:
446:
444:
441:
415:Mother Goddess
391:
388:
384:Late Roman era
243:
242:
239:
235:
234:
231:
227:
226:
223:
219:
218:
214:
213:
204:
200:
199:
197:Roman Imperial
190:
186:
185:
182:
178:
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170:
169:
165:
164:
161:
157:
156:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
92:
88:
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81:
72:
71:
65:
64:
63:
62:
59:
58:
51:
43:
42:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2494:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:Sacred groves
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2402:"The Oracles"
2399:
2398:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2360:(in German).
2359:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2321:(in German).
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:. Routledge.
2264:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2189:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2130:0-8244-0142-5
2126:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2060:0-571-09718-9
2056:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:. McFarland.
2029:
2024:
2020:
2018:0-19-864226-1
2014:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1999:2-600-01077-7
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1962:0-8155-5047-2
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1943:0-19-873096-9
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1900:0-520-05845-3
1896:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1732:
1730:0-521-22496-9
1726:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1633:
1624:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1561:
1556:
1550:, p. 36.
1549:
1544:
1538:, p. 25.
1537:
1533:
1528:
1522:, p. 26.
1521:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1482:, p. 62.
1481:
1476:
1470:, p. 46.
1469:
1464:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1442:, p. 406
1441:
1436:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1415:, p. 29.
1414:
1409:
1402:
1396:
1389:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1289:, p. 60.
1288:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1260:
1256:
1255:Boardman 1982
1251:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1139:, p. 23.
1138:
1134:
1129:
1123:, p. 77.
1122:
1117:
1110:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1074:
1067:
1063:
1062:Meteorologica
1059:
1054:
1052:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
999:
998:Meteorologica
994:
990:
988:
983:
981:
980:
975:
971:
966:
964:
960:
956:
953:According to
948:
944:
940:
936:
926:
924:
917:
913:
911:
908:
904:
898:
896:
890:
885:
881:
879:
872:
870:
867:and then the
866:
862:
856:
852:
850:
847:According to
840:
836:
834:
830:
823:
820:
818:
813:
807:
805:
799:
797:
796:
791:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
748:
735:
731:
726:
720:
713:
711:
707:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
624:
619:
610:
606:
604:
600:
595:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
565:
561:
559:
558:
553:
549:
548:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
518:
513:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:Mycenaean era
454:
448:Early history
440:
438:
435:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
413:devoted to a
412:
408:
405:According to
403:
401:
397:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:in prestige.
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
336:according to
335:
331:
328:
324:
320:
315:
306:
302:
297:
285:
279:
249:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
212:
208:
205:
201:
198:
194:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
162:
158:
153:
125:
121:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
89:
69:
60:
55:
49:
44:
37:
29:
22:
2420:
2361:
2357:
2322:
2318:
2288:(1): 69–90.
2285:
2281:
2262:
2243:
2224:
2205:
2177:
2158:
2139:
2119:
2099:
2080:
2070:
2048:
2027:
2008:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1952:
1933:
1927:(3): 97–102.
1924:
1920:
1910:
1890:
1871:
1847:
1823:
1810:
1800:
1776:
1755:
1740:
1720:
1701:
1665:Eidinow 2014
1660:
1651:, Appendix,
1632:
1623:
1611:
1606:
1594:
1589:
1577:
1555:
1543:
1532:Dakaris 1971
1527:
1520:Dakaris 1971
1515:
1507:
1502:
1480:Dakaris 1971
1475:
1468:Dakaris 1971
1463:
1452:Dakaris 1971
1447:
1435:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1375:Gwatkin 1961
1370:
1340:
1332:
1327:
1315:
1310:
1302:
1294:
1278:
1266:
1259:Hammond 1976
1250:
1226:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1176:Eidinow 2014
1159:
1158:. Vol.
1156:
1153:
1144:
1133:Eidinow 2014
1128:
1116:
1109:Hammond 1986
1104:
1095:
1085:
1073:
1061:
1058:Hammond 1986
1035:
1009:
1005:
1003:
996:
991:
984:
977:
973:
969:
967:
958:
952:
922:
919:
915:
900:
892:
887:
883:
874:
865:Thesprotians
858:
854:
846:
838:
825:
821:
816:
809:
801:
793:
788:
755:
753:
698:
667:
658:King Pyrrhus
655:
634:
628:
607:
602:
596:
593:
570:
566:
562:
555:
545:
539:
519:or sanctuary
516:
510:
482:
459:
404:
393:
380:Christianity
372:Thesprotians
358:
247:
246:
54:bouleuterion
52:View of the
1506:Pausanias.
1456:Wilson 2006
1440:Filos 2023b
1428:Filos 2023a
1212:Curnow 2004
1078:Potter 1751
910:Pelasgiotis
768:Phoenicians
764:priestesses
754:Herodotus (
712:in 431 CE.
