Atari 8-bit computers

765: 1448:. POKEY has four semi-independent audio channels, each with its own frequency, noise and volume control. Each 8-bit channel has its own audio control register which select the noise content and volume. For higher sound frequency resolution (quality), two of the audio channels can be combined for more accurate sound (frequency can be defined with 16-bit value instead of usual 8-bit). The name POKEY comes from the words "POtentiometer" and "KEYboard", which are two of the I/O devices that POKEY interfaces with (the potentiometer is the mechanism used by the 773: 1247: 830:, Nelson wrote that he was so impressed that "I've been in computer graphics for twenty years, and I lay awake night after night trying to understand how the Atari machine did what it did". He described the machine as "something else" but criticized the company for a lack of developer documentation. He concluded by stating "The Atari is like the human body – a terrific machine, but (a) they won't give you access to the documentation, and (b) I'd sure like to meet the guy that designed it". 55: 46: 40: 997: 1803: 1583: 1894: 967: 753: 897: 1176: 959: 4352: 1225: 1342: 744:, a system for daisy-chaining multiple, auto-configuring devices to the computer through a single shielded connector. The internal slots were reserved for ROM and RAM modules; they did not have the control lines necessary for a fully functional expansion card, nor room to route a cable outside the case to communicate with external devices. 725:

Wade Tuma, later refused the idea saying "The FCC would never let us get away with that stunt." Unknown to Atari, TI used Decuir's idea. As Tuma had predicted, the FCC rejected the design, delaying that machine's release. TI ultimately shipped early machines with a custom television as the testing process dragged on.

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The system uses the SIO port again instead of the Parallel Bus Interface. The +12V pin in the SIO port is not connected, which prevents a few devices from working. The +12V was typically used to power RS-232 devices, which now required an external power source. An improved video circuit provides more

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proposed placing an RF modulator on one end, thereby completely isolating any electrical signals so that the computer would have no RF components. This would mean the computer would not have to meet the FCC requirements, yet users could still attach a television simply by plugging it in. His manager,

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Atari, Inc. shipped three updated versions of the 400/800 using the same chipset and with a different case aesthetic: the short-lived 1200XL, then the 600XL and 800XL. Numerous other, wide-ranging projects to develop successors to the 8-bit line were cancelled. After the re-establishment of Atari as

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There are 15 character and bitmap modes. In low-resolution modes, 2 or 4 colors per display line can be set. In high-resolution mode, one color can be set per line, but the luminance values of the foreground and background can be adjusted. High resolution bitmap mode (320x192 graphics) produces NTSC

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that month stated "games don't come out for the Atari first anymore". In April, the magazine published a survey of ten game publishers which found that they planned to release 19 Atari games in 1986, compared to 43 for Commodore 64, 48 for Apple II, 31 for IBM PC, 20 for Atari ST, and

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Atari sold about 700,000 computers in 1984 compared to Commodore's two million. As his new company prepared to ship the Atari ST in 1985, Tramiel stated that sales of Atari 8-bit computers were "very, very slow". They were never an important part of Atari's business compared to video games, and

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In 1982, Atari started the Sweet 8 (or Liz NY) and Sweet 16 projects to create an upgraded set of machines that were easier to build and less costly to produce. Atari ordered a custom 6502, initially labelled 6502C, but eventually known as SALLY to differentiate it from a standard 6502C. A 6502C was

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and shift, whereas a typical keyboard would extend the shift key into this area. Noting that the amount of software and hardware available for the computer "is no match for that of the Apple II or the TRS-80", the magazine concluded that the 800 "is an impressive machine that has not yet reached its

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They developed essentially a greatly updated version of the VCS, fixing its major limitations but sharing a similar design philosophy. The newer design has better speed, graphics, and sound. Work on the chips for the new system continued throughout 1978 and focused on much-improved video coprocessor

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together. A primary goal of the Atari computer design was user-friendliness which was assisted by the SIO bus. Since only one kind of connector plug is used for all devices the Atari computer was easy for novice users to expand. Atari SIO devices use an early form of plug-n-play. Peripherals on the

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The system CPU clock and video hardware are synchronized to one-half the NTSC clock frequency. Consequently, the pixel output of all display modes is based on the size of the NTSC color clock which is the minimum size needed to guarantee correct and consistent color regardless of the pixel location

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wrote in February 1986. The magazine stated that while its software library was comparable in size to that of other computers, "now—and even more so in the future—there is going to be less software being made for the Atari 8-bit computers", warning that 1985 only saw a "trickle" of major new titles

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chip allows a variety of Playfield modes and widths, and the original Atari Operating System included with the Atari 800/400 computers provides easy access to a subset of these graphics modes. These are exposed to users through Atari BASIC via the "GRAPHICS" command and to some other languages via

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The 130XE includes the Enhanced Cartridge Interface (ECI), which is almost compatible with the Parallel Bus Interface, but physically smaller and located next to the standard 400 and 800 compatible cartridge slot. It provides only those signals that do not exist in the latter. ECI peripherals were

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The 1400XL and the 1450XLD had their delivery dates pushed back, and in the end, the 1400XL was canceled outright, and the 1450XLD so delayed that it would never ship. Other prototypes which never reached market include the 1600XL, 1650XLD, and 1850XLD. The 1600XL was to have been a dual-processor

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1200XL (1983) – new aluminum and smoked plastic case. Includes 64 KB of RAM, two joystick ports, a Help key, and four function keys. Some older software was incompatible with the new OS. Starting with the 1200XL, the single cartridge slot is on the side of the case, and there are only 2

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The custom hardware features enable the computers to perform many functions directly in hardware, such as smooth background scrolling, that would need to be done in software in most other computers. Graphics and sound demos were part of Atari's earliest developer information and used as marketing

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mentioned the Atari machines in an April 1979 overview of the CES show. Calling Atari "the videogame people", it stated they came with "some fantastic educational, entertainment and home applications software". In an August 1979 interview Atari's Peter Rosenthal suggested that demand might be low

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As the design process for the new machines continued, there were questions about what the Candy should be. There was a running argument about whether the keyboard would be external or built-in. By the summer of 1978, education had become a focus for the new systems. The Colleen design was largely

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magazine stated in May 1985 that it had received many letters complaining that software companies were ignoring the Atari market, and urged readers to contact the companies' leaders. "The Atari 800 computer has been in existence since 1979. Six years is a pretty long time for a computer to last.

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The names originally referred to the amount of memory: 4 KB RAM in the 400 and 8 KB in the 800. By the time they were released, RAM prices had started to fall, so the machines were both released with 8 KB, using 4kx1 DRAMs. The user-installable RAM modules in the 800 initially had

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for the new computers: a low-end version known internally as "Candy", and a higher-end machine known as "Colleen" (named after two Atari secretaries). Atari would market Colleen as a computer and Candy as a game machine or hybrid game console. Colleen includes user-accessible expansion slots for

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or be a computer programmer to utilize the full capabilities of a personal computer?" For example, cartridges were expected to make the computers easier to use. To minimize handling of bare circuit boards or chips, as is common with other systems of that period, the computers were designed with

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The actual ANTIC screen geometry is not fixed. The hardware can be directed to display a narrow Playfield (128 color clocks/256 hi-res pixels wide), the normal width Playfield (160 color clocks/320 hi-res pixels wide), and a wide, overscan Playfield (192 color clocks/384 hi-res pixels wide) by

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Atari had difficulty in transitioning manufacturing to Asia after closing its US factory. Originally intended to replace the 1200XL in mid-1983, the new models did not arrive until late that year. Although the 600XL/800XL were well positioned in terms of price and features, during the critical

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on the screen. The fundamental accuracy of the pixel color output allows horizontal fine scrolling without color "strobing"—unsightly hue changes in pixels based on horizontal position caused when signal timing does not provide the TV/monitor hardware adequate time to reach the correct color.

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data is pointed to by a register. It defaults to an address in ROM, but if pointed to RAM then a programmer can create custom characters. Depending on the text mode, this data can be on any 1K or 512 byte boundary. Additional registers flip all characters upside down and toggle inverse video.

