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considerable number of features of its oral origins. The common core of the two versions preserved in the Esc and Gro manuscripts goes back to the twelfth century. The two manuscripts differ greatly, with the Gro version being more well-organized, while the Esc version is closer to the language of everyday speech with several gaps and metric irregularities. The text of Esc appears to be closer to the original composition, while Gro represents a version that is heavily marked by learned reworking. Both texts give enchanting descriptions of the life of the martial societies of the border regions of the empire, while in the figure of
Digenes are concentrated the legends that had accumulated around local heroes. The Esc version is the superior of the two in respect of the power and immediacy of the battle scenes and austerity of style. The epic descriptions of the mounted knights and battles are marked by drama, a swift pace and lively visual detail.
771:. From a young age Eirene was put in a palace and grew surrounded by a company of guards and nursemaids. One day when her father was away at an expedition, Eirene left the palace with her maids and went for a picnic in the countryside. At the time, a young prince of Syria named Mousour who had invaded Cappadocia found the princess and her companions and carried them away. When her five brothers became aware of the incident, they left the empire in search of their sister. Outfought, the emir surrendered to the brothers and confessed his love for Eirene promising to became a Christian if they allow them to marry. Mousour was eventually baptized and, after their marriage, Eirene gave birth to their son who was named Basil (
809:), the daughter of a Byzantine general and, after he manages to defeat his persecutors –Eudocia's brothers and their soldiers– he marries her. Living with his new family on the borders of the empire, he pacifies the region by hunting down bandits. His strength became notorious throughout the empire. The Byzantine emperor himself pays a visit to Digenes in order to witness his accomplishments and physical strength. Digenes narrates in first-person of his previous adventures, including an instance where he rescued his bride from a
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176:, the poem reflects the interactions, along with the military and cultural conflicts of the two polities. The epic consists of between 3,000 to 4,000 lines and it has been pieced together following the discovery of several manuscripts. An extensive narrative text, it is often thought of as the only surviving Byzantine work truly qualifying as epic poetry. Written in a form of vernacular Greek, it is regarded as one of its earliest examples, as well as the starting point of
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presumptive. The similarities between the songs and the epic are likely to have arisen as both drew inspiration from a common pool of folk material. Those songs that appear closer to the surviving versions of the epic are more likely to have been influenced by it. The acritic saga appears to loosely draw on four bodies of
33:
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of this period were a military class responsible for safeguarding the frontier regions of the imperial territory from external enemies and freebooting adventurers who operated on the fringes of the empire. Each of the surviving versions give an insight into the lives of the wealthy frontier guards of
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The
Byzantine acritic songs represented the remnants of an ancient epic tradition that appears to predate the epic of Digenes itself. The songs have been subjected to the transformation of up to a thousand years old oral transmission making the identification of historical events and individuals only
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The epic of
Digenes Akritas continued to be read and passed down in the post Byzantine period, with the most recent surviving manuscripts dating to the 17th century. The character became the archetype of the ideal medieval hero featuring in a number of folk-songs popular throughout the Greek-speaking
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served the
Byzantine Empire as a stronghold during the Islamic expansion and had a key role as a border between Christian and Islamic cultures. The island's geographic location turned it into an important center of production and revision of Byzantine heroic songs. Cypriot heroic folk songs have had
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significant impact in preserving the island's
Byzantine culture over time and are today a valuable resource for scholars to obtain a better understanding of the Byzantine society and folk beliefs. Digenes, whose strength was often elevated to supernatural status, was recognized in local Cypriot and
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The second part of the work begins with the development of the young hero and his superhuman feats of bravery and strength. As a boy, Digenes goes hunting with his father and, like young
Hercules, learns to defeat wild animals unarmed; he kills several animals with his bare hands, including a lion
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dressed in black"). The hero's dramatic battle with Charon, an element that features prominently in the acritic songs, does not occur earlier in the epic. Politis has interpreted this theme as a symbol of the struggle between the
Christian Greek population and its Muslim masters during the Turkish
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with
Christian tradition is also a typical motif in the works of the acritic cycle. Some recurrent elements include the exploits of particularly endowed warriors, or a speaking bird usually bringing about the desired closure to a troubling story. Fine examples of the Acritic songs that feature
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of
Trebizond and it was first published in 1875. It was soon followed by the Andros manuscript which was discovered in 1878 and published in 1881. A rhymed version from the Lincoln College of Oxford was published in 1880; the version had the advantage of being signed by its writer, a monk from
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in the 18th century. The oldest two are the 'El
Escorial' and 'Grottaferrata' versions, from the names of the libraries in which the respective manuscripts are held. While the form (or forms) in which the text has survived is not the product of oral composition, it has nevertheless retained a
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under the name "New Akrites". During the 19th and 20th centuries, a total of six manuscripts of the epic became available, with the oldest surviving piece dating back to the late 1200s–early 1300s. Each of the surviving manuscripts constituted a different version of the same medieval story.
