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and encouraged them to continue playing. The element of making a "comeback" from a dire situation was applied to the planet as well. Jarvis felt it mimicked the ups and downs of real life. "Bombers", enemies which release floating bombs on the screen, were added next. More enemies were added to create different gameplay elements. "Swarmers" and "Pods" were designed to attack the spaceship as opposed to the astronauts. "Baiters" were included to add pressure to the player by preventing them from lingering. The enemies quickly follow the spaceship to collide with it, and were based on a similar enemy in
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require 4 colors, but instead chose hardware that could display each pixel in 16 colors. At the time, the designers believed that was more than they would ever need for a game. The monitor's resolution is 320×256, an expansion from the then-industry standard of 256×256. The staff believed that the wider screen provided a better aspect ratio and would improve the game's presentation. Video games at the time relied on hardware to animate graphics, but the developers decided to use software to handle animation and programmed the game in
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569:, reasoning that the title helped justify the violence. He added astronauts to expand on the space theme and give players something to defend while they shot enemies. The element of flying over a planetscape was added after a brainstorming session between Jarvis and Ritchie. The landscape is depicted as a line only a pixel wide, primarily because the hardware was not powerful enough to generate anything more detailed.
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featured five levels, which the team felt was more than enough because of the game's difficulty. Most
Williams employees could not progress past the third level and Jarvis's score of 60,000 points seemed unbeatable to them. The developers decided it was best to be prepared for players that might exceed their expectations and added more levels that repeated.
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Development then shifted focus to the enemies. Landers were given the ability to capture humans, and a new enemy was devised from the mechanic: "Mutants", captured humans that had turned hostile. The
Mutants added a rescue element to the game that Jarvis believed made it more interesting to players
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After six months of development, the team felt the game had not made enough progress. They examined other games and concluded that survival was a necessary component to implement. To achieve this, they devised enemies to present a threat, the first of which was the "Lander". Jarvis enjoyed violent,
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video game contest. Players in 32 cities simultaneously competed on the weekend of April 3–4, 1982. Rick Smith was the victor with a score of 33,013,200 which took 38 hours. One bug, related to how the game keeps track of scoring, allows players to earn a large number of "extra lives". Players can
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The object is to destroy all alien invaders, while protecting astronauts on the landscape from abduction. Landers pick up humans and attempt to carry them to the top of the screen at which point they turn into fast-moving mutants. A captured human can be freed by shooting the lander, then catching
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Development started by focusing on the game's hardware. The staff first debated what type of monitor to use: black-and-white or color. They reasoned that using advanced technology would better establish them as good designers and chose a color monitor. The developers estimated that the game would
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Defeating the aliens allows the player to progress to the next level. Failing to protect the astronauts, however, causes the planet to explode and the level to become populated with mutants. Surviving the waves of mutants results in the restoration of the planet. A ship is lost if it is hit by an
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set on the surface of an unnamed planet. The player controls a spaceship flying either to the left or right. A joystick controls the ship's elevation, and five buttons control its horizontal direction and weapons. The player starts with three "smart bombs", which destroy all visible enemies. As a
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stated the audio-visuals and gameplay's depth balanced the excessive difficulty. They praised the game's "catch and rescue" feature, as well as the mini-map. Cuciz also praised the mini-map, stating that the game is impossible without it and that it allows players to plan strategies. Author John
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when the cabinet was turned on, so the team had to quickly burn a new set of EPROMs. Once the attract mode was operational, Jarvis and the team returned to their homes to prepare for the show. After the show, the developers expanded the game to allow users to play indefinitely. The display model
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s difficulty as "humbling", saying that few could play it with proficiency. He further stated that players would continue to play despite the difficulty. Author David Ellis attributes the game's success to its challenging design. Its difficulty is often attributed to its complex control scheme.
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The game was slow to gain popularity, not attracting much attention at the 1980 AMOA show. In retrospect, Jarvis believed many passersby were intimidated by its complexity. The game was well-received in arcades, and crowds gathered around the cabinet during its first nights of play testing. The
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By July, development was behind schedule and Jarvis's superior began to pressure him to finish the game in time for a then-upcoming trade show, the AMOA, in
September. Jarvis spent several weeks creating the astronauts, which his boss felt should be omitted if the process didn't speed up. The
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as number 23 on their "Top 50 Games of All Time", commenting that "despite exceptionally complicated controls, gamers fell in love at first sight. The difficulty is high but fair - when you die, it's always your fault, and that leaves you wanting one more chance to beat the game". In 2004,
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for over 21 and a half hours in 1982 at the
Claridge Casino Hotel in Atlantic City. It was authenticated by the facility and the many witnesses that watched along with the press of Atlantic City; the media attention spurred other players to attempt the same feat. Expert players exploited
532:. They felt a game that allowed the player to fly off the screen would be exciting and decided to create a game world larger than the screen displayed. The game's environment was made longer than the screen and scrolled horizontally. Expanding on the idea, they envisioned a version of
1131:, Williams expanded their business by building a new facility and hired more employees. Before the expansion, Jarvis could work in isolation. But the influx of people created an environment he was unhappy with. He left Williams along with DeMar to found their own development company,
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By
September, the game was still unfinished, and almost every Williams programmer assisted in meeting the deadline for the AMOA trade show. The evening before the trade show, the arcade cabinets were delivered for display. The developers, however, forgot to create an
1086:, companies designed video games to have a balanced challenge. They believed games should be easy enough to attract players but difficult enough to limit play time to a few minutes; anything too challenging would dissuade players. Loguidice and Barton commented that
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called it "one of the toughest games in arcade history". He also stated that novice players typically are able to play only a few seconds, and that enthusiasts saw proficiency at the game as a "badge of honor". David Cuciz echoed similar comments. Sellers described
359:, selling over 55,000 units to become the company's best-selling game and one of the highest-grossing arcade games ever. Praise among critics focused on the game's audio-visuals and gameplay. It is frequently listed as one of Jarvis's best contributions to the
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on a special monitor, while the staff planned to use pixel graphics on a conventional monitor. The team experimented with recreating the game with pixel graphics, but also abandoned it because they felt the gameplay lacked enjoyment and visual appeal.
