BBC Micro - Knowledge

657:(C) 1981 Acorn Computers Ltd.Thanks are due to the following contributors to the development of the BBC Computer (among others too numerous to mention):- David Allen,Bob Austin,Ram Banerjee,Paul Bond,Allen Boothroyd,Cambridge,Cleartone,John Coll,John Cox,Andy Cripps,Chris Curry,6502 designers,Jeremy Dion,Tim Dobson,Joe Dunn,Paul Farrell,Ferranti,Steve Furber,Jon Gibbons,Andrew Gordon,Lawrence Hardwick,Dylan Harris,Hermann Hauser,Hitachi,Andy Hopper,ICL,Martin Jackson,Brian Jones,Chris Jordan,David King,David Kitson,Paul Kriwaczek,Computer Laboratory,Peter Miller,Arthur Norman,Glyn Phillips,Mike Prees,John Radcliffe,Wilberforce Road,Peter Robinson,Richard Russell,Kim Spence-Jones,Graham Tebby,Jon Thackray,Chris Turner,Adrian Warner,Roger Wilson,Alan Wright. 785:, started their own computer literacy programmes around 1984. Intending to avoid "re-inventing the wheel", such efforts adopted the BBC Micro in order to take immediate advantage of the extensive range of software already developed under the United Kingdom's own literacy initiative, proposing that software tailored for local requirements would ultimately also be developed. A clone of the BBC Micro was produced by Semiconductor Complex Limited and named the SCL Unicorn. Another Indian computer manufacturer, Hope Computers Pvt Ltd, made a BBC Micro clone called the Dolphin. Unlike the original BBC Micro, the Dolphin featured blue function keys. 1776: 1211: 1931: 678: 1589: 1990: 520: 38: 3036: 2547:. These varied between 20 and 40-column text suitable for a domestic TV and 80-column text best viewed with a high-quality RGB-connected monitor; the latter mode was often too blurred to view when using a domestic TV via the UHF output. The variety of modes offered applications a flexible compromise between colour depth, resolution and memory economy. In the first models, the OS and applications were left with the RAM left over from the display mode. 1753:. These products provided either one or two 16 KB ROM chips for fitting inside the machine, although the Open University's Open Logo provided a second processor implementation that was loaded from disc. Acornsoft's Logo was itself written in the BCPL language whereas other implementations had been assembled to machine code. Compatibility with Logo dialects and standards varied, with Logotron Logo claiming a level of adherence to the broader 3022: 847: 737:. In one deployment in Lowell, Massachusetts valued at $ 177,000, 138 BBC Micros were installed in eight of the 27 schools in the city, with the computer's networking capabilities, educational credentials, and the availability of software with "high education quality" accompanied by "useful lesson plans and workbooks" all given as reasons for selecting Acorn's machine in preference to the competition from IBM, 730:, by offering the BBC Micro in an upgraded form of the Model B with an expanded ROM, speech synthesis hardware, and built-in Econet interface for a price of $ 995, complementing this with the provision of software and materials designed to support teaching and to encourage adoption by teachers "fearful" of computers or skeptical of the role of computers in the curriculum. 29: 1361:, which offers memory sizes from 128 KB and many other refinements which improved upon the 1981 original. It has essentially the same 6502-based BBC architecture, with many of the upgrades that the original design intentionally makes possible (extra ROM software, extra paged RAM, second processors) now included on the circuit board as internal plug-in modules. 600:

training and education providers. Accusations were even levelled at the Department of Industry for making the BBC "an arm of Government industrial policy" and using the Computer Literacy Project as a way of "funding industry through the back door", obscuring public financial support on behalf of a government that was ostensibly opposed to subsidising industry.

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would be released on cartridges, but due to the limited sales of the speech upgrade combined with economic and other viability concerns, little or no software was ever produced for these sockets. The cut-out space next to the keyboard (nicknamed the "ashtray") was more commonly used to install other upgrades, such as a ZIF socket for conventional paged ROMs.

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Prism Microproducts, the company had already been pursuing a joint venture with Transam on a product rumoured to be under consideration by the broadcasting group. This product, a business system subsequently known as the Wren, had reportedly been positioned as such an "ITV Micro" towards the end of 1983, also to be offered in a home variant with

2492:(the latter was either branded "BBC Microcomputer System – 32016 Second Processor" or "Acorn Computer – Cambridge Co-Processor"), other vendors added 6809, 6800, 68000 and 68008. A 10 MHz 80186 co-processor from a BBC Master can be connected through a co-processor adapter to a BBC Micro, thus enjoying a limited degree of PC compatibility. 1370: 1289:

criticising the elevated price of £500 (compared to the £400 of the original Model B) in the face of significantly cheaper competition providing as much or even twice as much memory. The extra RAM in the Model B+ is assigned as two blocks, a block of 20 KB dedicated solely for screen display (so-called

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At a consumer electronics show in London last week, a company official said Acorn intends to rectify the situation by becoming the best-selling educational computer in America. Most important to teachers, the Acorn is already set up for local area networking, allowing all computers in a classroom to

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The BBC Micro had a lasting technological impact on the education market by introducing an informal educational standard around the hardware and software technologies employed by the range, particularly the use of BBC BASIC, and by establishing a considerable investment by schools in software for the

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when pressed with CTRL or SHIFT, and could be programmed with keyboard macros. The arrow keys and BREAK could also serve as function keys. Links on the keyboard PCB allowed users to select the behaviour of Shift+Break, and Display Mode on Power-up/Break. At least two slightly different keyboards were

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This proposal was voted down by the ITV companies, citing a possible contravention of the companies' obligations under broadcasting regulations prohibiting sponsorship, along with concerns about a conflict of interest with advertisers of computer products. Despite denials of involvement with ITV from

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The introduction of a specific microcomputer to a more general computer literacy initiative was a topic of controversy, however, with criticism aimed at the BBC for promoting a specific commercial product and for going beyond the "traditional BBC pattern" of promoting existing information networks of

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and eight flashing colours made by alternating the basic colour with its inverse. The palette could be freely reprogrammed without touching display memory. Modes 3 and 6 were special text-only modes that used less RAM by reducing the number of text rows and inserting blank scan lines below each row.

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series, the lower-specified two models (512 KB and 1 MB) continuing the BBC Microcomputer brand with the distinctive red function keys. Although the Archimedes ultimately was not a major success, the ARM family of processors has become the dominant processor architecture in mobile embedded

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The machine was released as the BBC Microcomputer on 1 December 1981, although production problems pushed delivery of the majority of the initial run into 1982. Nicknamed "the Beeb", it was popular in the UK, especially in the educational market; about 80% of British schools had a BBC microcomputer.

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operating system, not the Proton's 6502 CPU and proprietary operating system, the Proton was the only machine to match the BBC's specification; it also exceeded the specification in nearly every parameter. Based on the Proton prototype, the BBC signed a contract with Acorn as early as February 1981;

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during 1985, the ARM1. Furber composed a reference model of the processor on the BBC Micro with 808 lines of BASIC, and Arm Ltd. retains copies of the code for intellectual property purposes. The first prototype ARM platforms, the ARM Evaluation System and the A500 workstation, functioned as second

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Acornsoft C did not run on the original BBC Micro models, requiring the extra resources provided by the B+ and Master series machines. Beebug C did, however, run on the standard Model B and later machines. Both of these implementations provided compilers producing interpreted "p-code" as opposed to

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sockets, with OS support for sixteen sockets via expansion hardware. The five (total) sockets are located partly obscured under the keyboard, with the leftmost socket hard-wired for the OS. The intended purpose for the perforated panel on the left of the keyboard was for a Serial ROM or Speech ROM.

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price of nearly £400 was roughly £1200 (€1393) in 2011 prices – thirty years after its launch – or around £1900 today. Acorn anticipated total sales to be around 12,000 units, but eventually more than 1.5 million BBC Micros were sold. The cost of the BBC Models was high compared to competitors such

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interface was incorporated into the design, enabling a Z80 second processor to be added. A new contract between Acorn and BBC Enterprises was agreed in 1984 for another four-year term, with other manufacturers having tendered for the deal. An Acorn representative admitted that the BBC Model B would

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The speech upgrade also added two empty sockets next to the keyboard, intended for 16 KB serial ROM cartridges containing either extra speech phoneme data beyond that held in the speech paged ROM or general software accessed through the ROM Filing System. The original plan was that some games

2840:. This speech system was standard on the US model where it had an American vocabulary. The Computer Concepts Speech ROM also made use of the TMS5220 speech processor but not the speech ROMs, instead driving the speech processor directly. The speech upgrade sold poorly and was largely superseded by 1967:

observatory was reported using a BBC Micro to steer its 42 ft radio telescope in 2004. Furber said that although "the margins on the Beeb were very, very small", when he asked BBC owners at a retrocomputing meeting what components had failed after 30 years, they said "you have to replace the

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In mid-1985, Acorn introduced the Model B+ which increased the total RAM to 64 KB. This had a modest market impact and received a rather unsympathetic reception, with one reviewer's assessment being that the machine was "18 months too late" and that it "must be seen as a stop gap", and others

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Mexican distributor), aiming to assemble 2000 units per month by May 1985, with the initial assembly intended to lead to the manufacture of all aspects of the machines apart from Acorn's proprietary ULA components. Such machines were intended for the Mexican and South American markets, potentially

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are used by other computers to reach the system elements, programs in either machine code or BBC BASIC instead pass parameters to an operating system routine. In this way, the 6502 can translate the request for the local machine or send it across the Tube interface, as direct access is impossible

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There are five developments of the main BBC Micro circuit board that addressed various issues through the model's production, from 'Issue 1' through to 'Issue 7' with variants 5 and 6 not being released. The 1985 'BBC Microcomputer Service Manual' from Acorn documents the details of the technical

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to introduce their own initiative and rival computing system, with a CP/M-based system proposed by Transam Computers under consideration for such an initiative by the Independent Television Companies Association at a late 1983 meeting. The proposed machine would have been priced at £399, matching

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Production agreements were made with both SCL in India and distributor Harry Mazal in Mexico for the assembly of BBC Micro units from kits of parts, leading to full-scale manufacturing, with SCL also planning to fabricate the 6502 CPU under licence from Rockwell. According to reporting from early