911:. It is written in a vernacular form of medieval Greek that is more familiar to modern-day speakers, compared to the more conservative language of the Byzantine ecclesiastical litterateurs and chroniclers. The text includes many features that are in line with developments in the
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remained unknown prior to the second half of the 19th century when most of the manuscripts were discovered and published. Until then, the hero –variously referred to as Digenes, Constantine, or Giannis (John)– was only known through the songs and ballads of the
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that originated from the Byzantine period and reflected episodes and characters associated with the epic-romance of Digenes Akritas. Collected primarily from 19th century oral sources, the best of those songs were found on the fringes of Asia Minor, like
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is most commonly thought to have been first compiled around the 12th century AD building on earlier material which was primarily derived from oral sources. The existence of the epic during this time is referenced at a Ptochoprodromic poem to emperor
172:. The acritic songs represented the remnants of an ancient epic cycle in Byzantium and, due to their long oral transmission throughout the empire, the identification of precise references to historical events may be only conjectural. Set during the
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prince named Andronikos and his wife Anna, who already had five sons, prayed for a daughter. When their daughter Eirene was born, the soothsayers foretold that she would one day be carried away from the empire by an Arabian
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and married her. The second half, in a more romantic atmosphere, discusses Basil's early childhood and later, often from a first-person point of view, his struggles and acts of heroism on the Byzantine borders. Allusions to
376:, but this title is not found in manuscripts. It contains both straightforward translation and free retelling of the Greek version in the Grottaferrata manuscript. It was produced in a bilingual Greek–
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of the folk ballads and, as such, the identification of a depicted hero as Digenes may at times be presumptive. A much more recognizable scene from the epic of Akritas is found at a relief from
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version written by Meletios Vlastos of Chios in 1632 was discovered in Andros in 1898 and it wasn't published until 1928. The incomplete Madrid version, published in 1912, was discovered in the
714:, poetic composition in epic style was interrupted in the 6th century and resumed in the 10th century, though still not comprising epic subject-matter. In the first half of the 12th century,
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Comparative evidence suggests that word-for-word precision was a rare instance in the Byzantine period and it was typical for copies of literary works to involve some degree of variation.
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The names 'Digenis' or 'Akritas' (rarely found together) have long been widespread throughout the Greek-speaking world representing heroes of folk-songs that are particularly popular in
694:(11th century), in which the features of oral epic composition also appear more marked. The most possible date of its composition is the 12th century during the revival of interest in
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mountain in Crete. According to another legend, Digenes once threw a large rock across Cyprus in order to keep off the invading Saracen ships. The rock, that was hurled from the
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raiders. The peak of the Pentadaktylos ("Five Fingers") mountain range was said to represent the imprint of Digenes' hand, while his footprint was said to be visible on the
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is regarded as the origin place of the story. Based on details of geography and titulature, the general worldview as presented in the whole text is confirmed to predate the
1255:. The protagonist, variously known as simply 'Digenis' or 'Akritas', became the archetype of the ideal medieval Greek hero; the character frequently appears in traditional
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descent. The text is divided into two halves; the first half, epic in tone, details the lives and encounter of Basil's parents; his mother, a Byzantine noblewoman from the
623:, and 26 have him killing the dragon. Some of those iconographic elements, like the outfit of the warrior and the heroic deeds, were also attributed to other lesser known
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The existence of more manuscripts has been attested in the 18th and 19th century, but their location remains unknown. Those include a now lost manuscript once seen at the
955:, it comprises two parts; the first one is epic in tone, while the second has the atmosphere of a romance. It is an extensive narrative text composed in fifteen syllable
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this period. The first half of the epic reflects personalities and events from 9th and 10th century Byzantine history, including references to aristocratic families like
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occurs rarely. Each line holds its own and every hemistich is carefully balanced. The poem flows, is cadential, with no cacophonies, and very scarce sound repetitions.
601:; the oldest of those dating back to the 12th century. A painting on a Corinthian plate depicts Digenes wooing the Amazon Maximo, while a fragment of a plate from the
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warrior Maximo, also appear throughout the text. Though a legendary figure, it has been suggested that inspiration for the hero may have derived from the 11th century
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that lasted from the 7th century to the early 11th century, provide the historical context for the Byzantine heroic poetry written in Medieval Greek. The Byzantine
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Episodes from the Acritic cycle, as well as the epic of Digenes Akritas appear on more than 100 ceramic plates that have been found in various locations, from
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The original composition of Digenes Akritas, judging by its themes, including the eventual Arab-Byzantine reconciliation, may date to a later period than the
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1279:, after a fierce single combat on "the marble threshing floors". The story of Digenes Akritas defeated by Death personally was used as a basis of a Russian
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of the Greek-speaking world and had been collected and published around the same time. The first manuscript of the epic was discovered in 1868 at the
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Hadjivassiliou, Vangelis; Kaklamanis, Stefanos; Kotzia, Elisabeth; Petsopoulos, Stavros; Tsirimokou, Elisabeth; Yatromanolakis, Yoryis, eds. (2001).
372:(Дѣяніе прежнихъ временъ храбрыхъ человѣкъ), which is adapted from a line in the Grottaferrata manuscript. The Slavonic version is often called the
617:; a popular theme in the acritic ballads with no counterpart in the epic). 35 of the plates depict the hero wearing a pleated kilt, known as the
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494:); they reside in luxurious houses typically on the edges of the Christian world, and sometimes bear names of the Byzantine aristocracy.
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are among the early surviving texts representing medieval attempts to celebrate the exploits of an emperor in truly Homeric style.
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The eastern frontier of the Byzantine Empire during the Arab-Byzantine wars. Basil's mother, Eirene, originated from the region of
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in Thessalonica showing an armoured figure tearing apart the jaws of a lion; a scene reminiscent of Digenes' youth in the epic.
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by the name Ignatios Petritzes, in 1670. The oldest surviving manuscript was found in the Greek monastery of Grottaferrata, near
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The most famous episodes of Digenes' life that appear in the acritic songs include the abduction of his future bride (
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affair. Having defeated all his enemies and brought peace to the borders, Digenes builds a luxurious palace by the
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The work comprises two parts; the first part, the "Lay of the Emir", bears more obviously the characteristics of
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The story of Digenes Akritas has left scattered signs of influence outside of the Byzantine world, including in
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Digenes Akrites: New Approaches to Byzantine Heroic Poetry (Centre for Hellenic Studies, King's College London)
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Teaching the Middle Ages Through Modern Games Using, Modding and Creating Games for Education and Impact
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The Development of Greek and the New Testament, Morphology, Syntax, Phonology, and Textual Transmission
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Digenes Akritas bearing a sword next to the slain dragon. Fragment of a 12th century Byzantine plate.
