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393:. One argument for its immaterial existence runs like this: if the mind were material, then it would have to possess a corresponding thinking-organ. And since all the senses have their corresponding sense-organs, thinking would then be like sensing. But sensing can never be false, and therefore thinking could never be false. And this is of course untrue. Therefore, Aristotle concludes, the mind is immaterial.
267:. By dividing substance into its three meanings (matter, form, and what is composed of both), he shows that the soul must be the first actuality of a natural, organized body. This is its form or essence. It cannot be matter because the soul is that in virtue of which things have life, and matter is only being in potency. The rest of the book is divided into a determination of the nature of the
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406:, that as a thing acts, so it is, he argues that since the active principle in our mind acts with no bodily organ, it can exist without the body. And if it exists apart from matter, it therefore cannot be corrupted. And therefore there exists a mind which is immortal. As to what mind Aristotle is referring to in Chapter V (i.e. divine, human, or a kind of
342:
diagrams, and stores the concepts that make up the proof in his possible intellect. When he wishes to recall the proof, say, for demonstration in class the next day, his agent intellect recalls the concepts and their relations from the possible intellect and formulates the statements that make up the arguments in the proof.
282:(2) All animals have, in addition to the nutritive power, sense-perception, and thus they all have at least the sense of touch, which he argues is presupposed by all other senses, and the ability to feel pleasure and pain, which is the simplest kind of perception. If they can feel pleasure and pain they also have desire.
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which survives in the Arabic tradition which reflects such a
Neoplatonic synthesis. The text was translated into Persian in the 13th century. It is likely based on a Greek original which is no longer extant, and which was further syncretised in the heterogeneous process of adoption into early Arabic
341:
For example, when a student learns a proof for the
Pythagorean theorem, his agent intellect abstracts the intelligibility of all the images his eye senses (and that are a result of the translation by imagination of sense perceptions into immaterial phantasmata), i.e. the triangles and squares in the
251:
Just as we can come to know the properties and operations of something through scientific demonstration, i.e. a geometrical proof that a triangle has its interior angles equal to two right angles, since the principle of all scientific demonstration is the essence of the object, so too we can come to
182:
The treatise is divided into three books, and each of the books is divided into chapters (five, twelve, and thirteen, respectively). The treatise is near-universally abbreviated "DA", for "De anima", and books and chapters generally referred to by Roman and Arabic numerals, respectively, along with
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Aristotle also argues that the mind (only the agent intellect) is immaterial, able to exist without the body, and immortal. His arguments are notoriously concise. This has caused much confusion over the centuries, causing a rivalry between different schools of interpretation, most notably, between
317:
Book III discusses the mind or rational soul, which belongs to humans alone. He argues that thinking is different from both sense-perception and imagination because the senses can never lie and imagination is a power to make something sensed appear again, while thinking can sometimes be false. And
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within that genus that, just like art in relation to its suffering matter, brings the object into act. But the soul is sometimes in potency and act. Therefore, the soul must have this difference. In other words, since the mind can move from not understanding to understanding and from knowing to
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since the mind is able to think when it wishes, it must be divided into two faculties: One which contains all the mind's ideas which are able to be considered, and another which brings them into action, i.e. to be actually thinking about them.
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recalls these ideas from the possible intellect and combines them to form thoughts. The agent intellect is also the faculty which abstracts the "whatness" or intelligibility of all sensed objects and stores them in the possible intellect.
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Therefore, we must seek out such operations of the soul to determine what kind of nature it has. From a consideration of the opinions of his predecessors, a soul, he concludes, will be that in virtue of which living things have life.
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possessed by different kinds of living things, distinguished by their different operations. Thus plants have the capacity for nourishment and reproduction, the minimum that must be possessed by any kind of living
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determination of the nature of the soul. He begins by conceding that attempting to define the soul is one of the most difficult questions in the world. But he proposes an ingenious method to tackle the question:
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In chapter 3 of Book II he enumerates five psychic powers: the nutritive (θρεπτικόν), the sensory (αἰσθητικόν), the appetitive (ὀρεκτικόν), the locomotive (κινητικὸν), and the power of thinking (διανοητικόν).