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pressure frustrated him to the point he considered resigning. Around that time, a new programmer named Sam Dicker was hired. He assisted in programming the game and added visual and audio effects. For example, Dicker implemented a particle effect
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integrated it into the gameplay in a more essential manner. Stearny described it as the most important space game in the early 1980s. He commented that its realism and technological advances pushed developers to create more popular games, citing
416:: the player's ship reappears in a random—possibly unsafe—location. Players are allotted three ships at the start of the game; another ship and smart bomb are awarded every 10,000 points (adjustable per machine). Two players can alternate turns.
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clone. The popularity of coin-operated arcade games in 1979 spurred the company to shift its focus from pinball games to arcade games. The company chose Eugene Jarvis, who had a successful record of
Williams pinball games, to head development.
461:, Sam Dicker, and Paul Dussault assisted Jarvis. At the time, Williams had a small staff and the management was unfamiliar with technology used for its electronic games. As a result, the staff was afforded a large amount of creative freedom.
598:(an automated sequence designed to entice an audience to play) and high score system for the game, and began working on them that night. DeMar coded the attract mode, Dussault and Dicker created the high score table, and Jarvis
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Space was a popular setting for video games at the time, and Jarvis felt the abstract setting would help obscure simple graphics that lacked realism. Initially, Jarvis spent 3–4 months developing color variations of
1127:) have influenced the video game industry. Barton and Loguidice stated that the game helped establish Williams and Jarvis as key figures in the arcade game industry. Sellers echoed similar comments. After the success of
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s challenging gameplay, commenting that it is representative of what other games should be. He described the graphics as "beautiful", citing the varied sprites and flashing explosions. Matt Barton and Bill
Loguidice of
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Players have competed to obtain the highest score at the game and the longest play time on a single credit. Competitive playing for the longest play time was popularized by Mario Suarez from
Atlantic City, who played
494:, he created a similar game with new gameplay mechanics. After spending a few weeks on the design, however, the team abandoned the idea, believing it lacked enjoyment. Development then shifted to emulating Atari's
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Jarvis's contributions to the game's development are often cited among his accolades. Author John Vince considered him one of the originators of "high-action" and "reflex-based" arcade games, citing
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fifth on the magazine's Top Thirty list of Atari programs by popularity. The magazine was more critical, stating that "the game's appeal does not justify its unreasonable cost" of being shipped on
551:, were then added to the game world, but were later removed because the staff felt it lacked enjoyment. Jarvis intended the screen to scroll only from left to right; fellow Williams employee
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in 1981. The game is set on either an unnamed planet or city (depending on platform) where the player must defeat waves of invading aliens while protecting astronauts. Development was led by
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ranked the arcade version as number 13 on their 1996 "Top 100 Games of All Time", saying that its balanced difficulty makes gamers keep coming back for more instead of giving up. In 1996,
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in 1983 wrote that it "remains one of the hardest arcade games ever developed. Initial attempts lasting less than ten seconds are not uncommon for novices". In his 1981 video game guide
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as a breakthrough title for its use of full 2D motion, multiple goals, and complex gameplay that provides players with several methods to play. James Hague of Dadgum Games called
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eventually became
Williams' best-selling arcade game, with over 55,000 units sold worldwide, and it became one of the highest grossing arcade games ever, earning over
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lovers have a few gripes, but I would recommend this one to any VCS owner". The port won the "Best
Science Fiction/Fantasy Videogame" category in the 1983 Arcade Awards.
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provide power to save the game's settings and high scores when the machine is unplugged from an electrical outlet. The cabinet artwork is stenciled on the wooden frame.
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then use the extra lives to leave the game unattended while they rest. Other bugs allow the ship to avoid damage from the enemies, also prolonging the length of play.
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rated the game number ten on their list of "Top 25 Arcade Games", citing it as a technical achievement and a difficult title with addictive gameplay. Also in 2008,
1185:-themed pinball machine in 1982. It has many elements from the original game: sound effects, enemies, waves, and weapons. Williams produced fewer than 400 units.
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action entertainment, and wanted the game to have those elements, but felt the action should have a reasonable objective. Inspired by the 1960s television show
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a landmark title from the 1980s. Stearny said that the game's use of scrolling helped remove design limitations associated with the screen. Cuciz stated that
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Six months after its release, the game was one of the top earners in the United States video game industry. On the 1981 arcade game charts, it topped the
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s use of scrolling introduced the "first true 'gaming environment'". He further said that though the game's mini-map feature had been introduced before,
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listed the game number 5 in their "Top 100 Games of All Time", they described the game as "One of the greatest shoot-‘em-ups of all time." In 1999,
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magazine reviewed the IBM PC conversion, giving it a mixed review. They said the "action is very fast" but "it becomes boring after a short time."
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Co-designer Larry Demar was surprised by the game's popularity. At the time of its release, Stan Jarocki, director of marketing at then-competitor
677:. Jarvis reasoned that players were accustomed to the control schemes of past games and felt altering past designs would prove difficult for them.
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847:(where, due to its graphical limitations, was reformatted to a city setting, rather than the planet setting of the original arcade version) in
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1099:, illustrated that video game enthusiasts were ready for more difficult games, which spurred developers to create more complex game designs.
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Believing their first attempts to be too derivative, the developers held brainstorming sessions. During a session, they agreed that one of
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and one of the most difficult video games. Though not the first game to scroll horizontally, it created the genre of horizontal scrolling
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as examples. Vince listed the game as a classic title that introduced new technology, specifically scrolling. Ellis stated that prior to
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to generate unique explosions for destroyed enemies. The new elements re-invigorated Jarvis, who felt the project began to show promise.
