Forced displacement

607:: Since the coup d’état of 1 February 2021, the Burmese military's ascendancy into power has resulted in widespread chaos and violence, aggravated by the refusal of large sections of the public to accept a military regime given the country's experiences during the second half of the 20th and early years of the 21st century. As a result, many in the public sector have initiated strikes, and the country has seen elevated levels of forced displacement, both internally displaced persons (IDPs) (208,000 since 1 February 2021) and refugees fleeing abroad (an estimated 22,000 since 1 February 2021). The particular political conflict causing the displacement has been flagged as symptomatic of that of a state on the brink of collapse. Two key indicators of this that have been highlighted are firstly, that levels of security have been severely reduced to the point where citizens are no longer protected from violence by the state; and secondly, goods and services are not being reliably supplied to citizens either by the ousted government or by the new military leadership, primarily as a result of the instability created and the strikes triggered. These internal problems are further reflected by the withdrawal of international recognition by both governmental and non-governmental bodies. 820:

physical and psychological trauma. Various studies focusing on migrant health have specifically linked migration to increased likelihood of depression, anxiety, and other psychological troubles. For example, the United States has faced criticism for its recent policies regarding migrant detention, specifically the detention of children. Critics point to poor detention conditions, unstable contact with parents, and high potential for long-term trauma as reasons for seeking policy changes. Displaced persons risk greater poverty than before displacement, financial vulnerability, and potential social disintegration, in addition to other risks related to human rights, culture, and quality of life. Forced displacement has varying impacts, dependent on the means through which one was forcibly displaced, their geographic location, their protected status, and their ability to personally recover. Under the most common form of displacement, armed conflict, individuals often lose possession of their assets upon fleeing and possible upon arrival to a new country, where they can also face cultural, social, and economic discontinuity.

440: 545: 127: 795: 457:(2005): Striking New Orleans, Louisiana, in late August 2005, Hurricane Katrina inflicted approximately US$ 125 billion in damages, standing as one of the costliest storms in United States history. As a result of the damage inflicted by Katrina, over one million people were internally displaced. One month after the disaster, over 600,000 remained displaced. Immediately following the disaster, New Orleans lost approximately half of its population, with many residents displaced to cities such as Houston, Dallas, Baton Rouge, and Atlanta. According to numerous studies, displacement disproportionally impacted Louisiana's poorer populations, specifically African Americans. 138:. This has since resulted in a greater consideration of the impacts of forced migration on affected regions outside Europe. Various international, regional, and local organizations are developing and implementing approaches to both prevent and mitigate the impact of forced migration in the home regions as well as the receiving or destination regions. Additionally, some collaboration efforts are made to gather evidence in order to seek prosecution of those involved in causing events of human-made forced migration. An estimated 100 million people around the world were forcibly displaced by the end of 2022, with the majority coming from the 896:

cooperation or participation with immigration law enforcement. The practice of urban membership upon residence allows displaced persons to have access to city services and benefits, regardless of their legal status. Sanctuary cities have been able to provide migrants with greater mobility and participation in activities limiting the collection of personal information, issuing identification cards to all residents, and providing access to crucial services such as health care. Access to these services can ease the hardships of displaced people by allowing them to healthily adjust to life after displacement .

661: 463:: Failed rains in Somalia, Kenya, and Ethiopia led to high livestock and crop losses, driving majority pastoralist populations to surrounding areas in search of accessible food and water. In addition to seeking food and water, local populations' migration was motivated by an inability to maintain traditional lifestyles. According to researchers, although partly influenced by local armed conflict, the East African drought stands as an example of climate change impacts. 146: 6139: 5274: 4225: 5350: 6150: 653:: Migrants displaced through deception or coercion with purpose of their exploitation fall under this category. Due to its clandestine nature, the data on such type of forced migration are limited. A disparity also exists between the data for male trafficking (such as for labor in agriculture, construction etc.) and female trafficking (such as for sex work or domestic service), with more data available for males. The 253:, defining internally displaced people as: "persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or leave their homes or places of habitual residence in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights, or natural or human-made disasters and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border." 4254: 636:: Between 1845 and 1849, potato blight, exacerbated by policy decisions and mismanagement by the U.K. government, caused millions of Irish people, largely potato-dependent tenant farmers, to starve or eventually flee the country. Over one million perished from subsequent famine and disease, and another million fled the country, reducing the overall Irish population by at least a quarter. 883:

multidimensional needs of displaced persons. Regardless, calls for multilateral responses echo across organizations in the face of falling international cooperation. These organizations propose more comprehensive approaches, calling for improved conflict resolution and capacity-building in order to reduce instances of forced displacement.

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risk factors may increase through the involvement of smugglers and human traffickers, who may exploit them for illegal activities such as drug/weapons trafficking, forced labor, or sex work. The states where migrants seek protection may consider them a threat to national security. Displaced persons may also seek the assistance of

846:) may work towards directly or indirectly ameliorating these situations. Means may include establishing internationally recognized protections, providing clinics to migrant camps, and supplying resources to populations. According to researchers such as Francis Deng, as well as international organizations such as the 620:: Although human-made fires are a normal part of Amazonian agriculture, the 2019 dry season saw an internationally noted increase in their rate of occurrence. The rapidly spreading fires, combined with efforts from agricultural and logging companies, has forced Brazil's indigenous populations off their native lands. 534:

while also producing IDPs of its own. Rural citizens fled from organized criminal violence, with the majority pointing to direct threats as the main driving force, settling in Medellín in pursuit of safety and greater opportunity. Within Medellín, various armed groups battled for territorial control,

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In most instances of forced migration across borders, migrants do not possess the required documentation for legal travel. The states where migrants seek protection may consider them a threat to national security. As a result, displaced persons may face detainment and criminal punishment, as well as

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Displaced persons face adverse conditions when taking the decision to leave, traveling to a destination, and sometimes upon reaching their destination. Displaced persons are often forced to place their lives at risk, travel in inhumane conditions, and may be exposed to exploitation and abuse. These

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and social scientists have defined forced displacement in a variety of ways. They have generally agreed that it is the forced removal or relocation of a person from their environment and associated connections. It can involve different types of movements, such as flight (from fleeing), evacuation,

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compounds the difficulty of international responses, posing issues of incomplete information and questions regarding state sovereignty. State sovereignty especially becomes of concern when discussing protections for IDPs, who are within the borders of a sovereign state, placing reluctance in the

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considers trafficking an offense against labor protection, denying companies from leveraging migrants as a labor resource. ILO's Multilateral Framework includes principle no. 11, recommending that "Governments should formulate and implement, in consultation with the social partners, measures to

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Human-made displacement describes forced displacement caused by political entities, criminal organizations, conflicts, human-made environmental disasters, development, etc. Although impacts of natural disasters and blights/pests may be exacerbated by human mismanagement, human-made causes refer

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in the country of conflict. Disputes related to these organizations' neutrality and limited resources has affected the capabilities of international humanitarian action to mitigate mass displacement mass displacement's causes. These broad forms of assistance sometimes do not fully address the

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in Latin America) throughout their journey. Given the illegal nature of smuggling, smugglers may take use dangerous methods to reach their destination without capture, exposing displaced persons to harm and sometimes resulting in deaths. Examples include abandonment, exposure to exploitation,

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was held with a specific charge to the forced displacement of enemy civilian populations for the purpose of forced labor. The US Military Tribunal concluded that "here is no international law that permits the deportation or the use of civilians against their will for other than on reasonable

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violence: Throughout Mexico, drug cartel, paramilitary, and self-defense group violence drives internal and external displacement. According to a comprehensive, mixed methodology study by Salazar and Álvarez Lobato, families fled their homes as a means of survival, hoping to escape homicide,

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transported from a country and has no opportunity to escape from those transporting him ." This viewpoint has come under scrutiny when considering direct and indirect factors which may leave migrants with little to no choice in their decisions, such as imminent threats to life and livelihood.