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of Athens depicts the sword-bearing warrior next to the dragon that has been slain with five darts (
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traditions as the protector of the islands; legend has it that Digenes would grab hold of the
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Maximο, Digenes defeats his opponent, but she eventually gets him to engage with her in an
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Below is an excerpt from the translation of the Escorial manuscript, lines 32-55, by
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2238:(hardback). Escorial & Grottaferrata versions with parallel English translation.
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remains quite traditional, with modern variations observed mainly in verb endings.
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The Sumela Monastery in Trebizond where the first manuscript was discovered in 1868.
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1385:: A Byzantine Poem of Strength, Weakness, and the Disturbing Absence of God",
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Vasilief, A History of the Byzantine Empire - The Macedonian epoch (867-1081)
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manuscript (3749 lines, Greek monastery of Grottaferrata, 13th–14th century)
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The Byzantine Warrior Hero Cypriot Folk Songs as History and Myth, 965–1571
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Robert Romanchuk, Lily Shelton and Ravital Goldgof (2017), "The Old Slavic
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702:. During this time, there seems to have been a deliberate attempt to use
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841:" which was thrown in Paphos by Digenes, according to Cypriot folklore.
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and narrates the story of Digenes' parents. In the historical region of
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2115:. Athens, Greece: National Book Centre of Greece, Ministry of Culture.
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The epic details the life of the eponymous hero, Basil, whose epithet
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Bartikyan, Hrach. "Armenia and Armenians in the Byzantine Epic," in
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He has made a fine attack on you and now he might finish you off.
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named Mousour who, after abducting Eirene in a raid, converted to
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388:(14th century) or its successors. It has features suggestive of
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The text of Digenes Akritas is one of the earliest examples of
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2023:Эолова арфа: Антология баллады, Москва, "Высшая школа", 1989,
1012: They hissed like dragons, they roared like lions,
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Digenes Akritas and the dragon. 12th century Byzantine plate.
165:, the inhabitants and frontier guards of the empire's eastern
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so that he doesn’t take your head off with his sudden turn.
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He charged at the emir and struck him a blow with his stick
1009: Ὡς δράκοντες ἐσύριζαν καὶ ὡς λέοντες ἐβρυχοῦντα
797:), a group of freebooting bandits –sometimes enemies of the
248:, particularly on folk music, the arts, and the literature.
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I don’t think, my lord, you are going to do him much harm,
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560:; "Acritas built a castle"), his encounter with the beast (
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Le roman de Digenis Akritas d'après le manuscrit de Madrid
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Digenes Akrites, New Approaches to Byzantine Heroic Poetry
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Digenes Akrites: New Approaches to Byzantine Heroic Poetry
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And then you could see a fight between fine brave youths.
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1232:"May you live and rejoice, young man, victory is yours."
1152:"Seize the youngster, my lord, and grab a quick victory,
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and two bears. As a young man, he takes on the so-called
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244:. The epic would go on to have significant impact on the
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Digenis Akritis: the Grottaferrata and Escorial Versions
1930:
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1099:Ἦτον <καὶ> γὰρ τοῦ Κωνσταντῆ γοργότερος ὁ μαῦρος,
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Includes an extensive discussion of the Digenis Acrites
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They mounted at once and they came to the battlefield.
1977:"Digenis Akritis: A Border Guard Transcending Borders"
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literature, but Its greater impact has been in modern
1229:«Ζῆς, νὰ χαίρεσαι, νεώτερε, ἐδικόν σου ἔν' τὸ νίκος.»
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the plains grew fearful and the mountains re-echoed,
1049:καὶ απὸ τὸν κτύπον τὸν πολὺν καὶ ἀπὸ τὸ δὸς καὶ λάβε
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2245:. David Ricks (ed.) Brookfield, Vt.: Variorum, 1993
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In the heat of the battle they struck continuously,
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and are characteristic of popular speech, including
2361:. "Замeтки o Византийскoм эпoce o Дигeнce Aкpитe."
1475:
1448:
1212:he threw away his spear and showed him his finger,
1149:«Πιάσε, μούλε, τὸν ἄγουρον, ταχέως νὰ τὸν νικήσης,
1052:and from the great clashing and the cut and thrust
1039:Καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς μάχης τῆς πολλῆς κροῦσιν δι|ασυντόμως·
907:and is generally regarded as the starting point of
1756:
1741:
1690:Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. История
1179:Ἐγώ, μούλε, οὐ τὸ ἐγνοιάζομαι νὰ τὸν καταπονέσης,
1159:μὴ εἰς σύντομόν του γύρισμα πάρη τὴν κεφαλὴν σου·
1089:καὶ ὁ ἵδρος τους ἐξέβαινεν ἀπάνω ἀπ' τὰ λουρίκια.
1059:οἱ κάμποι φόβον εἴχασιν καὶ τὰ βουνιὰ ἀηδονοῦσαν,
216:-like childhood of Basil, and his affair with the
2171:Greek: A History of the Language and Its Speakers
1192:but don’t let him boast that he routed an army."
1129:καὶ τότε ἐχέρισε ὁ ἀμιρὰς νὰ τρέμη καὶ νὰ φεύγη.
1092:and their sweat ran out over their breastplates.
4324:
1219:καὶ μετὰ τοῦ δακτύλου του τοιοῦτον λόγον λέγει:
1209:ἔριψεν τὸ κοντάριν του καὶ δάκτυλόν τοῦ δείχνει
999:Εὐθὺς ἐκαβαλίκευσαν, 'ς τὸν κάμπον κατεβαίνουν.
1069:τὰ δένδρη ἐξεριζὠνουντα καὶ ὁ ἥλιος ἐσκοτίσθη.
187:("two-blood border lord") alludes to his mixed
2766:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
2370:Recueil de chansons populaires Grecques, Paris
1688:: Free Retelling or Rhetorical Translation?",
1169:αὑτὸς καλὰ σ' ἐσέβηκεν, τώρα νὰ σὲ γκρεμνίση.