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Early issue BBCs (Issue 3 circuit boards and before) are notorious for out of specification timings. If problems occur with this sort of machine, the problem can generally be cured by the use of either a Rockwell 6502A CPU chip, or by replacing IC14 (a 74LS245) with either another 74LS245 or the

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The initial strategy for the BBC's computer literacy endeavour involved the marketing of the "Acorn Proton-based BBC microcomputer for less than £200". The Model A and the Model B were initially priced at £235 and £335 respectively, but increased almost immediately to £299 and £399 due to higher

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For a BBC Micro without a second processor, Acornsoft's ISO Pascal primarily saw competition from Oxford Pascal. A Forth-based Pascal implementation from HCCS known as Pascal T was regarded as being "intended primarily for learning Pascal, rather than using it seriously", putting it in the same

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Acorn Computers Ltd., which dominates the educational computer market in Britain, introduced its BBC microcomputer in the United States yesterday and said it had already received $ 21 million in orders from American schools. the Acorn Computer Corporation, the British company's United States

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VIA (which many games use for timers) and snip a link, a task that can be achieved without soldering. To do a full upgrade with all the external ports requires soldering the connectors to the motherboard. The original machines shipped with "OS 0.1", with later updates advertised in magazines,

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also appealing to those south-western states of the US having large Spanish-speaking populations. Ultimately, upon Acorn's withdrawal from the US in 1986, Datum would continue manufacturing at a level of 7000 to 8000 Spanish-language machines per year for the North and South American markets.

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In October 1984, while preparing a major expansion of its US dealer network, Acorn claimed sales of 85 per cent of the computers in British schools, and delivery of 40,000 machines per month. That December, Acorn stated its intention to become the market leader in US educational computing.

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Furber said in 2015 that he was amazed that the BBC Micro "established this reputation for being reliable, because lots of it was finger-in-the-air engineering". As of 2018, thanks to its ready expandability and I/O functions, there are still numbers of BBC Micros in use, and a

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The BBC B+ and the later Master provided 'shadow modes', where the 1–20 KB frame buffer was stored in an alternative RAM bank, freeing the main memory for user programs. This feature was requested by setting bit 7 of the mode variable, i.e. by requesting modes 128–135.

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It turns out is quite important because there are some interesting patent defence cases that depend to some significant extent on this information. I wrote the BBC BASIC reference model, and the complete thing is 808 lines of BBC BASIC, and that's the complete

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CPU running at 64 MHz, with as much as 64 MB of RAM, was released for the BBC Micro and Master, using the Tube interface to upgrade the 8-bit micros to 32-bit RISC machines. Among the software that operated on the Tube are an enhanced version of the

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that of the BBC Model B, and was reported as offering 64 KB of RAM, a disc interface, and serial and parallel interfaces, itself being a "low-cost development" of an existing machine, the Transam Tuscan, which included dual floppy drives and cost £1,700.

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Acorn had made a point of not just supporting BBC Basic but also supporting a number of contemporary languages, some of which were supplied as ROM chips to fit the spare sideways ROM sockets on the motherboard. Other languages were supplied on tape or disk.

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industry standard, and the level of provided functionality differed between the BBC Micro implementations, with Acornsoft Logo providing the most comprehensive set of primitives in many areas. Support for various peripherals and accessories was advertised,

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was needed for the high memory speed. Furber recalled that competitors came to Acorn offering to replace the component with their own, but "none of them worked. And we never knew why. Which of course, means we didn't know why the National Semiconductor one

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While nine models were eventually produced with the BBC brand, the phrase "BBC Micro" is usually used colloquially to refer to the first six (Model A, B, B+64, B+128, Master 128, and Master Compact); subsequent BBC models are considered part of

702:"the most innovative feature" of the computer, and concluded that "although some other British microcomputers offer more features for a given price, none of them surpass the BBC ... in terms of versatility and expansion capability". As with 1569:

networks, and so networked multiplayer games were possible. Few became popular, due to the limited number of machines aggregated in one place. A relatively late but well documented example can be found in a dissertation based on a ringed

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realised the system's educational emphasis and was key to its success; it is the most comprehensive BASIC compared to other contemporary implementations, and runs very efficiently. Advanced programs can be written without resorting to

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or machine code. Should one want or need to program in assembly language, BBC BASIC has a built-in assembler that allows a mix of BASIC and assembly language for the processor on which a particular implementation of BASIC is running.

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supplied as a clip-in integrated circuit, with the last official version being "OS 1.2". Variations in the Acorn OS exist as a result of home-made projects and modified machines can still be bought on Internet auction sites such as

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as the ZX Spectrum and the Commodore 64, and from 1983 on, Acorn attempted to counter this by producing a simplified but largely compatible version intended for home use, complementing the use of the BBC Micro in schools: the 32K

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in the next two years, of which around 85 to 90 percent would be made into education, the remainder going to the small business market. In early 1984, Acorn claimed a US network of more than 1,000 dealers, also reporting "over

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1985, "several thousand Beebs a month" were being produced in India. Meanwhile, the eventual production arrangement in Mexico involved local manufacturer Datum (a company founded by Harry Mazal and others, initially to act as

1235:. Despite concerns of unsuitability for the Australian market, with the design failing at temperatures above 35 °C (95 °F), the machine was still "widely used in Australian schools". Export models were fitted with 910:

is normally an issue, as there is not enough time for the CPU to access the memory during the period when the video hardware is idle. Some machines of the era accept the inherent performance hit, as was the case for the

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chip, for use with monitors and TV sets without a Teletext receiver. Mode 7 used only 1 KB for video RAM by storing each character as its ASCII code, rather than its bitmap image as was needed for the other modes.

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port. The separate RGB video out socket was an engineering requirement from the BBC to allow the machine to directly output a broadcast quality signal for use within television programming; it was used on episodes of

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in international markets, after warnings from the Swiss multinational not to market the computer with the BBC label in West Germany, thus forcing Acorn to relabel "hundreds of machines" to comply with these demands.

1557:. This was ostensibly to make sure programs keep working when migrated to coprocessors that utilise the Tube interface, but it also makes BBC Micro software more portable across the Acorn range. Whereas untrappable 1184:

An apparent oversight in the manufacturing process resulted in many Model Bs producing a constant buzzing noise from the built-in speaker. This fault can be rectified partly by soldering a resistor across two pads.

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capabilities were also developed for use with certain implementations, notably Logotron Logo. Logotron Logo was eventually judged to be the most popular product and was bundled with the Master Compact by Acorn.

1317:: not only was the new controller mapped to different addresses, it is fundamentally incompatible, and the 8271 emulators that existed were necessarily imperfect for all but basic operation. Software that use 1909:

through the Tube until, one by one, the on-board I/O ports were enabled and the A500 ran as a stand-alone computer. With an upgraded processor, this was eventually released during 1987 as four models in the

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The BBC Micro platform amassed a large software base of both games and educational programs for its two main uses as a home and educational computer. Notable examples of each include the original release of

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to access memory while the CPU was busy processing the data just read. In this way, the CPU and graphics driver could share access to RAM through careful timing. This technique was used, for example, on the

958:. The prototype BBC Micro exceeded the CPU's specifications, causing it to fail. The designers found that putting a finger on a certain place on the motherboard caused the prototype to work. Acorn put a 637:

by June the BBC Micro's specifications and pricing were decided. As a concession to the BBC's expectation of "industry standard" compatibility with CP/M, apparently under the direction of John Coll, the

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teletext reception capabilities. However, not all ITV franchise holders were equally enthusiastic about scheduling programmes related to microcomputing or about pursuing a computer retailing strategy.

628:, had one week to build a working prototype from the sketched designs. The team worked through the night to get a working Proton together to show the BBC. Although the BBC expected a computer with the 1321:

techniques involving direct access to the controller do not operate on the new system. Acorn attempted to alleviate this, starting with version 2.20 of the 1770 DFS, via an 8271-backward- compatible

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to compose many hits. In music videos from the 1980s featuring Vince Clarke, a BBC Micro is often present or provides text and graphics such as a clip for Erasure's "Oh L'Amour". The musical group

1485:) from the command line. The MOS recognises certain built-in commands, and polls the paged ROMs in descending order for service otherwise; if none of them claims the command, then the OS returns a 3010:, and Acorn as manufacturer of the BBC Micro's successor, the Archimedes, were compelled to provide a degree of compatibility with the large number of machines already deployed in schools. 3920: 1562:

from the coprocessor. Published programs largely conform to the API except for games, which routinely engage with the hardware for greater speed, and require a particular Acorn model.

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as required by the respective countries. From June 1983 the name was always spelled out completely – "British Broadcasting Corporation Microcomputer System" – to avoid confusion with

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As a computer aimed at the education market, the BBC Micro was supported by several implementations of Logo: Acornsoft Logo competing with Logo products from Logotron, LSL, and the

6341: 1617:, or variants typically designed to resemble it. Compared to Microsoft BASIC, BBC BASIC features IF...THEN...ELSE, REPEAT...UNTIL, and named procedures and functions, but retains 5886: 3643: 3177: 2019:

In March 2012, the BBC and Acorn teams responsible for the BBC Micro and Computer Literacy Project met for a 30th anniversary party, entitled "Beeb@30". This was held at

5919: 718:, both released the next year, in 1982, demand greatly exceeded supply. For some months, there were long delays before customers received the machines they had ordered. 4271: 4546: 1720:

and Turbo Pascal could also be run by computers expanded with the Master 512 board, this being fitted to BBC Micro machines using a Universal Second Processor unit.

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community of dedicated users finding new tasks for the old hardware. They still survive in a few interactive displays in museums across the United Kingdom, and the

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floppy drive usually used) – Densities: Single-Sided, Single Density, Single-Sided, Double-Density, Double-Sided, Single-Density and Double-Sided, Double-Density.

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network interface and a disk drive interface were available as options. All motherboards had space for the electronic components, but Econet was rarely installed.