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According to researcher Alden Speare, even movement under immediate threat to life contains a voluntary element as long as an option exists going into hiding, or attempting to avoid persecution. According to him "migration can be considered to be involuntary only when a person is physically

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Lived in experiences of displaced persons will vary according to the state and local policies of their country of relocation. Policies reflecting national exclusion of displaced persons may be undone by inclusive urban policies. Sanctuary cities are an example of spaces that regulate their

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represents people who are forced to leave their traditional habitat because of environmental factors which negatively impact their livelihood, or even environmental disruption i.e. biological, physical or chemical change in ecosystem. Migration can also occur as a result of slow-onset

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Responses to situations of forced displacement vary across regional and international levels, with each type of forced displacement demonstrating unique characteristics and the need for a considerate approach. At the international level, international organizations (e.g. the

451:: Resulting from a 9.1 earthquake off the coast of North Sumatra, the Indian Ocean Tsunami claimed over 227,898 lives, heavily damaging coastlines throughout the Indian Ocean. As a result, over 1.7 million people were displaced, mostly from Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and India. 871:. Despite internationally cooperation, these frameworks rely on the international system, which states may disregard. In a 2012 study, Young Hoon Song found that nations "very selectively" responded to instances of forced migration and internally displaced persons. 4764: 601:, Salvadorans faced forced displacement as a result of combat, persecution, and deteriorating quality of life/access to socioeconomic opportunities. Overall, one in four Salvadorans were internally and externally displaced (over one million people). 535:

forcing perceived opponents from their homes and pressuring residents to abandon their livelihoods, among other methods. All in all, criminal violence forced Colombians to abandon their possessions, way of life, and social ties in pursuit of safety.

477:, armed conflict stands as the most common cause behind forced displacement, reinforced by regional studies citing political and armed conflict as the largest attributing factors to migrant outflows from Latin America, Africa, and Asia. 948:"Deportation or forcible transfer of population" means forced displacement of the people concerned by expulsion or other coercive acts from the area in which they are lawfully present, without grounds permitted under international law. 935:

Individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of their

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due to conflict and drug-related violence: According to researchers Mojica and Eugenia, Medellín, Colombia around 2013 exemplified crime and violence-induced forced displacement, standing as one of the most popular destinations for

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Responses at multiple levels and across sectors is vital. A research has for instance highlighted the importance of collaboration between businesses and non-governmental organizations to tackle resettlement and employment issues.

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standing as a notable example. Of the 20 million Africans captured for the trade, half died in their forced march to the African coast, and another ten to twenty percent died on slave ships carrying them from Africa to the

583:: Throughout the Vietnam War and in the years preceding it, many populations were forced out of Vietnam and the surrounding countries as a result of armed conflict and/or persecution by their governments, such as the 1455: 183:

defines a forced migrant as any person migrating to "escape persecution, conflict, repression, natural and human-made disasters, ecological degradation, or other situations that endanger their lives, freedom or

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Forced migrants are always either IDPs or displaced people, as both of these terms do not require a legal framework and the fact that they left their homes is sufficient. The distinction between the terms

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Kelly, M.; Fotheringham, A. Stewart (2011-07-01). "The online atlas of Irish population change 1841–2002: A new resource for analysing national trends and local variations in Irish population dynamics".

1375: 123:, the latter term specifically refers to such displaced persons who are receiving legally-defined protection and are recognized as such by their country of residence and/or international organizations. 358:, and citizens of the Baltic states (Lithuanians, Latvians, and Estonians) who refused to return to Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe. A. J. Jaffe claimed that the term was originally coined by 1667:

Camprubí, Alejandra Torres (November 2013). "Climate Change, Forced Displacement and International Law, by Jane McAdam, published by Oxford University Press, 2012, 344pp., £74.00, hardback".

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Luciuk, Lubomyr Y.: "Ukrainian Displaced Persons, Canada, and the Migration of Memory," University of Toronto Press, 2000. Migration of people from Mirpur(AJK) for construction of Mangla Dam

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international community's ability to respond. Multiple landmark conventions aim at providing rights and protections to the different categories of forcibly displaced persons, including the

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extortion, and potential kidnapping. Using a collection of available data and existing studies, the total number of displaced persons between 2006 and 2012 was approximately 740 thousands.

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https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/nws-nhc-6.pdf "The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts)"

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Abbas, Mohamed; Aloudat, Tammam; Bartolomei, Javier; Carballo, Manuel; Durieux-Paillard, Sophie; Gabus, Laure; Jablonka, Alexandra; Jackson, Yves; Kaojaroen, Kanokporn (December 2018).

510:, combined with corruption and low economic opportunities, has forced many to flee their country in pursuit of stability and greater opportunity. Homicide rates in countries such as 239:

A displaced person who left their home region because of political persecution or violence, but did not cross an international border, commonly falls into the looser category of

394:, food and water access, and local/regional economies. Displacement may be temporary or permanent, depending on the scope of the disaster and the area's recovery capabilities. 3326: 522:. Contributing factors include extortion, territorial disputes, and forced gang recruitment, resulting in some estimates of approximately 500,000 people displaced annually. 290:

A displaced person crossing an international border without permission from the country they are entering or without subsequently applying for asylum may be considered an

1107: 1774: 687:: The systematic removal of ethnic or religious groups from a territory with the intent of making it ethnically homogeneous. Examples include the Catholic removal of 981: 5105: 3615:

provides access to a diverse range of relevant information resources on forced migration, including a searchable digital library consisting of full-text documents.

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Cone, Jason, And Marc Bosch Bonacasa. 2018. “Invisible War: Central America’s Forgotten Humanitarian Crisis.” Brown Journal of World Affairs 24 (2): 225–39.

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Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Elena; Loescher, Gil; Long, Katy; Sigona, Nando; McConnahie, Kirsten (2014-06-01), "Forced Migration in South-East Asia and East Asia",

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Some forced migrants may, due to the country of residence's legal system, be unable to apply for asylum in that country. Thus, even though they meet the

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requisitions for the need of the army, either within the area of the army or after deportation to rear areas or to the homeland of the occupying power".

6187: 843: 191:, forced displacement is "the forced movement of people from their locality or environment and occupational activities," with its leading cause being 3461: 1943:

Sánchez Mojica, Beatriz Eugenia. 2013. “A City Torn Apart: Forced Displacement in Medellín, Colombia.” International Law, no. 22 (January): 179–210.

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is increasing the frequency of major natural disasters, possibly placing a greater number of populations in situations of forced displacement. Also

3829: 941: 3439: 1751: 1097: 733: 544: 878:, as well as individual countries, sometimes directly respond to the challenges faced by displaced people, providing humanitarian assistance or 3839: 664:

Jews forcibly displaced by the Nazi regime during Germany's WWII occupation of Poland, loaded onto trains for transport to concentration camps.

519: 3252:"Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949 – DEPORTATIONS, TRANSFERS, EVACUATIONS" 2184: 1833:

Salazar, Luz María, and José Antonio Álvarez Lobato. 2018. “Violencia y Desplazamientos Forzados En México.” Revista Cuicuilco 25 (73): 19–37.

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defines 'forced displacement' as follows: displaced "as a result of persecution, conflict, generalized violence or human rights violations".

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Displacement of adaptation: associated with voluntary migration, development-induced displacement and environmentally-induced displacement.

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prevent abusive practices, migrant smuggling and people trafficking; they should also work towards preventing irregular labor migration."