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magazine rated Defender 34th in its Top 100 Video Games. They lauded the game stating: "the ultimate side scrolling arcade shooter."
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the sixth best game from the 1980s. The editors described its design as very "elegant" despite a lack of narrative and characters.
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s gameplay among other games designed by Jarvis. Ellis said that Jarvis established himself as an early "hard-core" designer with
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enemy or its projectiles, or if a hyperspace jump goes wrong (as they randomly do). After exhausting all ships, the game ends.
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Tom Hirschfeld reported "Mastering DEFENDER requires some perserverance, but most players find the effort worthwhile".
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The game's control scheme uses a two-way joystick and five buttons. Jarvis designed the controls to emulate both
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Stearny, Mark (September 1982). "The Evolution of Space Games: How We Got From Space Invaders to Zaxxon".
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The spaceship (upper right) flies above the surface to protect humans. The minimap shows the entire world.
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was Williams Electronics' first attempt at developing a new video game; the company's earlier game was a
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listed it as the number six arcade game in technical, creative, and cultural impact. That same year,
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No. 57. Driscoll commented that "all in all, if you want a good game for your Atari, this qualifies.
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chips for the mode and installed them in a cabinet. The chips were put in backwards, causing an
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817:. Across all home platforms, the game has sold over 5 million cartridges worldwide as of 2000.
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design, the ship moved up and down while flying horizontally. Large asteroids, an element from
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was demonstrated in late 1980 and was released in March 1981. It was distributed in Japan by
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Mastering DEFENDER requires some perserverance, but most players find the effort worthwhile.
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Sellers praised the audio-visuals and the connection between the game's plot and gameplay.
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Williams Electronics purchased Midway in 1988, and later transferred its games to the
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1004:"one of the most difficult-to-master" games, describing its controls as "daunting".
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673:. The button functions to shoot projectiles and accelerate use a similar layout to
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2737:"Join Guinness World Records for Four Days of Classic Game Record-Breaking Mayhem"
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2739:(Press release). Funspot Family Entertainment Center. 2008-05-27. Archived from
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the ninth most difficult game, citing the attack and rescue gameplay. Author
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1 billion. It has sold 70,000 arcade units as of 2020, and grossed over
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654:. The switch allowed them to display more on-screen objects at a lower cost.
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2239:"Authoritative Industry Sources Acclaim: Pac-Man Top Video Game of the Year"
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side-scrolling action than the gameplay itself. Later games influenced by
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simultaneously. The player's left hand manipulates the joystick similar to
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the human before it falls to its death, and dropping it off on the ground.
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Ports were developed for contemporary game systems, most of them by either
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Halcyon Days: Interviews with Classic Computer and Video Games Programmers
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1113:. In 2007, IGN listed Eugene Jarvis as a top game designer whose titles (
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version was "a substantial challenge to the most seasoned space gamers".
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2930:"The History of Robotron: 2084 - Running Away While Defending Humanoids"
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1198:. Jarvis and DeMar assisted with the game. Atari Corporation released
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776:. The Amusement & Music Operators Association (AMOA) later listed
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2292:. Episode 4. Scott West Productions. August 10, 2003. 23 minutes in.
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arcade charts for most months between April and November. The annual
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2337:. Toronto, New York, London, Sydney: Bantam Books. pp. 73–78.
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and fixed bugs. Early the next morning, the team created the final
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Campbell, Stuart (January 2008). "A Whole Different Ball Game".
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Katz, Arnie; Kunkel, Bill (January 1983). "1983 Arcade Awards".
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to meet Williams' four-month deadline. Vid Kidz titled the game
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success spurred Williams to release a cocktail version as well.
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was Jarvis's first video game project and drew inspiration from
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30:"Defender (video game)" redirects here. For the 2002 game, see
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Arcade Fever: The Fan's Guide to The Golden Age of Video Games
1521:. No. 2 (December 1981). 18 November 1981. pp. 30–1.
1325:(1984) for the Atari 8-bit computers; and, for the BBC Micro,
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Game Machine's Survey Of "The Year's Best Three AM Machines"
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2957:"Eugene Jarvis To Receive IGDA Lifetime Achievement Award"
439:, a pinball programmer at the time, headed development of
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1248:. The original game is included in the 1996 compilation
2765:; Steven Holmes (1982-01-18). "Games That Play People".
2489:. Vol. 3, no. 4. December 1984. pp. 62–3.
2416:(Complete Guide to Consoles): 46–77. 16 October 1989.
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Beyond Donkey Kong: A History of Nintendo Arcade Games
1767:"The History of Defender: The Joys of Difficult Games"
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and a third-person viewpoint. It was released for the
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938:'s list of the greatest games of all time. In 2008,
386:for the system and sold over 3 million cartridges.
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642:microprocessor handles the audio. A pack of three
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2364:Driscoll, Ed (November 1982). "Capsule Reviews".
2259:"AMOA Announces Jukebox and Games Awards Winners"
2247:. Cash Box Pub. Co. 26 December 1981. p. 91.
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863:later reviewed the game, giving it a 90% rating.
410:last resort, the "hyperspace" button works as in
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2483:"Conversion Capsules: Hit Games in New Formats"
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1997:
1995:
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1991:
1989:
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798:copies, becoming the second best-selling Atari
374:or its software label for non-Atari platforms,
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1568:(2001). "The Golden Age (Part 1: 1979–1980)".
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2849:. No. 38. SPH Magazines]. pp. 30–1.
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669:and the right hand pushes buttons similar to
3238:. Vol. 6, no. 12. pp. 90–100.
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1986:
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1456:[Defender upright cabinet version].
509:s proposed specifications were problematic.