1119:κατέβηκε εἰς τὸν αμιρὰν καὶ κρούει του ραβδέα
1072:trees were uprooted and the sun was darkened.
1022:they soared like eagles, and the two clashed.
1019:καὶ ὡς ἀετοί ἐπέτουντα, καὶ ἐσμίξασιν οἱ δύο·
151:. It is the lengthiest and most famous of the
2391:
2128:
1442:
1132:and then the emir began to tremble and flee.
1082:Blood flowed down over their horse-trappings
199:family named Eirene, and his father, an Arab
2129:Reitz, Christiane; Finkmann, Simone (2019).
2067:
1861:
1849:
1723:
1711:
1660:
1618:
1527:
1500:
1189:ἀλλὰ μὴ τὸ καυχάσεται ὅτι ἔτρεψεν φουσάτα.»
1029:καὶ τότε νὰ ἰδῆς πόλεμον καλῶν παλληκαρίων.
395:
2405:
2294:
1837:
1356:
1275:, who had reportedly already wrestled with
1222:and with this gesture he said these words:
804:
567:
561:
555:
2398:
2384:
2313:
1936:
1112:and its rider was a marvellous young man.
698:which, in turn, gave rise to the genre of
428:, in 1879 and it was published in 1892. A
159:celebrating the lives and exploits of the
31:
2187:Beaton, Roderick and David Ricks (edd.).
1109:καὶ θαυμαστὸς νεώτερος ἦτον ὁ καβελάρης·
1079:Tὸ αἷμαν ἐκατέρεεν εἰς τὰ σκαλόλουρά των
706:literary genres as objects of imitation (
2275:
2256:
2168:
2045:
1963:
1951:
1924:
1912:
1897:
1885:
1810:
1774:
1645:
1633:
1606:
1515:
1430:
1343:; Digenes may also be transliterated as
1102:Constantine’s black horse was speedier,
832:
813:. In his duel with the amazingly strong
729:
645:
448:
260:
3654:
2295:Beaton, Roderick; Ricks, David (2017).
2152:Encyclopedia of Modern Greek Literature
2085:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
2078:
1786:
1591:
1551:
1418:
1381:James Trilling (2016), "Re-Introducing
4325:
2089:
1454:
18:12th-century Byzantine Greek epic poem
4222:
3653:
3438:
3130:
2797:
2418:
2379:
2149:
1873:
1762:
1750:
1735:
1539:
1488:
1338:
523:prominent Anatolian elements include
3439:
963:of popular Byzantine literature and
718:' panygerical hexameters to emperor
3141:
828:
825:where he ends his days peacefully.
13:
2336:
2082:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1701:10.21638/11701/spbu02.2017.207 299
642:Historical context and composition
407:
14:
4354:
4264:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
2257:Kyriacou, Chrysovalantis (2020).
2154:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
976:
552:Η απαγωγή της κόρης του στρατηγού
147:that emerged in the 12th-century
4303:
866:and then to Crete in pursuit of
566:; "The dragon"), and his death (
473:; narrative vernacular songs or
444:
2653:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
2475:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
2017:
1993:
1969:
1678:
1545:
886:, that is known to this day as
577:conquests of Byzantines lands.
411:that had been preserved in the
336:Andros manuscript (also Andros–
3738:Great Palace of Constantinople
3479:Patriarchate of Constantinople
2798:
2053:. Cambridge University Press.
2001:"Digenis Akritas | Britannica"
1558:(in Italian). Giunti Editore.
1375:
1347:. Variants of Akritas include
1329:
256:
1:
2314:Caragounis, Chrys C. (2004).
1368:
400:The existence of the epic of
370:Deeds of the Brave Men of Old
291:
4200:University of Constantinople
3781:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
3131:
2931:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
2620:Byzantine successor states (
845:Historically, the island of
725:
7:
3870:Saint Catherine's Monastery
2926:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
2921:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
2419:
2169:Horrocks, Geoffrey (2014).
2079:Kazhdan, Alexander (1991).
2068:Mavrogordato, John (1970).
1290:
898:
636:
439:
307:, 4778 lines, 16th century)
232:world, most prominently in
10:
4359:
4259:Neo-Byzantine architecture
4223:
2880:Comes sacrarum largitionum
2093:The Medieval Greek Romance
2074:. Oxford University Press.
2038:
1826:Hadjivassiliou et al. 2001
1799:Hadjivassiliou et al. 2001
1673:Hadjivassiliou et al. 2001
1470:Hadjivassiliou et al. 2001
1340:[ðiʝeˈnisaˈkritas]
1312:Belthandros and Chrysantza
1259:, is often represented in
793:
580:
390:oral-formulaic composition
251:
43:National Library of Greece
37:Manuscript of the epic of
4286:
4229:
4218:
4139:
4039:
3997:
3942:
3887:
3842:
3829:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
3814:
3771:
3703:
3673:
3664:
3660:
3649:
3591:
3449:
3445:
3434:
3356:
3302:
3241:
3198:
3150:
3137:
3126:
3085:
3060:
3029:
2988:
2979:
2954:
2898:
2862:
2815:
2808:
2804:
2793:
2666:
2582:
2529:
2460:
2431:
2427:
2414:
2276:Houghton, Robert (2022).
2132:Structures of Epic Poetry
2113:Greece: Books and Writers
2090:Beaton, Roderick (1996).
1443:Reitz & Finkmann 2019
1398:10.1484/j.viator.5.112356
1392:(3): 149–170, at 150 n3.
1357:
1238:
905:Byzantine folk literature
805:
776:
755:
750:of the Byzantine Empire (
610:
568:
562:
557:Ο Ακρίτης κάστρον έχτιζεν
556:
551:
491:
396:Discovery and publication
134:
98:
88:
78:
68:
60:
54:
50:
30:
23:
3403:Droungarios of the Fleet
2299:. Taylor & Francis.