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to convert it to antenna-like output. The introduction of many game consoles during this era had led to situations where poorly designed modulators would generate so much signal as to cause interference with other nearby televisions, even in neighboring houses. In response to complaints, the

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concluded that "our first impression ... is mixed but mostly optimistic." The magazine warned, however, that because of "Atari's sluggish marketing", unless existing customers persuaded others to buy the XL models, "we'll all end up marching to the beat of a drummer whose initials are IBM."

993:, closely following the original Sweet concepts. The 600XL is essentially the Liz NY model and the spiritual successor of the 400, and the 800XL would replace both the 800 and 1200XL. The machines follow the styling of the 1200XL but are smaller from back to front, and the 600XL is more so. 696:

Other manufacturers avoided the problem by using built-in composite monitors, such as the Commodore PET and TRS-80. The TRS-80 has a slightly modified black and white television as a monitor. It was notorious for causing interference, and production was canceled when the more stringent FCC

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architected the two video chips for the Atari 8-bit computers. The CTIA chip includes sprites and background graphics, but to reduce load on the main CPU, loading video registers and buffers is delegated to a dedicated microprocessor, the Alphanumeric Television Interface Controller or

1417:) including collision detection between players, missiles, and the playfield; display priority for objects; and color/luminance control of all displayed objects. CTIA/GTIA outputs separate digital luminance and chroma signals, which are mixed to form an analog composite video signal. 642:

A goal for the new systems was user-friendliness. One executive stated, "Does the end user care about the architecture of the machine? The answer is no. 'What will it do for me?' That's his major concern. ... why try to scare the consumer off by making it so he or she has to have a

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on January 6–9, 1983. It shipped in March 1983 with 64 KB of RAM, built-in self test, a redesigned keyboard (with four function keys and a HELP key), and redesigned cable port layout. The number of joystick ports was reduced from 4 to 2. There is no PAL version of the 1200XL.

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Two million Atari 8-bit computers were sold during its major production run between late 1979 and mid-1985. In 1984, Atari reported 4 million owners of its computers and 5200 game console combined. The 8-bit computers were sold both in computer stores and department stores such as

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The 400 and 800 were replaced by multiple computers with the same technology and different presentation. The 1200XL was released in early 1983 to supplant the 800. It was discontinued months later and succeeded by the 600XL and 800XL. After the company was sold and reestablished,

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in the first nine months of the year, Atari that month announced that prices would rise in January, stating that it "has no intention of participating in these suicidal price wars." The 600XL and 800XL's prices in early 1984 were $ 50 higher than for the VIC-20 and Commodore 64.

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plastic casings but this caused overheating issues, so the casings were removed. Later, the expansion cover was held down with screws instead of the easier-to-open plastic latches. The computers eventually shipped with maxed-out RAM: 16k and 48k, respectively, using 16kx1 DRAMs.

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CTIA/GTIA reads the joystick triggers and the Option, Select and Start keys, and controls the keyboard speaker in the Atari 400 and 800. In later computer models the audio output for the keyboard speaker is mixed with the audio out for transmission to the TV/video monitor.

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favorably reviewed the 800's performance, graphics, and ROM cartridges, but disliked the documentation and cautioned that the unusual right Shift key location might make the computer "unsuitable for serious word processing". There is an "Atari key" between the

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that can be user-controlled via memory load/store instructions running on the 6502. For example, the GTIA uses a series of registers to select colors for the screen; these colors can be changed by inserting the correct values into its registers, which are

373:, smooth multidirectional scrolling, four channels of audio, and other features. The graphics and sound are more advanced than most of its contemporaries, and video games are a key part of the software library. The 1980 first-person space combat simulator 1554:

XE Game System (1987) – a 65XE styled as a game console. The basic version of the system shipped without the detachable keyboard. With the keyboard it operates just like other Atari 8-bit computer models. The cartridge slot is on the top, like other

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and sprite memory in RAM, plus character set bitmaps for character modes, and feeding these to the CTIA. CTIA processes the sprite and playfield data in the light of its own color, sprite, and graphics registers to produce the final color video output.

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for managing floppy storage was menu-driven. When no software is loaded, rather than leaving the user at a blank screen or machine language monitor, the OS goes to the "Memo Pad" which is a built-in full-screen editor without file storage support.

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bus have their own IDs, and can deliver downloadable drivers to the Atari computer during the boot process. The additional electronics in these peripherals made them cost more than the equivalent "dumb" devices used by other systems of the era.

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that Atari "fail to keep up with Christmas orders for the 600 and 800XLs", reporting that as of late November 1983 the 800XL had not appeared in Massachusetts stores while 600XL "quantities are so limited that it's almost impossible to obtain".

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The FCC ruling also made it difficult to have any sizable holes in the case, which would allow RF leakage. This eliminated expansion slots or cards that communicated with the outside world via their own connectors. Instead, Atari designed the

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requiring minimal CPU direction. Furthermore, the ANTIC hardware supports horizontal and vertical fine scrolling—shifting the display of screen data incrementally by single pixels (color clocks) horizontally and single scan lines vertically.

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Though planning an extensive advertising campaign for 1980, Atari found difficult competition from Commodore, Apple, and Tandy. By mid-1981, it had reportedly lost $ 10 million on sales of $ 10–13 million from more than 50,000 computers.

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ANTIC text modes support soft, redefineable character sets. ANTIC has four different methods of glyph rendering related to the text modes: Normal, Descenders, Single color character matrix, and Multiple colors per character matrix.

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The XL/XE all have OS revisions, which created compatibility issues with certain software. Atari responded with the Translator Disk, a floppy disk which loads the older 400 and 800 Rev. 'B' or Rev. 'A' OS into the XL/XE computers.

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Since each row can be specified individually, the programmer can create displays containing different text or bitmapped graphics modes on one screen, where the data can be fetched from arbitrary, non-sequential memory addresses.

840:. It weighs about ten pounds ... The large amount of engineering and design in the physical part of the system is evident". The reviewer praised the documentation as "show the way manuals should be done", and the "excellent 'feel 1412:

The CTIA/GTIA receives Playfield graphics information from ANTIC and applies colors to the pixels from a 128 or 256 color palette depending on the color interpretation mode in effect. CTIA/GTIA controls Player/Missile Graphics

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simply a version of the 6502 able to run up to 4 MHz. The A models run at 1, and the B's at 2. The basis for SALLY is a 6502B. SALLY was incorporated into late-production 400 and 800 models, all XL/XE models, and the

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complete by May 1978, but in early 1979 the decision was made that Candy would also be a complete computer, but intended for children. As such, it would feature a new keyboard designed to be resistant to liquid spills.

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enclosed modules for memory, ROM cartridges, with keyed connectors to prevent them being plugged into the wrong slot. The operating system boots automatically, loading drivers from devices on the serial bus (SIO). The

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Because of graphics superior to those of the Apple II and Atari's home-oriented marketing, games dominated its software library. A 1984 compendium of reviews used 198 pages for games compared to 167 for all others.

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setting a register value. The operating system's default height for creating graphics modes is 192 scan lines, and ANTIC can display vertical overscan up to 240 TV scan lines tall by creating a custom display list.

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in Warner stock. When Tramiel took over, the high-end XL models were canceled and the low-end XLs were redesigned into the XE series. Nearly all research, design, and prototype projects were canceled, including the

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During the lifetime of the 8-bit series, Atari released a large number of peripherals including cassette tape drives, 5.25-inch floppy drives, printers, modems, a touch tablet, and an 80-column display module.

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ANTIC reads this display list and the display data using DMA (Direct Memory Access), then translates the result into a pixel data stream representing the playfield text and graphics. This stream then passes to

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chroma for a more colorful image, but the chroma line is not connected to the monitor port, the only place that could make use of it. The operating system has compatibility problems with some older software.