966:'the engineer's finger' and again, we have no idea why it's necessary, and a million and a half machines later it's still working, so nobody asked any questions". 1518:

standard for floppy-disc access. The Acorn Graphics Extension ROM (GXR) expands the VDU routines to draw geometric shapes, flood fills, and sprites. During 1985,

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which ran at that speed, the HM4816. To equip the prototype machine, the only four 4816s in the country were hand-carried by the Hitachi representative to Acorn.

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in the UK, despite its high price compared to some other home computers sold in the UK at the time. Acorn later employed the machine to simulate and develop the

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mode, extremely economical on memory and an original requirement due to the BBC's own use of broadcast teletext (Ceefax). It also made the computer useful as a

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and allow the CPU and video system to access the bus without interfering with each other. To do so, the RAM had to allow four million access cycles per second.

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and at least one single-sided, 80-track disc drive. Acornsoft's p-System implementation corresponded to version IV.12 and also included a Fortran 77 compiler.

6784: 1297:. The B+128, introduced towards the end of 1985, comes with an additional 64 KB (4 × 16 KB sideways RAM banks) to give a total RAM of 128 KB. 741:, and Commodore. Another deployment in Phoenix, Arizona valued at $ 174,697 saw 175 BBC Micros installed, with the local Acorn dealer predicting sales worth 5172: 1407:

and some applications were supplied on ROM chips to be installed on the motherboard. These load instantly and leave the RAM free for programs or documents.

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Efforts were made to market the machine in the United States and West Germany. Acorn's strategy in the US focused on the education market, worth a reported

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was regarded in one instance as "by far the best version of Pascal" for a BBC Micro with Z80 second processor. DOS-based language implementations such as

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The BBC Micro was used extensively to provide graphics and sound effects for many early 1980s BBC TV shows. These included, notably, series 3 and 4 of

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Long after the "venerable old Beeb" was superseded, additional hardware and software has been developed. Such developments have included Sprow's 1999

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20-pin IDC "user port" with 8 general purpose digital I/O pins and two special/trigger sensitive digital pins used for control purposes (for e.g. a

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of user RAM, while the Model B had 32 KB. Extra ROMs could be fitted (four on the PCB or sixteen with expansion hardware) and accessed via

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work correctly. And a million and a half BBC Micros later, it was still working, and I still didn't know why". Another mystery was the 6502's

7049: 4685: 2980:, looking at the history and impact of the machine and The BBC Computer Literacy project. In June 2018, the BBC released its archives of the 544: 1150:(PCB), and a Model A can be upgraded to a Model B. Users wishing to operate Model B software need to add the extra RAM and the user/printer 7073: 5742: 5103: 773:

The success of the machine in the UK was due largely to its acceptance as an "educational" computer – UK schools used BBC Micros to teach

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used the Envelope Generator from SYSTEM software (Sheffield) running on a BBC Micro, to create some of the electro-dub sounds on Try It (

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called the BBC Micro Model B "a no-compromise computer that has many uses beyond self-instruction in computer technology". It called the

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TVs, severely affecting applications written for British computers. After the failed US marketing campaign, the unwanted machines were

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There are also a number of websites still supporting both hardware and software development for the BBC Micros and Acorn in general.

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Acorn's last BBC-related model, the BBC A3000, was released in 1989. It was essentially a 1 MB Archimedes back in a single case

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which did not run on the B+. A series of unsuccessful replacements were issued before one compatible with both was finally released.

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There is also a long-running problem late in the B/B+'s commercial life infamous amongst B+ owners, when Superior Software released

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to interface with all standard peripherals, ROM-based software, and the screen. Features specific to some versions of BASIC, like

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category as Acornsoft's S-Pascal, described as "a simple subset of Pascal for teaching the language and structured programming".

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like normal text. The Archimedes and its Interface Podule successfully emulated Teletext and the user port through these calls.

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Sales neared $ 60 million in the second half of last year as efforts began to sell to schools in the United States and Germany.

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inputs, a light pen input, and an expansion connector (the "1 MHz bus") which enabled other hardware to be connected. An

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for compatibility. It also supports high-resolution graphics, four-channel sound, pointer-based memory access (borrowed from

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The involvement of the BBC in microcomputing also initiated tentative plans by the independent television companies of the

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34-pin IDC connector for generic expansion on a "daisy-chain" (used for connecting hard disks, sound synthesisers etc.).

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error. Suitable ROM (or EPROM) images could be written and provide functions without requiring RAM for the code itself.

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A large number of third-party suppliers also produced an abundance of add-on hardware, some of the most common being:

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Modes 0 to 6 could display colours from a logical palette of sixteen: the eight basic colours at the vertices of the

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Acorn strongly discouraged programmers from directly accessing the system variables and hardware, favouring official

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Keval J. Kumar (1987). "Media education and computer literacy in India: The need for an integrated 'compunication".

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digital RGB connector +5 V/0 V, 1 V p-p composite colour or monochrome video (link S39) and built-in

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Various products from other manufacturers competed directly with Acorn's expansions. For example, companies such as

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In line with its ethos of expandability, Acorn produced its own range of peripherals for the BBC Micro, including:

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used during the life of the Model B; both had the same layout, but one had a slightly higher profile on each key.

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stated "lets many programs for the BBC Micro run". Other emulators exist for many operating systems, including

1301: 1047:" allowed a second processor to be added. Three models of second processor were offered by Acorn, based on the 5791: 1141: 5648: 5621: 4492: 3424: 3229: 2918: 2374:

Hard disc drives with 5 MB, 10 MB or 20 MB capacities. Maximum of 512 MB per drive, up to four drives).

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Two export models were developed: one for the US, with Econet and speech hardware as standard; the other for

492: 450:. The machine was the focus of a number of educational BBC TV programmes on computer literacy, starting with 6737: 6375: 4465: 4152: 4081: 3732: 3370: 3291: 2901:. The UMI is also mentioned in the CD booklet. Other bands who have used the BBC Micro for making music are 6685: 6502: 4386: 3105: 2489: 2024: 2009: 1665: 1174: 1009: 939: 886:-based computers of the era was to run the RAM at twice the clock rate as the CPU. This allowed a separate 458: 3669: 764:

to be of prime importance to teachers. The operation resulted in advertisements by at least one dealer in

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processors attached to the BBC Micro's Tube interface. Acorn staff developed the A500's operating system

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worth of education orders for the BBC Micro system" for which 200 educational titles were being offered.

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provided a CP/M environment, languages available for CP/M were supportable via this route. For example,

6930: 6839: 6640: 2938: 2277: 1763: 1606: 1178: 1166:, with chairman Chris Curry stating at the time that Acorn "would no longer promote it" (the Model A). 927:

systems, used entirely separate pools of memory for the CPU and video, slowing access between the two.

589: 3172: 6389: 4860: 3268: 2544: 2254: 1383: 733:

By October 1983, the US operation reported that American schools had placed orders with it totalling

338: 6300: 6115: 5594: 5486: 5351: 4960: 4934: 7133: 6819: 6373:

BBC Micro connected to the Internet converting RSS headline feeds from the BBC News site into audio

6088: 5567: 5513: 4912: 4885: 4178: 4126: 3893: 3397: 2957: 2228: 1701: 1434: 887: 642:

not be competitive throughout the term of the renewed contract, and that a successor would emerge.

548: 6141: 4986: 4689: 4360: 3551:(Report). Austria: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. p. 7. Archived from 1300:

The B+ is incapable of operating some original BBC B programs and games, such as the very popular

7148: 6984: 6901: 6560: 4234: 3342: 3263: 3234: 3004: 2083: 1901: 1601: 1272: 896: 711: 617: 577: 206: 6399: 5734: 5682:(Podcast). Haverhill, Suffolk, UK: Centre for Computing History. Event occurs at 25:35, 38:20. 5302: 4873:

These machines were originally manufactured for export to America. Having now shipped them back

6950: 6824: 6495: 6488: 5432: 5200:

The light pen, 1 MHz bus and user port were supported by generic memory-mapped I/O calls (

5112: 2540: 2335: 2100: 2002: 1642: 1493: 1314: 1310: 1294: 1240: 1210: 1003: 560: 452: 1498:

Not all ROMs offer star commands (ROMs containing data files, for instance), but any ROM can "

3800: 2536: 2316: 1147: 1137: 916: 761: 480: 148: 6064: 5012: 3824: 3695: 3633: 3589: 2282: 1972:

in the power supply but everything else still works". The Archimedes came with 65Arthur, an

6758: 4100: 3552: 2977: 2857: 2290: 2108: 2016:

uses BBC Micros as part of a scheme to educate school children about computer programming.

1919: 1865:

and Cambridge Microprocessor Systems offered second processor solutions for the BBC Micro.

1404: 985: 879: 565: 491:

computer prototyped at short notice. Renamed the BBC Micro, the system was adopted by most

282: 186: 165: 6024: 5459: 4831: 4738: 2285:

interface (with a relay operated motor control, controlled via 2 pins on a circular 7-pin

8: 6721: 4769:. Vol. 1, no. 4. Stockport, UK: Database Publications. June 1983. p. 112. 3861: 2477: 2091: 1193: 1151: 883: 614: 212: 6217:"The Adventure Game S03E03, Part 3, Adam Tandy, Sandra Dickinson, Chris Serle - YouTube" 2154:(Machine Operating System) chip, and 16 KB read-only paged space defaulting to the 2005:

in London. There was to be an exhibition about the computer and its legacy during 2009.

1930: 1775: 7019: 6896: 6618: 6575: 6570: 6346: 5997: 5044: 4584: 4096: 4059: 3997: 3979: 3921:"BBC Micro B lives on: Strong growth for ARM after increased tablet and smartphone use" 2946: 2576: 2571:

Mode 6 was the smallest, allocating 8 KB as video memory. Modes 0 to 6 could show

2522:+5 V DC @ 1.25 A, +12 V DC @ 1.25 A, 2346: 2312: 2162: 2121: 1511: 1399: 1393: 1374: 1290: 1132: 756: 677: 558:

capable of performing various tasks which they could then demonstrate in the TV series

5676:

Furber, Steve (speaker); Fitzpatrick, Jason (producer, director) (22 September 2009).