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of any living thing; it is not a distinct substance from the body that it is in. It is the possession of a soul (of a specific kind) that makes an organism an organism at all, and thus that the notion of a
711:
The text of the manuscript is eclectic. It represents the textual family σ in book II of the treatise, from II, 2, 314b11, to II, 8, 420a2. After book II, chapter 9, 429b16, it belongs to the family λ.
1153:
Aristotle De Anima, Books II and III (with passages from Book I), translated with
Introduction and Notes by D.W. Hamlyn, with a Report on Recent Work and a Revised Bibliography by Christopher Shields
1022:
letters. The manuscript contains the incomplete text of the treatise. The text of Book II ends at 419 a 27. It has not Book III of the treatise. The codex includes commentary on the treatise by
381:
thinking, there must be something to cause the mind to go from knowing nothing to knowing something, and from knowing something but not thinking about it to actually thinking about it.
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286:
Some animals in addition have other senses (sight, hearing, taste), and some have more subtle versions of each (the ability to distinguish objects in a complex way, beyond mere
157:, or of a soul in the wrong kind of body, is simply unintelligible. (He argues that some parts of the soul — the intellect — can exist without the body, but most cannot.)
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The Greek text of the manuscript is eclectic. It belongs to the textual family μ to II book, 7 chapter, 419 a 27. Since 419 a 27 it is a representative of the family κ.
807:
The text of the manuscript is eclectic. It represents to the textual family σ, in I-II books of the treatise. In III book of the treatise it belongs to the family τ.
345:
The argument for the existence of the agent intellect in
Chapter V perhaps due to its concision has been interpreted in a variety of ways. One standard
2180:
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letters. The manuscript is not complete; it contains only Book III. It belongs to the textual family λ, together with the manuscripts E, F, L, K, and
853:
letters. The manuscript contains the complete text of the treatise. It belongs to the textual family ξ, together with the manuscripts T E X P H.
466:(d. 1198) used two Arabic translations, mostly relying on the one by Ishaq ibn Hunayn, but occasionally quoting the older one as an alternative.
1933:
1290:
333:" and the store-house of all concepts, i.e. universal ideas like "triangle", "tree", "man", "red", etc. When the mind wishes to think, the
1180:
606:
letters. The manuscript contains a complete text of the treatise. It belongs to the textual family κ, but only to
Chapter 8. of II book.
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letters. The manuscript contains the complete text of the treatise. It belongs to the textual family ν, together with the manuscripts v
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letters. The manuscript contains the complete text of the treatise. It belongs to the textual family ν, together with the manuscripts
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DA II.7–11 discuss each of the five senses (in the following order: sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch—one chapter for each);
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279:(1) All species of living things, plant or animal, must be able to nourish themselves, and reproduce others of the same kind.
2234:
715:
The manuscript was not cited by
Tiendelenburg, Torstrik, Biehl, Apelt, and Ross in rheir critical editions of the treatise
450:(d. 1008) made a translation into Arabic from Syriac. The Arabic versions show a complicated history of mutual influence.
357:. Aquinas' commentary is based on the new translation of the text from the Greek completed by Aquinas' Dominican associate
1040:
The manuscript was not cited by
Tiendelenburg, Torstrik, Biehl, Apelt, and Ross in his critical editions of the treatise
987:
The manuscript was not cited by
Tiendelenburg, Torstrik, Biehl, Apelt, and Ross in his critical editions of the treatise
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The manuscript was not cited by
Tiendelenburg, Torstrik, Biehl, Apelt, and Ross in his critical editions of the treatise
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The manuscript was not cited by
Tiendelenburg, Torstrik, Biehl, Apelt, and Ross in his critical editions of the treatise
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The manuscript was not cited by Trendelenburg, Torstrik, Biehl, Apelt, and Ross in his critical editions of the treatise
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know the nature of a thing if we already know its properties and operations. It is like finding the middle term to a
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DA II.1–3 gives Aristotle's definition of soul and outlines his own study of it, which is then pursued as follows:
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187:. (Thus, "DA I.1, 402a1" means "De anima, book I, chapter 1, Bekker page 402, Bekker column a , line number 1.)
