32:
1332:, the pluperfect ("pluskvamperfekt") is constructed with the past tense ("perfekt") of the verb to be ("biti") plus the adjective form of the main verb. Alternatively, it can be formed by using the imperfect ("imperfekt") of "biti" with the past participle of the main verb. For example: "Ja sam bio učio" (or: "Ja bijah učio"), which means, "I had been studying".
1867:
past tense as if being the full verb ("I have had") followed by the actual verb in the past particle mode ("I have had heard it"). The same applies to those verbs which require "to be" (German "sein", French "être") as the modal verb for the construction of the past tense (which would not work in
English).
1873:
In France it is uncommon in the
Northern regions (with Parisian influence) but it can be found widely in Provençal dialects as well as in other regions around the world. In all regions the doubled pluperfect ("I had had heard it") is uncommon although it is possible - all of these forms emphasize the
262:
Here, "had thought" and "had reached" are examples of the pluperfect. They refer to an event (a man thinking he has reached the limit of his capacity to suffer), which takes place before another event (the man finding that his capacity to suffer has no limit), that is itself a past event, referred to
1866:
Both languages allow to construct a past tense with a modal verb (like
English "to have", in German "haben", in French "avoir"), for example "I have heard it". This is largely equivalent to the usage in English. The additional perfect tense is constructed by putting the modal verb ("to have") in the
522:
The second example may refer to an event that happened continuously or habitually in the past. (I.e. "After I used to find it, I would sell it" OR "After I would find it, I would sell it"). The first example, being the preterite, refers only to actions completed once in the remote past, or distant
768:'I had eaten when my mother would come'. This last form however is rarely used. Sometimes (specially in journalism) the imperfect subjunctive with '-ar' termination can be used with a pluperfect sense in subordinated phrases, but it is neither normative nor recommended.
679:
tense by adding specific terminations for each person and number. However, in northern
Transylvania there is a regional way to state the pluperfect (that may reflect the German influence). The pluperfect is expressed by combining the auxiliary verb
599:, 'When I came, I found out that my friend had died'. In Portuguese, however, its use has become mostly literary, and particularly in spoken communication, the pluperfect is usually formed using the auxiliary verb
1083:
There is a drastic shift of meaning between these variants: the first sentences denote that it "had been necessary" to rain in the past. The second sentence denotes that the speaker assumed that it had rained.
929:, where the past perfect is accompanied by a specification of the time of occurrence, especially in a context that clearly provides for a connection with another past event, either specified (as in
546:, 'When I came I knew that my friend had died'. It remains the main spoken form, though in some varieties, similarly to Spanish or Portuguese, the pluperfect is formed using the auxiliary verbs
219:. It is used to refer to an occurrence that at a past time had already been started (but not necessarily completed), (e.g. "It had already been raining for a week when the big storm started.").
973:
referring to hypothetical circumstances (as in "If I'd known about that, I wouldn't have asked."), as well as certain expressions of wish (as in "I wish I hadn't been so stupid back then.").
1187:
In some of the Slavic languages the pluperfect has fallen out of use or is rarely used; pluperfect meaning is often expressed using the ordinary past tense, with some
909:
Unlike the present perfect, the past perfect can readily be used with an adverb specifying a past time frame for the occurrence. For example, it is incorrect to say *
634:
539:), which is identical in form to the imperfect subjunctive. It has a similar form to the Portuguese, thus, the Portuguese example below, in Judeo-Spanish, is:
969:
The past perfect form also has some uses in which it does not directly refer to an actual past event. These are generally in condition clauses and some other
1325:"I would have done") are often wrongly considered pluperfect forms – morphologically, the latter is actually past conditional, rarely used in modern Polish.
170:, "more than perfect". The word "perfect" in this sense means "completed"; it contrasts with the "imperfect", which denotes uncompleted actions or states.