1322:
942:
935:, while by contrast its
858:mountain range north of
329:manuscript (3094 lines,
319:manuscript (1867 lines,
286:manuscript (3182 lines,
246:culture of modern Greece
212:elements, including the
3917:Early Byzantine mosaics
3279:Domestic of the Schools
1864:, pp. xxxvi–xxxix.
1838:Beaton & Ricks 2017
1552:Odorico, Paolo (1995).
909:modern Greek literature
893:
890:("Rock of the Greek").
687:in the peninsula.
178:Modern Greek literature
4234:Byzantine commonwealth
2996:Praetorian prefectures
2916:Logothetes tou genikou
2890:Quaestor sacri palatii
2885:Comes rerum privatarum
2658:Fall of Constantinople
2597:Sack of Constantinople
2363:Византийский временник
1283:(a folk ballad) about
947:Digenes Akritas is an
913:Demotic Greek language
884:Aphrodite's birthplace
842:
739:
655:
569:Ο χάρος μαύρα εφόρεσεν
458:
303:manuscript (or Andros–
266:
3934:Komnenian renaissance
3929:Macedonian period art
3834:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
3806:Walls of Thessaloniki
2906:Logothetes tou dromou
2521:Twenty Years' Anarchy
2485:Valentinianic dynasty
2480:Constantinian dynasty
2222:Jeffreys, Elizabeth.
2193:King's College London
2150:Merry, Bruce (2004).
1317:Daredevils of Sassoun
836:
733:
696:ancient Greek romance
649:
531:The Son of Andronikos
452:
350:Xeropotamou monastery
264:
4131:Units of measurement
3865:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
3758:Pammakaristos Church
3606:Corpus Juris Civilis
3557:Missionary activity
3016:Exarchate of Ravenna
2842:Imperial bureaucracy
2096:. Psychology Press.
1852:, pp. xxx–xxxi.
1336:Greek pronunciation:
736:Ancient Agora Museum
526:The Song of Armouris
455:Ancient Agora Museum
380:milieu, probably in
323:, 15th–16th century)
224:general and emperor
157:Byzantine folk poems
4333:Epic poems in Greek
3655:Culture and society
3518:Ecumenical councils
3021:Exarchate of Africa
3011:Quaestura exercitus
2875:Magister officiorum
2870:Praetorian prefects
2513:Byzantine Dark Ages
2352:, 1911–1912, 537pp.
2261:. Lexington Books.
2047:Jeffreys, Elizabeth
1542:, pp. 111–112.
783:) Digenes Akritas.
660:Arab–Byzantine wars
344:, finished in 1632)
333:, finished in 1670)
295: 16th century
174:Arab-Byzantine wars
4072:Flags and insignia
3718:Baths of Zeuxippus
3601:Codex Theodosianus
3491:Oriental Orthodoxy
2449:Later Roman Empire
2005:www.britannica.com
974:(pp. 240–3):
843:
740:
716:Theodore Prodromos
656:
540:The Bridge of Arta
459:
436:of Spain in 1904.
374:Devgenievo deianie
267:
210:Greek mythological
4320:
4319:
4282:
4281:
4239:Byzantine studies
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4025:Alexander Romance
3883:
3882:
3860:Nea Moni of Chios
3723:Blachernae Palace
3645:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3611:Code of Justinian
3459:Eastern Orthodoxy
3430:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3352:
3351:
3226:Scholae Palatinae
3122:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3087:Foreign relations
3081:
3080:
2975:
2974:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2588:(1204–1453)
2368:Legrand, Émilie.
2348:Hesseling, D. C.
2327:978-3-16-148290-8
2060:978-0-521-39472-7
1862:Mavrogordato 1970
1850:Mavrogordato 1970
1724:Mavrogordato 1970
1712:Mavrogordato 1970
1675:, pp. 20–21.
1661:Mavrogordato 1970
1619:Mavrogordato 1970
1565:978-88-09-20711-0
1528:Mavrogordato 1970
1501:Mavrogordato 1970
1302:Byzantine romance
1285:Anika the Warrior
1267:in the figure of
1236:
1235:
876:Troodos mountains
839:Rock of the Greek
700:Byzantine romance
276:Manuel I Komnenos
112:
111:
4350:
4338:Greek literature
4307:
4220:
4219:
4163:Imperial Library
4109:Byzantine Greeks
3850:Daphni Monastery
3801:Panagia Chalkeon
3796:Hagios Demetrios
3763:Prison of Anemas
3713:Basilica Cistern
3671:
3670:
3662:
3661:
3651:
3650:
3506:West Syriac Rite
3496:Alexandrian Rite
3447:
3446:
3440:Religion and law
3436:
3435:
3371:Maritime themata
3327:Palaiologan army
3180:Military manuals
3148:
3147:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3127:
2986:
2985:
2962:Megas logothetes
2813:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2795:
2794:
2668:By modern region
2589:
2536:
2535:(717–1204)
2467:
2429:
2428:
2416:
2415:
2407:Byzantine Empire
2400:
2393:
2386:
2377:
2376:
2359:Bartikyan, Hrach
2357:
2331:
2320:. Mohr Siebeck.
2310:
2291:
2272:
2184:
2165:
2146:
2126:
2107:
2086:
2075:
2064:
2032:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1981:huri.harvard.edu
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1814:
1813:, p. xxxix.
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1663:, p. 11-13.
1658:
1649:
1648:, p. xviii.
1643:
1637:
1636:, p. xxiii.
