483:, is a set of theoretical points that a deictic expression is 'anchored' to, such that the evaluation of the meaning of the expression leads one to the relevant point. As deictic expressions are frequently egocentric, the center often consists of the speaker at the time and place of the utterance and, additionally, the place in the discourse and relevant social factors. However, deictic expressions can also be used in such a way that the deictic center is transferred to other participants in the exchange or to persons / places / etc. being described in a narrative. So, for example, in the sentence;
31:
613:-dependent references. However, the two terms have different histories and traditions. In the past, deixis was associated specifically with spatiotemporal reference, and indexicality was used more broadly. More importantly, each is associated with a different field of study. Deixis is associated with linguistics, and indexicality is associated with philosophy as well as
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525:
It is helpful to distinguish between two usages of deixis, gestural and symbolic, as well as non-deictic usages of frequently deictic words. Gestural deixis refers, broadly, to deictic expressions whose understanding requires some sort of audio-visual information. A simple example is when an object
526:
is pointed at and referred to as "this" or "that". However, the category can include other types of information than pointing, such as direction of gaze, tone of voice, and so on. Symbolic usage, by contrast, requires generally only basic spatio-temporal knowledge of the utterance. So, for example
443:
is a type of discourse deixis, and a grammatical feature found in some languages, which indicates whether the argument of one clause is the same as the argument of the previous clause. In some languages, this is done through same subject markers and different subject markers. In the translated
388:. Temporal deixis can can be relative to the time when an utterance is made (the speaker’s "now") or the time when the utterance is heard or seen (the addressee’s "now"). Although these are often the same time, they can differ in cases such as a voice recording or written text. For example:
269:
Spatial, or place, deixis is used to refer to spatial locations relative to an utterance. Similarly to personal deixis, the locations may be either those of the speaker and addressee or those of persons or objects being referred to. Spatial demonstratives include locative
1534:
George
Grigore. 2012. "La deixis spatiale dans l’arabe parlé à Bagdad", Alexandrine Barontini, Christophe Pereira, Ángeles Vicente, Karima Ziamari (ed.), Estudios de dialectología árabe (n.7): Hommage offert à Dominique Caubet . Universidad de Zaragoza. pp:
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it is understood that the center is with the person being spoken of, and thus, "to the left" refers not to the speaker's left, but to the object of the story's left, that is, the person referred to as 'he' at the time immediately before he ran twenty feet.
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involved in an utterance. These can include the first person (speaker), second person (addressee), third, and in some languages fourth and fifth person. Personal deixis may give further information about the referent, such as
428:
Discourse deixis, also referred to as text deixis, refers to the use of expressions within an utterance to refer to parts of the discourse that contain the utterance—including the utterance itself. For example, in
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in which case the deictic center is in New York. Similarly, when telling a story about someone, the deictic center is likely to switch to him, her or they (third-person pronouns). So then in the sentence;
1049:
491:
the deictic center is simply the person at the time and place of speaking. But say two people are talking on the phone long-distance, from London to New York. The
Londoner can say,
602:
function anaphorically in their reference to London, and deictically in that the choice between "here" or "there" indicates whether the speaker is or is not currently in London.
590:
refers to the phrase, "the plate". An expression can be both deictic and anaphoric at the same time, for example "I was born in London, and I have lived
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Social deixis concerns the social information that is encoded within various expressions, such as relative social status and familiarity. These include
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has seven degrees of distance combined with two degrees of visibility, while many Inuit languages have even more complex systems.
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1454:
Silverstein, Michael. (1976) "Shifters, linguistic categories, and cultural description". In K. Basso and H. Selby (eds.),
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Fillmore, Charles J. (1982). Towards a descriptive framework for spatial deixis. In R. J. Jarvell & W. Klein (Eds.),
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although those are far from exclusive. Spatial demonstratives are often relative to the location of the speaker such as:
1379:
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example "John punched Tom, and left-," it is John who left, and in "John punched Tom, and left-," it is Tom who left.
205:: personal, spatial, and temporal. In some languages, these may overlap, such as spatial and personal deixis in many
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refers to something within a text that has been previously identified. For example, in "Susan dropped the plate.
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is a non-deictic usage of "this", which does not identify anywhere specifically. Rather, it is used as an
1532:, La deixis spatial dans l'arabe parlé à Bagdad, Estudios de dialectologia arabe n.7, Zaragoza, pp 77–90
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Temporal, or time, deixis is used to refer to time relevant to the utterance. This includes temporal
17:
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where "across the street" is understood to mean "across the street from where I am right now."