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410:), has represented a hot topic of discussion for centuries. The most likely is probably the interpretation of
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This article is about the work by Aristotle. For the work by Plato once known by the title "On the Soul", see
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Aristoteles' De anima : eine verlorene spätantike Paraphrase in arabischer und persischer Überlieferung
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written c.350 B.C.E, translation: J. A. Smith, The Internet Classics Archive, MIT, Retrieved 2 February 2016
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2013:
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DA III.12–13 take up the question of what are the minimal constituents of having a soul and being alive.
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Aristotle: A Chapter from the History of Science, Including Analyses of Aristotle's Scientific Writings
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DA III.2 discusses the problem of what it means to "sense sensing" (i.e., to "be aware" of sensation);
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Perhaps the most important but obscure argument in the whole book is Aristotle's demonstration of the
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Aristotle describes the structure of the souls of plants, animals, and humans in Books II and III.
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414:, likening Aristotle's immortal mind to an impersonal activity, ultimately represented by God.
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from Arabic into Hebrew in 1284. Both Averroes and Zerahiah used the translation by Ibn Zura.
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of the thinking part of the human soul, also in Chapter V. Taking a premise from his
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Aristotle's Psychology in Greek and English, with Introduction and Notes by Edwin Wallace
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is one of the most important manuscripts of the treatise. It is designated by the symbol
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is one of the most important manuscripts of the treatise. It is designated by the symbol
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is one of the most important manuscripts of the treatise. It is designated by the symbol
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is one of the most important manuscripts of the treatise. It is designated by the symbol
402:
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Book II contains his scientific determination of the nature of the soul, an element of
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1387:, Madrid (1992) for an overview of literature. Compare also the Arabic text known as
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is one of the important manuscripts of the treatise. It is designated by the symbol
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1162:(Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press "Loeb Classical Library", 1957).
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719:. This means the manuscript is not of high value. Currently it is housed at the
294:.) He discusses how these function. Some animals have in addition the powers of
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did not use the manuscript in his own edition. Currently it is housed at the
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991:. It means the manuscript has not high value. Currently it is housed at the
950:. It means the manuscript has not high value. Currently it is housed at the
909:. It means the manuscript has not high value. Currently it is housed at the
677:. It means the manuscript has not high value. Currently it is housed at the
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Book I contains a summary of Aristotle's method of investigation and a
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DA I.2–5 provide a survey of Aristotle’s predecessors’ views about the soul
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DA III.1 argues there are no other senses than the five already mentioned;
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contains a partial manuscript of the treatise. It is designated by symbol
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it had been assigned to the 12th or 13th century. It is written in Greek
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it has been assigned to the 14th or 15th century. It is written in Greek
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DA III.9–10 discuss the movement of animals possessing all the senses;
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La recepcion arabe del DE ANIMA de Aristoteles: Al Kindi y Al Farabi
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2368:
2160:
1913:
1653:
1394:
1375:, Volume 9 of Aristoteles Semitico-Latinus, 1998. Alfred L. Ivry,
1018:, it has been assigned to the 14th century. It is written in Greek
981:
letters. The manuscript contains a complete text of the treatise.
940:
letters. The manuscript contains a complete text of the treatise.
899:
letters. The manuscript contains a complete text of the treatise.
804:
letters. The manuscript contains a complete text of the treatise.
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letters. The manuscript contains a complete text of the treatise.
667:
letters. The manuscript contains a complete text of the treatise.
463:
451:
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DA III.11 discusses the movement of animals possessing only touch;
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372:, runs something like this: In every nature which is sometimes in
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2481:
1952:
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1066:
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it had been assigned to the 15th century. It is written in Greek
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it had been assigned to the 11th century. It is written in Greek
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it had been assigned to the 13th century. It is written in Greek
663:
it had been assigned to the 13th century. It is written in Greek
602:
it had been assigned to the 14th century. It is written in Greek
548:
it has been assigned to the 11th century. It is written in Greek
498:
it has been assigned to the 13th century. It is written in Greek
362:
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is a manuscript of the treatise. It is designated by the symbol
1850:
1083:
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The text of the manuscript represents to the textual family ρ.