250: 3681:, University of Oxford: a leading multidisciplinary centre for research and teaching on the causes and consequences of forced migration. 2185:"Rainforest on Fire: On the Front Lines of Bolsonaro's War on the Amazon, Brazil's Forest Communities Fight Against Climate Catastrophe" 778: 719: 3276: 6534: 4292: 3834: 2566: 2075: 565: 246: 3348: 1250: 6206:

What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights

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Terminski, Bogumil. Environmentally-Induced Displacement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges, University de Liege, 2012

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provides a forum for exploration of the complex problems of forced migration and national, regional and international responses.

2499:"Migrants' Journeys – Increased Hardship and Incremental Human Rights Abuses: Caught in the Middle". Accessed November 15, 2019. 276:

may cause confusion between the general descriptive class of displaced persons and those who can legally be defined as refugees.

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refers specifically to a legally-recognized status that has access to specific legal protections. Loose application of the term

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Grandi, Filippo. 2018. “Forced Displacement Today: Why Multilateralism Matters.” Brown Journal of World Affairs 24 (2): 179–89.

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Forced displacement has been the subject of several trials in local and international courts. For an offense to classify as a

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contaminated the city and surrounding areas with harmful levels of radiation, forcing the displacement of over 100,000 people.

126: 3045: 2521: 2209: 354:. Most war victims, political refugees, and DPs of the immediate post-Second World War period were Ukrainians, Poles, other 6408: 5686: 4893: 3761: 3701: 3622: 2657:"UN rights chief 'appalled' by US border detention conditions, says holding migrant children may violate international law" 1447: 548: 507: 3025: 2599: 6567: 6519: 6290: 5691: 4873: 4516: 3988: 3684: 3672: 575: 6032: 5932: 2095: 1005: 6173: 5785: 5676: 5537: 4977: 3716: 2693: 2242: 1957: 1814: 1582: 1476: 1421: 798:

Children of undocumented immigrants from Latin America to the United States detained in the Ursula Detention Center,

727: 711: 654: 17: 5288: 4847: 4411: 3609:– A community web site documenting the known history of the forced removal of the residents of Oukloof in the 1960s 1067: 723: 617: 560: 503: 232: 2718: 2120: 1843: 1166: 5778: 5195: 4575: 3978: 3751: 3631:

Many relevant documents on asylum and refugee policy, immigration and human trafficking/smuggling internationally

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Cojanu, V. and Popescu, A. I. (2007). "Analysis of Failed States: Some Problems of Definition and Measurement".

1872:"As deadly as armed conflict? Gang violence and forced displacement in the Northern Triangle of Central America" 6572: 6469: 6225: 4837: 3968: 3814: 913: 774: 3696: 604: 502:

due to cartel/gang violence: A major factor behind US immigrant crises in the early 21st century (such as the

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Ghada Karmi (Editor), Eugene Cotran (Editor) (28 Jan 1999) "The Palestinian Exodus: 1948-1998" Ithaca Press

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Displacement of risk: mostly conflict-induced displacement, deportations and disaster-induced displacement.

3781: 3693:, Africa's leading centre for teaching and research on displacement, migration, and social transformation. 2235:

Nuclear Disasters & The Built Environment : a Report to the Royal Institute of British Architects

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If the displaced person was forced out of their home because of economically driven projects, such as the

6628: 6335: 6245: 5832: 5404: 5379: 5316: 5143: 4585: 4458: 4245: 4113: 3930: 2417: 2047: 1349: 851: 241: 116: 64: 6212: 5857: 5706: 4622: 4600: 3824: 3771: 2851:"Migrant and refugee populations: a public health and policy perspective on a continuing global crisis" 1775:"NOW WHAT? THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE TO INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO" 917: 167: 96:) is an involuntary or coerced movement of a person or people away from their home or home region. The 2354:

von Werthern, M.; Robjant, K.; Chui, Z.; Schon, R.; Ottisova, L.; Mason, C.; Katona, C. (2018-12-06).

6618: 6598: 6557: 6499: 5552: 5515: 4716: 3796: 3791: 920:, "protected person" now refers to any category of individuals entitled to protection under specific 448: 3581: 1507:

Risks and rights : the causes, consequences, and challenges of development-induced displacement

1376:"Displaced Person / Displacement | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization" 6514: 6479: 6424: 6310: 5773: 5451: 5394: 5353: 4553: 4278: 4240: 3327:"APPEALS CHAMBER REVERSES ŠEŠELJ'S ACQUITTAL, IN PART, AND CONVICTS HIM OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY" 3177:"Comparing Urban Citizenship, Sanctuary Cities, Local Bureaucratic Membership, and Regularizations" 2985:

Szkudlarek, Betina; Nardon, Luciara; Osland, Joyce S.; Adler, Nancy J.; Lee, Eun Su (August 2021).

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Forced displacement has gained attention in international discussions and policy making since the

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brings together academics, practitioners and decision-makers working on forced migration issues.

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Lee, Eun Su; Roy, Priya A.; Szkudlarek, Betina (2021-08-16), Chavan, Meena; Taksa, Lucy (eds.),

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High Commissioner's Dialogue on the Root Causes of Forced Displacement (Report). Brill. 2018.

672:: Historically, slavery has led to the displacement of individuals for forced labor, with the 6562: 6370: 6360: 6325: 5957: 5795: 5527: 5456: 5283: 5256: 5236: 5228: 5080: 4852: 4406: 4168: 4101: 3869: 3738: 3512: 1905:"La violencia en el Triángulo Norte de Centroamérica: una realidad que genera desplazamiento" 750: 411: 3849: 3731: 3124:

Houston, Serin (2019-02-06). "Conceptualizing sanctuary as a process in the United States".

2987:"When Context Matters: What Happens to International Theory When Researchers Study Refugees" 6603: 6489: 6449: 6330: 6082: 5987: 5800: 5768: 5758: 5743: 5644: 5639: 5582: 5119: 4453: 4315: 4229: 4178: 4173: 3864: 3643:

The leading international body monitoring conflict-induced internal displacement worldwide.

3227:"Legal and Protection Policy Research Series: Forced Displacement and International Crimes" 3133: 2686:

Refugees and Forced Displacement: International Security, Human Vulnerability and the State

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Jayawardhan, Shweta (2017). "Vulnerability and Climate Change Induced Human Displacement".

1281:"Legal and Protection Policy Research Series: Forced Displacement and International Crimes" 1146: 989: 688: 677: 594: 8: 6608: 6539: 6260: 6255: 6230: 5609: 5604: 5587: 5478: 5461: 5374: 5242: 4930: 4612: 4526: 4468: 4401: 4148: 4073: 4046: 3993: 2814:"Conflict, International Response, and Forced Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1980-2007" 2786: 1258: 1077: 359: 172: 5862: 3859: 3137: 2025: 1021: 1017: 6577: 6454: 6380: 6275: 5927: 5753: 5701: 5664: 5409: 5209: 4533: 4330: 3936: 3919: 3914: 3889: 3874: 3806: 3786: 3776: 3746: 3569: 3536: 3251: 3204: 3157: 3103: 3051: 2967: 2953: 2925: 2885: 2850: 2749: 2445: 2390: 2355: 1994: 1728: 1695: 1544: 1427: 1219: 1126: 1087: 1036: 868: 864: 623: 410:

fall within this category by affecting people's access to food. Additionally, the term

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If the displaced person has crossed an international border and falls under one of the

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Hoschl, C.; Ruiz, P.; Casas, M.; Musalek, M.; Gaebel, W.; Vavrusova, L. (2008-04-01).

