1057:
38:
355:, two cities that received a significant number of those released on work leave. The offices provided support to Japanese Americans, helping them find employment and housing in communities where discrimination was widespread. Following Myer's directive, WRA workers also encouraged Nisei to "blend in" by avoiding speaking Japanese or spending time with other Japanese Americans. The policy was to disperse the former internees in order to avoid large congregations of Japanese American communities or reestablishment of the pre-war
370:(also a controversial figure). Together the WRA and JACL emphasized hyper-patriotism and assimilation with white Americans as the primary means for Japanese Americans to achieve success. Additionally, while Myer was supportive of the "good" Nisei who were eligible for leave clearance, those who were seen as "troublemakers" – mostly protestors and those who failed the so-called "
469:
From the time Myer joined the Bureau of Indian
Affairs, he "felt very strongly that the Bureau of Indian Affairs should get out of business as quickly as possible but that the job must be done with honor." He was surprised to learn that the large majority of Indians, including their leaders, did not
527:(who led BIA for 12 years under President Roosevelt) accused Myer of taking a stance of "personal patronage" toward tribes through his control over Indian legal affairs. Myer later attributed Collier's negative opinion to an inadvertent dispute in 1942 over the future of Japanese internees at the
323:
were prohibited from leaving the camps.) The leave clearance program helped alleviate overcrowding in some of the camps and, especially important for Myer, began the process of resettling an inmate population that would have to be released at the end of the war. In some states where anti-Japanese
546:
promulgated proposed regulations that would allow Myer to veto contracts for legal representation between tribes and attorneys. The move to control tribal legal representation grew out of frustration by
Democratic members of Congress with lawsuits brought on behalf of tribes by a few particular
448:
Ultimately, Myer faced "vigorous" criticism from the AAIA, for example in its opposition to his effort to broaden the powers of Bureau law-enforcement officers, who had jurisdiction on reservations of federally recognized tribes. Despite comparing Bureau policy under Myer to the
339:. Triggered in large part by news of the resettlement program, and fed by ongoing rumors that the WRA was "coddling" inmates while the larger public suffered from wartime shortages, the Dies Committee was charged with investigating potential
432:
begun in the 1940s to withdraw the federal government from Indian affairs and liquidate Indian property. This was ultimately considered to be an "abject failure." Myer supported termination so avidly that a year into his tenure at BIA,
567:, as examples of lawyers who deliberately misled Indian tribes and the public. He believed they were using Indian organizations as fronts to advance their own financial interests in tribal representation contracts and consulting fees.
343:
activity in the camps. The committee's final report was anticlimactic; Myer was able to disprove the more inflammatory claims. The suggestions offered by the committee were for the most part in line with existing WRA policies.
324:
prejudice remained high, this leave program was opposed. One historian characterized Myer as a principled hero struggling to end the program in the face of a broad, fear-driven movement perpetuating it. Myer himself told an
470:
support termination policies. He attributed this to lack of understanding by some well-meaning people, coupled with deception by some lawyers who worked prominently with tribes (see "Tribal legal representation" below).
409:
accepted his resignation in March 1953, as part of the change in administration following his election. It was typical of high-level political appointees to be replaced by new presidents. Early in Myer's tenure,
307:
and resigned after 90 days. Myer would eventually come to agree that the internment was a mistake, but believed that the resettlement efforts he headed toward the end of the war worked toward correcting it.
579:
359:. (Those were largely the result of discriminatory policies of many cities where Japanese immigrants settled, including prohibiting their ownership of land.)
347:
Under Myer's administration of the WRA, the agency pushed for assimilation among Nisei resettlers. Early in 1943 Myer had established WRA field offices in
106:
996:
515:: "In order to implement these proposals and for the benefit of the Indians a strong hand will have to be taken both by the Department and Congress."
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Subjecting tribal lands to state law enforcement jurisdiction, rather than federal, as it had been under the BIA and FBI (for certain classes of crime)
458:
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901:
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finally laid the controversy to rest by abandoning Myer's regulation, leaving in place 1938 regulations dating to the tenure of reformer
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on the West Coast were hindering the resettlement of tens of thousands of "harmless" detainees who were eligible to leave the camps.