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295:
33:
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1902:
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1802:
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Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library (HTML)
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The codex also has commentary by Pseudo-Diadochus on Plato's
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The text of the manuscript represents the textual family π.
902:
The text of the manuscript represents the textual family κ.
873:
827:
778:
87:
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The Arabic Text of Aristotle's "De anima" and Its Translator
1212:
Aristotle De Anima with Translation, Introduction, and Notes
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The text of the manuscript represents the textual family κ.
969:
is a manuscript of the treatise. It is designated by symbol
928:
is a manuscript of the treatise. It is designated by symbol
887:
is a manuscript of the treatise. It is designated by symbol
761:
The manuscript is one of nine manuscripts that was cited by
696:
is a manuscript of the treatise. It is designated by symbol
655:
is a manuscript of the treatise. It is designated by symbol
1099:, (Newburyport, MA: Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Co, 2011).
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682:
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DA II.12 again takes up the general question of sensation;
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in Arabic tradition in general see Rafael Ramo Guerrero,
1223:
Free Audiobook (Public Domain) of De Anima at Archive.org
1379:, Oriens Vol. 36 (2001), pp. 59-77. On the reception of
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DA III.8 articulates the definition and nature of soul;
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DA III.4–7 discuss thinking and the intellect, or mind;
426:, Aristotelian texts became re-interpreted in terms of
1111:
Aristotle's On the Soul and On Memory and Recollection
1051:, commentary by Simplicius of Cilicia on Aristotle's
1582:, vol. 4, 'Psychology and Aesthetics'. London, 1979.
1530:
Another members of this group S O E T c D S U V Y Q.
1044:. It means the manuscript does not have high value.
765:, Torstrik, Biehl, Apelt, and one of five cited by
2181:On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration
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961:
119:. Lower animals have, in addition, the powers of
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1002:
920:
225:DA III.3 investigates the nature of imagination;
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879:
174:, however, found this description also wanting.
1615:Aristotelis tractatus De anima graece et latine
1521:Another members of this group K i P C l W y M.
1492:Another manuscripts of this family: M L B B V.
1413:Aristotle's On the Soul in the Arabic tradition
1291:Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas,
1424:Another manuscripts of that family: H Y J G Q.
1415:, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, (2012).
207:DA II.4 discusses nutrition and reproduction;
1679:
195:DA I.1 introduces the theme of the treatise;
2457:
1433:Another manuscripts of that family: G H N J
1141:, (Grinell, Iowa: Peripatetic Press, 1981).
127:(action). Humans have all these as well as
1578:J. Barnes, M. Schofield, & R. Sorabji,
818:in their critical editions of the treatise
769:in their critical editions of the treatise
571:in their critical editions of the treatise
517:in their critical editions of the treatise
91:
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1672:
110:. His discussion centres on the kinds of
936:to the year 1446. It is written in Greek
895:to the year 1496. It is written in Greek
833:
329:intellect. The possible intellect is an "
1608:L'évolution de la psychologie d'Aristote
1479:Another members of this group m R X F H
1466:Other manuscripts of this family are E,
860:in his critical edition of the treatise
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209:DA II.5–6 discuss sensation in general;
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1393:, which is in fact a paraphrase of
1191:Classics in the History of Psychology
458:, which was translated into Latin by
2235:On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias
1233:(Cambridge University Press, 1882).
1214:(Cambridge University Press, 1907).
417:
1693:
477:
24:
2596:Transmission of the Greek Classics
1557:
609:Another member of the family κ: G
25:
2710:
2270:The Situations and Names of Winds
1621:
1539:Together with the manuscripts: G
1008:Codex Marcianus GR. Z. 228 (=406)
2656:
2646:
2645:
1642:
1453:Other members of this group are
1250:(Prometheus Trust, 2003, 1808).
1155:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968).