660: 597:: Throughout and after the 12-year conflict between the Salvadoran government and the 6484: 6444: 6397: 6345: 6270: 6115: 5982: 5867: 5748: 5654: 5520: 5426: 5278: 5002: 4987: 4607: 4473: 4423: 4418: 4143: 4024: 3666: 3540: 3208: 3196: 3161: 3149: 3107: 3095: 3055: 3041: 3006: 2971: 2890: 2872: 2831: 2792: 2741: 2699: 2689: 2607: 2574: 2527: 2517: 2449: 2437: 2395: 2377: 2284: 2248: 2238: 2029: 1986: 1953: 1926: 1921: 1904: 1810: 1733: 1715: 1696:"The Location of Displaced New Orleans Residents in the Year After Hurricane Katrina" 1578: 1536: 1510: 1472: 1431: 1417: 1102: 909: 758: 741: 646: 454: 291: 2986: 2929: 977:, was found guilty, among others for forced displacement of the civilian population. 816:

dangerous transportation conditions, and death from exposure to harsh environments.

6474: 6390: 6355: 6022: 6002: 5917: 5842: 5671: 5542: 5441: 5179: 5171: 5099: 4796: 4736: 4489: 4375: 4365: 4350: 4320: 4194: 4078: 4019: 4009: 3528: 3517:"Faces of Globalization and the Borders of States: From Asylum Seekers to Citizens" 3418:"UN tribunal upholds 35-year jail term for leader of breakaway Croatian Serb state" 3188: 3141: 3087: 3033: 2998: 2959: 2917: 2880: 2862: 2821: 2753: 2733: 2429: 2385: 2367: 2276: 2021: 1978: 1916: 1883: 1802: 1723: 1707: 1676: 1570: 1409: 1215: 1117: 1092: 966: 684: 552: 428: 387: 264:

if the application is successful. Although often incorrectly used as a synonym for

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Damage to residence in Nias, Indonesia from the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

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Castles, Stephen (2003-09-01). "The International Politics of Forced Migration".

2826: 2813: 2546: 2433: 2280: 2071: 1451: 1413: 1121: 1062: 974: 812: 808: 650: 499: 420: 407: 284: 3462:"Bosnian Serb politician convicted by UN tribunal to serve jail term in Denmark" 2329:"Living Conditions of displaced persons and host communities in urban Goma, DRC" 2303: 1443: 1013: 1008:. Other convictions for forced displacement included ex-Bosnian Serb politician 992:

10 years in prison under Counts 1, 10, and 11 of the indictment for instigating

6494: 6419: 6375: 6007: 5872: 5847: 5718: 5564: 5503: 5358: 5127: 4898: 4881: 4818: 4791: 4774: 4463: 4396: 4360: 4340: 4235: 4153: 4128: 4123: 4036: 3483: 2656: 2158: 1888: 1871: 1305: 1141: 1131: 1032: 847: 799: 696: 673: 539: 424: 416: 395: 391: 335: 192: 150: 3440:"Bosnian Croat commander convicted by UN tribunal to serve jail term in Italy" 3329:. United Nations Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals. 11 April 2018 2921: 2867: 2796: 2497:

https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2018/caught-in-the-middle/1-migrants-journeys/

2372: 2252: 1711: 1650: 568:: according to some, caused because the Turkish support of the USA during the 480: 434: 342:

specifically referred to an individual removed from their native country as a

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Syrian and Iraqi migrants arriving in Lesbos, Greece, in 2015 seeking refuge.

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defines forced displacement as a crime within the jurisdiction of the court:

612:

Examples of forced displacement caused by human-made environmental disasters

591:, with millions displaced across Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America. 6434: 6429: 6320: 6197: 6165: 6100: 6027: 5997: 5942: 5852: 5624: 5189: 5165: 5132: 5113: 5094: 5049: 5022: 5015: 4997: 4935: 4711: 4665: 4660: 4563: 4548: 4391: 2894: 2567:"Smugglers abandon more than 1,400 migrants in Arizona desert since August" 2399: 2356:"The impact of immigration detention on mental health: a systematic review" 1737: 954: 879: 746: 399: 331: 311: 139: 27:

Coerced movement of a person or persons away from their home or home region

3002: 732:

Aligning ethnic composition with artificial political border: For example

6300: 6110: 5992: 5947: 5937: 5887: 5877: 5827: 5634: 5157: 4957: 4842: 4731: 4706: 4694: 4675: 4558: 4538: 4448: 4345: 3894: 3641:

Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), Norwegian Refugee Council

1680: 1562: 1072: 997: 993: 958: 580: 572:. Communist ideologies, Islamophobia and Anti-Turkism also played a role. 511: 491: 280: 257: 209: 145: 3732:

Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)

3640: 1998: 1548: 1251:"Mission, Vision and Values | U.S. Agency for International Development" 1004:

due to his speech in Hrtkovci on 6 May 1992, in which he called for the

1000:(forcible displacement), and other inhumane acts (forcible transfer) as 370:

Bogumil Terminski distinguishes two general categories of displacement:

6305: 6052: 6047: 5912: 5837: 5696: 5614: 5594: 5250: 5137: 4754: 4335: 4204: 4061: 4056: 4041: 3192: 3145: 970: 921: 875: 569: 3675:, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva. 3484:"Russia: International Criminal Court issues arrest warrant for Putin" 3226: 1404:

Martin, Susan F. (2017-12-20), "Forced Migration and Refugee Policy",

1280: 518:

reached some of the highest in the world, with El Salvador peaking at

245:(IDP), subject to more tenuous international protection. In 1998, the 6285: 5723: 5547: 5446: 5151: 4952: 4903: 4886: 4824: 4806: 4580: 4494: 4096: 4029: 3884: 3352: 2466: 1982: 1669:

Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law

931:, adopted on 12 August 1949, specifically forbade forced displacement 905: 770: 3606: 3026:"Integrating Refugees into the Workplace – A Collaborative Approach" 1752:"Famine thresholds surpassed in three new areas of southern Somalia" 1489: 1324:"Number of displaced people passes 100m for the first time, says UN" 362:. The meaning has significantly broadened in the past half-century. 6547: 6385: 5039: 4972: 4908: 4721: 4699: 4595: 4543: 4301: 4189: 3516: 782: 526: 515: 2963: 2012:

Hein, Jeremy (1993-08-01). "Refugees, Immigrants, and the State".

1796: 1187: 695:, and the deportation of North American indigenous peoples (e.g., 6350: 6295: 6280: 6265: 4992: 4786: 4779: 4644: 4440: 4163: 4133: 3176: 1306:"UNHCR: A record 100 million people forcibly displaced worldwide" 1082: 766: 669: 627: 343: 261: 219:

A migrant who fled their home because of economic hardship is an

213: 120: 54: 5301: 3625:, International Migration Review and Journal of Refugee Studies) 6149: 4967: 4919: 4688: 4158: 3647:

The International Association for the Study of Forced Migration

3396:"UN tribunal transfers former Bosnian Serb leader to UK prison" 1120:'s "Report on DPs in Western Europe in 1945" to U.S. President 762: 487: 474: 403: 347: 188: 2848: 2787:

Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre Herausgebendes Organ.

2632:"US held record number of migrant children in custody in 2019" 2121:"Myanmar Emergency Update (as of 15 September 2021) – Myanmar" 988:

in the 1990s. On 11 April 2018, the Appeals Chamber sentenced

203: 5056: 4652: 3687:, an introductory guide for those who are new to the subject. 3349:"UN court sentences ultranationalist Serb leader to 10 years" 2418:"The impact of migration on mental health and mental illness" 1490:"Notes on the Population Theory of Eugene M. Kulischer". In: 835: 355: 3634: 2353: 1607:"Tsunami Event - December 26, 2004 The Indian Ocean Tsunami" 540:

Examples of forced displacement caused by political conflict

4270: 3678: 3628: 3607:

Oukloof forced removals in the Western Cape of South Africa

2984: 1799:

The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies

1108:

International Association for the Study of Forced Migration

531: 481:

Examples of forced displacement caused by criminal activity

435:

Examples of forced displacement caused by natural disasters

3690: 3600: 2159:"Myanmar coup: UN calls for arms embargo against military" 1649:

Blake, Eric S, and Landsea, Christopher W. (August 2011).

