909:. This law incorporated the International Convention's definitions of a refugee into U.S. law. In doing so, it codified into U.S. law that a refugee was an individual with a "well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion." Furthermore, ratifying this Convention meant the elimination of previous "ideological and geographical discriminations" against refugee and asylum seekers. These discriminations were a result of previous U.S. refugee law, which had served mainly as a tool for foreign policy agendas. The law also created the legal basis for the admission of refugees into the U.S. The Refugee Act of 1980 was the first time the United States created an objective decision-making process for asylum and refugee status. This included a joint system between Congress and the Presidency, in which both branches would collaborate to establish annual quotas and determine which national groups would receive prioritized consideration for refugee status. In doing so, the U.S. shifted away from a relatively reactionary system, in which refugee laws were only passed in response to political changes in the international community, primarily the spread of Communism. Instead, under the Refugee Act of 1980, the U.S. established a comprehensive framework for addressing refugee crises preemptively. This framework was built on emerging ideals of "humanitarianism". An important aspect of this law is how an individual goes about applying for status. A person may meet the definition of refugee but may not be granted refugee status. If the individual is inside of the U.S. with a different status or no status, they are granted the status of asylee but not refugee.
941:
humanitarian concern to the United States. Since ratifying the 1980 Refugee Act, the United States has admitted over 3.1 million refugees from around the world, many of who were permanently resettled in the United States. Prior to the Trump
Administration, the United States was the global leader in admitting refugees and offered refugee status to more individuals than the rest of the world altogether. Under the Trump administration, refugee immigration laws faced many challenges and setbacks, as administration officials sought to rollback immigration laws and decrease the annual number of refugees admitted. Challenges to refugee law included contesting practices of non-refoulement, which has been a long-standing principle of the U.S. immigration system. Attempts to reverse Trump-era policies have been a focus of the subsequent Biden presidential administration. In 2021, it was announced that Biden administration would raise the refugee cap from 15,000 individuals to 62,500 individuals.
483:(CRC), which defined the rights of children and bound its signatories to upholding those rights by international law. Although the CRC was not specific to the rights of refugee minors, it was used as the legal blueprint for handling refugee minor cases, where a minor was defined as any person under the age of 18. In particular, it extends the protection of refugee children by allowing participating nations the capacity to recognize children who do not fall under the strict guidelines of the Convention definition but still should not be sent back to their countries of origin. It also extends the
40:
933:
Citizenship and
Immigration Services officer located abroad will conduct an interview to determine refugee resettlement eligibility inside the United States. If the person is approved as a refugee, they will then be provided with many forms of assistance. These include a loan for travel, advice for travel, a medical exam, and a culture orientation. After the refugee is resettled, they are eligible for medical and cash assistance. The
1014:(or the expulsion or return of a refugee), which is the basic idea that a country cannot send back a person to their country of origin if they will face endangerment upon return. In this case, a certain level of sovereignty is taken away from a country. This basic right of non-refoulement conflicts with the basic right of sovereign state to expel any undocumented aliens.
507:. Both the Convention and the Protocol are open to states, but each may be signed separately. 145 states have ratified the Convention, and 146 have ratified the Protocol. These instruments only apply in the countries that have ratified an instrument, and some countries have ratified these instruments subject to various reservations.
901:
Refugee status first emerged as a legal category in the United States in the 1940s, responding to an influx of
Eastern Europeans fleeing Communism. In response to this influx, Congress established refugee migration as "distinct and separate from general immigration admissions" upon the recommendation
338:
The discussion forms part of a larger debate on the fragmentation of international law. While some scholars conceive each branch as a self-contained regime distinct from other branches, others regard the three branches as forming a larger normative system that seeks to protect the rights of all human
1495:
Directive 2011/95/EU of 13 December 2011 of the
European Parliament and of the Council on standards for the qualification of third-country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection,
377:
The 1967 Protocol removed the temporal restrictions that restricted refugee status to those whose circumstances had come about "as a result of events occurring before 1 January 1951," and the geographic restrictions that gave participating states of the
Convention the option of interpreting this as
355:
There is a variety of definitions as to who is regarded as a refugee, usually defined for the purpose of a particular instrument. The variation of definitions regarding refugees has made it difficult to create a concrete and single vision of what constitutes a refugee following the original refugee
932:
The first step of being granted this status is to receive a referral to the U.S. Refugee
Admissions Program (USRAP). The person is allowed to include their spouse, child, or other family members (only in specific circumstances) when applying for refugee status. After the person is referred, a U.S.