355:was one of the most important titles of the
2928:Loguidice, Bill; Matt Barton (2009-08-04).
2469:Creative Computing Video & Arcade Games
2046:Guinness World Records 2009 Gamer's Edition
2009:Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games
1824:. Level/area: The Inside Story On Defender.
1765:Barton, Matt; Bill Loguidice (2009-07-14).
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1613:Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2008
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1333:(1984) to avoid litigation. It influenced
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2841:Santos, Wayne; Lip, Khang (October 2006).
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3651:Multiplayer and single-player video games
3326:"Fantasy Zone – 2014 Developer Interview"
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2507:(4). Harris Publications: 28. April 1995.
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1970:"Defender - Videogame by Williams (1980)"
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1022:to extend the length of their play time.
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3671:Video game franchises introduced in 1981
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2843:"Twitch on Live: Xbox Live Arcade Games"
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2267:. Cash Box Pub. Co.: 37 30 October 1982.
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3279:Classic Videogame Hardware Genius Guide
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2556:from the original on December 11, 2021.
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3224:Callamaras, Peter V. (December 1981).
2689:. videogamesblogger.com. 14 April 2009
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809:). However, at least 68,993 copies of
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2435:"The Most Popular Atari Program Ever"
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2271:
2176:
2166:from the original on 31 January 2020.
2034:
2001:
1914:
1828:
1448:
1446:
780:among America's six highest-grossing
3686:Video games set on fictional planets
2869:University of California, Santa Cruz
2616:Retro Gamer Staff (September 2008).
2423:from the original on 5 January 2021.
1962:
1658:
1564:
1386:(1986) for arcades and a variety of
1194:is an update and indirect sequel to
1007:
572:
325:, a pinball programmer at Williams;
3437:
2459:
2397:
1571:The Ultimate History of Video Games
1501:from the original on July 28, 2020.
1147:A 2002 remake features 3D graphics.
791:, described the game as "amazing".
498:, but hardware differences between
24:
3606:BBC Micro and Acorn Electron games
2818:. 4 September 2014. Archived from
2687:"Top 25 Hardest Games of All Time"
2354:
1443:
25:
3712:
3576:Video games about alien invasions
3347:
3323:
2589:"The Greatest Games of All Time:
2465:"Atari 5200 Advanced Game System"
1606:Craig Glenday, ed. (2008-03-11).
1307:(1981) for the TRS 80 Model III;
770:in the United States, just below
735:as Japan's 18th highest-grossing
719:worldwide as of 2000. In Japan,
540:. By changing the orientation of
3275:"BBC Computer: Perfect 10 Games"
3130:. November 1995. pp. 48–76.
2987:"Top 10 Tuesday: Game Designers"
2656:"The Best 50 Games of the 1980s"
2180:The Winners' Book of Video Games
2052:. Guinness. 2009-02-03. p.
1958:. February 1998. pp. 47–48.
1608:"Top 100 Arcade Games: Top 20–6"
1400:
1363:(1987), were influenced more by
1351:in the US. Some games, such as
1169:and developed it as a sequel to
900:
748:arcade chart in August, and the
357:golden age of arcade video games
3631:Horizontally scrolling shooters
3503:Williams Arcade's Greatest Hits
3317:
3299:
3267:
3242:
3217:
3196:
3165:
3134:
3110:
3010:
2948:
2905:Springer Science+Business Media
2834:
2804:
2779:
2729:
2700:
2679:
2560:
2532:
2511:
2493:
2475:
2378:
2288:"The Agony & The Ecstasy".
2251:
2223:"RePlay: The Players' Choice".
2216:
2208:"RePlay: The Players' Choice".
2201:
2170:
2132:
2077:Horowitz, Ken (6 August 2020).
2070:
2042:"Twin Galaxies Record Breakers"
1876:. October 2008. pp. 34–39.
1483:"Coin Machine: Chicago Chatter"
1420:
1264:released a handheld edition of
1251:Williams Arcade's Greatest Hits
870:readers named the port for the
766:as the second highest-grossing
3535:Invasion of the Body Snatchas!
3144:Williams Arcades Greatest Hits
3092:: The Joys of Difficult Games"
3086:Loguidice, Bill (2009-07-13).
2901:Handbook of Computer Animation
2708:"Defender High Score Rankings"
2306:Bang, Derrick (May–Jun 1983).
2159:15 February 1982. p. 30.
1505:
1475:
1341:for the VIC-20 home computer.
1177:were released under the title
1155:prompted Williams to approach
427:
13:
1:
3681:Video games set in the future
3388:for Atari 2600 at Atari Mania
3213:. December 1997. p. 228.
2860:Whitehead, Jim (2007-01-29).
2771:. Vol. 119, no. 3.
2528:. September 1996. p. 66.
2518:"Top 100 Games of All Time".
2335:How to Master the Video Games
2140:""Donkey Kong" No.1 Of '81 —
1948:"Are You a Hardcore Gamer?".
1684:Sellers, John (August 2001).
1494:. March 7, 1981. p. 40.
1436:
1212:, who had previously updated
833:How to Master the Video Games
794:The Atari VCS port sold over
528:s favorable elements was its
405:is a side-view, horizontally
2955:Maragos, Nich (2005-02-17).
2633:. p. 68. Archived from
2577:. February 1999. p. 77.
2567:"Top 50 Games of All Time".
1887:"Interview: Eugene Jarvis".
680:
619:The game features amplified
7:
3118:"Special: 75 Power Players"
2761:Skow, John; Peter Ainslie;
2540:"Top 100 Games of All Time"
1462:Agency for Cultural Affairs
1393:
1313:(1982) for the Atari 2600;
1280:Influenced games and clones
1272:screen, which doubles as a
1026:was the focus of the first
697:aboard a naval ship in 1982
614:
389:
317:in 1980 and released as an
10:
3717:
3696:Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
3661:Assembly language software
3601:Atari 8-bit computer games
2279:Cartridge Sales Since 1980
1866:"The Making of Defender".