103:

A forcibly displaced person may also be referred to as a "

5029: 982:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

749:: For example, the British governments transportation of 5106:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

3646: 984:(ICTY) for connection to forced displacement during the 789: 473:

specifically to those initiated by humans. According to

287:

and become recognised by their host country as refugees.

260:, they may be able to apply for asylum and can become a 119:" (IDP). While some displaced persons may be considered 1567:

Climate Change, Forced Migration, and International Law

1408:, Springer International Publishing, pp. 271–303, 874:

World organizations such as the United Nations and the

318: 3652: 3603:– Features by Jean-Michel Clajot, Belgian photographer 3596:

International Network on Displacement and Resettlement

2514:

Global human smuggling : comparative perspectives

2415: 1504: 1342:"What is forced migration? – Forced Migration Online" 1969:

Wain, Barry (1979). "The Indochina Refugee Crisis".

3595: 2952:Christensen, Asger; Harild, Niels (December 2009). 1113:

Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe

823: 702:Suppressing political opposition: For example, the 6558:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation 3277:"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court" 1565:(2012-02-01), "Overarching Normative Principles", 1334: 1188:"UNHCR Global Trends –Forced Displacement in 2014" 3697:Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children 2951: 2600:"Migrants Die as Burning Boat Capsizes Off Italy" 2598:Yardley, Jim; Povoledo, Elisabetta (2013-10-03). 2265: 2232: 334:, following the subsequent refugee outflows from 115:), or, if displaced within the home country, an " 6590: 3032:, Emerald Publishing Limited, pp. 121–129, 3023: 2210:"The Land Battle Behind the Fires in the Amazon" 1444:"U.N. Convention relating to status of Refugees" 1035:and Russia's Commissioner for Children's Rights 942:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 640: 223:, and strictly speaking, not a displaced person. 3282:. International Criminal Court. 2011. p. 7 3224: 2597: 1278: 1098:List of areas depopulated due to climate change 980:Several people were tried and convicted by the 3074:Lee, Eun Su; Szkudlarek, Betina (2021-04-14). 2855:Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control 2719:"Economic Consequences of Forced Displacement" 1694:Sastry, Narayan; Gregory, Jesse (2014-06-01). 1456:United Nations High Commission on Human Rights 1016:, former Bosnian Croat paramilitary commander 6181: 5317: 4286: 3717: 3659:with a major role mediating modern migration. 3073: 2547:"Austria's migrant disaster: Why did 71 die?" 2511: 2072:"Annual Report 1989–1990 – Table of Contents" 1693: 1569:, Oxford University Press, pp. 237–266, 626:: A nuclear meltdown on April 26, 1986, near 390:and indirectly from the subsequent impact on 386:Forced displacement may directly result from 6195: 4069:Residential segregation in the United States 3653:The International Organization for Migration 2461: 2459: 1041:deportation and illegal transfer of children 757:and others' attempt to create a country for 6226:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention 3550: 2818:The Korean Journal of International Studies 1530: 1245: 1243: 734:flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) 251:Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement 204:Distinctions between the different concepts 6188: 6174: 5324: 5310: 4293: 4279: 3724: 3710: 2545:Bell, Bethany; Thorpe, Nick (2016-08-25). 2544: 1469:DPs: Europe's Displaced Persons, 1945–1951 1406:Demography of Refugee and Forced Migration 1180: 779:Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps 720:deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union 691:, the removal of Jewish people during the 230:in China, the situation is referred to as 3673:Program for the Study of Global Migration 2884: 2866: 2825: 2456: 2389: 2371: 2076:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 1920: 1887: 1727: 1575:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199587087.003.0010 828: 777:, and the Chinese military settlement of 281:international law definition of a refugee 3302:"Nuremberg Trial Judgements: Hans Frank" 3220: 3218: 3174: 2301: 2182: 1666: 1240: 793: 659: 543: 438: 310:has an important historic context (e.g. 258:relevant international legal instruments 181:International Organization for Migration 144: 125: 6440:Right to an adequate standard of living 3691:Wits Forced Migration Studies Programme 3637:Forced migrants tell their life stories 3123: 2907: 2507: 2505: 2492: 2490: 2411: 2409: 2349: 2347: 2096:"Myanmar on the Brink of State Failure" 1903:Jiménez, Everardo Víctor (2017-01-18). 1902: 1807:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199652433.013.0048 899: 738:Polish population transfers (1944–1946) 708:population transfer in the Soviet Union 566:1950-1951 exodus of Turks from Bulgaria 14: 6591: 6241:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment 3376:. Amnesty International. 11 April 2018 2789:Global report on internal displacement 2683: 2679: 2677: 1869: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1561: 1526: 1524: 1471:. Cornell University Press (reprint). 1403: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1137:Forced displacement in popular culture 716:deportation of the Chechens and Ingush 704:forced settlements in the Soviet Union 365: 6169: 5305: 4274: 3705: 3621:(Disasters, Forced Migration Review, 3511: 3215: 3119: 3117: 2808: 2806: 2716: 1865: 1863: 1272: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1209: 1207: 1205: 790:Conditions faced by displaced persons 5687:New international division of labour 4253: 3623:International Journal of Refugee Law 3506:Forced Migration and Global Politics 3030:Intercultural Management in Practice 2684:Newman, Edward, ed. (January 2005). 2512:Kyle, David; Koslowski, Rey (2011). 2502: 2487: 2406: 2344: 2207: 2011: 1968: 467: 149:General deportation currents of the 49:Regions with significant populations 4074:Segregation academy (United States) 3989:Sex segregation in public restrooms 2674: 2026:10.1146/annurev.so.19.080193.000355 1822: 1590: 1555: 1521: 1492:The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 1363: 587:. This event is referred to as the 576:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 24: 3498: 3114: 2991:Academy of Management Perspectives 2803: 2726:The Journal of Development Studies 2516:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 2295: 2183:Zaitchik, Alexander (2019-07-06). 1860: 1628:"Internationally displaced people" 1609:. NOAA Center for Tsunami Research 1226: 1220:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9811-2015004 1202: 1006:expulsion of Croats from Vojvodina 330:(DP) was first widely used during 25: 6645: 6361:Right to refuse medical treatment 5331: 3619:Back issues of migration journals 3589: 3080:Human Resource Management Journal 3038:10.1108/978-1-83982-826-320211011 1031:(ICC) issued arrest warrants for 908:, the civilian victim must be a " 886: 728:deportations of the Ingrian Finns 712:deportation of the Crimean Tatars 676:of the 15th through 19th century 655:International Labour Organization 381: 6148: 6138: 6137: 5348: 5273: 5272: 4252: 4224: 4223: 2573:. Associated Press. 2018-10-12. 2052:United States Institute of Peace 1922:10.11144/javeriana.papo21-1.vtnc 1068:Development-induced displacement 824:Responses to forced displacement 724:deportation of the Soviet Greeks 618:2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires 520:103 homicides per 100,000 people 506:), rampant gang violence in the 233:development-induced displacement 5349: 3476: 3454: 3432: 3410: 3388: 3366: 3341: 3319: 3294: 3269: 3244: 3168: 3067: 3017: 2978: 2945: 2936: 2901: 2842: 2780: 2760: 2710: 2688:. United Nations Publications. 2649: 2624: 2591: 2559: 2538: 2321: 2259: 2226: 2201: 2176: 2151: 2138: 2113: 2088: 2064: 2048:"Truth Commission: El Salvador" 2040: 2005: 1962: 1946: 1937: 1896: 1836: 1790: 1767: 1744: 1687: 1660: 1643: 1620: 1599: 1505:Robinson, W. Courtland (2003). 1498: 1482: 1461: 1437: 1397: 6573:Sexual and reproductive health 6470:Right to a healthy environment 4838:Right of way (property access) 3663:The Journal of Refugee Studies 3601:Pictures of Refugees in Europe 3175:Kaufmann, David (2019-02-11). 