543:
825:"Not an Indian, But a White-Man Problem: More guidance and less paternalism is urged to alleviate poverty and ignorance of redmen"
419:
299:
On June 17, 1942, Myer was appointed to lead the War
Relocation Authority, and ran it until its dissolution in 1946. He replaced
560:
415:
336:
280:
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582:, the Association on American Indian Affairs, a number of individual tribes, and much of the legal profession, including the
571:
564:
319:, United States citizens who had spent considerable time in Japan and were viewed by the WRA with suspicion, and non-citizen
288:
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Withdrawing federal recognition and trust responsibility from tribes supposedly ready to support themselves, a position
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241:
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1019:"Curb on Lawyers of Indians Lifted: Regulations Are Abandoned by Chapman, Panel Named to Study 1938 Standards"
963:
997:"Indian War Whoop Marks Hearings: Sessions Opened by Chapman, Issue Is Right of Tribes to Choose Own Lawyers"
722:"Scores Opponents of War Relocation: Head of the Authority Says Organized Groups Hinder Aid to U.S. Japanese"
236:(September 4, 1891 – October 21, 1982) was a United States government official who served as Director of the
902:"2 Congress Bills on Indians Scored: Measures to Widen the Police Powers of U.S. Bureau Called Un-American"
528:
450:
494:
Transferring the Bureau's educational functions to local public schools or state departments of education
311:
In one of his first actions as WRA Director, Myer established a formal leave program to allow citizen
552:
504:
Withdrawing the Bureau from providing health services (including its operation of about 60 hospitals)
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315:(second generation ethnic Japanese Americans) to exit camps for work outside the exclusion zone. (
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703:
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Uprooted
Americans: The Japanese Americans and the War Relocation Authority during World War II
498:
391:
Uprooted
Americans: the Japanese Americans and the War Relocation Authority during World War II
273:
846:. American Casebook Series (2nd ed.). St. Paul, Minn.: West Academic. pp. 142–145.
486:
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Myer continued to work with an advisory council established by his predecessor and headed by
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212:
374:" – were removed from the general population and sent to segregated maximum security camps.
287:. He continued his work with the Department of Agriculture, becoming assistant chief of the
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He transitioned into the civil service with the federal government, taking a job with the
8:
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594:, who had studied and worked in Native American policy before coming to the government.
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847:
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761:
46:
682:
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978:"Policy on Indians Scored: Ex-Official Says Bureau Head Views Affairs as Patronage"
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639:
587:
422:
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842:
Anderson, Robert T.; Berger, Bethany; Frickey, Philip P.; Krakoff, Sarah (2010).
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699:
512:
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378:
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honored him for his "courageous and inspired leadership." In 1971, he published
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352:
220:
1040:
760:. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 72–73.
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453:, "designed to reduce Indians to the condition of prisoners of the bureau,"
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conference in 1944 that "super-patriotic organizations and individuals" and
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261:
187:
20:
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The Great Father: The United States
Government and the American Indians
207:
335:
In July 1943, Myer was called to testify before a subcommittee of the
356:
442:
758:
Keepers of
Concentration Camps: Dillon S. Myer and American Racism
348:
42:
Dillon S. Myer, Director of the War
Relocation Authority, with
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that he believed Myer to be "a man of the highest integrity."
320:
316:
312:
841:
418:, expressed optimism based on Myer's record that he and new
405:
in the
Department of Interior from May 1950 until President
580:
National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People
445:), called Myer "a Hitler and Mussolini rolled into one."
425:
would offer tribes more assistance and less paternalism.
618:"Dillon S. Myer, Who Headed War Relocation Agency, Dies"
535:, when Collier was BIA commissioner and Myer headed the
248:
in the early 1950s. He also served as President of the
813:. "Myer Out as Head of Indian Bureau." March 20, 1953.
272:
in 1926. From 1914 to 1916, he taught agronomy at the
542:
Serious controversy arose when Myer drafted and the
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Relocating Indians from reservations to major cities
511:Upon leaving office, Myer wrote to his successor
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644:Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum
477:was consistent with his continued support for:
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570:Opponents of Myer's regulation included the
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283:in 1933, in the administration of President
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385:for his work at the Authority. In 1946 the
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921:"U.S. Laws on Indians Called Un-American"
873:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
844:American Indian Law: Cases and Commentary
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822:
611:
609:
607:
305:mass incarceration of Japanese Americans
16:American government official (1891–1982)
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994:
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787:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
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563:; and James E. Curry, counsel for the
561:Association on American Indian Affairs
416:Association on American Indian Affairs
337:House Un-American Activities Committee
281:Agricultural Adjustment Administration
268:in 1914 and an M.A. in education from
1017:Leviero, Anthony (January 25, 1952).
976:Associated Press (December 2, 1950).
