652:
691:). It is also advisable to avoid words with negative connotations. The authors describe studies which have shown that people abhor incomplete explanations – they write "In the absence of a better explanation, opt for the wrong explanation". It is important to fill in conceptual gaps, and to explain the cause of the misconception in the first place. The authors believe these techniques can reduce the odds of a "backfire" – that an attempt to debunk bad science will increase the audience's belief in misconceptions.
1570:, September 1, 1986, "Randi began his campaign against fakes in earnest in 1964, during a stint as the host of a radio talk show in Manhattan. He had become disturbed by the number of listeners phoning in with such flummery as tales of self-styled clairvoyants' uncannily correct forecasts. Gradually, his work as a debunker began to rival his show-business career, gathering momentum in the early 1970s, when Uri Geller caught Randi's attention."
1296:, November 3, 2007, "Houdini himself wouldn’t have believed in his second coming anyway, because he didn’t believe in spirit manifestations. In fact, he spent much of his life and career debunking spiritualists and mediums – an admirable mission that history and forensic specialists now tell us probably led to his untimely death at the age of 52."
683:
people's familiarity with the facts." They recommend providing fewer and clearer arguments, considering that more people recall a message when it is simpler and easier to read. "Less is more" is especially important because scientific truths can get overwhelmingly detailed; pictures, graphs, and memorable tag lines all help keep things simple.
697:, 2020, explains that "backfire effects occur only occasionally and the risk of occurrence is lower in most situations than once thought". The authors recommend to "not refrain from attempting to debunk or correct misinformation out of fear that doing so will backfire or increase beliefs in false information".
682:
Cook and
Lewandowsky offer possible solutions to the backfire effects as described in different psychological studies. They recommend spending little or no time describing misconceptions because people cannot help but remember ideas that they have heard before. They write "Your goal is to increase
73:
If debunkers are not careful, their communications may backfire – increasing an audience's long-term belief in myths. Backfire effects can occur if a message spends too much time on the negative case, if it is too complex, or if the message is threatening.
189:
cult then widely popular in the Roman Empire. He described
Alexander's alleged miracles as tricks, including the appearance of the god Glycon being an elaborate puppet. Lucian also describes him as using thuggery against critics to silence them, including
686:
The authors write that debunkers should try to build up people's egos in some way before confronting false beliefs because it is difficult to consider ideas that threaten one's worldviews (i.e., threatening ideas cause
341:
with the online pseudonym "Thunderf00t" (also "VoiceofThunder"), who debunks various snake-oil merchants and fundraiser campaigns for certain products, using basic scientific understanding, e.g. the laws of
137:
The term "debunkery" is not limited to arguments about scientific validity; it is also used in a more general sense at attempts to discredit any opposing point of view, such as that of a political opponent.
659:
warn that a failed debunking can actually worsen misconceptions. They recommend simple, positive, and emotionally sensitive education (e.g., bolstering the learner's ego, or avoiding threatening words).
474:
who has authored, coauthored or contributed to over twenty books and written over a thousand articles and columns debunking topics such as urban legends, unexplained mysteries and the paranormal.
675:, in which they warn that debunking efforts may backfire. Backfire effects occur when science communicators accidentally reinforce false beliefs by trying to correct them, a phenomenon known as
1510:
229:
is a professional magician and
Houdini expert and historian. Has been put in charge of Houdini's grave site, and is the founder of The Houdini Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania.
360:
is a debunker of viral videos and hoaxes on the
Internet, usually deconstructing them and explaining the post production techniques and software used to create the illusions.
594:
1350:
1839:
Weaver, K.; Garcia, S.M.; Schwarz, N.; Miller, D.T. (2007). "Inferring the popularity of an opinion from its familiarity: A repetitive voice sounds like a chorus".
1263:
346:, to show that the advertised things simply make no sense and cannot deliver what is promised. He is known for criticising religion, pseudoscience, creationism,
1683:
1240:
1153:
1657:
400:
to counter public misconceptions about astronomy and space science, providing critical analysis of pseudoscientific theories related to these subjects.