5279: 2543:, the video output of the BBC Micro could be switched by software between a number of 1247:

US models include the BASIC III ROM chip, modified to accept the American spelling of

620:. The machine was only at the design stage at the time, and the Acorn team, including 7083: 6955: 6917: 6711: 6691: 6198: 6190: 5941: 5241: 5085: 4821: 4770: 4063: 3971: 2989: 2922: 2841: 2251: 2180: 2170: 2036: 1588: 1307: 1140:

system that required a second 6502 CPU and a 3-dimensional joystick named a "Bitstik"

931: 830: 774: 703: 585: 569: 443: 4716: 4327: 4097:"My first computer was a BBC Micro! 1984. Still have it. (This photo taken in 2021)" 3983: 3514: 2579:, but graphics commands such as DRAW and PLOT had no effect in the text-only modes. 1989: 1453:, prefixed with an asterisk, provides the ability to select a language (for example 6925: 6696: 6471: 4051: 3963: 3451: 3054: 2965: 2961: 2497: 2468: 2145: 2043: 2039: 1888: 1415: 1122: 1118: 1044: 993: 821: 699: 662: 646: 638: 532: 508: 500: 408: 379: 348: 240: 194: 5703: 5078:

Edwards, Kevin (January 1986). "Inside the 8271 – how your DFS really functions".

4519: 4305: 6800: 6716: 6675: 6379: 6336: 6248: 6071: 5848: 4672: 4023: 3609: 3481: 2897: 2888: 2837: 2567: 2559: 2354: 2339: 2269: 2239: 1978: 1862: 1750: 1723: 1717: 1614: 1430: 1338: 1318: 1260: 1066:

Separate pages, each with a codename, are used to control the access to the I/O:

1060: 1029: 997: 989: 955: 855: 694: 581: 439: 318: 286: 71: 61: 6416: 6182: 2443:

socket with four 8/12 bit analogue inputs based on μPD7002 IC (suitable for two

7013: 7006: 6891: 6870: 6654: 6555: 5084:. Vol. 3, no. 11. Stockport, UK: Database Publications. p. 228. 5080: 4765: 4055: 3951: 3134: 3049: 2440: 2088: 2013: 1994: 1960: 1847: 1759: 1444:

BASIC, other languages, and utility ROM chips reside in any of four 16 KB

1163: 907: 809: 418: 6216: 4636: 3336: 1449:

The paged ROM system is essentially modular. A language-independent system of

1410:

Although appropriate content was little-supported by television broadcasters,

902:

The BBC machine, however, was designed to run at the faster CPU speed, 2

551:

and its effect on the economy, industry, and lifestyle of the United Kingdom.

7122: 6862: 6585: 6331: 6202: 6194: 5089: 4774: 4622: 3975: 2880: 2386: 2286: 2225: 2196: 1943: 1558: 1503: 1438: 1369: 1033: 1025: 892: 867: 781:

computer than for its other products. Some Commonwealth countries, including

766: 666: 625: 555: 496: 476: 435: 307: 144: 74: 2518:

Power supply for external disk drives, 6-pin, top to bottom, left to right:

1522:

designed and marketed a Basic Extension ROM, introducing statements such as

7093: 6875: 6550: 6515: 4814:

Bray, Andrew C.; Dickens, Adrian C.; Holmes, Mark A. (1983). "Appendix G".

3152: 3147: 3069: 3041: 2926: 2914: 2892: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2298: 2208: 2176: 1964: 1951: 1713: 1507: 1411: 1236: 1232: 1059:

CPUs. The Tube was used for third-party add-ons, including a Z80 board and

1017: 981: 715: 621: 519: 37: 5879:"30 Years of the BBC Micro - Celebration Event at ARM - Computing History" 3952:"Informatics Education in India: The CLASS Project For Secondary Students" 2506:

large-scale low-cost networking system – around 100 kbit/s using the

2221:

As Model B, but Modes 0, 1, 2, and 3 not available due to lack of memory.

1173:

at the insistence of the BBC, which, as a broadcaster, was cautious about

1162:

The BBC Model A was phased out of production with the introduction of the

7068: 6940: 6701: 6580: 6565: 2934: 2906: 2304: 1947: 1935: 1727: 1554: 1519: 1502:" into vectors to enhance the system's functionality. Often the ROM is a 1021: 946: 920: 912: 707: 603:

The Acorn team had already been working on a successor to their existing

593: 311: 3967: 2476:

40-pin IDC connector for external second CPU. Options included a second

2307:

interface based initially on the Intel 8271 controller and later on the

2250:

Four independent sound channels (one noise and three melodic) using the

7098: 7088: 6906: 6880: 6535: 6509: 6466: 5222:. London: Argus Specialist Publications. February 1985. pp. 27–29. 4021:

Tank, Andrew (10 April 1986). "India's Schoolchildren Have Got Class".

3605:"Microcomputer, British Style / The Fifth Personal Computer World Show" 3173:

Towards Computer Literacy - The BBC Computer Literacy Project 1979-1983

3127: 3097: 3064: 3027: 2997: 2952: 2884: 2861: 2407: 2257: 2050: 2046: 1358: 1352: 1177:. The supplies were unreliable, and after a few months the BBC allowed 974: 859: 738: 605: 488: 468: 398: 4585:"The start of the revival - The ARM and the Archimedes (1986 to 1988)" 2132:

128 KB composed of 32 KB standard memory, 20 KB video (

1738:

machine code, similar to Acornsoft's ISO Pascal and BCPL compilers. A

1263:

for the British market and sold, resulting in a third export variant.

1111:

Mapped I/O for resident hardware – video, cassette, sound, interrupts

7044: 6814: 6623: 6608: 6540: 5233: 4266: 3805: 3089: 3079: 3000: 2993: 2575:

and other user defined characters. All modes except mode 7 supported

2572: 2481: 2448: 2151: 2119:

64 KB composed of 32 KB standard memory, 20 KB video (

2095: 1983: 1969: 1583: 1422: 1379: 1252: 903: 629: 199: 182: 3230:"Has the BBC Microcomputer sent Auntie off the straight and narrow?" 3035: 2165:, and 16 KB read-only paged space defaulting to the BBC BASIC. 2158:

chip. Four paged 16 KB ROM sockets standard, expandable to 16.

1613:

When the BBC Micro was released, many competing home computers used

1126: 6706: 5799: 4301: 4028: 2910: 2551: 2507: 2444: 2232: 2216: 2020: 1973: 970: 959: 665:(ROM; v2 and v4) include the word "Roger", which is a reference to 573: 321: 227: 6769: 4002:. National Council of Educational Research and Training. June 1984 2224:

Configurable graphics in Modes 0–6 (see table below) based on the

1275:

range of machines was announced, based primarily on BBC hardware.

846: 6935: 6834: 6829: 6372: 6221: 4112: 2844:'s software-based synthesiser using the standard sound hardware. 2833: 2555: 2265: 2236: 1762:

having particular significance, but hardware extensions offering

1739: 1499: 935: 777:, information technology skills. Acorn became more known for its 527:

During the early 1980s, the BBC started what became known as the

5966: 4878: 4856: 4286: 3180:, National Archive of Educational Computing. Accessed 2024-01-29 878:

A key feature of the BBC Micro's design is the high-performance

650: 7078: 7000: 6519: 6350: 6274: 5821: 5240:. London: British Broadcasting Corporation. pp. 450, 468. 5052:. British Broadcasting Corporation. October 1984. p. 422. 3296: 3118: 3074: 2503: 2389: 2342: 2308: 1894: 1687: 1571: 1566: 1037: 871: 863: 375: 371: 4820:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Microcomputer Centre. p. 512. 3751: 2988:

machine. Consequently, manufacturers of rival systems such as

2192:

As Model B except RGB (optional upgrade, soldering required).

1063:

from Torch that allowed the BBC machine to run CP/M programs.

6394: 3007: 2260:. Phoneme-based speech synthesis using the Texas Instruments 1622: 782: 362:

Keyboard, twin analogue joysticks with fire buttons, lightpen

1816:

Z80 Second processor (with CP/M and business software suite)

1251:, but the height of the graphics display was reduced to 200 7103: 6844: 6355: 4262:"Geeks rejoice as BBC Micro celebrates 30-year anniversary" 2902: 1754: 1659: 1626: 1618: 1256: 1156: 633: 278: 6404: 3862:"[ Retro Scan of the Week ] The BBC Microcomputer" 2832:

A speech synthesis upgrade based on the Texas Instruments

2558:

terminal. The teletext characters were generated using an

2447:), two inputs suitable for pushbuttons and an input for a 2059: 1577: 1510:

combined with a filing system, starting with Acorn's 1982

28: 6680: 6384: 5532: 5204:

146–151), and Teletext graphics could be printed through

4913:"Chris's Acorns: US BBC Microcomputer (converted for UK)" 4405: 4379: 4229: 4227: 4197: 3818: 3816: 2204: 2200: 2161:

48 KB of ROM composed of 16 KB MOS, 16 KB

1426: 1273:

Acorn Business Computer (ABC)/Acorn Cambridge Workstation

924: 495:, changing Acorn's fortunes. It was also successful as a 447: 293: 274: 51: 5640: 5130: 2001:

In March 2008, the creators of the BBC Micro met at the

1121:

CPUs as software development machines when creating the

1117:

The Tube interface allowed Acorn to use BBC Micros with

1043:

Additionally, an Acorn proprietary interface named the "

6292: 5849:"Tech Know: BBC Micros used in retro programming class" 5586: 5541:"Try S-Pascal and get rid of those spaghetti junctions" 5343: 5111:. Issue 1. Acorn Computers. 9 July 1992. Archived from 4756: 4253: 3509: 3507: 1565:

Many schools and universities employed the machines in

1032:

general purpose digital I/O port, a port offering four

906:, double that of these earlier machines. In this case, 649:

v1.0 contains the following ASCII credits string (code

6368:

The Acorn BBC Micro @ The Centre for Computing History

5669: 5505: 5424: 4731: 4224: 3912: 3813: 3670:"The Electronic Chalkboards: The BBC And The Powerpad" 3661: 3482:"The BBC Microcomputer and me, 30 years down the line" 3389: 3199:"Acorn and the BBC Micro: From education to obscurity" 2175:

Full-travel keyboard with a top row of ten red-orange

1278: 613:, it included better graphics and a faster 2 MHz 5906: 5904: 4145: 3724: 3582:"How a BBC Micro shaped the course of GeekDad's life" 1700:

Many of these languages were also provided under the

980:

The machines included three video ports, one with an

531:. The project was initiated partly in response to an 6408: 6362:

Acorn and the BBC Micro: From education to obscurity

5692:

The Acorn World exhibition was held in Huddersfield.