698:
604:
572:National Congress of American Indians
565:National Congress of American Indians
441:and a key figure in implementing the
264:. He earned a bachelor's degree from
240:during World War II, Director of the
995:Leviero, Anthony (January 4, 1952).
780:
692:
616:Dickie, William (October 25, 1982).
260:Myer was born September 4, 1891, in
823:La Farge, Oliver (April 30, 1953).
774:
649:
559:Myer viewed Cohen, counsel for the
439:United States Secretary of Interior
250:Institute of Inter-American Affairs
107:Institute of Inter-American Affairs
13:
1033:
960:An Autobiography of Dillon S. Myer
919:Associated Press (March 1, 1952).
76:May 1950 – March 20, 1953
14:
1118:
1051:
533:Colorado River Indian Reservation
387:Japanese American Citizens League
364:Japanese American Citizens League
1107:People from Licking County, Ohio
1077:Internment of Japanese Americans
1058:Works by or about Dillon S. Myer
962:. 1970. Manuscript available at
242:Federal Public Housing Authority
126:Federal Public Housing Authority
51:Gila River War Relocation Center
36:
728:. February 13, 1944. p. 9.
557:Handbook of Federal Indian Law.
501:to the state extension services
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732:
708:The New York Times Book Review
675:
576:American Civil Liberties Union
428:Instead, Myer accelerated the
64:Commissioner of Indian Affairs
1:
908:. March 27, 1952. p. 27.
867:Prucha, Francis Paul (1984).
646:, retrieved on April 6, 2014.
597:
473:Myer's administration of the
1097:Ohio State University people
756:Drinnon, Richard T. (1987).
746:. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
689:. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
672:. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
586:. Secretary of the Interior
529:Poston War Relocation Center
7:
829:The New York Times Magazine
523:As early as 1950, reformer
519:Tribal legal representation
10:
1123:
1102:Columbia University people
1092:Medal for Merit recipients
966:(accessed April 12, 2014).
544:Department of the Interior
244:, and Commissioner of the
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553:Indian Reorganization Act
475:Indian termination policy
465:Indian termination policy
420:Secretary of the Interior
289:Soil Conservation Service
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781:Myer, Dillon S. (1971).
584:American Bar Association
551:, architect of the 1934
537:War Relocation Authority
485:, especially by Senator
459:House Interior Committee
414:, then President of the
403:Bureau of Indian Affairs
397:Bureau of Indian Affairs
295:War Relocation Authority
256:Early life and education
246:Bureau of Indian Affairs
238:War Relocation Authority
145:War Relocation Authority
19:Not to be confused with
640:"Dillon S. Myer Papers"
499:agricultural extension
303:, who had opposed the
274:University of Kentucky
487:Arthur Vivian Watkins
372:loyalty questionnaire
285:Franklin D. Roosevelt
266:Ohio State University
213:Ohio State University
702:(November 4, 2001).
547:lawyers, especially
483:advanced in Congress
407:Dwight D. Eisenhower
301:Milton S. Eisenhower
1045:Densho Encyclopedia
744:Densho Encyclopedia
687:Densho Encyclopedia
670:Densho Encyclopedia
451:Japanese internment
270:Columbia University
234:Dillon Seymour Myer
217:Columbia University
175:Dillon Seymour Myer
1023:The New York Times
1001:The New York Times
982:The New York Times
925:The New York Times
906:The New York Times
811:The New York Times
726:The New York Times
622:The New York Times
555:and author of the
430:termination policy
53:on April 23, 1943.
891:124:17 May 1951).
704:"Under Suspicion"
683:Milton Eisenhower
531:, located on the
381:awarded Myer the
330:Hearst newspapers
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185:September 4, 1891
105:President of the
47:Eleanor Roosevelt
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1062:Internet Archive
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423:Oscar L. Chapman
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262:Hebron, Ohio
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200:(1982-10-21)
188:Hebron, Ohio
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94:Succeeded by
71:
1087:1982 deaths
1082:1891 births
1041:Dillon Myer
831:. New York.
666:Dillon Myer
82:Preceded by
21:Dylan Meier
1071:Categories
794:0816502587
767:0520057937
598:References
377:President
357:Japantowns
208:Alma mater
181:1891-09-04
44:First Lady
885:(quoting
457:told the
291:in 1938.
157:1942–1946
153:In office
138:1946–1947
134:In office
119:1948–1950
115:In office
72:In office
443:New Deal
1060:at the
366:leader
349:Chicago
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190:, U.S.
321:Issei
317:Kibei
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351:and
326:ACLU
195:Died
171:Born
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