820:
29:
3512:
3487:
3446:
3206:Electronic Gaming Monthly
3172:Tracy, Tim (2004-01-16).
2816:robotron2084guidebook.com
2654:Edge Staff (2008-03-23).
1974:Killer List of Videogames
1915:Cuciz, David (May 2001).
1724:James Hague, ed. (1997).
1380:(1989) for the Amiga and
1303:(1983) for the Apple II;
1254:and the 2003 compilation
839:Ed Driscoll reviewed the
737:arcade video game of 1981
565:, Jarvis titled the game
288:
276:
238:
170:
145:
122:
71:
59:
50:
45:
2985:IGN Staff (2007-07-24).
2441:. March 1983. p. 44
2413:Computer and Video Games
2333:Hirschfeld, Tom (1981).
1917:"Hall of Fame: Defender"
1518:Computer and Video Games
1414:
1037:is considered the first
982:GameDaily in 2009 rated
887:Video & Arcade Games
860:Computer and Video Games
3260:80 Micro's Review Guide
3203:"Gotta Hand it to Ya".
3176:Midway Arcade Treasures
2085:McFarland & Company
1891:(1): 7. September 1982.
1813:Midway Arcade Treasures
1284:Home games that copied
1257:Midway Arcade Treasures
1181:. Williams released a
800:home video game of 1982
636:central processing unit
382:version was one of the
3571:Adventure Vision games
2787:"Scores of Rick Smith"
2405:"Complete Games Guide"
2308:"Beating the Classics"
2112:"A Eugene celebration"
2050:Guinness World Records
1618:Guinness World Records
1354:The Tail of Beta Lyrae
1329:(1982) was renamed to
1228:, published simply as
1208:. It was developed by
1148:
1093:s success, along with
964:'s David Cuciz lauded
940:Guinness World Records
889:said in 1983 that the
702:Commercial performance
698:
444:
399:
2999:on September 28, 2011
2862:"Game Genres: Shmups"
2618:"Top 25 Arcade Games"
2549:(44): 78. July 1996.
2501:"Top 100 Video Games"
2312:Computer Gaming World
2177:Kubey, Craig (1982).
2157:Amusement Press, Inc.
2117:Eugene Register-Guard
2002:Ellis, David (2004).
1146:
872:Atari 8-bit computers
762:arcade charts listed
688:
435:
397:
18:Defender (video game)
3691:Williams video games
3249:Knight, Tim (1983).
2899:Vince, John (2002).
2640:on February 1, 2014.
2120:. September 10, 2000
1620:. Guinness. p.
1578:. pp. 144–147.
1347:(1988) was retitled
789:Midway Manufacturing
782:arcade games of 1982
490:. First inspired by
315:Williams Electronics
93:Williams Electronics
66:Williams Electronics
3636:Intellivision games
2791:Twin Galaxies Forum
2605:on October 8, 2007.
2372:Steve Jackson Games
1458:Media Arts Database
1454:"ディフェンダー アップライト筺体版"
1349:Revenge of Defender
1139:Remakes and sequels
768:arcade game of 1981
465:Initial development
361:video game industry
3641:Midway video games
3616:Commodore 64 games
3611:ColecoVision games
3586:Arcade video games
3311:Llamasoft Baachive
3283:Imagine Publishing
3062:Imagine Publishing
2631:Imagine Publishing
1874:Imagine Publishing
1692:. pp. 50–53.
1576:Three Rivers Press
1408:Video games portal
1149:
934:was inducted into
885:Creative Computing
699:
445:
400:
384:best-selling games
309:is a horizontally
3701:ZX Spectrum games
3551:
3550:
3292:978-1-908222-22-0
2194:978-0-446-37115-5
2094:978-1-4766-8420-8
2063:978-1-904994-45-9
2004:"Arcade Classics"
1631:978-1-904994-21-3
1291:s design include
1268:with a grayscale
1262:Tiger Electronics
1008:Impact and legacy
804:Atari version of
652:assembly language
573:Later development
407:scrolling shooter
319:arcade video game
311:scrolling shooter
302:
301:
283:Scrolling shooter
35:(2002 video game)
16:(Redirected from
3708:
3596:Atari 5200 games
3591:Atari 2600 games
3566:1981 video games
3432:
3425:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3285:. 8. Planetoid.
3271:
3265:
3264:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3209:. No. 101.
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3088:"The History of
3083:
3066:
3065:
3051:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2995:. Archived from
2982:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2907:. pp. 1–2.
2896:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2877:
2871:. Archived from
2866:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2847:GameAxis Unwired
2838:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2822:on 13 April 2018
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2714:. Archived from
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2664:. Archived from
2651:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2622:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2601:. Archived from
2585:
2579:
2578:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2544:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2409:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2387:Electronic Games
2382:
2376:
2375:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2285:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2227:. November 1981.
2220:
2214:
2213:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2155:. No. 182.
2148:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2038:
2032:
2031:
1999:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1923:. Archived from
1912:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1863:
1826:
1825:
1804:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1762:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1721:
1704:
1703:
1681:
1656:
1655:
1647:
1636:
1635:
1603:
1590:
1589:
1562:
1523:
1522:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1487:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1450:
1431:
1424:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1369:
1290:
1204:in 1995 for the
1108:
1092:
1064:
1000:magazine called
970:
815:returned in 1983
802:(just below the
797:
718:
608:electrical short
546:
536:rotated 90
527:
508:
268:
259:
250:
181:Adventure Vision
101:
92:
55:
43:
42:
21:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3656:SAM Coupé games
3556:
3555:
3552:
3547:
3508:
3483:
3442:
3436:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3322:
3318:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3247:
3243:
3222:
3218:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3188:
3186:
3170:
3166:
3157:
3155:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3126:. No. 11.