438:
must meet the definition of a refugee, as outlined in the 1951 Convention and be of "special humanitarian concern to the United States." Refugee status can only be obtained from outside the United States. If an individual who meets the definition of a refugee, and is seeking admission in a port of
372:
A person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of
940:
In the United States, refugees are subject to annual quotas, which are determined by a joint collaboration between the incumbent
Presidential administration and Congress. In addition to establishing the annual quota, Congress and the President determine which national groups are of special
339:
beings at all time. The proponents of the latter conception view this holistic regime as including norms only applicable to certain situations such as armed conflict and military occupation (IHL) or to certain groups of people including refugees (refugee law), children (the
378:"events occurring in Europe" or "events occurring in Europe or elsewhere". However, it also gave those states that had previously ratified the 1951 Convention and chose to use the geographically-restricted definition the option to retain that restriction.
414:
Persons who flee their countries because their lives, safety or freedom have been threatened by generalized violence, foreign aggression, internal conflicts, massive violation of human rights or other circumstances which have seriously disturbed public
937:(ORR) has a program called the Cash and Medical Assistance Program which completely reimburses the assistance in which states provide refugees. The refugee is eligible for this cash and medical assistance up to eight months after their arrival date.
963:
assumes responsibility. In 2013, the UNHCR managed RSD in over 50 countries and worked in parallel with national governments in 20 countries. In the period from 1997 to 2001, the number of RSD applications submitted to the UNHCR nearly doubled.
890:
Various regions and countries have different variations of refugee law. They all stem from the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol which relates to refugee status. The United States became a party to this protocol in 1968.
671:
397:
Any person compelled to leave his/her country owing to external aggression, occupation, foreign domination or events seriously disturbing public order in either part or the whole of his country of origin or
1005:
Refugee law and international human rights law are closely connected in content but differ in their function. The main difference of their function is the way in which international refugee law considers
1113:
Yun, Seira (2014). "Breaking
Imaginary Barriers: Obligations of Armed Non-State Actors Under General Human Rights Law â The Case of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child".
373:
that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.
1424:"Brazil Declaration: A Framework for Cooperation and Regional Solidarity to Strengthen the International Protection of Refugees, Displaced and Stateless Persons in Latin America and the Caribbean"
653:
386:
817:
448:
has come to be synonymous with refugees due to a substantial amount of overlap in their legal definitions. However, they are legally distinct, and convey subtle differences. In general, a
476:(UNHCR) Guidelines on Refugee Children were published, specifically designed to address the needs of refugee children, officially granting them internationally recognized human rights.
1522:
1809:
885:
1272:
550:
922:
be able to validate previous persecution or feared approaching persecution based on the individual's race, religion, nationality, social class, or political outlook
902:
from the House
Committee on Postwar Immigration. The Committee argued that the right to seek asylum be made "an explicit part of United States immigration policy."
406:, which, like the OAU Convention, added more objectivity based on significant consideration to the 1951 Convention. The Cartagena Declaration determine that a
905:
Although the aftermath of World War II brought forth a refugee crisis, the large influx and resettlement of
Indochinese refugees led to the passage of the
487:
to prohibit the return of a child to their country "where there are grounds for believing that there is a real risk of irreparable harm to the child."
609:
959:
The burden of refugee status determination (RSD) falls primarily on the state. However, in cases where states are either unwilling or unable, the
1907:
960:
834:
500:
473:
1526:
982:
are the rights that a person is guaranteed by way of birth. The following are universal human rights that are most relevant to refugees:
621:
504:
465:
361:
1386:
1330:
1820:
499:, and international legal instruments. The only international instruments directly applying to refugees are the 1951 United Nations
1279:
774:
626:
555:
1048:
1735:
895:
769:
567:
533:
480:
340:
300:
1656:
1010:
while international human rights law do not. One of the core principles of international refugee law is the prohibition on
898:, the United States has yet to ratify the treaty, making it the only nation in the United Nations that is not party to it.
1901:
1710:
789:
1463:
2001 Declaration by States Parties to the 1951 Convention and/or its 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
1187:
704:
403:
1849:
161:
327:. There are differences of opinion among international law scholars as to the relationship between refugee law and
253:
1919:
1759:
1409:
1343:
869:
802:
Declaration by States Parties to the 1951 Convention and/or its 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
676:
641:
538:
1403:"Mexico Declaration and Plan of Action to Strengthen the International Protection of Refugees in Latin America"
934:
332:
328:
1896:
1387:
International Colloquium in Commemoration of the Tenth Anniversary of the Cartagena Declaration on Refugees.
1374:
858:
as refugees or as persons who otherwise need international protection and content of the protection granted.