1494:, Vol. 40, No. 2. pp. 187–206. 1316: 1298: 1159: 1020:, and Bosnian Serb politician 914:international humanitarian law 775:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 157: 13: 1: 6490:Right to public participation 3657:non-governmental organization 3225:Guido Acquaviva (June 2011). 2738:10.1080/00220388.2015.1046446 2467:"UNHCR Resettlement Handbook" 2146:The Romanian Economic Journal 1509:. The Brookings Institution. 1279:Guido Acquaviva (June 2011). 1152: 755:American Colonization Society 641:Other human-made displacement 585:Socialist Republic of Vietnam 247:UN Commission on Human Rights 6510:Right to science and culture 4300: 3533:10.1080/13621025.2014.886440 3181:Public Administration Review 2827:10.14731/kjis.2012.06.10.1.1 2717:Fiala, Nathan (2015-09-18). 2434:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.01.154 2281:10.1080/00750778.2011.664806 2208:Sims, Shannon (2019-08-27). 1870:Cantor, David James (2016). 1414:10.1007/978-3-319-67147-5_14 1257:. 2018-02-16. Archived from 1029:International Criminal Court 842:), and country governments ( 561:1949–1956 Palestinian exodus 306:is minor; however, the term 7: 6336:Right to keep and bear arms 6246:Freedom from discrimination 5405:Environmental globalization 5380:Anti-globalization movement 5144:Two Treatises of Government 3931:Brown v. Board of Education 3398:. UN News. 8 September 2009 1801:, Oxford University Press, 1167:"Global Trends Report 2022" 1051: 242:internally displaced person 168:international organizations 153:the Soviet Union, 1930–1931 117:internally displaced person 65:Internally displaced people 10: 6650: 5553:Offshore financial centres 3840:Czechoslovakia and Hungary 3679:The Refugee Studies Centre 3551:Sundhaussen, Holm (2012). 2233:Steadman, Philip. (2014). 2014:Annual Review of Sociology 1889:10.18800/agenda.201601.003 1488:A. J. Jaffe (April 1962). 1012:, ex-Croatian Serb leader 918:Geneva Conventions of 1949 549:Displaced ethnic Armenians 207: 6533: 6500:Right to rest and leisure 6406: 6211: 6204: 6133: 6091: 5966: 5901: 5818: 5809: 5736: 5573: 5494: 5487: 5367: 5339: 5268: 5065: 4867: 4747: 4640: 4633: 4482: 4439: 4384: 4308: 4213: 4087: 4002: 3954: 3885:Apartheid in South Africa 3805: 3737: 3685:What is Forced Migration? 3420:. UN News. 8 October 2008 2922:10.1177/10116370030463003 2868:10.1186/s13756-018-0403-4 2373:10.1186/s12888-018-1945-y 1844:"Mexico's Unseen Victims" 1712:10.1007/s13524-014-0284-y 1655:NOAA Technical Memorandum 449:2004 Indian Ocean tsunami 283:they are unable to claim 73: 63: 53: 48: 43: 38: 34:Forcibly displaced people 6515:Right to social security 6480:Right to Internet access 6425:Equal pay for equal work 6311:Presumption of innocence 5395:Democratic globalization 5196:The Great Transformation 4554:Labor theory of property 3442:. UN News. 25 April 2008 929:Fourth Geneva Convention 605:2021 Myanmar coup d'état 589:Indochina refugee crisis 461:2011 East Africa drought 6391:right to be a candidate 6221:Equality before the law 5677:Investor-state disputes 5630:Illicit financial flows 5474:Political globalization 5422:Global financial system 4765:Forest-dwelling (India) 4727:restraint on alienation 4507:Common good (economics) 4109:Anti-miscegenation laws 3944:Anti-miscegenation laws 3613:Forced Migration Online 3554:Forced Ethnic Migration 3464:. UN News. 4 March 2008 3092:10.1111/1748-8583.12352 1346:www.forcedmigration.org 1002:crimes against humanity 869:1998 Guiding Principles 857:1951 Refugee Convention 840:Doctors without Borders 769:, Japanese settlers in 634:Great Famine of Ireland 136:European migrant crisis 6251:Freedom of information 6236:Freedom of association 6018:Christopher Chase-Dunn 5786:Primitive accumulation 5469:Military globalization 5400:Economic globalization 5385:Cultural globalization 5204:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 4978:Primitive accumulation 4833:Right of way (transit) 4618:Tragedy of the commons 4500:fictitious commodities 4200:White Australia policy 4119:Corporative federalism 3306:Jewish Virtual Library 3086:(4): 1748–8583.12352. 1848:Refugees International 1450:March 9, 2008, at the 1027:On 17 March 2023, the 950: 938: 829:International response 803: 665: 556: 444: 427:, of deforestation or 154: 131: 6563:Intersex human rights 6371:Right of self-defense 6326:Right to a fair trial 5257:The Wealth of Nations 5237:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 5229:The Ethics of Liberty 4169:Religious intolerance 3003:10.5465/amp.2018.0150 1190:. UNHCR. 18 June 2015 953:Following the end of 946: 933: 797: 751:Convicts in Australia 663: 547: 504:2014 immigrant crisis 442: 412:environmental refugee 208:Further information: 148: 129: 6450:Right to development 6331:Right to family life 6281:Freedom from torture 6266:Freedom from slavery 6083:Immanuel Wallerstein 5744:Capital accumulation 5610:Endangered languages 5120:Progress and Poverty 4454:Common-pool resource 4179:Second-class citizen 4174:Reservation in India 3900:United Arab Emirates 3830:Bulgaria and Romania 2304:"The Middle Passage" 2237:. Elsevier Science. 1876:Agenda Internacional 1681:10.1111/reel.12036_2 1147:Population cleansing 900:Criminal prosecution 880:forcibly intervening 689:Salzburg Protestants 678:Atlantic slave trade 595:Salvadoran Civil War 555:on 21 September 2023 319:History of the term 44:108.4 million (2022) 6624:Human rights abuses 6261:Freedom of religion 6256:Freedom of movement 6231:Freedom of assembly 6213:Civil and political 6155:Business portal 5714:Transnational crime 5620:Forced displacement 5605:Economic inequality 5479:Trade globalization 5375:Alter-globalization 5243:The Social Contract 4931:population transfer 4848:prior-appropriation 4527:homestead principle 4047:Exclusionary zoning 3994:Separatist feminism 3772:Partition of Bengal 3521:Citizenship Studies 3138:2019GeoRv.109..562H 3126:Geographical Review 2955:Forced Displacement 2422:European Psychiatry 2308:Africans in America 2127:. 21 September 2021 1467:Mark Wyman (1998). 1386:on October 24, 2019 1078:Population transfer 927:In Article 49, the 366:Causes and examples 360:Eugene M. Kulischer 338:. In this context, 173:population transfer 86:Forced displacement 35: 6629:War crimes by type 6578:Right to sexuality 6455:Right to education 6381:Security of person 6276:Freedom of thought 5928:Andre Gunder Frank 5702:Race to the bottom 5692:North–South divide 5410:Global citizenship 5223:Murray N. Rothbard 4534:Free-rider problem 3937:Massive resistance 3925:School segregation 3920:Separate but equal 3845:Dominican Republic 3747:Partition of India 3508:. Wiley-Blackwell. 3504:Betts, Alexander: 3193:10.1111/puar.13029 3146:10.1111/gere.12338 2604:The New York Times 1127:Kampala Convention 1088:Refugee employment 1039:for war crimes of 1037:Maria Lvova-Belova 973:, chief jurist in 865:Kampala Convention 804: 666: 624:Chernobyl disaster 557: 551:boarding buses in 445: 155: 132: 33: 6586: 6585: 6485:Right to property 6445:Right to clothing 6430:Fair remuneration 6398:Right to homeland 6346:Right to petition 6271:Freedom of speech 6163: 6162: 6129: 6128: 5988:K. Anthony Appiah 5983:Daniele Archibugi 5732: 5731: 5521:COVID-19 pandemic 5427:Global governance 5299: 5298: 5210:What Is Property? 5003:human trafficking 4988:Regulatory taking 4863: 4862: 4608:Right to property 4268: 4267: 4144:Majority minority 4025:Ethnic federalism 3807:Ethnic and racial 3767:Greece and Turkey 3667:Oxford University 3047:978-1-83982-827-0 2732:(10): 1275–1293. 2523:978-1-4214-0198-0 2302:PBS-WGBH (1999). 1103:List of diasporas 1010:Momčilo Krajišnik 850:, an increase in 759:African Americans 742:Operation Vistula 647:Human trafficking 508:Northern Triangle 468:Human-made causes 455:Hurricane Katrina 388:natural disasters 292:illegal immigrant 94:forced relocation 83: 82: 18:Displaced Persons 16:(Redirected from 6641: 6619:Refugees by type 6599:Forced migration 6475:Right to housing 6409:Economic, social 6356:Right to protest 6351:Right to privacy 6190: 6183: 6176: 6167: 6166: 6153: 6152: 6141: 6140: 6094: 6003:Jean Baudrillard 5971: 5918:Giovanni Arrighi 5906: 5863:Branko Milanović 5843:Jagdish Bhagwati 5821: 5816: 5815: 5707:pollution havens 5672:Invasive species 5576: 5497: 5492: 5491: 5442:Global workforce 5352: 5351: 5326: 5319: 5312: 5303: 5302: 5276: 5275: 5180:John Stuart Mill 5100:Friedrich Engels 5081:Frédéric Bastiat 5074: 4926:Forced migration 4894:Collectivization 4638: 4637: 4517:First possession 4490:Bundle of rights 4295: 4288: 4281: 4272: 4271: 4256: 4255: 4227: 4226: 4195:Social apartheid 4079:Social exclusion 4052:Forced migration 4020:Ethnic cleansing 4010:Auto-segregation 3752:Northern Ireland 3726: 3719: 3712: 3703: 3702: 3585: 3579: 3575: 3573: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3544: 3492: 3491: 3490:. 