1968:
1851:
In German and French there is an additional way to construct a pluperfect by doubling the perfect tense particles. This is called doubled perfect (
1237:
in
Belarusian (literally, 'was'). It was and still is used in daily speech, especially in rural areas. Being mostly unused in literature during
271:). The pluperfect is needed to make it clear that the first event (the thinking and the supposed reaching) is placed even earlier in the past.
258:
the absolute limit of all possible suffering now found that suffering had no limits, and that he could suffer still more, and more intensely.
2045:
691:(= "was" in English or "war" in German) with the participle, which (quite difficult to explain) is stated in its feminine form. Examples:
1100:) is similar to the pluperfect in a number of other Germanic languages, but with a slightly different word order, and is formed with the
1870:
In spoken language in
Southern Germany the doubled perfect construction sometimes replaces the Standard German pluperfect construction.
330:, "has sacrificed". Modern Greek uses auxiliaries to form the pluperfect; examples are given in the table at the end of this article.
1874:
perfect aspect by extending the modal verb so that a doubled pluperfect would add upon the pluperfect in another part of the speech.
535:, the Latin pluperfect forms with little alteration have been preserved (e.g. final /m/ and /t/ are dropped) to express this tense (
1275:) in past tense and the participle of the main verb. It is used to denote a completed action in the past before another action (
419:
phrase, consisting of a noun and perfect participle in the ablative case, may be used in place of a pluperfect; for example:
96:
962:
all night when he awoke." It is also commonly used to refer to actions that had led to consequences in the past (as in
68:
1969:
http://hispanoteca.eu/gram%C3%A1ticas/Grammatik%20Spanisch/Imperfecto%20de%20subjuntivo%20con%20valor%20indicativo.htm
1309:
pluperfect is only found in texts written in or imitating Old Polish, when it was formed with past (perfect) tense of
617:. This periphrastic construction is not permitted in Galician, so Galician uses the synthetic pluperfect exclusively.
115:
2038:
2162:
75:
441:, "more than perfect") is formed by taking the appropriate form of the imperfect indicative of the auxiliaries
53:
958:, and is used to refer to an ongoing action that continued up to the past time of reference. For example: "It
1156:
that is analogous to the suffix "ed" in
English, in that it is also used to form the simple past tense. Thus
603:, in the imperfect form (tinha tinhas tinha tínhamos tínheis tinham) plus the past participle. For example,
518:
Example (recent pluperfect): "Dopo che lo avevo trovato, lo vendevo". (After I had found it, I would sell it)
20:
1955:
82:
2193:
2167:
2031:
1302:, 'I should have told you'). Its use is considered archaic and is rarely used even in literary language.
955:
633:) is expressed without any auxiliary words, using a particular form of the verb, originated in the Latin
425:, "When money had been given (more literally: Money having been given) to the merchant, the buyer left."
242:
49:
511:
should be used for completed actions in a clause subjugated to a clause whose verb is in the preterite.
842:
515:
Example (remote pluperfect): "Dopo che lo ebbi trovato, lo vendetti". (After I had found it, I sold it)
64:
1863:) in French. These forms are not commonly used in written language and they are not taught in school.
185:. (The same term is sometimes used in relation to the grammar of other languages.) English also has a
507:
of the appropriate auxiliary verb plus the past participle. In the
Italian consecutio temporum, the
942:
187:
1329:
42:
177:, the pluperfect (e.g. "had written") is now usually called the past perfect, since it combines
1921:
532:
309:
2003:
16:
Grammatical tense relating to an action antecedent to a subsequent action or event in the past
2080:
1046:
When using modal verbs, one can use either the modal verb in the preterite or the auxiliary (
236:
Examples of the
English pluperfect (past perfect) are found in the following sentence (from
1992:
925:, rather than the present perfect). However, there is no such objection to a sentence like
8:
1202:
903:
577:
457:, "past anterior") can be formed with the appropriate simple past form of the auxiliary:
304:
675:'to see'. Technically, this form is obtained from the singular third person form of the
89:
2149:
1397:'to be', which is in the past tense. The primary verbs get the past participle endings
1336:
1198:
716:
208:
2054:
970:
626:
610:. A more formal way of expressing the pluperfect uses the verb "haver". For example:
581:
434:
416:
204:
147:
2018:
2097:
1386:
1264:
1093:
470:
150:
involving an action from an antecedent point in time. Examples in
English are: "we
1313:"to be" and past participle of the main verb. The person marking is movable, e.g.