5559: 4795:. Vol. 1, no. 14. 10 June 1983. p. 88 3625: 3504: 3017: 2851: 2293:

data encoding scheme operating at 1200 or 300 baud.

2030: 1418:

and the third-party teletext adaptors that emerged.

962:

pack across the data bus, which Furber described as

930:

Furber believed that the Acorn design should have a

841: 6160: 6016: 5451: 5313: 4904: 4739:"Personal Computer - Acorn, BBC Proton, circa 1981" 4704: 2366:ROM required, external drive unit connected to the 2315:(DFS) ROM (and of soldered connector on Model A). ( 1146:The Model A and the Model B were built on the same 882:(RAM) it is equipped with. A common design note in 685:, one of two very similar designs used on the model 5901: 4953: 4713:"Chris's Acorns: German BBC Microcomputer Model B" 4637:"Sprow's webpages - cyber doctor for poorly beebs" 4355: 4353: 3888: 3886: 3759:"Two firms in U.S. agree to market BBC from Acorn" 1915:consumer devices, particularly mobile telephones. 6446: 5478: 5370: 5013:"8271/8271-6 Programmable Floppy Disk Controller" 4817:The Advanced User Guide for the BBC Microcomputer 4813: 4511: 3777: 3338:Building the BBC Micro (The Beeb) - Computerphile 2909:. Paul Ridout is credited as "UMI programmer" on 2023:'s offices in Cambridge and was co-hosted by the 1742:implementation was also made available by Mijas. 1306:. A particular problem is the replacement of the 850:Rear of the BBC Micro. Ports from left to right: 7120: 6134: 6107: 6081: 5989: 5096: 3999:CLASS - Computer Literacy and Studies in Schools 3792: 3575: 3573: 3544:Vasko, Tibor; Dicheva, Darina (September 1986). 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 2836:featured sampled words spoken by BBC newscaster 2242:Teletext chip and only taking 1 KB of RAM. 483:and literature, Acorn won the contract with the 4979: 4926: 4781: 4431: 4350: 4171: 4119: 3883: 3221: 181:, hard disk also known as 'Winchester' (rare), 6025:"Beebmaster – Beebhelp – Acorn Serial Numbers" 5757: 5695: 4677: 4457: 4041: 3878:This scan of an American BBC Microcomputer ad 3596: 3416: 1662:(ROM plus further optional disk based modules) 6785: 6432: 5226: 4484: 4206:"BBC's Proton project and the nuclear family" 4179:"Mexico deal gives Beeb south-of-border base" 3667: 3570: 3546:Educational policies: an international review 3364: 3362: 3360: 3316: 3250: 2895:used the UMI Music Sequencer on their record 770:magazine, but ultimately the attempt failed. 6022: 5679:Steve Furber Talk – Acorn World – 13-09-2009 5397: 4294:"BBC Micro celebrates thirtieth anniversary" 3543: 3474: 42:BBC Micro Model A/B (standard configuration) 6054:. Vol. 12, no. 1. pp. 36–40. 5726: 4094: 3238:. Vol. 5, no. 5. pp. 118–119 3171:John Radcliffe and Roberts Salkeld (1983), 2150:32 KB of ROM composed of a 16 KB 6792: 6778: 6439: 6425: 5918:. No. 215. December 1999. p. 7. 3579: 3357: 1592:BASIC prompt after switch-on or hard reset 1437:, cursor-based editing, sound queues, and 1382:, 1984). The unusual game screen used two 1196:comments in their '32K Ram Board Manual': 661:Additionally, the last bytes of the BASIC 5822:"BBC Computer Literacy Project 1980–1989" 5613: 5538: 5331:. Vol. 3, no. 9. pp. 43–44 5071: 4710: 4544: 4080:. computinghistory.org.uk. Archived from 3990: 3918: 3395: 3341:(YouTube). Computerphile. 25 March 2015. 2311:, also requiring the installation of the 1954:at the BBC Micro 30th anniversary in 2012 1934:Clockwise from top left: Hermann Hauser, 669:whose name at the time was Roger Wilson. 16:Series of British microcomputers by Acorn 7139:Computers designed in the United Kingdom 6340:) is being considered for deletion. See 6113: 5763: 5732: 5704:"Chris's Acorns: Acorn A500 (prototype)" 5619: 5592: 5511: 5273: 5037: 4807: 4683: 4666:Watford Electronics 32K Ram Board Manual 4517: 3602: 2524:NC, −5 V DC @75 mA, 2264:with a custom Acorn ROM (the "PHROM", a 1988: 1929: 1925: 1774: 1587: 1386:at once, to show both detail and colour. 1368: 1357:During 1986, Acorn followed up with the 1209: 845: 676: 554:The BBC wanted to base its project on a 518: 6298: 6275:"BBC Computer Literacy Project Archive" 6249:"BBC releases computer history archive" 6050:Burton, Robin (May 1993). "512 Forum". 5565: 5484: 5349: 5276:"An Experiment in Real-Time Networking" 5077: 3943: 3859: 3809:. Vol. 6, no. 41. p. 14. 3688: 3422: 3289: 2978:report into the legacy of The BBC Micro 2349:ROM as standard (except ANB51, ANB52). 2060:Specifications (Model A to Model B+128) 1578:BBC BASIC built-in programming language 1293:) and a block of 12 KB of special 797: 7129:Computer-related introductions in 1981 7121: 6395:Video of a BBC computer show from 1985 6049: 6023:Wolstenholme, Ian (1 September 2010). 5977:from the original on 16 September 2017 5646: 5376: 5105:Support Group Application Note No. 023 4545:Fairbairn, Douglas (31 January 2012). 4490: 4463: 4203: 3798: 3730: 3635:"British race is on in microcomputers" 3632:Feder, Barnaby J. (27 February 1984). 3196: 2473:Optional upgrade, soldering required. 2459:Optional upgrade, soldering required. 2437:Optional upgrade, soldering required. 2418:Optional upgrade, soldering required. 2400:Optional upgrade, soldering required. 2382:Optional upgrade, soldering required. 6773: 6738:Adapters (IEEE488, Prestel, Teletext) 6420: 6004:from the original on 25 November 2010 5995: 5701: 5686:from the original on 3 October 2011. 5457: 5430: 5319: 5136: 5059:from the original on 20 February 2012 4932: 4910: 4526:from the original on 20 December 2012 3826:"Peripherals; The British are Coming" 3822: 3631: 3613:. Vol. 8, no. 1. p. 40 3537: 3492:from the original on 11 December 2011 3377:from the original on 12 December 2011 3368: 3345:from the original on 21 December 2021 3304:from the original on 10 February 2007 3283: 3256: 3227: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 1986:for Android and JS Beeb for the web. 1882: 1546:, and direct mode commands including 1414:could be downloaded via the optional 721: 576:, controlling external hardware, and 6031:from the original on 16 January 2011 5998:"Chris's Acorns: BBC Microcomputers" 5846: 5025:from the original on 3 February 2013 4863:from the original on 16 January 2013 4711:Whytehead, Chris (9 November 2007). 4274:from the original on 4 December 2011 4259: 4020: 3823:Lewis, Peter H. (18 December 1984). 3462:from the original on 25 January 2007 2992:(and almost-compatibles such as the 2289:), using the CUTS variation of the 1477:), or carry out ROM-supplied tasks ( 260:160–1280 KB (ADFS floppy disks) 110:£235 Model A, £335 Model B (in 1981) 6799: 6405:JavaScript based BBC Micro emulator 6065:Reference Data Sheet:SAA5050 Series 5859:from the original on 26 August 2010 5300: 5046:BBC Microcomputer System User Guide 4647:from the original on 6 October 2017 4157:Management Information Systems Week 4153:"ICL Sells Mexico Subsidiary Share" 4044:International Communication Gazette 3949: 3737:Management Information Systems Week 3580:McClelland, David (18 March 2011). 3515:"'Beeb' creators reunite at museum" 3449: 1279:Hardware features: successor models 938:was the only company considering a 13: 6229:from the original on 25 March 2017 5922:from the original on 14 April 2014 5889:from the original on 15 April 2018 4338:from the original on 7 August 2010 3919:Sadauskas, Andrew (27 July 2012). 3525:from the original on 23 March 2008 3292:"BBC Basic: the people's language" 3197:Hormby, Thomas (8 February 2007). 3183: 3060:BBC Computer Literacy Project 2012 2827: 2136:) memory and 76 KB extended ( 2125:) memory and 12 KB extended ( 1997:playing a game on a Master in 2012 1950:, David Kitson, Chris Turner, and 1632: 945:The National Semiconductor 81LS95 523:Some of the BBC Micro team in 2008 14: 7170: 6344:to help reach a consensus. › 6323: 6189:. November 1985. pp. 24–32. 5733:Libbenga, Jan (19 January 2004). 5714:from the original on 18 July 2011 5593:Atherton, David (November 1986). 5175:from the original on 3 April 2011 4684:Scholten, Wouter (17 June 2007). 4595:from the original on 11 July 2016 4518:Stirling, Mike (21 August 2011). 4361:"Electron set for battle at £199" 4328:"Home computing pioneer honoured" 4304:. 2 December 2011. Archived from 3931:from the original on 28 July 2012 3868:from the original on 17 July 2011 3799:Caruso, Denise (8 October 1984). 3697:"Acorn Computer Makes U.S. Debut" 3668:D'Ignazio, Fred (December 1983). 3423:Sanders, Jerry (September 1984). 3209:from the original on 3 March 2007 3082:– modern successor to the project 2852:Use in the entertainment industry 2031:Continued development and support 1898:Reduced Instruction Set Computing 1796:Floppy drives (single and double) 1755:Logo Computer Systems Inc. (LCSI) 1653:(2× 16 KB ROM + floppy disk) 1283: 969:The Model A shipped with 16 842:Hardware features: Models A and B 6400:The BBC Microcomputer User Guide 6267: 6241: 6209: 6175: 6058: 6043: 5959: 5934: 5745:from the original on 23 May 2012 5595:"Master Compact Great and Small" 5539:Waddilove, Roland (March 1985). 5460:"Acornsoft's UCSD Pascal System" 5406:Torch Unicorn Technical Overview 5274:Cheshire, Stuart (19 May 1989). 5238:The BBC Microcomputer User Guide 5218:"Section – Language Extension". 5195:The BBC Microcomputer User Guide 4393:. 8 December 1983. pp. 1, 5 4260:Dunn, John E (1 December 2011). 4095:@sandeeproy1 (8 February 2022). 3864:. Vintage Computing and Gaming. 3837:from the original on 18 May 2013 3801:"Acorn plucks former Apple reps" 3708:from the original on 18 May 2013 3646:from the original on 18 May 2013 3603:Williams, Gregg (January 1983). 3396:Singleton, Alex (October 1996). 3369:Smith, Tony (30 November 2011). 3290:Collins, Barry (7 August 2006). 3034: 3020: 2530: 1205: 815: 672: 479:for a computer to accompany the 36: 27: 6648:Doctor Who: The First Adventure 6299:Futcher, Dave (November 1989). 6114:Phillips, Martin (April 1986). 5871: 5840: 5814: 5784: 5764:Pountain, Dick (October 1987). 5647:Cullis, Roger (December 1984). 5485:Denning, Adam (December 1987). 5294: 5267: 5254: 5211: 5187: 5157: 5005: 4849: 4659: 4629: 4607: 4577: 4571: 4547:"Oral History of Sophie Wilson" 4538: 4387:"New ITV venture to rival BBC?" 4320: 4088: 4070: 4035: 4014: 3853: 3443: 3257:Laing, Gordon (22 March 2004). 2871:of the British synth pop bands 1726:' Z80 expansions supported the 1421:The built-in operating system, 1266: 347:speech synthesiser with phrase 7154:BBC computer literacy projects 6095:. October 1982. pp. 27–29 5377:Taylor, Gordon (August 1987). 5303:"Creative Computing Benchmark" 4763:"Name changes for the worse". 