1631:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1595:
1589:
1570:
1569:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1473:
1467:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1401:
1379:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1307:Song of Armouris
1257:Greek folk-songs
977:
888:Petra Tou Romiou
862:leaping over to
829:Local traditions
808:
807:
796:
795:
778:
757:
692:Song of Armouris
685:Turkish presence
631:saint Cathrine's
612:
571:
570:
565:
564:
559:
558:
553:
518:. The fusion of
493:
434:Escorial library
417:Sumela Monastery
368:under the title
360:There exists an
321:Escorial library
296:
293:
288:Sumela monastery
226:Romanos Diogenes
149:Byzantine Empire
136:
73:Byzantine Empire
56:
35:
26:
21:
20:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4313:
4278:
4254:Cyrillic script
4225:
4206:
4151:
4135:
4035:
4017:Digenes Akritas
3993:
3938:
3879:
3843:Other locations
3838:
3810:
3767:
3699:
3688:Cross-in-square
3656:
3637:
3587:
3441:
3422:
3348:
3298:
3294:Varangian Guard
3237:
3211:East Roman army
3206:Late Roman army
3194:
3133:
3114:
3077:
3056:
3025:
2971:
2950:
2946:Epi ton deeseon
2936:Epi tou eidikou
2894:
2858:
2800:
2781:
2768:
2671:
2669:
2662:
2648:Palaiologan era
2590:
2587:
2578:
2549:Nikephorian era
2537:
2534:
2525:
2468:
2466:(330–717)
2465:
2456:
2436:
2423:
2410:
2404:
2355:
2339:
2337:Further reading
2334:
2328:
2307:
2288:
2269:
2224:Digenis Akritis
2181:
2162:
2143:
2123:
2104:
2071:Digenes Akrites
2061:
2041:
2036:
2035:
2022:
2018:
2009:
2007:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1943:
1937:Caragounis 2004
1935:
1931:
1927:, p. xiii.
1923:
1919:
1911:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1726:, p. xxvi.
1722:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1686:Digenis Akritis
1683:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1652:
1644:
1640:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1573:
1566:
1555:Digenis Akritas
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1476:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1404:
1383:Digenis Akritis
1380:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1293:
1241:
961:political verse
945:
901:
896:
882:at the site of
831:
728:
644:
639:
583:
479:political verse
447:
442:
402:Digenes Akritas
398:
366:Digenis Akritas
331:Lincoln College
294:
271:Digenes Akritas
259:
254:
185:Digenes Akritas
135:Διγενῆς Ἀκρίτας
116:Digenes Akritas
55:Διγενῆς Ἀκρίτας
46:
39:Digenes Akritas
25:Digenes Akritas
24:
19:
12:
11:
5:
4356:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4311:
4301:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3948:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3786:Byzantine Bath
3783:
3777:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3709:
3707:
3705:Constantinople
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3658:
3657:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3464:Byzantine Rite
3455:
3453:
3443:
3442:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3344:Grand domestic
3341:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3310:Komnenian army
3306:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3185:Military units
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3155:Battle tactics
3151:
3145:
3135:
3134:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2847:Medieval Greek
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2816:
2810:
2802:
2801:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2602:Fourth Crusade
2593:
2591:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2559:Macedonian era
2556:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2492:Theodosian era
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2471:
2469:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2425:
2424:
2412:
2411:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2365:, т. 25, 1964.
2353:
2346:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2311:
2305:
2292:
2286:
2280:. De Gruyter.
2273:
2267:
2254:
2239:
2220:
2203:. Articles by
2185:
2179:
2166:
2160:
2147:
2141:
2135:. De Gruyter.
2121:
2108:
2102:
2087:
2076:
2065:
2059:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2016:
1992:
1968:
1966:, p. 341.
1956:
1954:, p. 336.
1941:
1929:
1917:
1915:, p. 126.
1902:
1900:, p. xiv.
1890:
1878:
1876:, p. 112.
1866:
1854:
1842:
1830:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1777:, p. 127.
1767:
1755:
1740:
1738:, p. 5-6.
1728:
1716:
1704:
1695:(2): 299–308.
1677:
1665:
1650:
1638:
1623:
1611:
1609:, p. xIi.
1596:
1594:, p. 622.
1571:
1564:
1544:
1532:
1530:, p. xxx.
1520:
1505:
1493:
1491:, p. 111.
1474:
1459:
1447:
1445:, p. 175.
1435:
1423:
1402:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
993:
988:
983:
972:E. M. Jeffreys
944:
941:
900:
897:
895:
892:
830:
827:
815:Amazon warrior
727:
724:
643:
640:
638:
635:
615:pente kontaria
611:πέντε κοντάρια
582:
579:
446:
443:
441:
438:
413:oral tradition
397:
394:
386:Serbian Empire
346:
345:
334:
324:
314:
308:
298:
258:
255:
253:
250:
139:medieval Greek
110:
109:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
83:Medieval Greek
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
52:
51:Original title
48:
47:
36:
28:
27:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4355:
4344:
4343:Acritic songs
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4221:
4217:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4158:Encyclopedias
4156:
4155:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4082:Hellenization
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:Everyday life
4038:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4012:Acritic songs
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3855:Hosios Loukas
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3648:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3528:Monophysitism
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3501:Armenian Rite
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3433:
3419:
3418:Naval battles
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3125:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:Protasekretis
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2792:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2569:Komnenian era
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2507:Heraclian era
2505:
2503:
2502:Justinian era
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2459:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2372:, 1904, 23pp.
2371:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2306:9781351944175
2302:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2287:9783110712032
2283:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2268:9781793621993
2264:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2251:0-86078-395-2
2248:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2236:0-521-39472-4
2233:
2229:
2226:. Cambridge:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2201:0-86078-395-2
2198:
2194:
2191:. Aldershot:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2180:9781118785157
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2142:9783110492002
2138:
2134:
2133:
2124:
2122:960-7894-29-4
2118:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2030:
2029:5-06-000263-2
2026:
2020:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1965:
1964:Horrocks 2014
1960:
1953:
1952:Horrocks 2014
1948:
1946:
1939:, p. 47.
1938:
1933:
1926:
1925:Kyriacou 2020
1921:
1914:
1913:Houghton 2022
1909:
1907:
1899:
1898:Kyriacou 2020
1894:
1888:, p. xv.