3123:Next Generation
3116:
3115:
3111:
3102:
3100:
3084:
3069:
3060:. No. 45.
3052:
3045:
3036:
3034:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3002:
3000:
2983:
2976:
2967:
2965:
2953:
2949:
2940:
2938:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2897:
2890:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2823:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2775:pp. 50–58.
2759:
2755:
2746:
2744:
2743:on June 4, 2011
2735:
2734:
2730:
2721:
2719:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2692:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2671:
2669:
2652:
2645:
2637:
2629:. No. 54.
2620:
2614:
2610:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2573:. No. 50.
2570:Next Generation
2566:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2524:. No. 21.
2521:Next Generation
2517:
2516:
2512:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2463:(Spring 1983).
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2383:
2379:
2367:The Space Gamer
2362:
2355:
2345:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2304:
2297:
2290:Once Upon Atari
2287:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2087:. p. 200.
2075:
2071:
2064:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2000:
1987:
1978:
1976:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1954:. No. 38.
1951:Next Generation
1947:
1946:
1939:
1930:
1928:
1913:
1896:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1872:. No. 55.
1865:
1864:
1829:
1808:Digital Eclipse
1805:
1784:
1775:
1773:
1763:
1746:
1737:
1735:
1726:"Eugene Jarvis"
1722:
1707:
1700:
1682:
1659:
1648:
1639:
1632:
1604:
1593:
1586:
1563:
1526:
1513:"Arcade Action"
1511:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1460:(in Japanese).
1452:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1367:
1310:Chopper Command
1288:
1282:
1151:The success of
1141:
1106:
1090:
1062:
1010:
968:
922:Next Generation
912:Next Generation
903:
850:The Space Gamer
823:
795:
716:
704:
683:
617:
575:
544:
525:
515:vector graphics
506:
467:
430:
392:
272:
263:
254:
245:
166:
141:
115:
111:
107:
96:
83:
41:
40:1981 video game
38:
28:
27:1981 video game
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3714:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3666:TI-99/4A games
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3581:Apple II games
3578:
3573:
3568:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3499:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3435:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3397:
3396:at Atari Mania
3389:
3381:
3370:
3359:
3349:
3348:External links
3346:
3343:
3342:
3316:
3307:"Andes Attack"
3298:
3291:
3266:
3241:
3216:
3195:
3164:
3133:
3109:
3097:Game Developer
3067:
3043:
3009:
2974:
2947:
2920:
2913:
2888:
2852:
2833:
2803:
2778:
2753:
2728:
2699:
2678:
2643:
2608:
2580:
2559:
2531:
2510:
2492:
2487:Computer Games
2474:
2452:
2426:
2396:
2377:
2353:
2347:. p. 78:
2343:
2325:
2295:
2270:
2250:
2230:
2215:
2200:
2193:
2187:. p. 34.
2169:
2131:
2100:
2093:
2069:
2062:
2033:
2026:
1985:
1961:
1937:
1894:
1879:
1827:
1810:(2003-11-18).
1782:
1744:
1734:. Dadgum Games
1705:
1698:
1657:
1637:
1630:
1591:
1584:
1524:
1504:
1474:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1395:
1392:
1281:
1278:
1188:Midway's 1991
1140:
1137:
1119:Robotron: 2084
1096:Robotron: 2084
1039:side-scrolling
1009:
1006:
988:Steven L. Kent
902:
899:
895:Computer Games
876:ROM cartridges
822:
819:
703:
700:
682:
679:
667:Space Invaders
659:Space Invaders
625:pixel graphics
616:
613:
574:
571:
542:Space Invaders
534:Space Invaders
492:Space Invaders
477:Space Invaders
466:
463:
429:
426:
391:
388:
332:Space Invaders
300:
299:
290:
286:
285:
280:
274:
273:
271:
270:
261:
252:
242:
240:
236:
235:
174:
168:
167:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
151:
149:
143:
142:
140:
139:
134:
128:
126:
120:
119:
106:
105:
94:
80:
75:
69:
68:
63:
57:
56:
48:
47:
39:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3713:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3554:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3470:Defender 2000
3467:
3465:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3410:
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3358:at Coinop.org
3357:
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3327:
3324:Ishii, Yoji.
3320:
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3308:
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3294:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3263:. p. 83.
3262:
3261:
3256:
3254:
3253:Alien Defense
3245:
3237:
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3220:
3212:
3208:
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3199:
3185:
3184:
3179:
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3168:
3154:. 2018-12-12
3153:
3152:
3147:
3145:
3137:
3129:
3128:Imagine Media
3125:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3099:
3098:
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3082:
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3078:
3076:
3074:
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3064:. p. 49.
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2914:1-85233-564-5
2910:
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2895:
2893:
2878:on 2011-06-29
2874:
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2792:
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2757:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2718:on 2008-02-16
2717:
2713:
2712:Twin Galaxies
2709:
2703:
2688:
2682:
2668:on 2013-01-15
2667:
2663:
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2575:Imagine Media
2572:
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2541:
2535:
2527:
2526:Imagine Media
2523:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2471:. p. 46.
2470:
2466:
2462:
2461:Ahl, David H.
2456:
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2212:. April 1981.