894:). It is one of a number of analogously formed perfect constructions, such as the
2134:
2119:
2107:
2087:
2075:
2070:
1306:
982:
895:
859:
848:
363:
292:
174:
1287:, 'A few years ago, all the banks of Savinja River had been flooded) or, with a
2172:
2144:
1371:
1359:, the pluperfect is formed without an auxiliary verb, usually by interpolating
1356:
899:
879:
852:
782:
345:
288:
222:
216:
182:
2187:
2102:
2092:
359:
237:
2065:
473:, there are two pluperfects in the indicative mood: the recent pluperfect (
355:
339:
233:(the past event) and places the action relative to the deixis (before it).
1152:
In Korean the pluperfect is formed by adding an additional "었". "었" is a
481:). The recent pluperfect is formed correspondingly to French by using the
1374:, perfect forms are constructed using the idea of being (or having been)
1192:
918:
744:
287:
the verb, whereas most modern European languages do so using appropriate
817:. In addition, pluperfect is sometimes used instead of present perfect:
358:, and with an auxiliary verb plus the perfect passive participle in the
207:; in modern linguistic terminology it may be said to combine tense with
2114:
1288:
887:
284:
264:
212:
178:
2023:
1101:
1026:
736:
504:
482:
1956:"Observații privind structura și evoluția conjunctivului în aromână"
1241:
times, it is now regaining popularity. Here is an example of usage:
833:. The parenthesized part is implied and, therefore, can be omitted.
31:
1153:
1405:
in plural forms (the 'n' assimilates with certain consonants) and
1174:먹었었 = had eaten (variously conjugated 먹었었다, 먹었었어, 먹었었어요, 먹었었습니다,
878:. It is commonly called the past perfect, being a combination of
1188:
1121:
719:, there are also two pluperfects, being the pluperfect proper (
230:
793:) is combined with the past-tense form of the auxiliary verb
325:
319:
313:
280:
162:
1958:(in Romanian). Universitatea „Ovidius” Constanţa. p. 2.
1347:(to be) and the perfect active participle of the main verb.
667:'When I asked him, he had already seen the movie'. The verb
1343:) is formed with the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb
1238:
143:
789:) is formed similarly as in German: the past participle (
917:, specifying the past time, would entail the use of the
890:(marked by the use of the past tense of that auxiliary,
743:
plus the past participle, the latter is formed with the
403:
The subjunctive mood is formed similarly (in this case
229:, because it absolutely (not by context) establishes a
1271:, 'before the past') is formed with the verb 'to be' (
1167:먹었 = ate (variously conjugated 먹었다, 먹었어, 먹었어요, 먹었습니다,
1029:
form, depending on the full lexical verb in question.
1017:
II) of the full lexical verb, plus the auxiliary verb
751:
plus the past participle. For example, in pluperfect
1646:він почув був / вона почула була / воно почуло було
1683:(nós) ouvíramos / tínhamos ouvido / havíamos ouvido
1382:, "we had gone", literally, "we were after going".
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
19:"Past perfect" redirects here. For other uses, see
1317:"I had done". Past tense of the adjectival verbs (
274:
1846:
1160:먹 = eat (variously conjugated 먹다, 먹어, 먹어요, 먹습니다,
1001:) is used in much the same manner, normally in a
2185:
1744:(vós) ouvíreis / tínheis ouvido / havíeis ouvido
964:I was sleepy because I'd been working all night.
2150:Future in the past / Future perfect in the past
1042:"After I had got up, I went into the bathroom."