1887:
1886:Kyriacou 2020
1882:
1875:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1828:, p. 21.
1827:
1822:
1820:
1812:
1811:Jeffreys 1998
1807:
1801:, p. 20.
1800:
1795:
1789:, p. 47.
1788:
1783:
1776:
1775:Houghton 2022
1771:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1737:
1732:
1725:
1720:
1714:, p. 11.
1713:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1674:
1669:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1647:
1646:Jeffreys 1998
1642:
1635:
1634:Jeffreys 1998
1630:
1628:
1621:, p. 12.
1620:
1615:
1608:
1607:Jeffreys 1998
1603:
1601:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1518:, p. xv.
1517:
1516:Jeffreys 1998
1512:
1510:
1503:, p. 14.
1502:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1472:, p. 10.
1471:
1466:
1464:
1457:, p. 32.
1456:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1431:Jeffreys 1998
1427:
1421:, p. 48.
1420:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1297:Acritic songs
1295:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:Greek culture
1250:
1246:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1005:
1001:
998:
996:
995:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
978:
975:
973:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
856:Pentadaktylos
853:
848:
840:
835:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
802:
801:
790:
784:
782:
774:
770:
765:
762:), a certain
761:
753:
749:
745:
737:
732:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
665:
661:
653:
648:
634:
632:
628:
627:
622:
621:
616:
608:
604:
603:Ancient Agora
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:Contantinople
578:
575:
549:
544:
542:
541:
536:
532:
528:
527:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
495:
489:
485:
480:
477:typically in
476:
472:
471:Acritic songs
468:
464:
456:
451:
445:Acritic cycle
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
414:
410:
409:
408:Acritic Cycle
403:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
355:
351:
343:
339:
335:
332:
328:
325:
322:
318:
315:
312:
311:Grottaferrata
309:
306:
302:
299:
289:
285:
282:
281:
280:
277:
272:
263:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
171:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:acritic songs
150:
146:
143:
140:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
93:Acritic songs
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
53:
49:
44:
40:
34:
29:
22:
16:
4023:
4016:
3791:Hagia Sophia
3773:Thessalonica
3748:Hagia Sophia
3728:Chora Church
3666:Architecture
3543:Great Schism
3533:Paulicianism
3511:Miaphysitism
3366:Karabisianoi
2670:or territory
2630:Thessalonica
2614:Latin Empire
2609:Frankokratia
2584:
2544:Isaurian era
2531:
2462:
2447:
2443:Roman Empire
2433:
2369:
2362:
2356:(in Russian)
2349:
2316:
2296:
2277:
2258:
2242:
2223:
2188:
2170:
2151:
2131:
2112:
2092:
2081:
2070:
2050:
2019:
2008:. Retrieved
2004:
1995:
1984:. Retrieved
1980:
1971:
1959:
1932:
1920:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1840:, Chapter 1.
1833:
1806:
1794:
1787:Kazhdan 1991
1782:
1770:
1765:, p. 7.
1758:
1753:, p. 6.
1731:
1719:
1707:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1668:
1641:
1614:
1592:Kazhdan 1991
1554:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1496:
1450:
1438:
1433:, p. i.
1426:
1419:Kazhdan 1991
1389:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1331:
1242:
990:
985:
980:
969:
946:
902:
887:
878:, landed in
844:
819:extramarital
798:
788:
785:
780:
759:
741:
707:
689:
657:
624:
618:
614:
591:Thessalonica
584:
545:
543:, and more.
538:
534:
530:
524:
496:
460:
406:
401:
399:
378:South Slavic
373:
369:
365:
362:Old Slavonic
359:
347:
342:Paschales MS
341:
338:Thessaloniki
270:
269:The epic of
268:
230:
205:Christianity
184:
182:
160:
125:
124:
115:
114:
113:
64:12th century
38:
15:
4274:Megali Idea
4249:Byzantinism
3952:Agriculture
3743:Hagia Irene
3576:Kievan Rus'
3553:Mount Athos
3376:Cibyrrhaeot
3320:Vestiaritai
3175:Mercenaries
3052:Catepanates
2911:Sakellarios
2830:Family tree
2755:Mesopotamia
2574:Angelid era
2554:Amorian era
2219:and others.
1455:Beaton 1996
991:Translation
957:blank verse
744:epic poetry
364:version of
257:Manuscripts
222:Cappadocian
4327:Categories
4269:Third Rome
4195:University
4178:Philosophy
4168:Inventions
4031:Historians
3999:Literature
3982:Varangians
3824:San Vitale
3753:Hippodrome
3733:City Walls
3633:Mutilation
3628:Hexabiblos
3548:Bogomilism
3538:Iconoclasm
3408:Megas doux
3398:Greek fire
3381:Aegean Sea
3254:Kleisourai
3231:Excubitors
3221:Bucellarii
3073:Despotates
3042:Kleisourai
2981:Provincial
2825:Coronation
2799:Governance
2564:Doukid era
2497:Leonid era
2161:0313308136
2103:0415120330
2031:, page 625
2010:2023-11-12
1986:2023-11-12
1874:Merry 2004
1763:Merry 2004
1751:Merry 2004
1736:Merry 2004
1540:Merry 2004
1489:Merry 2004
1369:References
937:morphology
921:aphaeresis
872:Psiloritis
748:Cappadocia
681:Asia Minor
664:Caliphates
652:Cappadocia
500:Greek myth
384:under the
242:Asia Minor
4097:Octoechos
3977:Silk Road
3469:Hesychasm
3337:Paramonai
3284:Hetaireia
3216:Foederati
3105:Diplomacy
3100:Diplomats
3006:Provinces
2835:Empresses
2638:Trebizond
2434:Preceding
2217:Mackridge
2205:Magdalino
2173:. Wiley.