384:
are an entertainment team who often demystify magic tricks and illusions. They have also debunked many other aspects of popular belief on their show,
1520:
1395:
25:
is a person or organization that exposes or discredits claims believed to be false, exaggerated, or pretentious. The term is often associated with
1763:
1180:
1954:
Hardisty, D.J.; Johnson, E.J.; Weber, E.U. (1999). "A dirty word or a dirty world?: Attribute framing, political affiliation, and query theory".
973:
590:
1647:, Oct 24, 2004, "Carl Sagan, the Pulitzer Prize-winning astronomer, was among the Hills' debunkers, yet he considered their story noteworthy."
88:
traces the passage of the words "bunk" (noun), "debunk" (verb) and "debunker" (noun) into
American English in 1923 as a belated outgrowth of "
411:
746:"to expose or excoriate (a claim, assertion, sentiment, etc.) as being pretentious, false, or exaggerated: to debunk advertising slogans."
1876:
Metacognitive experiences and the intricacies of setting people straight: Implications for debiasing and public information campaigns
1127:
267:
which has the mission of improving the skeptical content of
Knowledge. She has focused her skeptical activism at debunking celebrity
1030:
927:, April 1, 2002, "That is coincidence, said Dr. Stephen Barrett of Allentown, a veteran debunker and operator of Quackwatch.com."
1369:
1938:
550:
1359:, April 4, 1991, "As debunkers, they seek to remove the mystique from magic, to demonstrate the digitation behind the presti."
1101:
396:
is an astronomer and science writer whose speciality is fighting pseudoscience related to space and astronomy. He established
1000:
1325:
667:
and John Cook, Climate
Communication Fellow for the Global Change Institute at the University of Queensland (and author at
64:
According to the
Merriam-Webster online dictionary, to "debunk" is defined as: "to expose the sham or falseness of." The
844:
1205:
1891:
1773:
1592:
1563:
1457:
879:
820:
600:
101:
1305:
1691:
1907:
Nyhan, Brendan; Reifler, Jason (June 2010). "When corrections fail: the persistence of political misperceptions".
1564:
The wizard gets a windfall – even the
Amazing Randi needs advice on how to keep his $ 272,000 prize from vanishing
1622:
555:
517:
485:
93:
1804:
Skurnik, I.; Yoon, C.; Park, D.; Schwarz, N. (2005). "How warnings about false claims become recommendations".
1292:
66:
1232:
264:
610:
has released several publications also debunking 9/11 conspiracy theories, in particular those mentioned in
2073:
1909:
84:
1612:
910:"Alexander the False Prophet," translated with annotation by A. M. Harmon, Loeb Classical Library, 1936.
711:
386:
105:
92:". The first recorded use of the words was in 1828, apparently related to a poorly received "speech for
1744:
505:
328:
30:
977:
182:
951:
120:
1739:
651:
536:
304:
232:
1264:"Should naturopaths be restricted from treating children after tragic death of Alberta toddler?"
937:
911:
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1484:
894:
1447:
807:
646:
324:
219:
26:
688:
634:
527:
284:
46:
1287:
1131:
8:
1999:"Explicit warnings reduce but do not eliminate the continued influence of misinformation"
1749:
676:
664:
611:
509:
498:
493:
42:
1979:
1926:
1821:
1617:
1515:
1355:
1154:"Wikapediatrician Susan Gerbic discusses her Guerrilla Skepticism on Knowledge project"
1038:
471:
374:
290:
70:
defines "debunk" as "expose the falseness or hollowness of (a myth, idea, or belief)".
1883:
2068:
2020:
1971:
1887:
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852:
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403:
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381:
244:
226:
164:
58:
730:
1942:
1690:. Cognitive Science Laboratories, University of Western Australia. Archived from
1102:"'Skeptical Inquirer' Magazine Names the Ten Outstanding Skeptics of the Century"
1008:
571:
531:
523:
481:
439:
320:
200:
1542:
1852:
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351:
343:
314:
254:
250:
247:
has debunked both supposed UFO cases and debunking attempts on other UFO cases.