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by Curt Vendel on atariage.com "Atari released the Atari 8bit chipset into PD for me several years ago, so any FB3 project at this point could very well turn into a PD or individual released project/product"

1302:. An instruction adds one row of the specified graphics mode to the display. Each mode varies based on whether it represents text or a bitmap, the resolution and number of colors, and its vertical height in 904:

The original Sweet 8/16 plans were dropped and only one machine using the new design was released. Announced at a New York City press conference on December 13, 1982, the 1200XL was presented at the Winter

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To meet the off-the-shelf requirement while including internal TV circuitry, the new machines needed to be heavily shielded. Both were built around very strong cast aluminum shields forming a partial

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ROM cartridge. However, the existing 6502 version from Microsoft was around 7,900 bytes, leaving no room for extensions for graphics and sound. The company contracted with local consulting firm

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to become the CEO of Atari. Kassar said the chipset should be used in a home computer to challenge Apple. To adapt the machine to this role, it needed character graphics, some form of expansion for

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and single internal ROM slot, outsold the Atari 800 by a 2-to-1 margin. Only one cartridge for the 800's right slot was produced by March 1983, and later machines in the series have only one slot.

1509:. The 800 has full-travel keys, a second, rarely used, cartridge slot, and monitor output. Both have expandable memory (up to 48 KB); the RAM slots are easily accessible in the 800. Later 1042:

expandable than a 400 or 800." While disapproving of the use of an operating system closer to the 1200XL's than the 400 and 800's, and the "inadequate and frankly disappointing" documentation,

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chip) commands and IRQs, plus controlling the 4 joystick movements on the 400 and 800 models, and later RAM banks or ROM (OS/BASIC/Self-test) enables for XL/XE lines. It provides timers, a

732:, with the various components screwed down onto this internal framework. This resulted in an extremely sturdy computer, at the disadvantage of added manufacturing expense and complexity. 1505:

400 and 800 (1979) – original machines in beige cases. Both have 4 joystick ports below the keyboard and a cartridge slot covered by a door on the top of the machine. The 400 has a

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resigned in January 1984 and in July, he purchased the Atari consumer division from Warner for an extremely low price. No cash was required, and instead Warner had the right to purchase

950:, criticized the computer's features and price. He wrote that the 1200XL was a "terrific bargain" if sold for less than $ 450, but that if it cost more than the 800, "buy an 800 quick!" 1187:, and they visually resemble the ST. The 65XE has 64 KB of RAM and is functionally equivalent to the 800XL minus the PBI connection. The 130XE has 128 KB of memory, accessible through 1497:

Atari Corporation, three more systems were released using largely the same technology as earlier machines: the 65XE and 128 KB 130XE in 1985, and finally the game console inspired

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reviewed the computer in the magazine in June 1980, calling it "an extraordinary graphics box". Describing his and a friend's "shouting and cheering and clapping" during a demo of

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600XL and 800XL (1983) – the 600XL has 16 KB of memory and PAL versions have a monitor port. The 800XL has 64 KB and monitor output. Both have built-in BASIC and a

1409:(GTIA) in later revisions of the 400 and 800 and all later 8-bit models. GTIA, also designed by McLeod, adds three new playfield graphics modes to ANTIC which enable more colors. 3201: 684:

Televisions of the time normally had only one signal input, which was the antenna connection on the back. For devices like a computer, the video is generated and then sent to an

917: (equivalent to about $ 2,800 in 2023). This is $ 100 less than the announced price of the Atari 800 at its release in 1979, but by this time the 800 was priced much lower. 590:

CPU used in the VCS and the new machines, saw the Atari work during a visit to Grass Valley. He realized the Commodore design would not be competitive but he was under a strict

986: (equivalent to $ 460 in 2023). The 1200XL was a flop, and the earlier machines were too expensive to produce to be able to compete at the rapidly falling price points. 594:

with Atari, and was unable to tell anyone at Commodore to give up on their own design. Peddle later commented that "the thing that Jay did, just kicked everybody's butt."

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output) and a full keyboard. Candy was initially designed as a game console, lacking a keyboard and input/output ports, although an external keyboard was planned for

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look like toys by comparison." The magazine approved of its not using the 1200XL's keyboard layout, and predicted that the XL's parallel bus "actually makes the 600

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joked in 1980 that Atari owners might have considered turning the slot "into a fancy ashtray". The magazine advised them to "clear out those cobwebs" for Atari's

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and an annotated source listing of the operating system. These resources resulted in many books and articles about programming the computer's custom hardware.

3912: 3019: 3226: 1306:. An instruction also indicates if it contains an interrupt, if fine scrolling is enabled, and optionally where to fetch the display data from memory. 4195: 4177: 3794: 3274: 3171: 1535:

instead of a PBI. The first revisions of the 65XE have no ECI or PBI, and the later ones contain the ECI. The 65XE was relabelled as 800XE in some

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until the 1980–81 time frame, when he predicted about one million home computers being sold. The April 1980 issue compared the machines with the

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The Atari 800 has expansion cards for the RAM, ROM, and processor. It eventually shipped with three of these 16KB RAM cards, for a total of 48KB.

2850: 1157:. The magazine warned later that year, "Is this the end for Atari 800 games? It certainly looks like it might be from where I write". In 1987, 836:

wrote in September 1980 that the Atari 800 "looks deceptively like a video game machine, the strongest and tightest chassis I have seen since

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After Atari announced its intent to enter the home computer market in December 1978, the Atari 400 and Atari 800 were presented at the Winter

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became CEO and wanted Atari to return to its video game roots. The 1850XLD was to have been based on the Lorraine chipset which became the

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of RAM. The 800 has a conventional keyboard, a second cartridge slot, and allows easy RAM upgrades to 48K. Both use identical 6502 CPUs at

3836: 1322:) for final output to a TV or composite monitor. Once the display list is set up, the display is generated without any CPU intervention. 1123:

it is possible that the 8-bit line was never profitable for the company though almost 1.5 million computers had been sold by early 1986.

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Atari 800 with the cover removed, showing expansion cards and two cartridge slots. The slots are molded into the cast aluminum RF shield.

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similar system calls. The later version of the OS used in the XL/XE computers added support for most of these "missing" graphics modes.

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released the 65XE (sold as the 800XE in some European markets) and 130XE in 1985. The XL and XE are lighter in construction, have two

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was released in late 1977. While designing the VCS in 1976, the engineering team from Atari Grass Valley Research Center (originally

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model capable of running 6502 and 80186 code, and the 1650XLD is a similar machine in the 1450XLD case. These were canceled when

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When no other program is available, the Atari 400 and 800 boot into Memo Pad: a fullscreen text editor which can't save or load.

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The Atari XEGS (XE Game System) was launched in 1987. A repackaged 65XE with a removable keyboard, it boots to the 1981 port of

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expected to plug into both the standard Cartridge Interface and the ECI port. Later revisions of the 65XE contain the ECI port.

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Mirroring the 400/800, two systems were planned, the 1000 with 16 KB and the 1000X with 64 KB, each expandable via a

1452:). The POKEY chip—and its dual- and quad-core versions—was used in many Atari coin-op arcade machines of the 1980s, including 386:

The Atari 800 was positioned as a high-end model and the 400 as more affordable. The 400 has a pressure-sensitive, spillproof

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Valley of genius: the uncensored history of Silicon Valley, as told by the hackers, founders, and freaks who made it boom

2375: 2029:. There is agreement in the community that Atari authorized the distribution of the Atari 800's ROM with the Xformer 2.5 3866: 5234: 3620: 2939: 2937: 1641: 1532: 1405:

chip of the 1977 Atari VCS. According to Joe Decuir, George McLeod designed the CTIA in 1977. It was replaced with the

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DOS 3.0 – Came with 1050 drive. Uses a different disk format which is incompatible with DOS 2.0, making it unpopular.

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is a custom chip used for reading the keyboard, generating sound and serial communications (in conjunction with the

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that is visible to the 6502. Some of the coprocessors use data stored in RAM, such as ANTIC's display buffer and

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and a simple background generated by data loaded by the CPU into single-scan-line video registers. Atari engineer

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color interpretation can be freely mixed without CPU intervention by changing instructions in the display list.

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was introduced in 1982. In 1992, Atari Corporation officially dropped all remaining support for the 8-bit line.