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2027:0-375-72038-3
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1957:
1956:Imagine Media
1953:
1952:
1944:
1942:
1927:on 2005-01-12
1926:
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1911:
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1818:PlayStation 2
1815:
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1699:0-7624-0937-1
1695:
1691:
1690:Running Press
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1585:0-7615-3643-4
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1455:
1449:
1447:
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1429:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1398:
1391:
1389:
1388:home consoles
1385:
1384:
1379:
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1373:
1366:
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1345:
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1332:
1328:
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1317:
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1306:
1305:Alien Defense
1302:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1246:PlayStation 2
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1201:Defender 2000
1197:
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1192:
1186:
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1176:
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1158:
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1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1028:Twin Galaxies
1025:
1021:
1020:software bugs
1016:
1005:
1003:
999:
994:
989:
985:
980:
977:
976:
967:
963:
959:
957:
953:
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947:
946:
941:
937:
933:
928:
924:
923:
918:
914:
913:
908:
901:Retrospective
898:
896:
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888:
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877:
873:
869:
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852:
851:
846:
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761:
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747:
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740:
738:
734:
733:
728:
727:
722:
717:$ 1.5 billion
714:
710:
696:
692:
687:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
653:
647:
645:
641:
640:Motorola 6800
637:
634:
633:Motorola 6809
630:
626:
622:
612:
609:
605:
601:
597:
591:
589:
583:
581:
570:
568:
564:
563:
562:The Defenders
556:
554:
553:Steve Ritchie
550:
543:
539:
535:
531:
524:
519:
516:
512:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:
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479:
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473:
462:
460:
455:
454:
449:
442:
438:
437:Eugene Jarvis
434:
425:
421:
417:
415:
414:
408:
404:
396:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
365:shoot 'em ups
362:
358:
354:
350:
348:
344:
340:
339:
334:
333:
328:
324:
323:Eugene Jarvis
320:
316:
313:developed by
312:
308:
307:
298:
294:
293:Single-player
291:
287:
284:
281:
279:
275:
266:
262:
260:February 1981
257:
253:
248:
244:
243:
241:
237:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:Intellivision
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
173:
169:
163:Paul Dussault
162:
159:
156:
154:Eugene Jarvis
153:
152:
150:
148:
147:Programmer(s)
144:
138:
135:
133:
132:Eugene Jarvis
130:
129:
127:
125:
121:
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110:
104:
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82:
81:
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74:
70:
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58:
54:
49:
44:
36:
34:
19:
3646:Mobile games
3621:VIC-20 games
3553:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3501:
3496:Strike Force
3494:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3453:
3447:Main entries
3438:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3373:
3362:
3354:
3333:. Retrieved
3330:shmuplations
3329:
3319:
3310:
3301:
3278:
3269:
3258:
3252:
3244:
3233:
3227:
3219:
3204:
3198:
3187:. Retrieved
3181:
3175:
3167:
3156:. Retrieved
3149:
3143:
3136:
3121:
3112:
3101:. Retrieved
3095:
3089:
3055:
3035:. Retrieved
3029:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3001:. Retrieved
2997:the original
2990:
2966:. Retrieved
2960:
2950:
2939:. Retrieved
2933:
2923:
2900:
2880:. Retrieved
2873:the original
2855:
2846:
2836:
2824:. Retrieved
2820:the original
2815:
2806:
2794:. Retrieved
2790:
2781:
2766:
2763:Jeff Melvoin
2756:
2745:. Retrieved
2741:the original
2731:
2720:. Retrieved
2716:the original
2702:
2691:. Retrieved
2681:
2670:. Retrieved
2666:the original
2659:
2635:the original
2624:
2611:
2603:the original
2596:
2590:
2583:
2568:
2562:
2546:
2534:
2519:
2513:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2477:
2468:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2438:
2429:
2411:
2399:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2365:
2348:
2334:
2328:
2316:. Retrieved
2314:. p. 43
2311:
2289:
2278:
2273:
2262:
2253:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2218:
2209:
2203:
2185:Warner Books
2183:. New York:
2179:
2172:
2152:Game Machine
2150:
2141:
2134:
2122:. Retrieved
2115:
2079:
2072:
2045:
2036:
2014:Random House
2008:
1977:. Retrieved
1964:
1949:
1929:. Retrieved
1925:the original
1888:
1882:
1867:
1822:Midway Games
1811:
1774:. Retrieved
1770:
1736:. Retrieved
1730:
1685:
1651:
1612:
1569:
1566:Kent, Steven
1516:
1507:
1489:
1477:
1465:. Retrieved
1457:
1428:Midway Games
1422:
1383:Fantasy Zone
1381:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1339:Andes Attack
1338:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1316:Protector II
1314:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1265:
1260:. In 1997,
1255:
1249:
1229:
1221:Tempest 2000
1219:
1213:
1206:Atari Jaguar
1199:
1195:
1191:Strike Force
1189:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1150:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1044:, predating
1042:shoot 'em up
1034:
1033:
1023:
1014:
1011:
1001:
997:
992:
983:
981:
973:
965:
960:
955:
949:
943:
931:
926:
920:
910:
904:
894:
883:
880:David H. Ahl
867:
865:
858:
854:
848:
844:
838:
831:
825:
824:
810:
805:
793:
786:
777:
771:
763:
759:
753:
749:
743:
741:
730:
724:
720:
708:
705:
694:
689:An American
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
656:
648:
644:AA batteries
618:
596:attract mode
592:
587:
584:
576:
566:
560:
557:
548:
541:
533:
522:
520:
510:
503:
499:
495:
491:
485:
475:
468:
451:
447:
446:
440:
422:
418:
411:
402:
401:
369:
352:
351:
342:
336:
330:
326:
305:
304:
303:
209:Commodore 64
205:ColecoVision
108:
77:
73:Publisher(s)
61:Developer(s)
32:
3404:at Lemon 64
3057:Retro Gamer
3024:Defender II
2812:"RickSmith"
2626:Retro Gamer
2547:GamesMaster
2283:Atari Corp.
2016:. pp.
1869:Retro Gamer
1430:subsidiary.
1357:(1983) and
1335:Jeff Minter
1319:(1983) and
1297:(1981) and
1234:3D graphics
1226:2002 remake
1210:Jeff Minter
1179:Defender II
945:Retro Gamer
917:GamesMaster
843:version of
629:CRT monitor
482:Atari, Inc.
459:Larry DeMar
428:Development
378:. The 1982
372:Atari, Inc.