157:
97:
54:
1922:
1878:. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 39. pp. 127–161.
1740:"The Backfire Effect: More on the press’s inability to debunk bad information"
1713:
1420:
856:
2062:
1967:
1449:
Disenchanting India: Organized
Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India
1310:
1061:
830:
575:
489:
453:
435:
407:
363:
300:
2024:
1975:
1860:
1351:
Review/Theater; "Penn and Teller Offer Several Variations On a Magic Theme"
923:
628:
583:
272:
260:
214:
2015:
1998:
1580:
579:
562:
449:
369:
294:
280:
276:
1641:"Obituaries; Betty Hill, 85; Claim of Abduction by Aliens Led to Fame",
131:
619:
477:
461:
393:
334:
204:
123:
34:
1181:"E! about to debut new show starring a psychic 'grief vampire' "
2049:
1567:
1326:"Beakman and Captain Disillusion debunk those "free energy" machines"
347:
310:
127:
112:
1817:
338:
237:
208:
50:
1233:"Inside the Secret Sting Operations to Expose Celebrity Psychics"
526:
is executive director and founder of the non-profit organization
457:
268:
38:
624:
186:
174:
152:
130:
William Woodward (1874–1950), who used it to mean to "take the
89:
253:
was a mathematics and science writer who extensively debunked
443:
427:
423:
419:
168:
595:
World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories
431:
1838:
2039:
1396:"James Randi Educational Foundation Names New President"
849:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1873:
938:"Adam Ruins Facebook…. On Facebook - the Shorty Awards"
805:
1874:
Schwarz, N.; Sanna, L.; Skurnik, I.; Yoon, C. (2007).
1803:
1306:"Pseudoscience, Skepticism To Make A Close Encounter"
1996:
1953:
438:) and was known for being the most fierce critic of
1511:"His harshest critics died with a wish unfulfilled"
1421:"NECSS Conference: Phil Plait – The Final Epsilon"
815:. St. Lucia, Australia: University of Queensland.
313:is a psychologist who is known for debunking some
155:debunked divination in his philosophical treatise
1997:Ecker, U.K.; Lewandowsky, S.; Tang, D.T. (2011).
1761:
869:
366:was Philip Klass's predecessor in debunking UFOs.
2060:
1478:
1476:
1452:. Oxford University Press. pp. 98–99, 101.
1587:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
1370:"Moon Hoax Spurs Crusade Against Bad Astronomy"
1445:
591:National Institute of Standards and Technology
480:was a noted astronomer who debunked purported
1768:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. pp. 109–110.
1543:"An Indian Skeptic's explanation of miracles"
1473:
1206:"Grief Vampires Don't Come Out Only at Night"
412:Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations
1906:
1841:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1613:"Santa Fe 'Courthouse Ghost' Mystery Solved"
2037:
1508:
1344:
1212:. The Center for Inquiry. January 20, 2016
2014:
1788:
470:is an American writer, investigator, and
16:Person or group discrediting false claims
650:
544:
1607:
1579:
1323:
1281:
1160:. The Center for Inquiry. March 8, 2013
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
921:"Area parents seek answer for Autism",
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
358:Alan Melikdjanian (Captain Disillusion)
167:debunked the claims of astrologers and
2061:
1261:
1243:from the original on February 26, 2019
551:American Council on Science and Health
516:podcast, a science activist, and is a
297:having once practised as a naturopath.
1635:
1557:
1482:
1299:
1178:
1128:"Skeptical Connections: Susan Gerbic"
1059:
998:
223:which debunks several misconceptions.
1230:
1079:
971:
786:
141:
1791:The Art of Scientific Investigation
1502:
863:
723:
640:
257:in his magazine articles and books.
13:
1738:Silverman, Craig (June 17, 2011).