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The ANTIC chip uses a display list and other settings to create these modes. Any graphics mode in the default

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24 for Amiga. Companies stated that one reason for not publishing for Atari was the unusually high amount of

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The high-end 1400XL and 1450XLD were announced alongside the 600XL and 800XL. They added a built-in 300 baud

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using an in-store demo to attract customers. The primary global competition came when the similarly equipped

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DOS 2.5 – Replaced DOS 3.0 with later 1050s. Functionally identical to DOS 2.0S, but able to read and write

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Atari did not initially disclose technical information for its computers, except to software developers who

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The 65XE and 130XE (XE stands for XL-Compatible Eight-bit) were announced in 1985 at the same time as the

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Both models have four joystick ports, permitting four simultaneous players, but only a few games (such as

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Schuyten, Peter J. (December 6, 1978). "Technology; The Computer Entering Home". Business & Finance.

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RAM. In 1987, Atari Corporation repackaged the 65XE as a game console, with an optional keyboard, as the

17: 4887: 4014: 3892: 2790: 2771: 2303: 2048:, released the Atari 400 Mini, at a cost of £99.99 (€119.99 / $ 119.99). It is a half-sized scale-model 4854: 4371: 4081: 2689: 1414: 1319: 1280: 943: 554: 370: 238: 4028:"AN ICON RETURNS: RETRO GAMES LTD. AND PLAION ANNOUNCE MINI RECREATION OF THE ATARI 400™ Press Server" 2135: 4770: 4609: 3689:

De Re Atari Anno Domini MCMLXXXI: A Guide to Effective Programming of the Atari 400/800 Home Computer

1327: 990: 978: (equivalent to $ 3,500 in 2023), but by mid-1983, because of price wars in the industry, it was 906: 781: 3122: 4997: 4651: 4560: 4420: 3798: 3278: 3244:

Wessel, David (November 10, 1983). "Atari, Coleco to Raise Prices of Home Computers on January 1".

2308: 2276: 1844: 1648: 1593: 1449: 1437: 591: 509: 4847: 3984: 3931: 3929: 3867:"The quarterly APX contest / APX: Programs by our users...for our users / Publications / Hardware" 429:(Universal Serial Bus). The core architecture of the Atari 8-bit computers was reused in the 1982 5239: 4721: 4497: 4483: 4469: 2462: 1978:

has to be booted from floppy disk at every power-on or reset. Atari DOS is entirely menu-driven.

1597: 1401:(CTIA) is the graphics chip originally used in the Atari 400 and 800. It is the successor to the 1266:

chip to handle sound and serial input/output. These support chips are controlled via a series of

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key. Originally this was revision B, which has some serious bugs. Later models have revision C.

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to ride on the popularity of the 800XL in those markets. All 800XE units contain the ECI port.

1150: 885: 644: 603: 297: 2715: 2006: 4539: 4427: 3564: 3540: 3519: 3484: 3461: 3020:"1983 Winter Consumer Electronics Show; Creative Computing presents the Short Circuit Awards" 2913: 1967: 1144: 1035: 523: 256: 4872: 4840: 4812: 4046: 3357: 1847:, possibly to increase its own software sales. Cartridge software was so rare at first that 764: 5183: 4947: 4819: 4679: 4658: 4644: 4567: 4490: 4476: 1163: 693:(FCC) introduced new testing standards which are extremely exacting and difficult to meet. 608: 266: 2254: 485:) said the system would have a three-year lifespan before becoming obsolete. They started 8: 5178: 5173: 4616: 4546: 4504: 4224: 3957: 3304: 2053: 2018: 1070:

drive in an enlarged case, with a slot for a second drive. Atari BASIC is built into the

632: 587: 550: 486: 442: 359: 282: 260: 191: 3535: 2652: 672:

to complete the port. They recommended writing a new version from scratch, resulting in

4935: 4099: 3930:

Stanton, Jeffrey; Wells, Robert P.; Rochowansky, Sandra; Mellid, Michael, eds. (1984).

3556: 3511: 3476: 3453: 2657: 2628: 1445: 380: 2167: 4941: 4805: 4455: 4332: 4296: 4267: 4125: 4106: 3937: 3660: 3616: 3367: 3027: 2988: 2633: 2532: 2424: 2414: 2232: 2070: 1506: 1272: 1267: 1064: 1060: 804: 757: 713: 709: 635:

3 and 4. At the time, plans called for both to have a separate audio port supporting

500:

During the early development period, the home computer era began in earnest with the

438: 387: 77: 3754: 3636: 3634: 3632: 2577: 772: 355:, in 1979 with the Atari 400 and Atari 800. The architecture is designed around the 5018: 4903: 4826: 4385: 4337: 4312: 4204: 1902: 1784: 1531:

65XE and 130XE (1985) – the 130XE has 128 KB of bank-switched RAM and an

1472: 1135: 1128: 1071: 1015: 933: 612: 482: 243: 169: 4958: 2195: 1992: 1346: 578:

The resulting system was far in advance of anything then available on the market.

566:. CTIA and ANTIC work together to produce a complete display, with ANTIC fetching 5203: 5129: 4990: 4602: 4317: 4306: 4199: 4181: 3687: 3654: 3629: 2520: 2380: 2343: 2336: 2022: 1688:

1400XL: similar to the 1200XL but with a PBI, FREDDIE chip, built-in modem and a

1466: 1350: 1234: 1154: 1079: 741: 702: 701:

famously left off the modulator and sold them under a third party company as the

661: 624: 546: 513: 2524: 1246: 5068: 4784: 4637: 4623: 4217: 3222: 3221: 1207: 1188: 1112: 1010: 799: 698: 519: 450: 3585: 2982: 2472: 2428: 2408: 2385: 2052:

emulation of the Atari 400. preloaded with 25 games. It comes with an updated

1353:

from displaying hi-res pixels which are half the size of the NTSC color clock.

5223: 5208: 5033: 4434: 3997: 3371: 3031: 2637: 2236: 2026: 1985:

DOS 2.0S – Improved over DOS 1.0; became the standard for the 810 disk drive.

1936:

OS Rev. 4 – 32 KB ROM (16 KB OS + 8 KB BASIC + 8 KB Missile Command) for XEGS

1525: 1406: 1398: 1370: 1334: 1318:

which applies the playfield colors and incorporates Player/Missile graphics (

1315: 1259: 1254:

The Atari machines consist of a 6502 as the main processor, a combination of

1034:, writing about the 600XL in January 1984, stated that "the Commodore 64 and 817: 636: 616: 505: 494: 411: 348: 307: 91: 4153: 5099: 5083: 5038: 5023: 5002: 4985: 4518: 4511: 2227: 2049: 1865:

for the Apple II in its ability to persuade customers to buy the computer.

1853: 1540: 1299: 1276: 1095: 1006: 837: 826: 729: 685: 620: 583: 466: 375: 366: 4749: 4742: 4728: 3053:

Released in early 1983, it will only remain in production until June 1983.

2608: 1944:

ROM built-in, which can be disabled at startup by holding down the silver

1893: 1298:

is a microprocessor which processes a sequence of instructions known as a

1250:

The processor board for the Atari 800 has the 6502, ANTIC, and CTIA chips.

5119: 5073: 4896: 4833: 4777: 4588: 4291: 4261: 3693: 2963: 2960: 2283:. Vol. 1, no. 1. Ann Arbor, MI: Unicorn Publications. p. 4 1999: 1971: 1963: 1941: 1873: 1735: 1548: 1478: 1067: 717: 673: 571: 446: 352: 71: 4928: 2525:"Atari's Marketing Vice President Profiles the Personal Computer Market" 2475:(Interview). Interviewed by Doug Fairbairn and Stephen Diamond. 1:56:30. 1102:

in long-term notes and warrants, and Tramiel had an option to buy up to

712:(TI) salesman presented a new possibility in the form of an inexpensive 54: 5157: 5028: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4953: 4798: 4763: 4714: 4700: 3326:

Kleinfield, N. R. (December 22, 1984). "Trading Up in Computer Gifts".

3197: 2897:

Hogan, Thom (August 31, 1981). "From Zero to a Billion in Five Years".

2075: 1858: 1806: 1498: 1381: 1219: 1158: 1119:

computer line and recruiting former Commodore engineers to work on it.