4127:"India takes on Beeb assembly" 3165: 2883:used a BBC Micro (and later a 2510:68B54 (standard on US model). 1793:Floppy drive interface upgrade 1770: 1683:Turtle Graphics (disk or tape) 1223:The BBC Microcomputer Is Here! 1016:The computer included several 836: 564:. The list of topics included 1: 6743:Second processors (6502, Z80) 6448:BBC Computer Literacy Project 6329: 5967:"stardot.org.uk - Index page" 5847:Ward, Mark (25 August 2010). 5826:BBC Computer Literacy Project 5512:Williams, Simon (July 1985). 5431:Malin, Rowan (October 1985). 5262:ZX Spectrum BASIC programming 5137:Grace, Clive (October 1986). 4886:"Acorn BBC B Micro Computers" 4419:. 22 December 1983. p. 5 4029:General Reference Center Gold 3860:Edwards, Benj (17 May 2010). 3765:. 6 February 1984. p. 17 3731:Dooley, Bill (4 April 1984). 3158: 1346: 919:, and to a lesser extent the 529:BBC Computer Literacy Project 493:schools in the United Kingdom 475:After the Literacy Project's 442:Limited in the 1980s for the 6686:Cambridge Systems Technology 6503:Making the Most of the Micro 6142:"No cartridge boon for Beeb" 6076:Teletext Character Generator 5649:"To the BBC by bus and Tube" 5458:Maher, John (January 1985). 4743:Museums Victoria Collections 4491:Kewney, Guy (January 1984). 4464:Bright, Peter (March 1984). 4204:Hayman, Martin (June 1981). 3733:"Lowell's Tots Getting CPUs" 3106:Making the Most of the Micro 2490:National Semiconductor 32016 2025:Centre for Computing History 2010:National Museum of Computing 1175:electromagnetic interference 1010:Making the Most of the Micro 984:sending out a signal in the 760:considered the inclusion of 609:microcomputer. Known as the 545:National Physical Laboratory 459:Making the Most of the Micro 378:(optional), 1 MHz bus, 243:, expandable to 272 KiB 7: 6614:Advanced Disc Filing System 6409:with sample programs to run 5883:www.computinghistory.org.uk 5735:"My PC is older than yours" 5620:Williams, Noel (May 1985). 5165:"Remembering the BBC Micro" 4445:. 4 January 1984. p. 4 4133:. November 1984. p. 10 3788:. May–June 1984. p. 8. 3425:"Acorn first past the post" 3228:Peltu, Malcolm (May 1982). 3013: 2921:. Other UMI users included 2410:-compatible parallel port. 1641:Programming languages from 1514:(DFS) which API became the 1364: 1100:1 MHz bus / paged RAM 992:suitable for connection to 263:20 MB (ADFS hard disk) 147:, floppy disk (optional) – 120:; 30 years ago 10: 7175: 6641:Doctor Who and the Warlord 5912:"Internet portal launched" 5350:Futcher, Dave (May 1989). 5320:Maher, John (March 1985). 5232: 5198:, chapter 42, pp. 418–441. 5193: 4993:. November 1985. p. 7 4933:Smith, Bruce (July 1985). 4159:. 27 June 1984. p. 43 4056:10.1177/001654928704000303 3900:. February 1986. p. 9 3109:– BBC television programme 3101:– BBC television programme 2976:In 2013, NESTA released a 1886: 1607:non-structured programming 1596:The built-in ROM-resident 1581: 1491: 1350: 590:Tangerine Computer Systems 514: 382:second processor interface 233:64–128 KiB (Model B+) 7144:6502-based home computers 7058: 6993: 6977: 6968: 6915: 6860: 6853: 6807: 6751: 6730: 6668: 6632: 6601: 6594: 6528: 6480: 6454: 5566:Telford, Joe (May 1985). 5301:Ahl, David (March 1984). 3373:. The Register Hardware. 2982:Computer Literacy Project 2971: 2602: 2599: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2517: 2502: 2475: 2461: 2439: 2420: 2402: 2384: 2361: 2358: 2334: 2302: 2281: 2249: 2223: 2194: 2174: 2160: 2149: 2099: 2087: 1893:Acorn produced their own 1799:Econet networking upgrade 1237:radio frequency shielding 1218:magazine, November 1983, 414: 404: 394: 386: 366: 358: 339:Texas Instruments SN76489 331: 299: 270: 250: 219: 205: 193: 140: 132: 114: 106: 98: 80: 67: 57: 47: 35: 26: 7159:Home video game consoles 6342:templates for discussion 5520:. pp. 65, 67, 69–70 5493:. pp. 149, 151, 153 5433:"PASCAL on the p-SYSTEM" 4493:"No advertising, please" 4417:Popular Computing Weekly 4413:"ITV says 'No' to micro" 4391:Popular Computing Weekly 4185:. April 1985. p. 17 3676:. pp. 160, 164, 166 3452:"A History of BBC BASIC" 3371:"The BBC Micro turns 30" 1779:Joystick circuit diagram 1425:, provides an extensive 888:video display controller 588:, Newbury Laboratories, 549:microcomputer revolution 428:BBC Microcomputer System 6731:BBC-branded peripherals 6481:TV programmes, services 6472:Archimedes range, A3000 6378:28 October 2020 at the 6307:. pp. 128–129, 131 6122:. pp. 180–181, 183 5946:www.retrosoftware.co.uk 5626:Personal Computer World 4967:. June 1985. p. 21 4671:11 October 2016 at the 4497:Personal Computer World 4470:Personal Computer World 3956:Higher Education Policy 3894:"Acorn moves out of US" 3429:Personal Computer World 3264:Personal Computer World 3235:Personal Computer World 3093:– BBC documentary drama 2515:Secondary power output 2429:programming language). 2359:None (lack of memory). 2179:ƒ0–ƒ9. These generated 1656:S-Pascal (disk or tape) 1241:Brown, Boveri & Cie 712:Commodore International 618:central processing unit 578:artificial intelligence 374:serial, user parallel, 6496:The Computer Programme 6489:Now the Chips Are Down 6385:BBC Micro Game Archive 6089:"The BBC Micro Speaks" 5260:Sinclair Research Ltd, 4892:. May 1992. p. 53 4793:Personal Computer News 4615:"Drobe.co.uk archives" 4520:"BBC Micro on an FPGA" 4443:Personal Computer News 4367:. July 1983. p. 5 2541:Color Graphics Adapter 2539:with the contemporary 2336:Floppy-disk controller 2101:Rockwell Semiconductor 1998: 1955: 1821:32016 Second processor 1807:Winchester disk system 1780: 1706:32016 Second Processor 1693:COMAL (16 KB ROM) 1593: 1494:Sideways address space 1387: 1311:floppy-disk controller 1228: 1203: 1169:Early BBC Micros used 1004:The Computer Programme 988:band, another sending 875: 686: 659: 561:The Computer Programme 524: 453:The Computer Programme 438:designed and built by 86:; 42 years ago 6707:Pace Micro Technology 6167:"Erasure's Big Hit". 6148:. May 1984. p. 7 6078:, July 1982, Mullard. 5766:"The Archimedes A310" 5514:"Pleasures of Pascal" 5139:"Master Your Master!" 4987:"Enter the 128k Beeb" 4686:"USA model BBC micro" 3122:– user group magazine 2486:ARM Evaluation System 2272:'s voice (optional). 2231:or Mode 7, a special 1992: 1933: 1926:Retro computing scene 1843:Music 500 synthesiser 1826:ARM Evaluation System 1811:6502 Second Processor 1778: 1732:6502 Second Processor 1600:programming language 1591: 1405:Programming languages 1372: 1271:In October 1984, the 1213: 1198: 1171:linear power supplies 1148:printed circuit board 1138:computer-aided design 917:Atari 8-bit computers 849: 762:local area networking 680: 655: 547:predicted the coming 522: 487:, a successor of its 481:television programmes 466:in 1983, and finally 456:in 1982, followed by 236:128 KiB (Master) 6978:8-bit microcomputers 6969:Derivatives, clones, 6759:BBC Domesday Project 6070:3 March 2016 at the 5574:. pp. 65, 67–70 5568:"Logo: The Big Four" 4625:on 19 December 2013. 4334:. 29 December 2007. 4235:"BBC Micro – Review" 3592:on 30 December 2011. 3398:"From BBC to Oracle" 2917:'s 1986 solo album, 2905:and the reggae band 2858:BBC Domesday Project 2291:Kansas City standard 2103:6512A at 2 MHz 1710:Z80 Second Processor 1704:environment for the 1674:(disk, tape, or ROM) 1469:), change settings ( 1461:), a filing system ( 1315:Western Digital 1770 880:random-access memory 798:Pricing and adoption 464:Computers in Control 306:640×256, 8 colours ( 239:Plus 32–128 KB 187:BBC Domesday Project 84:1 December 1981 6722:Watford Electronics 6279:clp.bbcrewind.co.uk 5656:Practical Computing 5487:"To C or not to C?" 5439:. pp. 115, 117 5379:"BBC to PC by Tube" 5220:A & B Computing 4719:on 21 February 2010 4308:on 17 February 2013 3968:10.1057/hep.1989.76 3848:be linked together. 3488:. 1 December 2011. 2913:' bassist/vocalist 2434:Analogue interface 2397:Parallel interface 1680:(2× 16 KB ROM) 1194:Watford Electronics 1152:MOS Technology 6522 923:. Others, like the 615:MOS Technology 6502 572:, sound and music, 535:documentary series 213:MOS Technology 6502 23: 6619:Disc Filing System 6571:Ian McNaught-Davis 6455:BBC microcomputers 6390:BBC Microcomputers 5996:Whytehead, Chris. 5702:Whytehead, Chris. 5628:. pp. 182–184 5601:. pp. 101–103 5358:. pp. 129–130 5307:Creative Computing 5118:on 20 October 2018 4941:. pp. 160–161 4911:Whytehead, Chris. 4837:on 14 January 2006 4589:www.mcmordie.co.uk 4499:. pp. 123–124 4084:on 21 August 2010. 3831:The New York Times 3704:. 7 October 1983. 3702:The New York Times 3640:The New York Times 2990:IBM PC compatibles 2947:The Adventure Game 2577:bitmapped graphics 2520:0 V, 0 V 2313:Disc Filing System 1999: 1956: 1883:Successor machines 1875:Printers, plotters 1856:IEEE 488 Interface 1840:Speech synthesiser 1781: 1594: 1512:Disc Filing System 1388: 1229: 1028:printer ports, an 1020:(I/O) interfaces: 876: 870:, analogue in and 757:The New York Times 722:Export initiatives 687: 525: 509:Acorn's Archimedes 370:Printer parallel, 341:, 4 channels, mono 317:78×75, 8 colours ( 107:Introductory price 21: 7116: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7035:RiscStation R7500 6964: 6963: 6902:Business Computer 6808:Operating systems 6767: 6766: 6712:Superior Software 6692:Castle Technology 6664: 6663: 6546:Christopher Curry 5622:"Acorn Music 500" 5412:. Torch Computers 5383:A&B Computing 5171:. 20 March 2008. 5143:A&B Computing 3786:A&B Computing 3763:Micro Marketworld 3521:. 20 March 2008. 3271:on 20 August 2012 3259:"Retro computing" 2842:Superior Software 2825: 2824: 2592:Resolution (X×Y) 2528: 2527: 2500:(optional extra) 2379:Serial interface 2355:Hard-disk storage 2252:Texas Instruments 2181:text semigraphics 1993:Acorn co-founder 1940:Christopher Curry 1136:video game and a 1115: 1114: 996:, and a separate 994:computer monitors 932:flat memory model 775:computer literacy 704:Sinclair Research 586:Sinclair Research 541:Christopher Evans 444:Computer Literacy 434:, is a series of 424: 423: 7166: 6985:Prodest PC 128 S 6975: 6974: 6951:Network Computer 6926:Archimedes range 6858: 6857: 6794: 6787: 6780: 6771: 6770: 6599: 6598: 6441: 6434: 6427: 6418: 6417: 6358:– BBC Micro Wiki 6317: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6225:. 11 June 2010. 6213: 6207: 6206: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6116:"Technical Talk" 6111: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6085: 6079: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5908: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5798:. Archived from 5788: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5777: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5741:. The Register. 