837:
806:Cook, J.; Lewandowsky, S. (2011).
781:The New Oxford American Dictionary
601:James Randi Educational Foundation
14:
2090:
1765:Encyclopedia of Social Psychology
1179:Coyne, Jerry (January 21, 2016).
265:Guerrilla Skepticism on Knowledge
185:(c. 105 – c. 170 CE) who led the
1793:. New York: Norton. p. 106.
1664:. TodayTonight. January 31, 2010
1262:Kirkey, Sharon (April 4, 2016).
1231:Hitt, Jack (February 26, 2019).
29:of controversial topics such as
2031:
1990:
1947:
1900:
1867:
1832:
1797:
1782:
1762:Baumeister, R. F., ed. (2007).
1755:
1732:
1706:
1676:
1650:
1623:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
1601:
1573:
1535:
1485:"Sai Baba: God-man or con man?"
1439:
1413:
1388:
1362:
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992:
965:
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663:Australian Professorial Fellow
556:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
518:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
486:Betty and Barney Hill abduction
94:Buncombe County, North Carolina
1483:Datta, Tanya (June 17, 2004).
999:Weiss, Eric (August 5, 2011).
915:
904:
888:
774:
749:
414:, has exposed various Indian "
323:was a pioneer in the field of
67:New Oxford American Dictionary
1:
2038:Lewandowsky, Stephan (2020).
1884:10.1016/S0065-2601(06)39003-X
1509:Sushil Rao (April 25, 2011).
1324:Blevins, Joe (June 7, 2016).
1288:Houdini and the spiritualists
717:
263:is the founder and leader of
217:hosted the television series
1806:Journal of Consumer Research
1789:Beveridge, W. I. B. (1950).
1621:, vol. 31, no. 5,
1062:"The Zeta Reticuli Incident"
460:and others claiming to have
387:Penn & Teller: Bullshit!
85:American Heritage Dictionary
77:
7:
712:List of scientific skeptics
700:
293:is a prominent debunker of
179:Alexander the False Prophet
106:16th United States Congress
10:
2095:
1853:10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.821
1745:Columbia Journalism Review
1611:(September–October 2007),
870:Woodward, William (1923).
644:
181:against mystic and oracle
146:
1923:10.1007/s11109-010-9112-2
874:. Harper & Brothers.
735:Dictionary.com Unabridged
534:of the group's magazine,
372:writes regularly for the
194:
183:Alexander of Abonoteichus
1968:10.1177/0956797609355572
899:Doctrma Nummorum veterum
851:(4th ed.). Boston:
171:philosophers (c. 160 CE)
57:areas of scientific, or
1446:Johannes Quack (2011).
1001:"10 To Start: Skeptoid"
582:, test the validity of
325:skeptical investigation
27:skeptical investigation
2003:Memory & Cognition
1941:July 30, 2014, at the
1031:"Skeptoid in Chinese!"
895:Joseph Hilarius Eckhel
855:. 2000. Archived from
809:The Debunking Handbook
783:, second edition, 2005
757:"Definition of debunk"
695:The Debunking Handbook
660:
508:is prior president of
207:and writes on medical
1956:Psychological Science
1684:"Stephan Lewandowsky"
1658:"Power Balance Tests"
1585:Mysterious New Mexico
1523:on September 28, 2013
654:
647:Science communication
627:debunks or validates
545:Notable organizations
235:produces the podcast
220:Adam Ruins Everything
2016:10.3758/MC.38.8.1087
1718:skepticalscience.com
1694:on November 25, 2011
1060:Dickinson, Terence.
689:cognitive dissonance
635:The Skeptics Society
528:The Skeptics Society
47:alternative medicine
2074:Conspiracy theories
1750:Columbia University
1720:. Skeptical Science
1427:. November 27, 2013
1041:on October 27, 2016
980:on October 22, 2015
972:Williams, Michael.