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Salmani
Nodoushan, M. A. (2018). "Which view of indirect reports do Persian data corroborate?"
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1362:, Typological Studies in Language, vol. 2, John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp.
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are frequently used almost interchangeably, and both deal with essentially the same idea of
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1551:]. Studies in Slavic Linguistics; 18 (in German). Munich: Lincom Europa. p. 280.
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1136:"Here Is/Where There/Is: Some Observations of Spatial Deixis in Robert Creeley's Poetry"
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Language typology and syntactic description: Grammatical categories and the lexicon
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Anderson, Stephen R.; & Keenan, Edward L. (1985). Deixis. In T. Shopen (Ed.),
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Levinson, Stephen C. (2006) "Deixis". In
Laurence R. Horn, Gregory L. Ward (eds.)
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is relative to some other deictically specified time, as in "When I got home, he
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Image depicting temporal, spatial and personal deixis, including a deictic center
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in which case the deictic center is in London, or they can equally validly say,
341:), far-distal (far from both the speaker and addressee, such as archaic English
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1335:. Buffalo, New York, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics: 113–122.
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Fillmore, Charles J. (1966). Deictic categories in the semantics of 'come'.
193:, which is the sense in which the term is used in contemporary linguistics.
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1356:"Topic continuity in discourse: The functional domain of switch-reference"
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Personal deictic words, called personal pronouns in
English, refer to the
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Words relating to spatial deixis can be proximal (near, such as
English
130:. Deixis exists in all known natural languages and is closely related to
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1224:"J. Peter Denny, "Semantics of the Inuktitut (Eskimo) Spatial Deictics""
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808:"Between text and context: Deixis, anaphora, and the meaning of then"
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pronouns. Some linguists consider social deixis to be a fourth type.
127:
110:) is the use of words or phrases to refer to a particular time (e.g.
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Wörter im
Grenzbereich von Lexikon und Grammatik im Serbokroatischen
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26th Annual
Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
1328:
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Horn, Laurence; Ward, Gergory (2004-02-23). "Chapter five: Deixis".
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requires only knowledge of the current location. In a similar vein,
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1501:(Vol. 3, pp. 259–308). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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requires being able to see which finger is being held up, whereas
408:. For example, simple English past tense is absolute, such as "He
1396:"The discourse deictics ∧ and ← in a World of Warcraft community"
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365:
271:
229:
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Serbo-Croatian Words on the Border
Between Lexicon and Grammar
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Speech, place and action: Studies in deixis and related topics
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There are three main types of deictic words, as described by
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Cormier, Kearsy; Schembri, Adam; Woll, Bencie (2013-12-01).
1290:"Deixis and grounding in speech and thought representation"
812:
Text - Interdisciplinary
Journal for the Study of Discourse
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134:, with a sometimes unclear distinction between the two. In
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58:
174:'display, demonstration, or reference'. To this,
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67:
30:
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Levinson, Stephen C. "Deixis" in Pragmatics. pp. 54–96.
1050:"Speech roles and the development of personal pronouns"
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61:
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1329:"Discourse Deixis: Reference to Discourse Segments"
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138:, deixis is seen as the same as, or a subclass of,
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52:
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Words requiring context to understand their meaning
752:, Vol. 2, pp. 636–724. Cambridge University Press.
769:, De Gruyter Mouton, 2011-04-20, pp. 49–62,
569:
1616:
1097:"Coreferential Fourth-Person Pronouns in Matses"
437:refers to an upcoming portion of the discourse.
325:), medial (near the addressee, such as English
232:. Examples examples of personal deixis include:
748:Lyons, John (1977) "Deixis, space and time" in
566:, much the way "a" could be used in its place.
1173:Lander, Eric; Haegeman, Liliane (2016-09-30).
1172:
763:"Deixis – a pragmatic universal? Barbara Kryk"
479:A deictic center, sometimes referred to as an
1228:International Journal of American Linguistics
1101:International Journal of American Linguistics
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1429:Anthropological linguistics: An introduction
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1008:
972:"Pronouns and pointing in sign languages"
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1526:, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006.