203:The pluperfect is traditionally described as a
1805:(eles) ouviram / tinham ouvido / haviam ouvido
1622:(ele/ela) ouvira / tinha ouvido / havia ouvido
592:) has been conserved from Latin. For example,
333:
2039:
503:The remote pluperfect is formed by using the
354:) is formed without an auxiliary verb in the
1561:(tu) ouviras / tinhas ouvido / havias ouvido
1321:"I should have done") and conditional mood (
1259:I almost had gone already when I recalled...
1221:) that is formed by preceding the verb with
851:, the pluperfect is formed by combining the
815:Before I noticed, it had become noon already
198:
1911:(additional emphasis on the perfect aspect)
1195:construction to indicate prior occurrence.
420:
410:
404:
386:
370:
349:
165:
2046:
2032:
1953:
1291:, a past event that should have happened (
758:'I had eaten when my mother came', but in
571:
1500:(eu) ouvira / tinha ouvido / havia ouvido
493:) plus the past participle. For example,
324:, "had sacrificed" – compare the perfect
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1393:) is constructed with an auxiliary verb
886:auxiliary with the past participle) and
554:plus the past participle. For example,
318:, "more than completed"). An example is
1604:அவன்/அவள் கேட்டிருந்தான்/கேட்டிருந்தாள்
637:(compare Italian imperfect subjunctive
422:Pecuniis mercatori datis, cessit emptor
2186:
2053:
1765:słyszeliście byli / słyszałyście były
801:, depending on the full lexical verb:
612:Quando cheguei, soube que o meu amigo
605:Quando cheguei, soube que o meu amigo
594:Quando cheguei, soube que o meu amigo
2027:
2019:The past tense description on Learniv
1944:, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985, p. 64.
1934:
954:. This is the past equivalent of the
870:, often used in its contracted form '
771:
501:I was hungry because I had not eaten.
1704:słyszeliśmy byli / słyszałyśmy były
1378:doing something. In the pluperfect,
312:verbs had a pluperfect form (called
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1859:) in German and plus past perfect (
1182:
485:of the appropriate auxiliary verb (
13:
1350:
142:in English, characterizes certain
14:
2205:
2012:
1893:(the doubled pluperfect emphasis)
1412:
1891:Ich hatte ihm geschrieben gehabt
1205:preserve a distinct pluperfect (
831:I had seen that (before you did)
526:
461:, though it is rarely used now.
449:and adding the past participle,
415:respectively). In many cases an
225:classifies the pluperfect as an
30:
1880:Ich habe ihm geschrieben gehabt
1582:słyszałeś był / słyszałaś była
1521:słyszałem był / słyszałam była
1363:before the simple past ending:
383:money to the merchant"; active)
326:
320:
314:
275:Examples from various languages
154:" before the game began; "they
41:needs additional citations for
1997:
1986:
1973:
1962:
1947:
1847:Different perfect construction
1826:słyszeli byli / słyszały były
453:. Another type of pluperfect (
1:
1927:
1191:(such as "earlier") or other
735:). While the former uses the
671:is in the pluperfect form of
563:Kuando yegí suve ke mi haver
556:Kuando yegí suve ke mi haver
541:Kuando yegí suve ke mi haver
477:) and the remote pluperfect (
437:, the indicative pluperfect (
283:, make pluperfects purely by
215:(reference to past time) and
21:Past perfect (disambiguation)
1643:słyszał był / słyszała była
195:) form: "had been writing".
7:
1915:
1585:ти почув був / почула була
1315:zrobił byłem ~ zrobiłem był
956:present perfect progressive
620:
334:Latin and Romance languages
10:
2210:
1524:я почув був / почула була
1341:минало предварително време
1255:pajšoŭ, kali raptam zhadaŭ
1247:pіšov, až raptom zhadav...
1087:
1038:, ging ich ins Badezimmer.