658:
382:
238:
954:
1148:
1028:
452:
refers to "one who has not crossed a national border and thus does not qualify for formal refugee status."
1402:
105:
1956:
1946:
1494:
1237:
Malkki, Liisa H. (1995). "Refugees and Exile: From "Refugee Studies" to the National Order of Things".
786:
Conclusion on International Protection by the Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Programme
110:
293:
248:
1323:
1951:
1078:
Koskenniemi, Martti (September 2002). "Fragmentation of International Law? Postmodern Anxieties".
1423:
1038:
461:
357:
344:
1785:
851:
54:
1868:
1628:
1347:
1213:
1134:
950:
1508:
1447:
1439:
823:
286:
23:
39:
8:
1913:
207:
115:
64:
1250:
1850:"The Curse of the Nation-State: Refugees, Migration, and Security in International Law"
1579:
1362:
1254:
1095:
1053:
243:
156:
59:
1864:
1571:
1258:
1183:
1174:
1130:
1099:
1007:
855:
847:
691:
439:
entry is already in the United States, they are eligible to apply for asylum status.
317:
197:
170:
1363:
The 1969 OAU Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa
1246:
1122:
1087:
1033:
672:
Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict
469:
444:
269:
217:
212:
181:
140:
1309:, 20 November 1989, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1577, p. 3, available at:
1926:
1664:
1058:
1043:
968:
496:
484:
222:
202:
125:
120:
100:
80:
1310:
1388:
840:
389:
adopted a regional treaty based on the Convention, adding to the definition of
1126:
1091:
912:
In order to be considered a refugee in the United States, an individual must:
1940:
1575:
1475:
166:
1686:
1931:
1760:"Biden raises US refugee admissions cap to 62,500 after delay sparks anger"
979:
90:
1783:
1023:
1011:
906:
733:
176:
135:
95:
85:
31:
1612:
1583:
1559:
1893:
Ugandan organisation producing research and analysis on refugee issues.
729:
654:
Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa
387:
Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa
1910:
Documents and other resources related to refugee and human rights law.
1462:
757:
749:
737:
577:
345:
Geneva Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War
598:
Signed on 4 August 1939 and entered into force on 29 December 1954.
1890:
741:
725:
589:
1885:
419:
585:
581:
472:
were legally indistinguishable from adult refugees. In 1988, the
324:
274:
130:
1663:. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Archived from
688:
Recommendation 773 (1976) on the Situation of de facto Refugees
753:
745:
721:
430:
1375:
Recommendation 773 (1976) on the Situation of de facto Refugee
886:
U.S. ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child
424:
Additionally, U.S. Law draws an important distinction between
1480:
593:
1324:"Bangkok Principles on the Status and Treatment of Refugees"
551:
United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
1927:
The Collective Responsibility of States to Protect Refugees
1151:. United Nations High Commission for Refugees. 28 July 1951
573:
402:
In 1984, a group of Latin-American governments adopted the
479:
In 1989, however, the UN signed an additional treaty, the
992:
The right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion
850:
on minimum standards for the qualification and status of
1914:
Refugee Protection: A Guide to International Refugee Law
1389:"San José Declaration on Refugees and Displaced Persons"
1176:
Refugee Protection: A Guide to International Refugee Law
986:
The right to freedom from torture or degrading treatment
1736:"Non-Refoulement under the Trump Administration | ASIL"
967:
RSD provides protection for refugees through promoting
606:
Bangkok Principles on Status and Treatment of Refugees
894:
Despite playing an active role in the drafting of the
1273:"Refugee Children: Guidelines on Protection and Care"
919:
be of specific humanitarian apprehension for the U.S.
1920:
Human Rights: The Rights of Refugees (online course)
1115:
Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies
955:
Asylum seeker § Status determination processes
320:which deals with the rights and duties states have
1810:"What Are Refugee Rights Under International Law?"
971:, resettlement assistance, and direct assistance.
1902:U.S. settles lawsuit by rejected refugee claimant
1611:, Volume 13, Issue 4, October 2001, pp. 533â558,
1938:
505:1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
1784:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
1149:"Convention relating to the Status of Refugees"
974:
944:
866:New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants
826:was decided to be of central concern of UNHCR.
420:Difference from 'asylee' and 'displaced person'
1172:
989:The right to freedom of opinion and expression
1560:"The Development of U.S. Refugee Legislation"
1496:and for the content of the protection granted
1311:https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b38f0.html
1214:"Learn About the Refugee Application Process"
1168:
1166:
835:Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive
818:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
501:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
474:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
294:
1908:Refugees and International Law Forum: Papers
1711:"An Overview of U.S. Refugee Law and Policy"
495:Refugee law encompasses both customary law,
1077:
951:Refugee § Refugee status determination
925:not be currently settled in another country
622:Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees
1847:
1331:Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee
1163:
610:Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee
350:
301:
287:
1633:U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
1843:
1841:
1817:Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service
1623:
1621:
1173:Jastram, Kate; Achiron, Marilyn (2001).