881:, which ANTIC uses to shut off the CPU to access the data/address bus. 874: 870: 821: 721: 627:(including two pins for separate luma and chroma suitable for superior 535: 531: 478: 454: 430: 422: 415: 331: 3772: 5152: 4910: 4707: 4327: 4322: 4051: 2918: 2446: 1975: 1962:

The standard Atari OS only contains low-level routines for accessing

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Christmas season they were available only in small numbers while the

996: 932:

stated in an early 1983 editorial that the 1200XL was too expensive;

846: 737: 567: 558: 477:

Design of the "Home Computer System" started at Atari as soon as the

419: 290: 177: 2946:, 1.12) What are SALLY, ANTIC, CTIA/GTIA/FGTIA, POKEY, and FREDDIE?. 2021:

for all the 8-bit computers. In 2006, Curt Vendel, who designed the

1582: 59:

The Atari 800's nameplate is on the dual-width cartridge slot cover.

45: 39: 5063: 4735: 4553: 4525: 4301: 4273: 2041: 2034: 2030: 1862: 1184: 1116: 928: 793: 665: 321: 2956: 2098: 1901:

The Atari 8-bit computers have an operating system built into the

913:

Announced at a retail price of $ 1000, the 1200XL was released at

5124: 4047:"The Atari 400 Mini is a cute little slice of video game history" 3597: 1810: 1544: 1203: 966: 752: 628: 489:

for a new console that would be ready to replace it around 1979.

457:. It is compatible with 8-bit computer software and peripherals. 2591: 2589: 1871:

and others at Atari published detailed technical information in

1126:

By that year, the Atari software market was decreasing in size.

425:, and one of the SIO developers eventually went on to co-patent 4532: 2879:

Hogan, Thom (May 11, 1981). "The Atari 800 Personal Computer".

2045: 1689: 1536: 896: 877:

consoles. SALLY adds logic to disable the clock signal, called

501: 3745:

Mapping The Atari, Ian Chadwick and Atari 130XE owner's manual

1564: 1175: 958: 433:

game console, but games for the two systems are incompatible.

4672: 4240: 4015:

HOW TO GET ROMS FOR "RAINBOW" (ATARI XL EMULATOR)! The answer

3847: 3042: 2586: 2557: 2545: 2498: 2240: 1924:

OS Rev. 11 – 16 KB ROM (2 chips) for 1200XL Rev B (bug fixes)

1760: 1441: 1429: 1358: 1295: 1263: 1255: 1224: 1167:

for the Atari 8-bits, stating that the market was too small.

1083: 1056: 942:

agreed. Bill Wilkinson, author of Atari BASIC, co-founder of

563: 539: 530:

in 1976 to fund the launch of the VCS. In 1978, Warner hired

462: 407: 403: 356: 4351: 2987:. Morris Plains, NJ: Creative Computing Press. p. 116. 2914:"State of Microcomputing: Some Horses Running Neck and Neck" 4630: 3259:

Mace, Scott (February 27, 1984). "Can Atari Bounce Back?".

3017: 797:) use them all. Paddle controllers are wired in pairs, and 205: 3820:

Cole, David C. (July 7, 1980). "Star Raiders from Atari".

2488:"Atari: The Golden Years A History, 1978 1981" 1727:. Made it to pre-production, but was abandoned by Tramiel. 3962: 2025:, claimed that Atari released the 8-bit chipset into the 1510: 1341: 982: (equivalent to $ 500 in 2023) and the 400 was under 426: 216: 4209: 3713: 3711: 3613:

Breakout: How Atari 8-Bit Computers Defined a Generation

1940:

The XL/XE models that followed the 1200XL also have the

1524:

expansion port. The last produced PAL units contain the

3341:

Maremaa, Tom (June 3, 1985). "Atari Ships New 520 ST".

2981:. In Small, David; Small, Sandy; Blank, George (eds.). 2196:"Total Share: Personal Computer Market Share 1975-2010" 2017:

At the beginning of 1992, Atari Corporation officially

970:

The 600XL has a slightly shallower case than the 800XL.

4187:"A History of Gaming Platforms: Atari 8-bit Computers" 3202:"Coleco's 'Adam' Gets Gentleman's 'C' for Performance" 3026:. Vol. 9, no. 3. Ahl Computing. p. 50. 3708: 3225:; Nowell, Robin E.; Franklin, Austin (January 1984). 2970: 1766:

65XEM: 65XE with AMY sound synthesis chip. Cancelled.