5730: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5699: 5693: 5691: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5653: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5547:. pp. 11–12 5536: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5411: 5401: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5326: 5317: 5311: 5310: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5282:on 18 March 2017 5278:. 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Archived from 4551: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4357: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4231: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4212:. pp. 36–39 4201: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4110: 4108: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3890: 3881: 3880: 3875: 3873: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3844: 3842: 3828: 3820: 3811: 3810: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3715: 3713: 3699: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3651: 3637: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3588:. 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Archived from 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3194: 3181: 3175:, BBC Education. 3169: 3055:Acorn Archimedes 3044: 3039: 3038: 3030: 3025: 3024: 3023: 2966:The Twin Dilemma 2962:The Five Doctors 2818: 2793: 2768: 2743: 2718: 2693: 2668: 2643: 2586: 2585: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2127:special Sideways 2064: 2063: 1889:Acorn Archimedes 1831:Teletext adapter 1690:(16 KB ROM) 1668:(16 KB ROM) 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1416:Teletext Adapter 1250: 1227: 1221: 1201:faster 74ALS245. 1123:Acorn Archimedes 1108:0xFE00 – 0xFEFF 1097:0xFD00 – 0xFDFF 1086:0xFC00 – 0xFCFF 1069: 1068: 965: 806: 780: 749: 744: 736: 729: 684: 663:read-only memory 537:The Mighty Micro 501:ARM architecture 409:Acorn Archimedes 257:100–800 KB (DFS) 195:Operating system 178: 177: 173: 170: 161: 160: 156: 153: 136:Over 1.5 million 128: 126: 121: 94: 92: 87: 40: 31: 24: 20: 7174: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7134:Acorn Computers 7119: 7118: 7117: 7108: 7054: 6989: 6970: 6960: 6911: 6849: 6803: 6801:Acorn Computers 6798: 6768: 6763: 6747: 6726: 6717:Torch Computers 6676:Acorn Computers 6660: 6628: 6590: 6576:Richard Russell 6524: 6476: 6462:Models A, B, B+ 6450: 6445: 6414: 6380:Wayback Machine 6345: 6326: 6321: 6320: 6310: 6308: 6297: 6293: 6283: 6281: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6258: 6256: 6247: 6246: 6242: 6232: 6230: 6215: 6214: 6210: 6181: 6180: 6176: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6151: 6149: 6140: 6139: 6135: 6125: 6123: 6112: 6108: 6098: 6096: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6072:Wayback Machine 6063: 6059: 6048: 6044: 6034: 6032: 6021: 6017: 6007: 6005: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5950: 5948: 5942:"Retrosoftware" 5940: 5939: 5935: 5925: 5923: 5910: 5909: 5902: 5892: 5890: 5877: 5876: 5872: 5862: 5860: 5845: 5841: 5831: 5829: 5820: 5819: 5815: 5805: 5803: 5802:on 27 June 2007 5790: 5789: 5785: 5775: 5773: 5762: 5758: 5748: 5746: 5731: 5727: 5717: 5715: 5700: 5696: 5675: 5674: 5670: 5660: 5658: 5651: 5645: 5641: 5631: 5629: 5618: 5614: 5604: 5602: 5591: 5587: 5577: 5575: 5564: 5560: 5550: 5548: 5537: 5533: 5523: 5521: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5494: 5483: 5479: 5469: 5467: 5466:. pp. 7–10 5456: 5452: 5442: 5440: 5429: 5425: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5388: 5386: 5385:. pp. 9–11 5375: 5371: 5361: 5359: 5352:"DOS Solutions" 5348: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5324: 5318: 5314: 5299: 5295: 5285: 5283: 5272: 5268: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5199: 5192: 5188: 5178: 5176: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5135: 5131: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5076: 5072: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5015: 5011: 5010: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4961:"D- for BBC B+" 4959: 4958: 4954: 4944: 4942: 4931: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4909: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4866: 4864: 4855: 4854: 4850: 4840: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4762: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4745: 4737: 4736: 4732: 4722: 4720: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4692:on 23 July 2011 4682: 4678: 4673:Wayback Machine 4664: 4660: 4650: 4648: 4641:www.sprow.co.uk 4635: 4634: 4630: 4619:www.drobe.co.uk 4613: 4612: 4608: 4598: 4596: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4559:on 3 March 2016 4556: 4549: 4543: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4516: 4512: 4502: 4500: 4489: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4439:"ITV plan dies" 4437: 4436: 4432: 4422: 4420: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4396: 4394: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4370: 4368: 4359: 4358: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4258: 4254: 4244: 4242: 4239:Computing Today 4233: 4232: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4202: 4198: 4188: 4186: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4162: 4160: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4136: 4134: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4106: 4104: 4093: 4089: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4040: 4036: 4024:Computer Weekly 4019: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3950:Nag, B (1989). 3948: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3917: 3913: 3903: 3901: 3892: 3891: 3884: 3871: 3869: 3858: 3854: 3840: 3838: 3821: 3814: 3797: 3793: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3729: 3725: 3711: 3709: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3666: 3662: 3649: 3647: 3630: 3626: 3616: 3614: 3601: 3597: 3578: 3571: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3542: 3538: 3528: 3526: 3513: 3512: 3505: 3495: 3493: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3463: 3450:Russell, R. T. 3448: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3421: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3394: 3390: 3380: 3378: 3367: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3335: 3334: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3226: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3195: 3184: 3176: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3140:Acorn Computing 3138:(also known as 3040: 3033: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3016: 2974: 2898:A Kind of Magic 2889:music sequencer 2887:) with the UMI 2854: 2838:Kenneth Kendall 2830: 2828:Optional extras 2816: 2791: 2766: 2741: 2716: 2691: 2666: 2641: 2620: 2615: 2596: 2568:RGB colour cube 2533: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2456:1 MHz bus 2425:when using the 2385:5-pin 'domino'- 2345:controller and 2340:Western Digital 2326: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2270:Kenneth Kendall 2062: 2033: 1946:, David Allen, 1928: 1891: 1885: 1863:Torch Computers 1836:Prestel adapter 1773: 1751:Open University 1724:Torch Computers 1635: 1633:Other languages 1615:Microsoft BASIC 1586: 1580: 1559:PEEKs and POKEs 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1496: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1435:keyboard macros 1431:vector graphics 1400:Granny's Garden 1367: 1355: 1349: 1339:Repton Infinity 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319:copy protection 1286: 1281: 1269: 1248: 1225: 1219: 1208: 1089:1 MHz bus 1061:hard disk drive 990:composite video 963: 844: 839: 818: 804: 800: 778: 747: 742: 734: 727: 724: 682: 675: 658: 582:Acorn Computers 517: 446:Project of the 440:Acorn Computers 354: 327: 319:Mullard SAA5050 266: 246: 175: 171: 168: 166: 158: 154: 151: 149: 124: 122: 119: 90: 88: 85: 62:Acorn Computers 43: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7172: 7162: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7149:Home computers 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7114: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7065: 7063: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7014:BeagleBoard-xM 7010: 7007:BeagleBoard-xM 7003: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6981: 6979: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6922: 6920: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6883: 6878: 6876:Systems 2 to 5 6873: 6867: 6865: 6863:microcomputers 6855: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6804: 6797: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6774: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6755: 6753: 6752:Other projects 6749: 6748: 6746: 6745: 6740: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6683: 6678: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6651: 6644: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6605: 6603: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6556:Hermann Hauser 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6532: 6530: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6513: 6506: 6499: 6492: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6458: 6456: 6452: 6451: 6444: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6421: 6412: 6411: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6370: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6325: 6324:External links 6322: 6319: 6318: 6301:"Aping Auntie" 6291: 6266: 6255:. 27 June 2018 6240: 6208: 6187:Sound On Sound 6174: 6171:. 1 June 1988. 6159: 6133: 6106: 6080: 6057: 6042: 6015: 5988: 5971:stardot.org.uk 5958: 5933: 5900: 5870: 5839: 5813: 5783: 5756: 5725: 5708:Chris's Acorns 5694: 5668: 5639: 5612: 5585: 5558: 5531: 5504: 5477: 5450: 5423: 5396: 5369: 5342: 5322:"Turbo Pascal" 5312: 5293: 5266: 5253: 5246: 5225: 5210: 5186: 5156: 5129: 5095: 5081:The Micro User 5070: 5036: 5004: 4978: 4952: 4925: 4903: 4877: 4848: 4826: 4806: 4780: 4766:The Micro User 4755: 4730: 4703: 4676: 4658: 4628: 4606: 4576: 4570: 4537: 4510: 4483: 4456: 4430: 4404: 4378: 4349: 4319: 4298:TechCentral.ie 4285: 4252: 4223: 4196: 4170: 4144: 4118: 4087: 4069: 4050:(3): 183–202. 