995:The right to life, liberty, and security
490:
1651:
1649:
775:Secretary-General of the United Nations
627:Secretary-General of the United Nations
556:Secretary-General of the United Nations
1939:
1897:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project
1848:Goldenziel, Jill (September 1, 2016).
1449:Conclusion on International Protection
1236:
1049:Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project
1838:
1657:"About Cash & Medical Assistance"
1618:
1613:https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/13.4.533
1595:
1593:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1307:Convention on the Rights of the Child
896:Convention on the Rights of the Child
770:Convention on the Rights of the Child
568:Treaty on Political Asylum and Refuge
534:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
522:Organization / Depositary / Adoptees
481:Convention on the Rights of the Child
341:Convention on the Rights of the Child
1646:
1609:International Journal of Refugee Law
1301:
1299:
1208:
1206:
1251:10.1146/annurev.an.24.100195.002431
1112:
1080:Leiden Journal of International Law
879:
790:United Nations Human Rights Council
455:
13:
1590:
1540:
1523:"United Nations Treaty Collection"
1509:"United Nations Official Document"
928:be admissible to the United States
638:Declaration on Territorial Asylum
14:
1968:
1879:
1691:United States Department of State
1349:Declaration on Territorial Asylum
1296:
1230:
1203:
705:Cartagena Declaration on Refugees
404:Cartagena Declaration on Refugees
709:The 1994 Declaration of San José
254:White genocide conspiracy theory
38:
1802:
1777:
1752:
1728:
1703:
1679:
1515:
1501:
1488:
1468:
1456:
1433:
1416:
1410:Organization of American States
1395:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1344:United Nations General Assembly
1337:
870:United Nations General Assembly
677:United Nations General Assembly
642:United Nations General Assembly
539:United Nations General Assembly
1786:"Refugee Status Determination"
1661:Office of Refugee Resettlement
1316:
1265:
1141:
1106:
1071:
935:Office of Refugee Resettlement
916:be located outside of the U.S.
329:international human rights law
1:
1239:Annual Review of Anthropology
1064:
720:10 Latin-American countries:
659:Organisation of African Unity
383:Organisation of African Unity
356:convention. Article 1 of the
343:), and prisoners of war (the
239:Criticism of multiculturalism
1715:American Immigration Council
1429:. Brasilia. 3 December 2014.
1029:Refugee identity certificate
975:Human rights and refugee law
945:Refugee status determination
572:6 Latin-American countries:
485:principle of non-refoulement
7:
1346: Session 22
1017:
998:Freedom from discrimination
715:The 2014 Brazil Declaration
712:The 2004 Mexico Declaration
519:Law / Treaty / Declaration
511:International Refugee Laws
10:
1973:
948:
883:
460:According to the original
111:Indefinite leave to remain
1891:Refugee Law Project (RLP)
1857:Arizona State Law Journal
1127:10.1163/18781527-00501008
1092:10.1017/S0922156502000262
249:Opposition to immigration
1564:In Defense of the Alien
1558:ANKER, DEBORAH (1983).
1353: 14 December 1967.
1039:Refugee travel document
852:third-country nationals
462:1951 Refugee Convention
358:1951 Refugee Convention
351:Definition of 'refugee'
417:
400:
375:
162:Immigrant assimilation
55:Immigration by country
1442: Session 53
1351: A/RES/2312(XXII)
1305:UN General Assembly,
949:Further information:
491:International sources
412:
395:
370:
231:Opposition and reform
1687:"Refugee Admissions"
1440:Human Rights Council
824:Refugee resettlement
360:, as amended by the
1412:. 16 November 2004.
1333:. 31 December 1966.
1001:The right to asylum
907:Refugee Act of 1980
512:
116:Migration diplomacy
65:Illegal immigration
1924:AgnĂšs G. Hurwitz.
1886:Refugee Law Reader
1453: pages 6â10..
1451: A/53/12/Add.1
1054:Refugee employment
510:
244:Immigration reform
190:Political theories
157:Social integration
60:Immigration policy
1957:Migration studies
1947:International law
1599:Jean Allain, The
1476:"Convention Plus"
1008:state sovereignty
877:
876:
856:stateless persons
848:Council Directive
692:Council of Europe
318:international law
316:is the branch of
311:
310:
262:Causes topics
198:Civic nationalism
171:Acculturation Gap
16:International law
1964:
1873:
1872:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1825:
1819:. Archived from
1814:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1625:
1616:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1555:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1525:. Archived from
1519:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1499:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1320:
1314:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1278:. Archived from
1277:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1181:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1121:(1â2): 213â257.