1089: 4154:"Atari 8-Bit Computers: Frequently Asked Questions" 4141:"ANTIC Interview 32 - Al Alcorn, Atari Employee #3" 3998:"Atari800Win PLus - The Atari 8-bit Emulator: News" 3429: 2519: 708:In a July 1977 visit with the engineering staff, a 4098: 3721:Atari Home Computer Field Service Manual - 400/800 3653:Small, David; Small, Sandy; Blank, George (1983). 3557:"Titans of the Computer Gaming World / MicroProse" 3359:"THE GAME TURNS SERIOUS AT ATARI (Published 1982)" 3013: 3011: 2905: 2358:Atari Home Computer Field Service Manual - 400/800 2122:Atari 800 Home Computer System Salesperson's Guide 1238:instead of BASIC if the keyboard is disconnected. 697:requirements came into effect on January 1, 1981. 3391: 3325: 2738: 2736: 2033:, which makes the ROM legally available today as 1921:OS Rev. 10 – 16 KB ROM (2 chips) for 1200XL Rev A 1287:materials with computers running in-store demos. 5221: 3910: 3410: 2892: 2890: 2874: 2872: 2270: 2268: 1074:and the PBI at the back for external expansion. 3834: 3652: 3554: 3533: 3509: 3451: 3349: 3217: 3215: 3165: 3163: 3139: 3008: 2825: 2823: 2575: 2225:"Atari refuses to let the video game fad die". 1734:, this was dual-processor system with 6502 and 582:was developing a video driver at the time, but 4096: 3853: 3819: 3611:Lendino, Jamie (2017). Murray, Matthew (ed.). 3610: 3120: 3048: 2976: 2733: 2595: 2563: 2551: 2504: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2138:The History of Atari Computers, Benj Edwards, 1909:OS Rev. A – 10 KB ROM (3 chips) early machines 1569:The production timeline is from 1979 to 1987. 1349:in 320 horizontal pixel graphics mode creates 989:A new lineup was announced at the 1983 Summer 803:supports eight players. The Atari 400, with a 784:in January 1979 and shipped in November 1979. 760:and a door covering the single cartridge slot. 4225: 3243: 3062: 3060: 2887: 2869: 2485: 2265: 1330:; these colors do not occur on PAL machines. 1133:Unfortunately, its age is starting to show", 3766: 3581:Jack Tramiel - Atari - Rare UK TV Appearance 3340: 3212: 3169: 3160: 3093: 3066: 3018:Ahl, David H.; Staples, Betsy (April 1983). 2820: 2337:"3 Generations of Game Machine Architecture" 1888: 1709:″ disk drive and expansion bay for a second 390:and initially shipped with a non-upgradable 3505: 3503: 3447: 3445: 3196: 2896: 2650: 2231:. No. 2843. May 21, 1984. p. 46. 2145: 1912:OS Rev. B – 10 KB ROM (3 chips) most common 1905:. The Atari 400 and 800 have two versions: 1611:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1572: 553:. All on-screen graphics are created using 4350: 4232: 4218: 4122:Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution 3894:Atari Home Computer System Hardware Manual 3510:Williams, Gregg (September–October 1986). 3087: 3057: 2709: 2707: 2515: 2513: 2218: 1879:Atari Home Computer System Hardware Manual 924:The 1200XL was discontinued in June 1983. 649: 53: 44: 38: 5092: 5011: 4864: 4147:(Interview). Interviewed by Randy Kindig. 3936:. Addison-Wesley. pp. TOC, 12, 210. 3933:The Addison-Wesley Book of Atari Software 3452:Williams, Gregg (January–February 1986). 2142:April 21, 2011, retrieved August 20 2016. 2044:and Retro Games Ltd, via the distributor 1675:Learn how and when to remove this message 4193:Atari XL Series Systems & Prototypes 4078:"The Atari 800 Personal Computer System" 3500: 3442: 3385: 2849:Derfler, Frank J. Jr. (September 1980). 2742: 2625: 2444: 2274: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2099:"Atari introduces the 400/800 computers" 2093: 2091: 1951: 1892: 1820:Atari's peripherals use the proprietary 1801: 1382:horizontal and vertical coarse scrolling 1340: 1245: 1223: 1174: 995: 965: 957: 895: 820:, focused mostly on the BASIC dialects. 771: 763: 751: 4151: 4044: 3640: 3355: 3301:"Afterthoughts: The Atari 1600XL Rumor" 2979:"New Member of the Family - Atari 1200" 2943: 2848: 2807: 2713: 2704: 2510: 2440: 2438: 1759:, this was to use the "Lorraine" (aka " 1692:SC-01 speech synthesis chip. Cancelled. 1050: 974:In May 1981, the Atari 800's price was 14: 5245:Computer-related introductions in 1979 5222: 4138: 4097:Goldberg, Marty; Vendel, Curt (2012). 2957:"Atari introduces the 1200XL computer" 2829: 2470: 2406: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2301: 2193: 2066:List of Atari 8-bit computer emulators 1970:, is required to assist in organizing 1559: 1380:The display list capabilities provide 1191:. The additional 64K can be used as a 1153:on the computer, partly caused by the 747: 4213: 4152:Current, Michael D. (May 29, 2023) . 3488:. No. 27. April 1986. p. 32 3430:Leyenberger, Arthur (February 1986). 3356:Pollack, Andrew (December 19, 1982). 2878: 2769: 2661:. Vol. 5, no. 4. p. 16 2182: 2088: 1933:OS Rev. 3 – 16 KB ROM for 800XE/130XE 1140:and that 1986 "will be even leaner". 449:is built-in. The 130XE has 128 KB of 4119: 3258: 2911: 2851:"Moonshine, Dixie and the Atari 800" 2745:"Atari's New Top-Line Home Computer" 2435: 1877:. In 1982, Atari published both the 1609:adding citations to reliable sources 1576: 1407:Graphic Television Interface Adaptor 1161:confirmed that it would not release 1111:. Tramiel focused on developing the 962:The 800XL is the best-selling model. 859: 518:magazine dubbed the "1977 Trinity". 133: (equivalent to $ 4,200 in 2023) 126: (equivalent to $ 2,310 in 2023) 2788: 2324: 2194:Reimer, Jeremy (December 7, 2012). 1262:chips to provide graphics, and the 705:so they did not have to be tested. 402:for PAL versions) and coprocessors 24: 4045:Webster, Andrew (March 30, 2024). 3769:"Chronology of Personal Computers" 2912:Thom, Hogan (September 14, 1981). 2772:"Winter Consumer Electronics Show" 2714:Edwards, Benj (November 4, 2009). 2679: 2653:"Winter Consumer Electronics Show" 2302:Fulton, Steve (November 6, 2007). 1533:Enhanced Cartridge Interface (ECI) 1513:versions have the 6502C processor. 1399:Color Television Interface Adaptor 1202:The 65XE was sold as the 800XE in 1090:Tramiel takeover, declining market 953: 25: 5256: 4168: 3643:, 1.10) What is the Atari 800XE?. 3555:Brooks, M. Evan (November 1987). 2486:Fulton, Steve (August 21, 2008). 2304:"The History of Atari: 1971-1977" 2206:from the original on July 5, 2019 1213: 1063:, and the 1450XLD has a built-in 888:slot on the back of the machine. 691:Federal Communications Commission 3755:Multipede—Trouble shooting guide 3392:Anderson, John J. (March 1984). 2384:. September 1995. Archived from 1798:Atari 8-bit computer peripherals 1695:1450XLD: a 1400XL with built-in 1581: 1539:markets, and was mostly sold in 1528:chip and Atari BASIC revision C. 4070: 4038: 4020: 4008: 3990: 3978: 3950: 3923: 3904: 3885: 3859: 3828: 3813: 3787: 3760: 3748: 3739: 3680: 3646: 3604: 3572: 3548: 3527: 3469: 3423: 3413:"and we won't take it anymore!" 3404: 3334: 3319: 3293: 3267: 3252: 3237: 3190: 3133: 3114: 2949: 2842: 2801: 2782: 2763: 2743:Halfhill, Tom R. (March 1983). 2673: 2644: 2619: 2601: 2569: 2479: 2471:Peddle, Chuck (June 12, 2014). 2455: 2400: 2368: 2349: 2275:Poehland, Ben (December 1992). 1930:OS Rev. 2 – 16 KB ROM for 800XL 1927:OS Rev. 1 – 16 KB ROM for 600XL 497:(the VCS version was the TIA). 4080:. Atari Museum. Archived from 3911:Pournelle, Jerry (July 1982). 3771:. p. 1978. Archived from 3767:Polsson, Ken (April 3, 2014). 3536:"Computer Wargaming 1988-1992" 3477:"Survey of Game Manufacturers" 3094:Lock, Robert (February 1983). 2529:Compute!'s First Book of Atari 2473:"Oral History of Chuck Peddle" 2295: 2247: 2129: 2113: 1857:, which became the platform's 1824:port, which allows them to be 1791: 597: 27:1979-1991 home computer series 13: 1: 4205:Technical chipset information 4139:Alcorn, Al (April 12, 2015). 3411:Capparell, James (May 1985). 3366:. p. Section 3, Page 1. 2531:. Compute! Books. p. 2. 2312:. para. 1974: The Crunch Hits 2081: 2019:dropped all remaining support 2007:Third-party replacement DOSes 1279:, and GTIA's Player/Missile ( 1273:mapped into the address space 679: 538:, and run the then-universal 379:is considered the platform's 3873:. Fall 1983. pp. 34, 72 3835:Williams, Gregg (May 1981). 3659:. Creative Computing Press. 3534:Brooks, M. Evan (May 1987). 3140:Wilkinson, Bill (May 1983). 2364:. Atari, Inc. pp. 1–10. 1769:65XEP: "portable" 65XE with 1738:processors and two built-in 1522:Parallel Bus Interface (PBI) 1434:Peripheral Interface Adapter 1392: 1170: 664:to the machine as an 8 7: 4017:on groups.google.com (1995) 3727:. Atari, Inc. pp. 1–10 3615:. Ziff Davis. p. 106. 3121:Anderson, John (May 1983). 2959:(Press release). New York: 2808:Lindsay, Len (April 1980). 2059: 1839:Atari 8-bit family software 1832: 856:full computing potential". 479:Atari Video Computer System 343:, formally launched as the 103:; 44 years ago 10: 5261: 4180:December 11, 2014, at the 4101:Atari Inc: Business is Fun 3854:Goldberg & Vendel 2012 3718:"I. Theory of Operation". 3568:. No. 41. p. 17. 3544:. No. 37. p. 13. 3523:. No. 31. p. 35. 3465:. No. 25. p. 32. 3067:Lock, Robert (June 1983). 3049:Goldberg & Vendel 2012 2789:Ahl, David (August 1979). 2770:Craig, John (April 1979). 2651:Craig, John (April 1979). 