297:multiplayer
233:ZX Spectrum
189:Atari 8-bit
172:Platform(s)
157:Larry DeMar
137:Larry DeMar
124:Designer(s)
113:Atari, Inc.
3626:CP/M games
3560:Categories
3211:Ziff Davis
3189:2024-08-24
3158:2024-08-24
3103:2024-08-24
3037:2024-08-24
3003:2009-03-16
2968:2009-05-12
2941:2009-10-15
2882:2009-12-06
2747:2009-10-28
2722:2009-10-26
2693:2014-03-09
2672:2009-12-06
2344:0553201646
1979:2009-12-06
1931:2009-12-06
1776:2009-12-06
1738:2009-12-06
1654:(1): 8–29.
1437:References
1276:ornament.
891:Atari 5200
841:Atari 2600
745:Play Meter
623:sound and
600:playtested
530:wraparound
380:Atari 2600
251:March 1981
197:Atari 5200
193:Atari 2600
160:Sam Dicker
3368:MobyGames
2962:Gamasutra
2935:Gamasutra
2773:Time Inc.
2393:(11): 22.
1771:Gamasutra
1377:Datastorm
1331:Planetoid
993:Defender'
975:Gamasutra
905:In 1995,
796:3 million
681:Reception
675:Asteroids
671:Asteroids
663:Asteroids
588:Asteroids
580:algorithm
549:Asteroids
523:Asteroids
513:displays
511:Asteroids
500:Asteroids
496:Asteroids
487:Asteroids
413:Asteroids
376:Atarisoft
338:Asteroids
221:SAM Coupé
201:BBC Micro
117:Atarisoft
3521:Dropzone
3477:Defender
3463:Stargate
3455:Defender
3439:Defender
3401:Defender
3393:Defender
3385:Defender
3374:Defender
3363:Defender
3355:Defender
3335:15 March
3251:"Games:
3183:GameSpot
3090:Defender
3020:Stargate
2826:12 April
2796:12 April
2598:GameSpot
2591:Defender
2551:Archived
2439:Softline
2418:Archived
2264:Cash Box
2244:Cash Box
2161:Archived
1496:Archived
1394:See also
1374:include
1372:Defender
1365:Defender
1327:Defender
1322:Dropzone
1286:Defender
1274:keychain
1266:Defender
1242:GameCube
1230:Defender
1196:Defender
1183:Defender
1175:Stargate
1171:Defender
1166:Stargate
1161:Defender
1157:Vid Kidz
1153:Defender
1133:Vid Kidz
1129:Defender
1124:Smash TV
1115:Defender
1111:Defender
1104:Defender
1088:Defender
1084:Defender
1067:Defender
1060:Defender
1056:Defender
1052:Defender
1047:Scramble
1035:Defender
1024:Defender
1015:Defender
1002:Defender
984:Defender
966:Defender
956:Defender
936:GameSpot
932:Defender
927:Defender
868:Softline
866:In 1983
855:Defender
845:Defender
827:Softline
811:Defender
778:Defender
764:Defender
755:Cash Box
732:Galaxian
721:Defender
709:Defender
695:Defender
693:playing
621:monaural
615:Hardware
567:Defender
504:Defender
448:Defender
441:Defender
403:Defender
390:Gameplay
353:Defender
343:Defender
327:Defender
306:Defender
278:Genre(s)
225:TI-99/4A
185:Apple II
46:Defender
33:Defender
3488:Related
3178:Review"
2445:28 July
2318:28 July
2124:17 July
2018:337–340
1921:GameSpy
1889:JoyStik
1652:JoyStik
1491:Cashbox
1344:StarRay
1232:, uses
1215:Tempest
1079:Phoenix
962:GameSpy
954:ranked
925:listed
821:Reviews
806:Pac-Man
773:Pac-Man
538:degrees
289:Mode(s)
239:Release
3542:Repton
3528:Gorgon
3513:Clones
3480:(2002)
3458:(1981)
3441:series
3289:
3228:Gorgon
3026:]"
2911:
2370:(57).
2341:
2225:RePlay
2210:RePlay
2191:
2091:
2060:
2024:
1696:
1628:
1582:
1467:31 May
1368:'s
1360:R-Type
1300:Repton
1294:Gorgon
1244:, and
760:RePlay
750:RePlay
691:Marine
229:VIC-20
217:IBM PC
177:Arcade
78:Arcade
3022:[
2876:(PDF)
2865:(PDF)
2638:(PDF)
2621:(PDF)
2554:(PDF)
2543:(PDF)
2421:(PDF)
2408:(PDF)
2374:: 32.
2164:(PDF)
2147:(PDF)
1499:(PDF)
1486:(PDF)
1415:Notes
1289:'
1224:. A
1107:'
1091:'
1063:'
969:'
813:were
726:Turbo
627:on a
604:EPROM
545:'
526:'
507:'
472:Taito
347:Taito
109:Ports
103:Taito
3379:IMDb
3337:2023
3287:ISBN
3235:Byte
2909:ISBN
2828:2018
2798:2018
2768:Time
2661:Edge
2505:Flux
2447:2014
2339:ISBN
2320:2014
2286:Via
2189:ISBN
2126:2024
2089:ISBN
2058:ISBN
2022:ISBN
1694:ISBN
1626:ISBN
1580:ISBN
1469:2021
1238:Xbox
1121:and
1076:and
1073:Gorf
998:Edge
951:Edge
907:Flux
758:and
729:and
713:US$
661:and
631:. A
502:and
480:and
453:Pong
335:and
269:1981
3377:at
3366:at
3151:IGN
3031:IGN
2992:IGN
2054:198
1820:).
1622:234
1337:'s
1270:LCD
1218:as
882:of
484:'s
474:'s
3562::
3328:.
3309:.
3281:.
3277:.
3257:.
3232:.
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