911:I have done it last Friday
882:(marked by the use of the
843:Uses of English verb forms
840:
836:
803:Voordat ik er erg in had,
710:
584:, a synthetic pluperfect (
464:
399:to the merchant"; passive)
337:
302:
161:The word derives from the
18:
2158:
2130:
2061:
1884:Ich hatte ihm geschrieben
1814:ils/elles avaient entendu
1787:அவர்கள் கேட்டிருந்தார்கள்
1726:நீங்கள் கேட்டிருந்தீர்கள்
1595:تم نے سنا تھا
1147:
1065:Es musste geregnet haben.
976:
927:I had done it last Friday
902:("will have jumped") and
648:with Romanian pluperfect
428:
199:Meaning of the pluperfect
1909:Il a eu fini de déjeuner
1138:When I arrived there he
1059:"It had to have rained."
950:) construction, such as
943:past perfect progressive
862:of the main verb, as in
776:
495:Ero affamato perché non
298:
243:Man's Search for Meaning
188:past perfect progressive
1380:bhíomar tar éis imeacht
1124:form of the main verb:
1055:Es hätte regnen müssen.
948:past perfect continuous
935:I hadn't expected that.
906:("would have jumped").
661:Când l-am întrebat, el
572:Portuguese and Galician
227:absolute-relative tense
193:past perfect continuous
1922:Pluperfect progressive
1732:jullie hadden gehoord
1665:நாங்கள் கேட்டிருந்தோம்
1120:in English), plus the
931:I hadn't met him then.
787:voltooid verleden tijd
739:of the auxiliary verb
635:pluperfect subjunctive
421:
411:
405:
387:
371:
362:. For example, in the
350:
260:
166:
158:" when the bell rang.
2168:Relative and absolute
1631:il/elle avait entendu
1540:you had heard (sing.)
1367:, "we had remained".
1319:powinienem był zrobić
898:("have/has jumped"),
841:Further information:
827:(voordat jij het zag)
684:or the short version
279:Some languages, like
248:
1993:de:Doppeltes Perfekt
1855:) or super perfect (
1610:hij/zij had gehoord
1285:vsa nabrežja Savinje
933:) or implied (as in
766:cuando mi madre vino
756:cuando mi madre vino
727:) and the so called
291:in combination with
250:A man who for years
50:improve this article
2004:fr:Temps surcomposé
1793:zij hadden gehoord
1723:you had heard (pl.)
1692:nous avions entendu
1671:wij hadden gehoord
1607:er/sie hatte gehört
1482:நான் கேட்டிருந்தேன்
1462:Polish (very rare)
1339:, the pluperfect (
1009:is formed with the
940:English also has a
904:conditional perfect
659:). For example, in
631:mai mult ca perfect
475:trapassato prossimo
372:Pecuniam mercatori
351:plus quam perfectum
305:Ancient Greek verbs
167:plus quam perfectum
2194:Grammatical tenses
2055:Grammatical tenses
1753:vous aviez entendu
1652:هغه/هغی اوریدلی وو
1640:беше слушнал/-а/-о
1503:había oído / oyera
1409:in passive forms.
1389:, the pluperfect (
1267:, the pluperfect (
1112:in English), i.e.
1096:, the pluperfect (
985:, the pluperfect (
807:het al twaalf uur
791:voltooid deelwoord
785:, the pluperfect (
772:Germanic languages
760:pretérito anterior
729:pretérito anterior
629:, the pluperfect (
388:Pecunia mercatori
348:, the pluperfect (
209:grammatical aspect
148:grammatical tenses
138:), usually called
2181:
2180:
1979:Comrie, Bernard,
1940:Comrie, Bernard,
1853:doppeltes Perfekt
1844:
1843:
1839:انہوں نے سنا تھا
1832:ایشان شنیده بودند
1829:вони почули були
1790:sie hatten gehört
1729:ihr hattet gehört
1668:wir hatten gehört
1546:du hattest gehört
1543:நீ கேட்டிருந்தாய்
1534:میں نے سنا تھا
1407:-ttu/-tty/-tu/-ty
1229:in Ukrainian and
1207:давньоминулий час
1050:for all modals):
991:Präteritumperfekt
971:dependent clauses
707:= they had come.