4034: 4013: 3989: 3942: 3911: 3882: 3852: 3812: 3791: 3784:"Acorn News". 3776: 3750: 3723: 3687: 3660: 3624: 3595: 3569: 3558:on 31 May 2012 3536: 3503: 3473: 3456:bbcbasic.co.uk 3442: 3415: 3388: 3356: 3315: 3282: 3249: 3220: 3182: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3135:The Micro User 3131: 3123: 3112: 3111: 3110: 3102: 3094: 3083: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3050:Acorn Electron 3046: 3045: 3031: 3015: 3012: 2973: 2970: 2853: 2850: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2819: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2794: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2769: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2747: 2744: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2722: 2719: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2697: 2694: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2672: 2669: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2622: 2621:(hexadecimal) 2617: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2593: 2590: 2589:Graphics mode 2532: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2501: 2494: 2493: 2474: 2471: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2411: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2375: 2360: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2333: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2235:mode, based a 2229:CRT controller 2222: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2159: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2130: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2098: 2089:MOS Technology 2086: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2061: 2058: 2042:utility and a 2032: 2029: 2014:Bletchley Park 2003:Science Museum 1995:Hermann Hauser 1961:retrocomputing 1927: 1924: 1887:Main article: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1850: 1848:Turtle (robot) 1844: 1841: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1805: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1772: 1769: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1684: 1681: 1675: 1669: 1663: 1657: 1654: 1634: 1631: 1582:Main article: 1579: 1576: 1574:interconnect. 1492:Main article: 1366: 1363: 1351:Main article: 1348: 1345: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1285: 1284:B+64 and B+128 1282: 1280: 1277: 1268: 1265: 1261:remanufactured 1207: 1204: 1164:Acorn Electron 1113: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1073: 908:bus contention 895:and the early 843: 840: 838: 835: 817: 814: 810:Acorn Electron 799: 796: 723: 720: 700:Tube interface 681:Keyboard of a 674: 671: 656: 516: 513: 436:microcomputers 422: 421: 419:Acorn Electron 416: 412: 411: 406: 402: 401: 396: 392: 391: 388: 384: 383: 368: 364: 363: 360: 356: 355: 353: 352: 342: 335: 333: 329: 328: 326: 325: 315: 303: 301: 297: 296: 272: 268: 267: 265: 264: 261: 258: 254: 252: 248: 247: 245: 244: 237: 234: 231: 223: 221: 217: 216: 209: 203: 202: 197: 191: 190: 142: 138: 137: 134: 130: 129: 116: 112: 111: 108: 104: 103: 100: 96: 95: 82: 78: 77: 69: 65: 64: 59: 55: 54: 49: 45: 44: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7171: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7057: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6986: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6967: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 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6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6442: 6437: 6435: 6430: 6428: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6410: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6343: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6327: 6306: 6302: 6295: 6280: 6276: 6270: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6178: 6170: 6163: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6121: 6117: 6110: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6066: 6061: 6053: 6046: 6030: 6026: 6019: 6003: 5999: 5992: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5905: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5874: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5843: 5827: 5823: 5817: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5792:"nvg.ntnu.no" 5787: 5772:. p. 125 5771: 5767: 5760: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5680: 5672: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5627: 5623: 5616: 5600: 5596: 5589: 5573: 5569: 5562: 5546: 5545:Electron User 5542: 5535: 5519: 5515: 5508: 5492: 5488: 5481: 5465: 5461: 5454: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5408: 5407: 5400: 5384: 5380: 5373: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5308: 5304: 5297: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5263: 5257: 5249: 5247:0-563-16558-8 5243: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5221: 5214: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5190: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5144: 5140: 5133: 5114: 5107: 5106: 5099: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5082: 5074: 5055: 5048: 5047: 5040: 5021: 5014: 5008: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4966: 4965:Your Computer 4962: 4956: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4914: 4907: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4874: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4833: 4829: 4827:0-946827-00-1 4823: 4819: 4818: 4810: 4794: 4790: 4784: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4759: 4744: 4740: 4734: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4662: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4555: 4548: 4541: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4392: 4388: 4382: 4366: 4362: 4356: 4354: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4323: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4273: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4256: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4228: 4211: 4210:Your Computer 4207: 4200: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4114: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4078:"SCL Unicorn" 4073: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4031:. p. 29. 4030: 4026: 4025: 4017: 4001: 4000: 3993: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3887: 3879: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3819: 3817: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3795: 3787: 3780: 3764: 3760: 3754: 3738: 3734: 3727: 3720: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3691: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3628: 3612: 3611: 3606: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3574: 3554: 3547: 3540: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3508: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3431:. p. 101 3430: 3426: 3419: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3376: 3372: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3344: 3340: 3339: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3286: 3270: 3266: 3265: 3260: 3253: 3237: 3236: 3231: 3224: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3179: 3174: 3168: 3164: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3130: 3129: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3037: 3032: 3029: 3018: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2949: 2948: 2942: 2941:album 1983). 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2820: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2801:7 (Teletext) 2800: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2618: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2550:Mode 7 was a 2548: 2546: 2545:display modes 2542: 2538: 2531:Display modes 2514: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2406: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2392:serial port. 2391: 2388: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2338:based on the 2337: 2331: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2287:DIN connector 2284: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2227: 2226:Motorola 6845 2220: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2177:function keys 2172: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2090: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2065: 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1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1395: 1385: 1384:display modes 1381: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1362: 1360: 1354: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1334: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1276: 1274: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1224: 1217: 1216:Interface Age 1212: 1206:Export models 1202: 1197: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1180: 1179:switched-mode 1176: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1005: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 978: 976: 972: 967: 961: 957: 953: 948: 943: 941: 937: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 909: 905: 900: 898: 894: 893:Apple II Plus 889: 885: 881: 873: 869: 868:cassette tape 865: 861: 857: 853: 848: 834: 832: 826: 823: 816:The ITV Micro 813: 811: 795: 792: 786: 784: 776: 771: 769: 768: 767:Interface Age 763: 759: 758: 751: 740: 731: 728:$ 700 million 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 696: 691: 679: 673:Market impact 670: 668: 667:Sophie Wilson 664: 654: 652: 648: 643: 640: 635: 631: 627: 626:Sophie Wilson 623: 619: 616: 612: 608: 607: 601: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 562: 557: 556:microcomputer 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 521: 512: 510: 504: 502: 498: 497:home computer 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 477:call for bids 473: 471: 470: 465: 461: 460: 455: 454: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 420: 417: 413: 410: 407: 403: 400: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 350: 346: 343: 340: 337: 336: 334: 330: 323: 320: 316: 313: 309: 308:Motorola 6845 305: 304: 302: 298: 295: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 273: 269: 262: 259: 256: 255: 253: 249: 242: 238: 235: 232: 229: 225: 224: 222: 218: 214: 210: 208: 204: 201: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 163: 146: 145:Cassette tape 143: 139: 135: 131: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 83: 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