866:Bibliothèque nationale de France
864:. Currently it is housed at the
822:. Currently it is housed at the
810:The manuscript was not cited by
773:. Currently it is housed at the
575:. Currently it is housed at the
521:. Currently it is housed at the
454:(d. 1037) wrote a commentary on
368:The argument, as interpreted by
2176:On Length and Shortness of Life
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1524:
1515:
1495:
1486:
1473:
1460:
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1289:in Rome, the forerunner of the
1078:Currently, it is housed at the
967:Codex Vindobonensis Philos. 157
962:Codex Vindobonensis Philos. 157
349:interpretation is given in the
164:published a translation titled
134:Aristotle holds that the soul (
1766:Correspondence theory of truth
1601:Essays on Aristotle's De Anima
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1405:
1365:
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1347:
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1309:
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1003:Codex Marcianus CCXXVIII (406)
926:Codex Vindobonensis Philos. 75
921:Codex Vindobonensis Philos. 75
567:, Torstrik, Biehl, Apelt, and
513:, Torstrik, Biehl, Apelt, and
438:A later Arabic translation of
376:, it is necessary to posit an
43:"Expositio et quaestiones" in
13:
1:
2694:Philosophy of mind literature
2112:Constitution of the Athenians
1659:BNM Gr. Z. 228 (=406) on-line
1587:Aristotle's De Anima in Focus
1303:
1176:MIT Internet Classics Archive
885:Codex Vindobonensis Philos. 2
880:Codex Vindobonensis Philos. 2
814:, Torstrik, Biehl, Apelt, or
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2014:On Generation and Corruption
1261:
856:The manuscript was cited by
624:The manuscript was cited by
563:The manuscript was cited by
509:The manuscript was cited by
7:
1652:public domain audiobook at
1082:(BNM Gr. Z. 228 (=406)) in
430:. There is a paraphrase of
216:
10:
2715:
2255:On Marvellous Things Heard
1874:Potentiality and actuality
1127:(Penguin Classics, 1986).
1113:(Green Lion Press, 2001).
468:Zerahiah ben Shealtiel Ḥen
238:
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2618:Commentaries on Aristotle
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1951:
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1316:On the Soul, by Aristotle
993:Austrian National Library
952:Austrian National Library
911:Austrian National Library
256:with a known conclusion.
190:
412:Alexander of Aphrodisias
385:the Arabian commentator
1986:Sophistical Refutations
1139:Aristotle's On the Soul
1125:De Anima (On the Soul)
470:translated Aristotle's
2171:On Divination in Sleep
1857:Horror vacui (physics)
1617:, Desclée, Romae 1965.
1567:, Leiden, Brill, 1998
1371:Rüdiger Arnzen (ed.),
1275:Commentary on De anima
1034:(fourteenth century).
839:Codex Coislinianus 386
834:Codex Coislinianus 386
442:into Arabic is due to
351:Commentary on De anima
314:
167:On the Vital Principle
92:
64:
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2689:Ancient Greek physics
2663:Philosophy portal
2285:Rhetoric to Alexander
1580:Articles on Aristotle
1390:Theologia Aristotelis
1373:Aristoteles' De anima
1158:Walter Stanley Hett,
1137:Hippocrates Apostle,
1123:Hugh Lawson-Tancred,
1097:De Anima: On the Soul
1024:Simplicius of Cilicia
824:Biblioteca Ambrosiana
790:Codex Ambrosianus 837
785:Codex Ambrosianus 837
775:Biblioteca Ambrosiana
736:Codex Ambrosianus 435
731:Codex Ambrosianus 435
321:These are called the
312:
42:
27:Treatise by Aristotle
2374:Andronicus of Rhodes
2275:On Virtues and Vices
2230:On Indivisible Lines
2151:Sense and Sensibilia
2121:Rhetoric and poetics
1934:mathematical realism
1457:, m, R, X, F, and H.