17 March 2023. 3480: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3281: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3231: 3222: 3213: 3212: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3121: 3112: 3111: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3063: 3062: 3021: 3015: 3014: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2888: 2870: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2829: 2810: 2801: 2800: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2774: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2723: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2681: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2668: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2643: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2618: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2585: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2553: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2509: 2500: 2494: 2485: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2471: 2463: 2454: 2453: 2413: 2404: 2403: 2393: 2375: 2351: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2338: 2333: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2275:(2–3): 215–244. 2263: 2257: 2256: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2220: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2195: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2170: 2155: 2149: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2132: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2107: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2082: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2059: 2058: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1983:10.2307/20040344 1966: 1960: 1950: 1944: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1924: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1891: 1867: 1858: 1857: 1855: 1854: 1840: 1834: 1831: 1820: 1819: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1784: 1779: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1731: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1664: 1658: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1615: 1614: 1603: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1528: 1519: 1518: 1502: 1496: 1486: 1480: 1465: 1459: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1392: 1391: 1382:. Archived from 1372: 1361: 1360: 1358: 1357: 1348:. Archived from 1338: 1332: 1331: 1320: 1314: 1313: 1302: 1296: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1285: 1276: 1270: 1269: 1267: 1266: 1247: 1238: 1235: 1224: 1223: 1211: 1200: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1184: 1178: 1177: 1171: 1163: 1118:Earl G. Harrison 1093:Refugee roulette 1045:occupied Ukraine 1022:Radoslav Brđanin 1018:Mladen Naletilić 967:Nuremberg trials 910:protected person 685:Ethnic cleansing 628:Pripyat, Ukraine 553:Nagorno-Karabakh 525:Displacement in 498:Displacement in 486:Displacement in 429:land degradation 328:displaced person 321:displaced person 308:displaced person 300:displaced person 266:displaced person 228:Three Gorges Dam 221:economic migrant 109:displaced person 90:forced migration 39:Total population 36: 32: 21: 6649: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6589: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6553:Family planning 6538: 6529: 6505:Right of return 6465:Right to health 6413: 6410: 6402: 6366:Right to resist 6316:Right of asylum 6207: 6200: 6194: 6164: 6159: 6147: 6125: 6106:Thomas Friedman 6092: 6087: 6038:Anthony Giddens 6013:Manuel Castells 5978:Arjun Appadurai 5969: 5967: 5962: 5904: 5902: 5897: 5893:Joseph Stiglitz 5833:Richard Baldwin 5819: 5811: 5805: 5764:Fiscal localism 5728: 5682:McDonaldization 5600:Development aid 5574: 5569: 5538:Multilingualism 5533:Labor arbitrage 5509:Climate justice 5495: 5483: 5437:Global politics 5390:Deglobalization 5363: 5335: 5330: 5300: 5295: 5264: 5068: 5067: 5061: 5011:husband-selling 4948:Illegal logging 4943:Illegal fishing 4872: 4859: 4770:Freedom to roam 4743: 4656:(agrarian land) 4629: 4586:Property rights 4478: 4435: 4397:Estate (landed) 4380: 4304: 4299: 4269: 4264: 4209: 4184:Separate school 4089: 4083: 3998: 3950: 3801: 3733: 3730: 3592: 3577: 3576: 3567: 3566: 3559: 3557: 3501: 3499:Further reading 3496: 3495: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3467: 3465: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3379: 3377: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3332: 3330: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3260: 3258: 3250: 3249: 3245: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3216: 3173: 3169: 3122: 3115: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3058: 3048: 3022: 3018: 2983: 2979: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2906: 2902: 2847: 2843: 2812: 2811: 2804: 2785: 2781: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2721: 2715: 2711: 2696: 2682: 2675: 2666: 2664: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2641: 2639: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2616: 2614: 2596: 2592: 2583: 2581: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2551: 2549: 2543: 2539: 2524: 2510: 2503: 2495: 2488: 2478: 2476: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2457: 2414: 2407: 2352: 2345: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2312: 2310: 2300: 2296: 2269:Irish Geography 2264: 2260: 2245: 2231: 2227: 2218: 2216: 2206: 2202: 2193: 2191: 2181: 2177: 2168: 2166: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2148:25. pp.113–132. 2143: 2139: 2130: 2128: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2105: 2103: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2080: 2078: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2056: 2054: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2010: 2006: 1971:Foreign Affairs 1967: 1963: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1901: 1897: 1868: 1861: 1852: 1850: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1823: 1817: 1795: 1791: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1692: 1688: 1671:(book review). 1665: 1661: 1648: 1644: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1612: 1610: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1585: 1560: 1556: 1535:(17): 103–142. 1529: 1522: 1503: 1499: 1487: 1483: 1466: 1462: 1452:Wayback Machine 1442: 1438: 1424: 1402: 1398: 1389: 1387: 1374: 1373: 1364: 1355: 1353: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1277: 1273: 1264: 1262: 1249: 1248: 1241: 1236: 1227: 1213: 1212: 1203: 1193: 1191: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1122:Harry S. Truman 1063:Climate migrant 1054: 990:Vojislav Šešelj 975:occupied Poland 902: 889: 831: 826: 809:human smugglers 792: 643: 614: 542: 500:Central America 483: 470: 437: 421:desertification 384: 368: 324: 216: 206: 160: 31: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6647: 6637: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6544: 6542: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6527: 6522: 6520:Right to water 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6495:Right of reply 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6420:Digital rights 6416: 6414: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6383: 6378: 6376:Right to truth 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6217: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6193: 6192: 6185: 6178: 6170: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6157: 6145: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6097: 6095: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6008:Zygmunt Bauman 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5974: 5972: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5909: 5907: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5873:Thomas