699:) = he had been;
586:mais-que-perfeito
509:trapassato remoto
479:trapassato remoto
417:ablative absolute
126:
125:
118:
100:
2201:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1977:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1954:Manuela Nevaci.
1951:
1945:
1938:
1902:Il avait déjeuné
1861:temps surcomposé
1796:hulle het gehoor
1735:julle het gehoor
1637:бе(ше) чул/-а/-о
1613:hy/sy het gehoor
1601:he/she had heard
1570:tu avais entendu
1549:jij had gehoord
1485:ich hatte gehört
1417:
1416:
1391:pluskvamperfekti
1277:Pred nekaj leti
1249:(Ukrainian) and
1215:davńomynulyj čas
1183:Slavic languages
1126:När jag kom dit
1094:standard Swedish
1076:
1075:
1036:aufgestanden war
1011:Partizip Perfekt
995:Vorvergangenheit
960:had been raining
952:had been working
721:pluscuamperfecto
689:
537:pluskuamperfekto
439:Plus-que-parfait
424:
414:
408:
394:
378:
353:
329:
328:
323:
322:
317:
316:
293:past participles
169:
156:had been writing
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2154:
2135:Present perfect
2126:
2057:
2052:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1963:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1918:
1898:Il a eu déjeuné
1849:
1811:avevano sentito
1778:آپ نے سنا تھا
1774:تاسی اوریدلی وو
1771:شما شنیده بودید
1768:ви почули були
1750:avevate sentito
1713:مونږ اوریدلی وو
1707:ми почули були
1689:avevamo sentito
1656:اس نے سنا تھا
1509:j'avais entendu
1488:ik had gehoord
1415:
1353:
1351:Other languages
1185:
1150:
1098:pluskvamperfekt
1090:
1073:
1072:
1007:Plusquamperfekt
987:Plusquamperfekt
979:
896:present perfect
860:past participle
849:English grammar
845:
839:
779:
774:
725:antecopretérito
713:
687:
623:
574:
529:
467:
455:passé antérieur
431:
364:indicative mood
342:
336:
307:
301:
289:auxiliary verbs
277:
201:
175:English grammar
136:plusquamperfect
134:(shortening of
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2207:
2197:
2196:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2173:Periodic tense
2170:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2145:Future perfect
2142:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2013:External links
2011:
2008:
2007:
1996:
1985:
1972:
1961:
1946:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1907:French:
1905:
1896:French:
1894:
1889:German:
1887:
1878:German:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1835:دوی اوریدلی وو
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1784:they had heard
1781:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1762:бевте слушнале
1760:
1757:
1756:είχατε ακούσει
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1717:ہم نے سنا تھا
1714:
1711:
1710:ما شنیده بودیم
1708:
1705:
1702:
1701:бевме слушнале
1699:
1696:
1695:είχαμε ακούσει
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1674:ons het gehoor
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1588:تو شنیده بودی
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1453:Greek (Modern)
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1414:
1413:Table of forms
1411:
1352:
1349:
1330:Serbo-Croatian
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1149:
1146:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1005:sentence. The
978:
975:
900:future perfect
880:perfect aspect
853:auxiliary verb
838:
835:
778:
775:
773:
770:
712:
709:
705:or fost venită
703:= I had seen;
701:am fost văzută
677:simple perfect
622:
619:
573:
570:
528:
525:
520:
519:
516:
497:avevo mangiato
466:
463:
430:
427:
401:
400:
397:had been given
384:
335:
332:
315:ὑπερσυντέλικος
300:
297:
276:
273:
223:Bernard Comrie
217:perfect aspect
200:
197:
183:perfect aspect
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2206:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1965:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1817:είχαν ακούσει