1411:Josep Puig Montada,
1166:John Alexander Smith
1090:English translations
1065:, and commentary by
826:(837 (B 7 Inf.)) in
694:Codex Vaticanus 1339
689:Codex Vaticanus 1339
653:Codex Vaticanus 1026
648:Codex Vaticanus 1026
178:Division of chapters
2344:Strato of Lampsacus
1976:Posterior Analytics
1728:Ideas and interests
1283:studium provinciale
1080:Biblioteca Marciana
1030:and paraphrases by
592:Codex Vaticanus 266
587:Codex Vaticanus 266
538:Codex Vaticanus 260
533:Codex Vaticanus 260
488:Codex Vaticanus 253
483:Codex Vaticanus 253
359:William of Moerbeke
155:body without a soul
2684:Works by Aristotle
2388:Islamic Golden Age
2311:Peripatetic school
2097:Nicomachean Ethics
1792:Future contingents
1329:George Henry Lewes
1281:was regent at the
579:(Vat. gr. 260) in
315:
172:George Henry Lewes
65:
2671:
2670:
2623:Metabasis paradox
2584:
2583:
2524:
2523:
2511:Pietro Pomponazzi
2453:
2452:
2433:
2432:
2382:
2381:
2334:Eudemus of Rhodes
2324:Clearchus of Soli
2298:
2297:
1966:On Interpretation
1909:Temporal finitism
1797:Genus–differentia
1754:Category of being
995:(Philos. 157) at
777:(435 (H. 50)) in
418:Arabic paraphrase
16:(Redirected from
2706:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2649:
2648:
2526:
2525:
2506:Jacopo Zabarella
2455:
2454:
2435:
2434:
2384:
2383:
2364:Diodorus of Tyre
2307:
2306:
1949:
1948:
1879:Substance theory
1840:Moderate realism
1834:Minima naturalia
1735:Active intellect
1688:
1681:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1646:
1645:
1610:. Louvain, 1973.
1563:Rüdiger Arnzen,
1552:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1477:
1471:
1464:
1458:
1451:
1445:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1409:
1403:
1369:
1363:
1362:Torrell, 161 ff.
1360:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1297:
1272:
1196:UVa EText Center
1059:Ammonius Hermiae
1057:, commentary by
1016:Paleographically
975:Paleographically
954:(Philos. 75) at
847:Paleographically
798:Paleographically
744:Paleographically
702:Paleographically
661:Paleographically
600:Paleographically
546:Paleographically
496:Paleographically
478:Some manuscripts
444:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
331:unscribed tablet
121:sense-perception
109:
106:
95:
81:
80:
62:
59:
50:
21:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2637:
2580:
2520:
2516:Cesar Cremonini
2472:Albertus Magnus
2449:
2429:
2378:
2294:
2250:Physiognomonics
2245:On Things Heard
2240:On the Universe
2201:
2185:
2143:Parva Naturalia
2137:
2116:
2102:Eudemian Ethics
2082:
2066:
2028:
1990:
1971:Prior Analytics
1938:
1862:Rational animal
1723:
1697:
1695:Aristotelianism
1692:
1643:
1630:Mikros Apoplous
1624:
1603:. Oxford, 1992.
1589:. London, 1993.
1560:
1558:Further reading
1555:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1452:
1448:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1406:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1277:was begun when
1273:
1269:
1264:
1229:Edwin Wallace,
1095:Mark Shiffman,
1092:
1005:
964:
923:
913:(Philos. 2) at
882:
836:
787:
733:
721:Vatican Library
691:
679:Vatican Library
650:
638:Vatican Library
589:
577:Vatican Library
535:
523:Vatican Library
485:
480:
420:
374:potency and act
335:agent intellect
241:
234:
232:
230:
228:
226:
224:
222:
219:
212:
210:
208:
206:
203:
196:
193:
180:
162:Charles Collier
107:
60:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2712:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2653:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2628:Views on women
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2589:Related topics
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2501:Peter of Spain
2498:
2497:
2496:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2477:Thomas Aquinas
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2390:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2354:Aristo of Ceos
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2207:Pseudepigrapha
2203:
2202:
2200:
2199:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2009:On the Heavens
2006:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1876:
1871:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1818:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1777:
1768:
1763:
1756:
1751:
1744:
1741:Antiperistasis
1737:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1640:
1636:English text:
1634:
1623:
1622:External links
1620:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1494:
1485:
1472:
1470:, F, L, and K.