2596:Goldberg & Vendel 2012 2564:Goldberg & Vendel 2012 2552:Goldberg & Vendel 2012 2505:Goldberg & Vendel 2012 2376:"Most Important Companies" 1998:DOS XE – Designed for the 1966:drives. An extra layer, a 1955: 1836: 1795: 1217: 944:Optimized Systems Software 602:Management identified two 472: 369:which provide support for 345:Atari Home Computer System 5235:6502-based home computers 5196: 5166: 5145: 5138: 5112: 5051: 4920: 4886: 4359: 4348: 4282: 4254: 4247: 4239: 4175:Atari 400/800 Peripherals 3170:Bisson, Gigi (May 1986). 2830:Nelson, Ted (June 1980). 2255:"Atari 800 in store demo" 2056:with additional buttons. 2012: 1889:Built-in operating system 1723:″ disk drive. Code named 1491: 1328:composite artifact colors 1241: 891: 327: 317: 273: 250: 226: 196:MOS Technology 6502 SALLY 185: 168: 158: 140: 115: 97: 87: 64: 52: 37: 3913:"Computers for Humanity" 3227:"Inside the Atari 600XL" 2576:Wilkinson, Bill (1982). 2445:Crawford, Chris (1982). 1845:agreed to keep it secret 1763:") custom graphics chips 1573:Prototypes and vaporware 1444:and random numbers, and 1440:for generating acoustic 1424: 1290: 1000:800XL main circuit board 592:non-disclosure agreement 2977:Anderson, John (1983). 2342:March 13, 2012, at the 1783:" disk drive, 5" green 1624:"Atari 8-bit computers" 1438:random number generator 833:Kilobaud Microcomputing 756:Atari 400 (1979) has a 670:Shepardson Microsystems 660:Atari intended to port 586:, lead designer of the 302:0–1 × Composite monitor 5079:Transputer Workstation 4888:Software and utilities 3172:"Antic Then & Now" 2810:"Atari in Perspective" 2716:"Inside the Atari 800" 1898: 1813: 1354: 1251: 1229: 1180: 1009:was widely available. 1001: 971: 963: 901: 886:Parallel Bus Interface 777: 769: 761: 720:. During the meeting, 542:programming language. 231:384 pixels per TV line 146:; 32 years ago 5230:Atari 8-bit computers 5153:825 80-Column Printer 5059:Atari 8-bit computers 4198:July 2, 2019, at the 4120:Levy, Steven (1984). 3801:on September 13, 2011 3775:on September 12, 2015 3565:Computer Gaming World 3541:Computer Gaming World 3520:Computer Gaming World 3485:Computer Gaming World 3462:Computer Gaming World 3281:on September 13, 2011 2838:. pp. 34–35, 37. 2407:Fisher, Adam (2018). 2109:(8): 26. August 1979. 2009:were also available. 2002:double-density drive. 1968:disk operating system 1952:Disk Operating System 1896: 1805: 1752:″ floppy disk drives. 1344: 1249: 1227: 1178: 1145:Computer Gaming World 999: 969: 961: 899: 775: 767: 755: 650:disk operating system 639:as a storage medium. 524:Warner Communications 445:instead of four, and 341:Atari 8-bit computers 33:Atari 8-bit computers 3795:"1600XL information" 3757:, Braze Technologies 3200:(February 6, 1984). 2966:. December 13, 1982. 2615:. November 30, 2008. 2413:. New York: Twelve. 2136:Atari's PC Evolution 1974:-level disk access. 1605:improve this section 1333:For text modes, the 1228:Atari XE Game System 1051:Unreleased XL models 946:, and columnist for 414:. The plug-and-play 192:MOS Technology 6502B 144:January 1, 1992 5179:Atari joystick port 4921:Video game consoles 4084:on December 8, 2012 4034:. January 11, 2024. 3966:. December 15, 2015 3900:. Atari, Inc. 1982. 3871:APX Product Catalog 3438:. pp. 109–110. 3206:The Washington Post 2832:"The Atari Machine" 2692:on December 8, 2012 2521:Tomczyk, Michael S. 2125:. Atari, Inc. 1982. 2054:Atari CX40 joystick 2040:On March 29, 2024, 1560:Production timeline 1446:maskable interrupts 1109:Amiga-based 1850XLD 844:" of the keyboard. 748:400 and 800 release 738:Serial Input/Output 588:MOS Technology 6502 551:character generator 360:MOS Technology 6502 283:Atari joystick port 34: 5158:1020 Color Printer 5113:Portable computers 5052:Personal computers 4694:Return of the Jedi 4449:Cloak & Dagger 3656:The Creative Atari 3398:Creative Computing 3364:The New York Times 3328:The New York Times 3127:Creative Computing 3024:Creative Computing 2984:The Creative Atari 2857:. pp. 100–103 2836:Creative Computing 2814:Creative Computing 2795:Creative Computing 2791:"Atari Speaks Out" 2776:Creative Computing 2658:Creative Computing 2629:The New York Times 2579:Inside Atari Basic 2259:games.greggman.com 2160:"Computer Systems" 2103:Creative Computing 1899: 1814: 1755:1850XL: codenamed 1730:1600XL: codenamed 1485:Return of the Jedi 1355: 1252: 1230: 1181: 1094:Commodore founder 1002: 972: 964: 939:Creative Computing 902: 812:Creative Computing 778: 770: 762: 347:, are a series of 116:Introductory price 101:November 1979 32: 5217: 5216: 5192: 5191: 5108: 5107: 5047: 5046: 4942:Atari Video Music 4882: 4881: 4346: 4345: 4333:Nightdive Studios 4297:Atari Interactive 4268:Atari Corporation 4032:presse.plaion.com 4002:atariarea.krap.pl 3958:"Atari Flashback" 3666:978-0-916688-34-9 3512:"Atari Playfield" 3454:"Atari Playfield" 3419:. pp. 8, 10. 3307:on April 15, 2009 2883:. pp. 34–35. 2816:. pp. 22–30. 2797:. pp. 58–59. 2582:. COMPUTE! Books. 2420:978-1-4555-5902-2 2071:Keyboard computer 1787:and battery pack. 1685: 1684: 1677: 1659: 1507:membrane keyboard 1061:voice synthesizer 860:Sweet/Liz project 805:membrane keyboard 758:membrane keyboard 714:fiber-optic cable 710:Texas Instruments 439:Atari Corporation 388:membrane keyboard 365:and three custom 337: 336: 244:raster interrupts 78:Atari Corporation 16:(Redirected from 5252: 5143: 5142: 5090: 5089: 5009: 5008: 4904:Atari Calculator 4862: 4861: 4827:Tournament Table 4393:Atari Basketball 4386:Asteroids Deluxe 4354: 4313:Cyan Engineering 4252: 4251: 4234: 4227: 4220: 4211: 4210: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4148: 4135: 4116: 4105:. Syzygy Press. 4104: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4005: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3797:. Archived from 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3726: 3715: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3627: 3626: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3595: 3593: 3588:on July 24, 2019 3584:. Archived from 3576: 3570: 3569: 3561: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3516: 3507: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3481: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3458: 3449: 3440: 3439: 3436:ANALOG Computing 3427: 3421: 3420: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3361: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3303:. Archived from 3297: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3277:. Archived from 3275:""Atari 1600XL"" 3271: 3265: 3264: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3246:The Boston Globe 3241: 3235: 3234: 3231:ANALOG Computing 3219: 3210: 3209: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3178:. pp. 16–23 3167: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3142:"INSIGHT: Atari" 3137: 3131: 3130: 3123:"Outpost: Atari" 3118: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3096:"Editor's Notes" 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3069:"Editor's Notes" 3064: 3055: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3038:on July 2, 2013. 3034:. Archived from 3015: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2932: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2922:. pp. 10–12 2909: 2903: 2902: 2894: 2885: 2884: 2876: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2827: 2818: 2817: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2740: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2711: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2688:. Archived from 2677: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2613:Apple II History 2609:"3-The Apple II" 2605: 2599: 2593: 2584: 2583: 2573: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2517: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2442: 2433: 2432: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2388:on June 18, 2008 2372: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2353: 2347: 2333: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2272: 2263: 2262: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2191: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2166:. Archived from 2156: 2143: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2095: 1993:enhanced density 1947: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1743: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1680: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1660: 1658: 1617: 1585: 1577: 1473:Asteroids Deluxe 1136:ANALOG Computing 1105: 1101: 1032:ANALOG Computing 1026: 1016:ANALOG Computing 985: 981: 977: 934:John J. Anderson 916: 880: 843: 615:, two 8 KB 529: 487:blue sky designs 483:Cyan Engineering 401: 397: 393: 310: 293: 285: 263: 246: 236: 232: 214: 203: 181: 170:Operating system 164: 154: 152: 147: 132: 125: 111: 109: 104: 57: 48: 42: 35: 31: 21: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5204:Atari Flashback 5188: 5162: 5134: 5104: 5088: 5043: 5007: 4916: 4878: 4860: 4603:Missile Command 4463:Crystal Castles 4362: 4355: 4342: 4318:Digital Eclipse 4307:Chuck E. Cheese 4284: 4278: 4243: 4238: 4200:Wayback Machine 4182:Wayback Machine 4171: 4158: 4156: 4132: 4113: 4087: 4085: 4076: 4073: 4068: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4043: 4039: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4009: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3969: 3967: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3928: 3924: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3876: 3874: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3852: 3848: 3833: 3829: 3818: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3716: 3709: 3699: 3697: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3630: 3623: 3609: 3605: 3591: 3589: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3559: 3553: 3549: 3532: 3528: 3514: 3508: 3501: 3491: 3489: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3456: 3450: 3443: 3428: 3424: 3409: 3405: 3390: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3354: 3350: 3339: 3335: 3324: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3284: 3282: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3257: 3253: 3242: 3238: 3223:Moriarty, Brian 3220: 3213: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3168: 3161: 3151: 3149: 3138: 3134: 3119: 3115: 3105: 3103: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3065: 3058: 3051:, p. 698: 3047: 3043: 3016: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2975: 2971: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2942: 2935: 2925: 2923: 2910: 2906: 2901:. pp. 6–7. 