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1686:habíamos oído
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1628:aveva sentito
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1591:تا اوریدلی وو
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1573:είχες ακούσει
1572:
1569:
1567:avevi sentito
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1552:jy het gehoor
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1530:ما اوریدلی وو
1529:
1527:من شنیده بودم
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1506:avevo sentito
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1491:ek het gehoor
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1420: English
1419:
1418:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1401:in singular,
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1323:zrobiłbym był
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1269:predpreteklik
1266:
1261:
1260:
1257:(Belarusian)
1256:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1078:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
974:
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
854:
850:
844:
834:
832:
828:
826:
822:
816:
812:
810:
806:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
769:
767:
765:
761:
757:
755:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
733:antepretérito
730:
726:
722:
718:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:o fost foastă
690:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
664:
658:
657:
653:
647:
646:
642:
636:
632:
628:
618:
616:
615:
614:havia morrido
609:
608:
607:tinha morrido
602:
598:
597:
591:
590:antepretérito
587:
583:
579:
569:
567:
566:
560:
559:
553:
549:
545:
544:
538:
534:
533:Judeo-Spanish
527:Judeo-Spanish
524:
517:
514:
513:
512:
510:
506:
502:
499:
498:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
462:
460:
456:
452:
451:j'avais mangé
448:
444:
440:
436:
426:
423:
418:
413:
407:
398:
393:
391:
385:
382:
377:
375:
369:
368:
367:
365:
361:
360:passive voice
357:
352:
347:
341:
331:
311:
310:Ancient Greek
306:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
272:
270:
266:
259:
257:
253:
247:
245:
244:
239:
238:Viktor Frankl
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
196:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
176:
171:
168:
164:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2139:
1999:
1988:
1983:, pp. 78-79.
1980:
1975:
1964:
1949:
1941:
1936:
1908:
1901:
1900:(instead of
1897:
1890:
1883:
1882:(instead of
1879:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1857:Superperfekt
1856:
1852:
1850:
1838:
1823:беа слушнале
1777:
1747:habíais oído
1716:
1662:we had heard
1655:
1649:او شنیده بود
1634:είχε ακούσει
1594:
1579:беше слушнал
1533:
1512:είχα ακούσει
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1299:bil povedati
1298:
1294:
1292:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1219:zaprošły čas
1218:
1214:
1211:запрошлы час
1210:
1206:
1197:
1193:periphrastic
1186:
1175:
1168:
1161:
1151:
1139:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1091:
1082:
1070:
1064:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1037:
1034:Nachdem ich
1033:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
980:
968:
963:
959:
951:
947:
941:
939:
934:
930:
926:
922:
914:
913:(the use of
910:
908:
891:
883:
875:
871:
867:
863:
855:
846:
830:
824:
820:
818:
814:
808:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
780:
763:
762:
759:
754:Había comido
753:
752:
748:
740:
732:
728:
724:
720:
714:
704:
700:
697:o fo' foastă
696:
692:
685:
681:
676:
672:
668:
662:
660:
655:
651:
649:
644:
640:
638:
630:
624:
613:
611:
606:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
575:
564:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
530:
521:
508:
500:
496:
494:
490:
486:
478:
474:
468:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