1459:
1446:
1426:
1417:
1404:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1320:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1279:Thomas Aquinas
1266:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1135:
1133:978-0140444711
1121:
1107:
1105:978-1585102488
1091:
1088:
1061:’s on Plato's
1054:On the Heavens
1004:
1001:
963:
960:
922:
919:
881:
878:
835:
832:
786:
783:
732:
729:
723:(gr. 1339) at
690:
687:
681:(gr. 1026) at
649:
646:
588:
585:
534:
531:
484:
481:
479:
476:
460:Michael Scotus
424:Late Antiquity
419:
416:
391:Thomas Aquinas
378:agent or cause
370:Thomas Aquinas
355:Thomas Aquinas
284:
283:
280:
240:
237:
218:
215:
202:
199:
192:
189:
185:Bekker numbers
183:corresponding
179:
176:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2711:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2634:
2633:Wheel paradox
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:Trendelenburg
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2467:Peter Lombard
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2459:Scholasticism
2456:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:Lyco of Troas
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2290:Magna Moralia
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:Virtue ethics
1927:
1925:
1924:Unmoved mover
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1616:
1613:Paweł Siwek,
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1573:90-04-10699-5
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1489:
1482:
1476:
1469:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1256:1-898910-23-5
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:Thomas Taylor
1242:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1151:D.W. Hamlyn,
1150:
1148:
1147:0-9602870-8-6
1144:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1119:1-888009-17-9
1116:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
985:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
959:
957:
953:
949:
944:
941:
939:
935:
932:. Dated by a
931:
927:
918:
916:
912:
908:
903:
900:
898:
894:
891:. Dated by a
890:
886:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:Tiendelenburg
808:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
763:Trendelenburg
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
728:
726:
722:
718:
713:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
686:
684:
680:
676:
671:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
645:
643:
640:(gr. 266) in
639:
635:
631:
627:
626:Trendelenburg
622:
620:
616:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
593:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:Trendelenburg
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
530:
528:
525:(gr. 253) in
524:
520:
516:
512:
511:Trendelenburg
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
433:
429:
425:
415:
413:
409:
405:
404:
399:
394:
392:
388:
382:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
339:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
311:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
281:
278:
277:
276:
274:
270:
266:
261:
257:
255:
249:
246:
236:
214:
198:
188:
186:
175:
173:
169:
168:
163:
158:
156:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
113:
108: 350 BC
103:
99:
96:) is a major
94:
89:
85:
75:
71:
70:
55:
51:
49:
41:
35:
30:
19:
2613:Neoplatonism
2339:Theophrastus
2197:Protrepticus
2090:and politics
2023:
1901:
1888:
1884:hypokeimenon
1882:
1866:
1849:
1832:
1825:
1813:
1809:Hylomorphism
1801:
1779:
1758:
1746:
1739:
1648:
1629:
1627:Greek text:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1586:
1585:M. Durrant,
1579:
1564:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1497:
1488:
1475:
1462:
1449:
1429:
1420:
1407:
1397:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1332:
1323:
1311:
1292:
1287:Santa Sabina
1282:
1274:
1270:
1247:
1230:
1211:
1186:Google Books
1169:
1159:
1152:
1138:
1124:
1110:
1096:
1077:
1070:
1062:
1052:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1011:
1007:
1006:
988:
986:
983:
970:
966:
965:
947:
945:
942:
929:
925:
924:
906:
904:
901:
888:
884:
883:
861:
855:
842:
838:
837:
819:
809:
806:
793:
789:
788:
770:
760:
739:
735:
734:
716:
714:
710:
697:
693:
692:
674:
672:
669:
656:
652:
651:
629:
623:
608:
595:
591:
590:
572:
562:
560:, A, and Q.
541:
537:
536:
518:
508:
491:
487:
486:
471:
455:
439:
437:
435:literature.
431:
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2078:Metaphysics
2071:Metaphysics
2057:Progression
2024:On the Soul
2019:Meteorology
1821:Magnanimity
1787:Four causes
1606:F. Nuyens,
1597:A. O. Rorty
1593:M. Nussbaum
1399:Six Enneads
1248:On the Soul
1237:Archive.org
1218:Archive.org
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265:his biology
245:dialectical
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100:written by
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1961:Categories
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2303:Followers
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2220:On Colors
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2166:On Dreams
2156:On Memory
1919:Haecceity
1897:Syllogism
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1760:Catharsis
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1262:Footnotes
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