635:Argonautica
390:Description
382:during the
305:Attic Greek
284:Doric Greek
147: /
123:Coordinates
2436:Categories
2386:1299138732
2339:7787851420
1853:De Gruyter
1693:References
1682:, p.
1680:Guest 1883
1314:Plutarch.
1232:De Gruyter
1137:Tandy 2001
1121:Lhôte 2006
869:Molossians
833:Thesprotia
780:Phoenician
400:wind chime
376:Molossians
217:Site notes
184:391–392 CE
135:20°47′16″E
132:39°32′47″N
2358:Mnemosyne
2325:: 69–85.
2310:163722432
1649:Jebb 1892
1612:Fragments
1595:Geography
1578:Geography
1287:Tarn 1913
1028:Footnotes
993:Aristotle
907:Thessalia
889:of Zeus.
795:peleiades
790:Herodotus
756:Histories
742:Herodotus
690:Pausanias
670:Aetolians
647:Argonauts
603:Melanippe
599:Euripides
552:Pelasgian
531:Deucalion
486:cist tomb
360:Aristotle
338:Herodotus
230:Ownership
222:Condition
181:Abandoned
56:in Dodona
2411:Archived
2382:ProQuest
2349:12054849
2331:24746284
2302:26776769
1616:Book VII
1610:Strabo.
1593:Strabo.
1576:Strabo.
1160:sub voce
1044:"Dodone"
1016:See also
987:Phemonoe
974:Tomouroi
970:tomouroi
963:Achelous
923:gerontes
903:Scotussa
895:Thessaly
878:Pindaros
829:Pelasgia
682:Augustus
663:Heracles
645:and the
527:Plutarch
478:Thessaly
470:Ioannina
368:Hellenes
327:Hellenic
203:Cultures
99:Ioannina
91:Location
2378:4429235
1599:7.7.9ff
1510:, 1.18.
1401:Odyssey
1399:Homer.
1388:Odyssey
1386:Homer.
1331:Homer.
1320:Pyrrhus
1303:bouleus
1162:Δωδώνη.
1155:Ethnica
979:Odyssey
947:Atlanta
861:Tomaros
734:Tomaros
517:temenos
506:tripods
443:History
394:During
189:Periods
173:Founded
168:History
2384:
2376:
2346:
2337:
2329:
2308:
2300:
2269:
2250:
2231:
2212:
2184:
2165:
2146:
2127:
2106:
2087:
2057:
2034:
2015:
1996:
1959:
1940:
1897:
1878:
1859:
1834:
1784:
1763:
1727:
1708:
1238:
1010:Helloi
1006:Selloi
849:Strabo
843:Strabo
831:, was
812:oracle
784:sibyls
760:Thebes
730:Dodoni
678:Romans
557:Selloi
535:Pyrrha
523:Naiads
521:, cf.
474:Dodona
411:oracle
364:Hellas
350:poleis
330:oracle
323:Greece
319:Epirus
314:Dōdṓnē
309:Δωδώνη
296:Dōdṓnā
288:Δωδώνα
248:Dodona
233:Public
225:Ruined
117:Epirus
113:Region
107:Greece
103:Epirus
95:Dodoni
40:Δωδώνη
34:Dodona
28:Dodoma
2374:JSTOR
2343:INIST
2327:JSTOR
2306:S2CID
2298:JSTOR
1403:, 19.
1333:Iliad
959:Neuos
804:Egypt
772:Libya
686:Livia
643:Jason
585:Dione
547:Iliad
542:Homer
490:kylix
476:, in
434:deity
431:Greek
427:Dione
342:Homer
317:) in
301:Ionic
211:Roman
207:Greek
2335:OCLC
2267:ISBN
2248:ISBN
2229:ISBN
2210:ISBN
2182:ISBN
2163:ISBN
2144:ISBN
2125:ISBN
2104:ISBN
2085:ISBN
2055:ISBN
2032:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1994:ISBN
1957:ISBN
1938:ISBN
1895:ISBN
1876:ISBN
1857:ISBN
1832:ISBN
1782:ISBN
1761:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1706:ISBN
1236:ISBN
1066:1.14
817:pel-
776:Siwa
651:Argo
589:Hera
581:Gaia
577:Rhea
533:and
512:Zeus
494:Zeus
437:Zeus
423:Gaia
419:Rhea
346:Zeus
303:and
160:Type
2366:doi
2290:doi
1684:272
1582:7.7
1299:LSJ
1008:is
945:in
637:of
579:or
421:or
241:Yes
195:to
2438::
2380:.
2372:.
2362:19
2341:.
2333:.
2323:99
2304:.
2296:.
2286:63
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1925:57
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1744:.
1672:^
1641:^
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1301::
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1168:^
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1050:^
1042:,
982:.
897::
871::
665:.
537:.
480:.
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386:.
311:,
307::
299:,
290:,
286::
282:;
269:oʊ
260:oʊ
209:,
105:,
101:,
97:,
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275:ə
272:n
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