Piketty 5870: 5868:Kevin O'Rourke 5865: 5860: 5858:Michael Hudson 5855: 5850: 5848:Robert Brenner 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5824: 5822: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5719:Westernization 5716: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5579: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5558:Tax inversions 5555: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5528:Digital divide 5525: 5524: 5523: 5513: 5512: 5511: 5504:Climate change 5500: 5498: 5489: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5371: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5346: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5329: 5328: 5321: 5314: 5306: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5281: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5248: 5247: 5246: 5234: 5233: 5232: 5220: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5176: 5175: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5149: 5148: 5147: 5135: 5130: 5128:Garrett Hardin 5125: 5124: 5123: 5111: 5110: 5109: 5097: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5077: 5075: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5005: 5000: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4923: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4899:Eminent domain 4896: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4882:Bioprospecting 4878: 4876: 4874:redistribution 4865: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4816: 4811: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4789: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4709: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4692: 4685: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4658: 4650: 4641: 4635: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4583: 4578: 4576:Natural rights 4573: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4492: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4445: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4432: 4431: 4421: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4298: 4297: 4290: 4283: 4275: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4262: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4221: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4154:Nuremberg Laws 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4129:Ghetto benches 4126: 4124:Discrimination 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4105: 4104: 4093: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4065: 4064: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4037:Ethnopluralism 4034: 4033: 4032: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3960: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3948: 3947: 3946: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3922: 3917: 3907: 3905:United Kingdom 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3811: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3743: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3729: 3728: 3721: 3714: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3660: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3591: 3590:External links 3588: 3587: 3586: 3548: 3545: 3509: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3475: 3453: 3431: 3409: 3387: 3365: 3340: 3318: 3293: 3268: 3243: 3214: 3187:(3): 443–446. 3167: 3132:(4): 562–579. 3113: 3066: 3046: 3016: 2997:(3): 461–484. 2977: 2958:. World Bank. 2944: 2935: 2900: 2841: 2820:. 2012-06-30. 2802: 2779: 2759: 2709: 2694: 2673: 2648: 2623: 2590: 2558: 2537: 2522: 2501: 2486: 2455: 2405: 2360:BMC Psychiatry 2343: 2320: 2294: 2258: 2243: 2225: 2200: 2175: 2150: 2137: 2112: 2087: 2063: 2039: 2004: 1977:(1): 160–180. 1961: 1945: 1936: 1909:Papel Político 1895: 1859: 1835: 1821: 1815: 1789: 1766: 1743: 1706:(3): 753–775. 1686: 1675:(3): 373–375. 1659: 1642: 1619: 1598: 1589: 1583: 1554: 1520: 1497: 1481: 1460: 1436: 1422: 1396: 1380:www.unesco.org 1362: 1333: 1330:. 23 May 2022. 1315: 1312:. 23 May 2022. 1297: 1271: 1239: 1225: 1201: 1179: 1157: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1142:Indian Removal 1139: 1134: 1132:Divided family 1129: 1124: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1058:Asylum seekers 1053: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1033:Vladimir Putin 1025: 978: 963: 901: 898: 888: 887:Local response 885: 830: 827: 825: 822: 800:McAllen, Texas 791: 788: 787: 786: 744: 730: 700: 697:Trail of Tears 682: 674:Middle Passage 667: 642: 639: 638: 637: 631: 621: 613: 610: 609: 608: 602: 592: 578: 573: 563: 541: 538: 537: 536: 523: 496: 482: 479: 469: 466: 465: 464: 458: 452: 436: 433: 425:sea-level rise 417:climate change 396:Climate change 392:infrastructure 383: 382:Natural causes 380: 379: 378: 375: 367: 364: 336:Eastern Europe 323: 317: 316: 315: 304:forced migrant 295: 288: 277: 254: 249:published the 237: 224: 205: 202: 201: 200: 196: 193:armed conflict 185: 159: 156: 151:dekulakization 105:forced migrant 81: 80: 77: 75:Asylum seekers 71: 70: 67: 61: 60: 57: 51: 50: 46: 45: 41: 40: 29: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6646: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6614:Global issues 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6536: 6532: 6526: 6525:Right to work 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6460:Right to food 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6405: 6399: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6341:Right to life 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6203: 6199: 6191: 6186: 6184: 6179: 6177: 6172: 6171: 6168: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6144: 6136: 6135: 6132: 6122: 6121:Vandana Shiva 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6090: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6073:Saskia Sassen 6071: 6069: 6068:George Ritzer 6066: 6064: 6063:Antonio Negri 6061: 6059: 6058:L. H. M. Ling 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6043:Michael Hardt 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6023:Alfred Crosby 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5965: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5953:Susan Strange 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5923:Robert W. Cox 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5900: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5883:Jeffrey Sachs 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5817: 5814: 5808: 5802: 5801:World-systems 5799: 5797: 5796:World history 5794: 5792: 5791:Social change 5789: 5787: 5784: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5769:Modernization 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5432:Global health 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5338: 5334: 5333:Globalization 5327: 5322: 5320: 5315: 5313: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277:Categories: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5244: 5240: 5239: 5238: 5235: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5218:David Ricardo 5216: 5212: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5185:Elinor Ostrom 5183: 5181: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5159: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5108: 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Saul 6101:Noam Chomsky 6093:Non–academic 6033:Susan George 6028:Nancy Fraser 5998:Walden Bello 5943:David Harvey 5933:Stephen Gill 5853:Jayati Ghosh 5759:Earth system 5625:Human rights 5619: 5565:Water crisis 5462:early modern 5284:Property law 5255: 5241: 5227: 5208: 5194: 5190:Karl Polanyi 5170: 5166:Marcel Mauss 5156: 5142: 5133:David Harvey 5118: 5114:Henry George 5104: 5095:Ronald Coase 5085: 5070: 5016:wife selling 4998:bride buying 4936:repatriation 4925: 4918: 4869:Disposession 4823: 4712:Property law 4687: 4683:Forest types 4653: 4645: 4634:Applications 4564:rent-seeking 4549:Gift economy 4407:Intellectual 4257: 4228: 4051: 3979:Saudi Arabia 3929: 3895:Saudi Arabia 3782:Saudi Arabia 3558:. Retrieved 3553: 3524: 3520: 3505: 3487: 3478: 3466:. Retrieved 3456: 3444:. Retrieved 3434: 3422:. Retrieved 3412: 3400:. Retrieved 3390: 3378:. Retrieved 3368: 3356:. Retrieved 3343: 3331:. Retrieved 3321: 3309:. Retrieved 3305: 3296: 3284:. Retrieved 3271: 3259:. Retrieved 3246: 3234:. 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