2895: 2888: 2877: 2870: 2860: 2858: 2847: 2843: 2828: 2821: 2806: 2802: 2787: 2783: 2768: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2741: 2734: 2724: 2722: 2712: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2682:"The Atari 800" 2678: 2674: 2664: 2662: 2649: 2645: 2624: 2620: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2587: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2539: 2518: 2511: 2503: 2499: 2484: 2480: 2467:Wayback Machine 2460: 2456: 2443: 2436: 2421: 2405: 2401: 2391: 2389: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2350: 2344:Wayback Machine 2334: 2325: 2315: 2313: 2300: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2277:"Editor's Desk" 2273: 2266: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2209: 2207: 2192: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2158: 2157: 2146: 2134: 2130: 2119: 2118: 2114: 2097: 2096: 2089: 2084: 2062: 2023:Atari Flashback 2015: 1960: 1954: 1945: 1891: 1841: 1835: 1800: 1794: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1681: 1670: 1664: 1661: 1618: 1616: 1602: 1586: 1575: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1517:joystick ports. 1494: 1467:Missile Command 1427: 1395: 1351:artifact colors 1293: 1283:) information. 1244: 1235:Missile Command 1222: 1216: 1173: 1151:software piracy 1103: 1099: 1092: 1080:James J. Morgan 1053: 1024: 983: 979: 975: 956: 954:600XL and 800XL 914: 894: 878: 862: 854: 841: 750: 682: 662:Microsoft BASIC 600: 547:bitmap graphics 527: 475: 399: 395: 391: 313: 305: 289: 280: 264: 254: 242: 234: 230: 222: 212: 201: 195: 176: 175: 162: 150: 148: 145: 136: 130: 123: 107: 105: 102: 83: 60: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5258: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5240:Home computers 5237: 5232: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5206: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5184:XG-1 light gun 5181: 5176: 5170: 5168: 5167:Gaming devices 5164: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5149: 5147: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5103: 5102: 5096: 5094: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5015: 5013: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4951: 4944: 4939: 4932: 4924: 4922: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4907: 4900: 4892: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4868: 4866: 4859: 4858: 4851: 4844: 4837: 4830: 4823: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4785:Super Breakout 4781: 4774: 4767: 4760: 4753: 4746: 4739: 4732: 4725: 4718: 4711: 4704: 4697: 4690: 4683: 4676: 4669: 4662: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4627: 4620: 4613: 4606: 4599: 4592: 4585: 4578: 4571: 4564: 4557: 4550: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4515: 4508: 4501: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4456:Crash 'N Score 4452: 4445: 4438: 4431: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4403: 4400:Atari Football 4396: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4367: 4365: 4363:and amusements 4357: 4356: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4288: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4265: 4258: 4256: 4249: 4245: 4244: 4237: 4236: 4229: 4222: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4190: 4184: 4170: 4169:External links 4167: 4166: 4165: 4149: 4136: 4130: 4117: 4111: 4094: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4065: 4037: 4019: 4007: 3989: 3977: 3949: 3942: 3922: 3919:. p. 392. 3903: 3884: 3858: 3856:, p. 526. 3846: 3843:. p. 106. 3837:"Star Raiders" 3827: 3812: 3786: 3759: 3747: 3738: 3707: 3679: 3665: 3645: 3628: 3622:978-0692851272 3621: 3603: 3571: 3547: 3526: 3499: 3468: 3441: 3432:"The End User" 3422: 3403: 3384: 3348: 3333: 3318: 3292: 3266: 3263:. p. 100. 3251: 3236: 3211: 3189: 3159: 3132: 3113: 3086: 3056: 3041: 3007: 2993: 2969: 2948: 2933: 2904: 2886: 2868: 2841: 2819: 2800: 2781: 2762: 2732: 2703: 2680:Vendel, Curt. 2672: 2643: 2632:. p. D4. 2618: 2600: 2598:, p. 466. 2585: 2568: 2566:, p. 460. 2556: 2554:, p. 456. 2544: 2537: 2509: 2507:, p. 455. 2497: 2478: 2454: 2434: 2419: 2399: 2367: 2348: 2323: 2294: 2281:Atari Classics 2264: 2246: 2217: 2181: 2170:on May 5, 2021 2144: 2128: 2112: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2061: 2058: 2014: 2011: 2004: 2003: 1996: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1956:Main article: 1953: 1950: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1890: 1887: 1869:Chris Crawford 1837:Main article: 1834: 1831: 1796:Main article: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1767: 1764: 1753: 1728: 1693: 1683: 1682: 1589: 1587: 1580: 1574: 1571: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1529: 1518: 1514: 1493: 1490: 1426: 1423: 1394: 1391: 1292: 1289: 1243: 1240: 1218:Main article: 1215: 1214:XE Game System 1212: 1208:Czechoslovakia 1189:bank switching 1172: 1169: 1091: 1088: 1052: 1049: 1011:Brian Moriarty 955: 952: 893: 890: 861: 858: 852: 800:Super Breakout 749: 746: 716:with built-in 699:Apple Computer 681: 678: 637:cassette tapes 633:joystick ports 625:monitor output 599: 596: 545:The VCS lacks 528:US$ 28 million 522:sold Atari to 520:Nolan Bushnell 474: 471: 443:joystick ports 351:introduced by 349:home computers 335: 334: 329: 325: 324: 319: 315: 314: 312: 311: 303: 300: 294: 286: 277: 275: 271: 270: 252: 248: 247: 228: 224: 223: 221: 220: 209: 197: 189: 183: 182: 172: 166: 165: 163:4 million 160: 156: 155: 142: 138: 137: 135: 134: 127: 119: 117: 113: 112: 99: 95: 94: 89: 85: 84: 82: 81: 75: 68: 66: 62: 61: 58: 50: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5257: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5210: 5209:Intellivision 5207: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5174:CX40 joystick 5172: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4949: 4948:Video Pinball 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4850: 4849: 4848:Video Pinball 4845: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4803: 4801: 4800: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4731: 4730: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4642: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4535: 4534: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4488: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4437: 4436: 4435:Canyon Bomber 4432: 4430: 4429: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4409: 4408: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4372:Anti-Aircraft 4369: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4358: 4353: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285:and spin-offs 4281: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4230: 4228: 4223: 4221: 4216: 4215: 4212: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4131:0-385-19195-2 4127: 4124:. Doubleday. 4123: 4118: 4114: 4112:9780985597405 4108: 4103: 4102: 4095: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4054: 4053: 4048: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4016: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3993: 3986: 3981: 3970:September 23, 3965: 3964: 3959: 3953: 3945: 3943:0-201-16454-X 3939: 3935: 3934: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3896: 3895: 3888: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3855: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3824:. p. 13. 3823: 3816: 3800: 3796: 3790: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3756: 3751: 3742: 3731:September 10, 3723: 3722: 3714: 3712: 3695: 3691: 3690: 3683: 3668: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3649: 3642: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3624: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3599: 3587: 3583: 3582: 3575: 3567: 3566: 3558: 3551: 3543: 3542: 3537: 3530: 3522: 3521: 3513: 3506: 3504: 3487: 3486: 3478: 3472: 3464: 3463: 3455: 3448: 3446: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3400:. p. 51. 3399: 3395: 3388: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3352: 3345:. p. 23. 3344: 3337: 3329: 3322: 3311:September 19, 3306: 3302: 3296: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3262: 3255: 3247: 3240: 3233:. p. 32. 3232: 3228: 3224: 3218: 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