761:Merriam-webster.com
677:belief perseverance
665:Stephan Lewandowsky
655:The authors of the
566:, a program on the
510:Australian Skeptics
499:Worlds in Collision
494:Immanuel Velikovsky
337:is a scientist and
177:wrote a book named
43:conspiracy theories
2041:Debunking Handbook
1910:Political Behavior
1618:Skeptical Inquirer
1516:The Times of India
1376:. January 11, 2001
1374:The New York Times
1356:The New York Times
1011:on January 8, 2017
901:, ii. pp. 383, 384
673:Debunking Handbook
661:
657:Debunking Handbook
375:Skeptical Inquirer
291:Britt Marie Hermes
111:The term "debunk"
1644:Los Angeles Times
1609:Radford, Benjamin
1581:Radford, Benjamin
1400:Archive.randi.org
1293:Summit Daily News
1108:on March 25, 2008
1005:Skepticsonthe.net
859:on April 6, 2008.
707:The True Believer
669:Skeptical Science
607:Popular Mechanics
568:Discovery Channel
462:paranormal powers
382:Penn & Teller
315:parapsychological
142:Notable debunkers
53:, exploratory or
2086:
2054:
2053:
2050:10.17910/b7.1182
2035:
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2018:
2009:(8): 1087–1100.
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1752:(New York City).
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1037:. Archived from
1035:Doubtfulnews.com
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1007:. Archived from
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976:. Archived from
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952:"Houdini Museum"
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641:Backfire effects
506:Richard Saunders
482:close encounters
468:Benjamin Radford
404:Basava Premanand
398:Badastronomy.com
245:Stanton Friedman
227:Dorothy Dietrich
165:Sextus Empiricus
134:out of things".
115:in a 1923 novel
59:pseudoscientific
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572:special effects
547:
532:editor-in-chief
524:Michael Shermer
440:Sathya Sai Baba
201:Stephen Barrett
197:
149:
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100:representative
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1917:(2): 303–330.
1899:
1893:978-0120152391
1892:
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1847:(5): 821–833.
1831:
1818:10.1086/426605
1812:(4): 713–724.
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1273:December 3,
984:October 29,
957:January 22,
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580:Adam Savage
563:MythBusters
450:James Randi
370:Joe Nickell
295:naturopathy
285:Thomas John
281:Tyler Henry
277:Chip Coffey
104:during the
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2063:Categories
1431:January 8,
1380:January 8,
1336:January 8,
1216:January 8,
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1138:January 8,
1112:January 8,
1071:January 8,
1045:January 8,
1015:January 8,
766:January 8,
731:"Debunker"
718:References
645:See also:
620:Quackwatch
478:Carl Sagan
458:"psychics"
394:Phil Plait
335:Phil Mason
269:"psychics"
205:Quackwatch
161:in 44 BCE.
124:journalist
113:originated
61:research.
35:paranormal
33:, claimed
1826:145120950
1628:April 10,
1568:CNN Money
1330:A.V. Club
1066:NICAP.org
831:768864362
348:Hyperloop
311:Ray Hyman
303:debunked
128:historian
78:Etymology
2069:Skeptics
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1976:20424028
1939:Archived
1931:10715114
1861:17484607
1668:June 17,
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1465:June 27,
1241:Archived
845:"debunk"
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492:such as
442:and his
410:and the
406:founded
339:YouTuber
317:studies.
271:such as
238:Skeptoid
209:quackery
203:founded
190:himself.
169:dogmatic
121:American
51:religion
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1984:6588052
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1662:YouTube
537:Skeptic
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472:skeptic
416:god-men
147:Ancient
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530:, and
488:, and
444:frauds
428:swamis
424:sadhus
420:fakirs
354:, etc.
195:Modern
187:Glycon
175:Lucian
153:Cicero
90:bunkum
55:fringe
1980:S2CID
1927:S2CID
1822:S2CID
813:(PDF)
432:gurus
119:, by
2021:PMID
1972:PMID
1936:Pdf.
1888:ISBN
1857:PMID
1770:ISBN
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