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1524:I: The Meaning of the First Person Term
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767:Toward a Typology of European Languages
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1360:Switch Reference and Universal Grammar
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713:. Towards an Emancipatory Pragmatics.
447:Discourse deixis has been observed in
406:absolute (deictic) and relative tenses
1421:
1353:
1221:
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921:. CSLI Publications (reprinted 1997).
901:The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics
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1471:, pp. 978–120. Blackwell Publishing.
801:
799:
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578:is unclearly defined. Generally, an
512:He then ran twenty feet to the left.
1605:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1394:Collister, Lauren B. (March 2012).
1288:Vandelanotte, Lieven (2004-03-01).
574:The distinction between deixis and
423:
24:
1491:
1482:International Review of Pragmatics
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1175:"The Nanosyntax of Spatial Deixis"
455:language forms resembling arrows.
404:Tenses are usually separated into
25:
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1327:Webber, Bonnie Lynn (June 1988).
1009:Stapleton, Andreea (2017-01-01).
806:Schiffrin, Deborah (1990-01-01).
796:
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333:), distal (far, such as English
1519:(pp. 31–59). London: Wiley.
1222:Denny, J. Peter (October 1982).
1134:Kennedy, David (February 2012).
1048:Charney, Rosalind (2008-09-26).
705:Hanks, William F. (2009-01-01).
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189:) added the specialized meaning
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1601:Demonstratives & Indexicals
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451:, particularly with the use of
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1403:Discourse, Context & Media
1095:Fleck, David W. (2008-07-01).
1011:"Deixis in Modern Linguistics"
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570:Distinction with similar terms
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933:"Insights into person deixis"
931:Berenz, Norine (2002-01-01).
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1306:10.1016/j.pragma.2003.10.003
988:10.1016/j.lingua.2013.09.010
824:10.1515/text.1.1990.10.3.245
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586:shattered loudly," the word
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917:Fillmore, Charles J (1971)
627:Deictic field and narration
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1469:The Handbook of Pragmatics
851:Linguistics and Philosophy
845:Nunberg, Geoffrey (1993).
495:We are leaving next week.
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1152:10.1017/S0021875811000053
1066:10.1017/S0305000900002816
1054:Journal of Child Language
847:"Indexicality and Deixis"
692:Oxford English Dictionary
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503:We are coming next week.
775:10.1515/9783110863178.49
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1506:Foundations of Language
1456:Meaning in Anthropology
1431:. Blackwell Publishing.
642:Metaphysics of presence
487:I am standing here now.
239:am going to the cinema.
136:linguistic anthropology
1427:Foley, William. 1997.
1264:Handbook of Pragmatics
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1341:10.3115/982023.982037
1294:Journal of Pragmatics
1015:Essex Student Journal
949:10.1075/sll.5.2.06ber
711:Journal of Pragmatics
707:"Fieldwork on deixis"
605:The terms deixis and
145:The term's origin is
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667:Terms of orientation
246:like to have dinner?
1372:10.1075/tsl.2.06giv
637:Generic antecedents
580:anaphoric reference
433:is a great story."
225:grammatical persons
203:Charles J. Fillmore
118:), or person (e.g.
1522:Gaynesford, M. de
1354:Givón, T. (1983),
1191:10.1111/stul.12061
1179:Studia Linguistica
919:Lectures on Deixis
863:10.1007/BF00984721
564:indefinite article
191:point of reference
122:) relative to the
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1274:978-0-631-22547-8
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558:city one time ...
449:internet language
386:grammatical tense
354:Malagasy language
308:across the street
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607:indexicality
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1625:Pragmatics
1619:Categories
1567:2005530313
1558:3895869546
1512:, 219–227.
790:2024-06-06
678:References
632:Determiner
615:pragmatics
592:here/there
554:I went to
469:honorifics
414:pluperfect
260:helped me.
185: – c.
183: 279
176:Chrysippus
1630:Semantics
1314:0378-2166
1267:. Wiley.
1248:144418641
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1160:1469-5154
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1074:1469-7602
1035:2633-7045
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871:0165-0157
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750:Semantics
731:0378-2166
158:romanized
128:utterance
1583:2863539W
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879:25001498
657:Pro-form
621:See also
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418:had gone
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360:Temporal
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213:Personal
132:anaphora
18:Deictics
1588:Summary
1082:7440674
652:Present
542:I love
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265:Spatial
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546:city.
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1376:ISBN
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