949:epic poem
929:synizesis
823:Euphrates
781:Basileios
777:Βασίλειος
738:, Athens.
726:Storyline
704:classical
535:Porphyris
508:Argonauts
457:, Athens.
382:Macedonia
284:Trebizond
170:provinces
167:Anatolian
121:Latinised
4190:Scholars
4183:Rhetoric
4173:Medicine
4148:Learning
4047:Calendar
3924:Painters
3623:Basilika
3561:Bulgaria
3523:Arianism
3474:Hayhurum
3451:Religion
3413:Admirals
3332:Allagion
3264:Droungos
3170:Generals
3132:Military
3095:Treaties
3001:Dioceses
2820:Emperors
2733:Sardinia
2713:Dalmatia
2693:Bulgaria
2683:Anatolia
2642:Theodoro
2636: /
2632: /
2624: /
2230:, 1998.
2213:Jeffreys
2195:, 1993.
2049:(1998).
1291:See also
1277:Heracles
1269:Thanatos
986:Original
899:Language
864:Anatolia
794:ἀπελάται
789:apelatai
760:Rhomanía
677:Kinnamos
637:The epic
563:Ο δράκος
520:folklore
504:Heracles
492:λεβεντιά
440:Overview
426:Frascati
317:Escorial
214:Hercules
142:romantic
99:Genre(s)
79:Language
4299:Outline
4244:Museums
4144:Science
4121:Slavery
4077:Gardens
4057:Cuisine
3989:Dynatoi
3957:Coinage
3944:Economy
3912:Mosaics
3875:Mystras
3816:Ravenna
3678:Secular
3566:Moravia
3315:Pronoia
3289:Akritai
3274:Tagmata
3249:Themata
3190:Revolts
3160:Battles
3068:Kephale
3037:Themata
2967:Mesazon
2809:Central
2745:Maghreb
2698:Corsica
2688:Armenia
2678:Albania
2421:History
2209:Alexiou
2039:Sources
1358:Ἀκρίτης
1353:Akritis
1349:Akrites
1345:Digenis
965:rhyming
953:romance
917:elision
868:Saracen
860:Nicosia
806:Ευδοκία
800:akritai
756:Ῥωμανία
720:John II
708:mimesis
668:Akritai
626:akritai
599:Corinth
581:Imagery
475:ballads
252:History
162:Akritai
137:) is a
126:Acritas
107:Romance
69:Country
61:Written
4309:Portal
4224:Impact
4104:People
4052:Cities
3902:Enamel
3683:Sacred
3618:Ecloga
3484:Saints
3393:Dromon
3269:Bandon
3259:Tourma
3242:Middle
3165:Beacon
3047:Bandon
3030:Middle
2899:Middle
2854:Senate
2777:Thrace
2760:Serbia
2738:Sicily
2723:Greece
2708:Cyprus
2626:Epirus
2622:Nicaea
2532:Middle
2409:topics
2324:
2303:
2284:
2265:
2249:
2234:
2199:
2177:
2158:
2139:
2119:
2100:
2057:
2027:
1562:
1387:Viator
1281:bylina
1273:Charon
1249:Slavic
1245:Arabic
1239:Legacy
933:syntax
927:, and
925:crasis
880:Paphos
852:Cretan
847:Cyprus
811:dragon
764:Doukas
673:Doukas
595:Athens
574:Charon
514:, and
512:Thebes
506:, the
484:Pontus
467:Cyprus
327:Oxford
305:Athens
301:Andros
240:, and
238:Cyprus
218:Amazon
197:Doukas
89:Series
4294:Index
4126:Death
4116:Women
4087:Music
4067:Dress
4062:Dance
4007:Novel
3967:Trade
3962:Mints
3907:Glass
3897:Icons
3693:Domes
3571:Serbs
3386:Samos
3199:Early
2989:Early
2863:Early
2772:Syria
2750:Malta
2728:Italy
2718:Egypt
2703:Crete
2634:Morea
2463:Early
1323:Notes
1265:Death
943:Style
837:The "
773:Greek
752:Greek
712:Homer
620:podea
607:Greek
593:, to
548:Greek
488:Greek
463:Crete
430:prose
422:Chios
354:Athos
340:, or
234:Crete
189:Greek
131:Greek
4092:Lyra
3972:silk
3583:Jews
3358:Navy
3303:Late
3143:Army
3110:Wars
3061:Late
2955:Late
2585:Late
2322:ISBN
2301:ISBN
2282:ISBN
2263:ISBN
2247:ISBN
2232:ISBN
2197:ISBN
2175:ISBN
2156:ISBN
2137:ISBN
2117:ISBN
2098:ISBN
2055:ISBN
2025:ISBN
1560:ISBN
1247:and
981:Line
894:Form
769:emir
675:and
658:The
597:and
589:and
516:Troy
201:emir
193:Arab
191:and
145:epic
103:Epic
3889:Art
3593:Law
2228:CUP
1697:doi
1394:doi
1351:or
1261:art
572:; "
352:of
290:,
123:as
4329::
2215:,
2211:,
2207:,
2127:*
2003:.
1979:.
1944:^
1905:^
1818:^
1743:^
1693:62
1653:^
1626:^
1599:^
1574:^
1508:^
1477:^
1462:^
1405:^
1390:47
1361:).
1287:.
923:,
919:,
779:,
775::
758:,
754::
613:,
609::
550::
537:,
533:,
529:,
510:,
502:;
490::
465:,
392:.
292:c.
236:,
228:.
180:.
155:;
133::
129:;
105:,
41:,
2644:)
2640:–
2628:–
2515:"
2511:"
2399:e
2392:t
2385:v
2330:.
2309:.
2290:.
2271:.
2253:.
2183:.
2164:.
2145:.
2125:.
2106:.
2063:.
2013:.
1989:.
1699::
1568:.
1400:.
1396::
1355:(
1271:/
791:(
654:.
297:)
119:(
45:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