432:
402:
396:
389:
380:
373:
356:active voice
343:
340:Latin tenses
308:
278:
268:
261:
255:
251:
249:
241:
235:
226:
221:
202:
192:
186:
172:
160:
155:
151:
140:past perfect
139:
135:
131:
129:
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
65:"Pluperfect"
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1808:habían oído
1738:audīverātis
1677:audīverāmus
1564:habías oído
1518:бев слушнал
1479:I had heard
1077:have rained
919:simple past
915:last Friday
868:had written
764:Hube comido
745:simple past
665:deja filmul
565:avía morido
558:tuve morido
459:j'eus mangé
256:had reached
252:had thought
152:had arrived
2140:Pluperfect
2098:Nonpresent
1928:References
1799:audīverant
1759:бяхте чули
1741:auziserăți
1698:бяхме чули
1625:había oído
1576:бе(ше) чул
1465:Ukrainian
1459:Macedonian
1441:Portuguese
1289:modal verb
1203:Belarusian
888:past tense
876:I'd jumped
864:had jumped
578:Portuguese
412:data esset
390:datus erat
338:See also:
303:See also:
285:inflecting
265:past tense
263:using the
213:past tense
179:past tense
146:forms and
132:pluperfect
106:April 2021
76:newspapers
2120:Hesternal
2108:Hodiernal
2088:Nonfuture
2071:Crastinal
1820:бяха чули
1680:auziserăm
1616:audīverat
1555:audīverās
1494:audīveram
1456:Bulgarian
1432:Afrikaans
1399:-nyt/-nut
1337:Bulgarian
1283:poplavile
1265:Slovenian
1199:Ukrainian
1102:preterite
1027:preterite
858:with the
737:imperfect
643:Elsa non
639:Sembrava
505:preterite
483:imperfect
381:had given
211:; namely
2188:Category
2076:Going-to
1916:See also
1802:auziseră
1558:auziseși
1438:Romanian
1365:parhasem
1154:morpheme
1140:had gone
1104:form of
1015:Partizip
999:pre-past
923:I did it
874:, as in
829:- lit.:
809:geworden
654:Elsa nu
627:Romanian
621:Romanian
582:Galician
406:dedisset
395:("Money
321:ἐτεθύκει
2103:Present
2093:Nonpast
1515:бях чул
1497:auzisem
1468:Persian
1447:Italian
1444:Spanish
1387:Finnish
1279:so bile
1251:Ja ŭžo
1243:Ja vže
1088:Swedish
1025:in its
1003:nachdem
997:, lit.
837:English
717:Spanish
711:Spanish
673:a vedea
645:venisse
596:morrera
471:Italian
465:Italian
374:dederat
90:scholar
2066:Future
1619:auzise
1471:Pashto
1450:French
1429:Dutch
1426:German
1307:Polish
1293:Moral
1239:Soviet
1189:adverb
1148:Korean
1122:supine
983:German
977:German
825:gezien
823:ik al
795:hebben
669:văzuse
663:văzuse
656:venise
650:Părea
543:morera
523:past.
487:essere
435:French
429:French
327:τέθυκε
231:deixis
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
1981:Tense
1942:Tense
1474:Urdu
1435:Latin
1423:Tamil
1403:-neet
1376:after
1372:Irish
1357:Welsh
1281:vode
1071:must
1048:haben
1019:haben
993:, or
783:Dutch
777:Dutch
749:haber
741:haber
723:, or
688:'
548:tener
491:avere
443:avoir
379:("He
346:Latin
299:Greek
281:Latin
269:found
205:tense
181:with
163:Latin
97:JSTOR
83:books
2163:Fake
2115:Past
2081:Near
1395:olla
1361:-as-
1273:biti
1235:była
1227:bula
1201:and
1176:etc.
1169:etc.
1162:etc.
1142:home
1132:gått
1130:han
1128:hade
1114:hade
1110:have
1074:PRET
1069:"It
1023:sein
946:(or
884:have
819:Dat
799:zijn
731:(or
695:(or
682:fost
580:and
552:aver
447:être
409:and
191:(or
144:verb
130:The
69:news
1385:In
1370:In
1355:In
1345:съм
1335:In
1328:In
1311:być
1305:In
1297:ti
1263:In
1253:byŭ
1245:buv
1231:byŭ
1223:buv
1217:or
1209:or
1134:hem
1118:had
1092:In
1021:or
981:In
966:).
937:).
892:had
866:or
856:had
847:In
821:had
805:was
797:or
781:In
747:of
715:In
641:che
625:In
601:ter
588:or
576:In
561:or
550:or
531:In
489:or
469:In
445:or
433:In
344:In
254:he
246:):
240:'s
173:In
52:by
2190::
1295:bi
1233:/
1225:/
1213:–
1144:.
1136:-
1106:ha
1079:."
989:,
921:,
813:-
811:.
686:fo
652:că
568:.
366::
295:.
2047:e
2040:t
2033:v
1904:)
1886:)
1178:)
1171:)
1164:)
1116:(
1108:(
1013:(
872:d
392:.
376:.
267:(
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
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