1110:
1104:
1103:
1075:
1034:Refugee roulette
880:U.S. refugee law
814:Convention Plus
513:
509:
497:peremptory norms
470:refugee children
456:Refugee children
450:displaced person
445:displaced person
333:humanitarian law
303:
296:
289:
270:Economic migrant
218:Plurinationalism
213:Multiculturalism
182:Social exclusion
149:Social processes
141:Voluntary return
42:
19:
18:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1952:Right of asylum
1937:
1936:
1882:
1877:
1876:
1852:
1846:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1826:on 4 April 2017
1823:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1794:
1792:
1782:
1778:
1769:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1744:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1720:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1695:
1693:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1667:on 3 April 2017
1655:
1654:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1605:nonârefoulement
1598:
1591:
1556:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1493:
1489:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1408:. Mexico City:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1357:
1342:
1338:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1304:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1235:
1231:
1222:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1179:
1171:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1111:
1107:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1059:Non-refoulement
1044:Right of asylum
1020:
977:
969:non-refoulement
957:
947:
888:
882:
493:
458:
422:
353:
307:
223:Ethnocentricism
203:Social cohesion
126:Right of asylum
121:Non-refoulement
106:Externalization
101:Immigration law
81:Border security
73:History and law
17:
12:
11:
5:
1970:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1935:
1934:
1922:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1881:
1880:External links
1878:
1875:
1874:
1837:
1801:
1776:
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1529:on 2014-02-11
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1285:on 2018-04-28
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466:1967 Protocol
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362:1967 Protocol
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167:Acculturation
165:
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1932:Google Books
1925:
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1821:the original
1816:
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1789:
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1768:. Retrieved
1766:. 2021-05-03
1764:The Guardian
1763:
1754:
1743:. Retrieved
1740:www.asil.org
1739:
1730:
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1717:. 2015-11-18
1714:
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1690:
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1665:the original
1660:
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1632:
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1527:the original
1517:
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1470:
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1217:
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1143:
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1004:
980:Human rights
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900:
893:
889:
494:
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459:
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423:
413:
407:
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398:nationality.
396:
390:
380:
376:
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365:
364:, defines a
354:
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313:
312:
91:Repatriation
1570:: 159â166.
1024:Extradition
1012:refoulement
837:2002/95/EC
734:El Salvador
314:Refugee law
177:Persecution
96:Deportation
86:Citizenship
32:Immigration
1941:Categories
1795:2018-03-16
1770:2021-12-18
1745:2021-12-18
1721:2021-12-18
1696:2021-12-18
1629:"Refugees"
1603:Nature of
1601:jus cogens
1533:2018-05-10
1444:Resolution
1289:2018-04-27
1223:2018-03-15
1065:References
884:See also:
730:Costa Rica
410:includes:
1904:CBC news.
1576:0275-634X
1259:146314135
1182:. UNHCR.
1100:146783448
758:Venezuela
750:Nicaragua
738:Guatemala
578:Argentina
442:The term
322:vis-a-vis
1584:23141064
1155:26 April
1018:See also
820:(UNHCR)
792:(UNHRC)
742:Honduras
726:Colombia
590:Paraguay
503:and the
426:refugees
325:refugees
208:Nativism
24:a series
22:Part of
1869:2684903
1830:2 April
1671:2 April
1638:2 April
1195:15 July
1135:2556825
586:Bolivia
582:Uruguay
436:refugee
431:asylees
408:refugee
391:refugee
366:refugee
131:Refugee
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746:Mexico
722:Belize
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592:, and
525:Notes
415:order.
385:(OAU)
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1853:(PDF)
1824:(PDF)
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1790:UNHCR
1580:JSTOR
1481:UNCHR
1427:(PDF)
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1276:(PDF)
1255:S2CID
1218:USCIS
1180:(PDF)
1096:S2CID
961:UNHCR
863:2016
843:(EU)
831:2004
811:2003
799:2001
783:1998
766:1989
701:1984
685:1976
668:1974
650:1969
635:1967
618:1967
603:1966
594:Chile
564:1954
547:1951
530:1948
516:Year
1865:SSRN
1832:2017
1673:2017
1640:2017
1572:ISSN
1197:2010
1184:ISBN
1157:2018
1131:SSRN
854:and
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464:and
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428:and
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381:The
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331:or
275:War
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