851:
maintaining strong conventional forces) was an unwise security posture. But
Lilienthal failed to marshal bureaucratic support for his position, in part due to the limitations of secrecy preventing him from finding allies and in part due to his repeated arguments losing their effectiveness. The three-person committee made its recommendation to proceed to Truman in a meeting on January 31, 1950, and the president so ordered. (Lilienthal ended up appearing to support the recommendation on the surface while trying to register a dissent as well, a confused situation that only became more so with additional memoranda filed after the fact and with conflicting recollections among the participants in years to follow.)
858:, Lilienthal criticized nuclear developments, denouncing the nuclear industry's failure to have addressed the dangers of nuclear waste. He suggested that a civil atomic energy program should not be pursued until the "substantial health hazards involved were eliminated". Lilienthal argued that it would be "particularly irresponsible to go ahead with the construction of full scale nuclear power plants without a safe method of nuclear waste disposal having been demonstrated". However, Lilienthal stopped short of a blanket rejection of nuclear power. His view was that a more cautious approach was necessary.
299:
600:
42:
807:(AEC) to provide civilian control of this resource. Lilienthal was appointed as chair of the AEC on October 28, 1946, and served until February 15, 1950, one of the pioneers of civilian control of the American atomic energy program. He intended to administer a program that would "harness the atom" for peaceful purposes, principally
776:
764:. It was a bold attempt to formulate a workable idea for international control (and implicitly assumed that the United States was far ahead of the Soviet Union in atomic weapons development and could remain in that position even if the Soviets violated the agreement). However Truman then decided to appoint
747:
No fairy tale that I read in utter rapture and enchantment as a child, no spy mystery, no "horror" story, can remotely compare with the scientific recital I listened to for six or seven hours today. ... I feel that I have been admitted, through the strangest accident of fate, behind the scenes in the
562:
As the commission's leading member, Lilienthal expanded its staff and launched aggressive investigations of
Wisconsin's gas, electric and telephone utilities. By September 1932, the commission achieved rate reductions totaling more than $ 3 million affecting over a half-million customers. But, its
642:
on the
Tennessee River. It was a massive project controlled by a public corporation designed to modernize the rural, Southern communities within the Tennessee Valley. The TVA also established extensive education programs, and a library service that distributed books in the many rural hamlets that
946:
noticed how seriously I was looking at life in general and suggested as a remedy for this and as a source of amusement and self-cultivation the keeping of a diary of a different sort than the "ate today" "was sick yesterday" variety, but rather a record of the impressions I received from various
850:
in addition to
Lilienthal as head of the AEC, to formulate a report to him on the matter. Lilienthal was opposed to development, stating among other reasons that the proposed weapon lacked a clear political or strategic rationale and that being overly dependent upon nuclear forces (rather than
738:
Those charged with foreign policy -- the
Secretary of State (Byrnes) and the President -- did not have either the facts nor an understanding of what was involved in the atomic energy issue, the most serious cloud hanging over the world. Comments...have been made and are being made...without a
886:(D&R), which shared some of the TVA's objectives: major public power and public works projects. Lilienthal leveraged the financial backing of Lazard Freres to found his company. He hired former associates from the TVA to work with him. D&R focused on overseas clients, including the
834:, for not pursuing the task with sufficient vigor. Indeed, in 1949 Hickenlooper raised charges that Lilienthal had engaged in "incredible mismanagement" and tried to have him removed as chairman; Lilienthal was cleared of wrongdoing but was left politically weakened within Washington.
866:
Lilienthal's resignation from the Atomic Energy
Commission took effect on February 15, 1950. He was concerned that after years of relatively low-paying public service, he needed to make some money to provide for his wife and two children, and to secure funds for his retirement.
818:, Lilienthal played an important role in managing relations between the scientific community and the U.S. Government. The AEC was responsible for managing atomic energy development for the military as well as for civilian use. Lilienthal was responsible for ensuring that the
772:; Baruch changed some provisions of it, ending up with a proposal that the Soviets could not accept and that was vetoed by them. (As it happened, the Soviets were determined to proceed with their own atomic bomb program and were unlikely to accept either plan.)
538:
282 U.S. 133 (1930), in which a decision of the U.S. Supreme Court resulted in a refund of $ 20,000,000 to telephone customers who had been overcharged. From 1926 to 1931, Lilienthal also edited a legal information service on public utilities for
837:
Once the Soviet Union had successfully tested its own atomic bomb, Lilienthal became a central figure in the August 1949–January 1950 debate within the U.S. government and scientific community over whether to proceed with development of the
376:, serving several years in the Hungarian army before emigrating to the United States in 1893. Minna and Leo were married in Chicago in 1897, then moved to the town of Morton, where Leo briefly operated a dry goods store.
647:
said the TVA was a form of state socialism, and the other utility companies it competed against were also against the project. Local people were both apprehensive but also hopeful about the changes the TVA would bring.
1966:
811:. Lilienthal gave high priority to peaceful uses, especially nuclear power plants. However coal was cheap and the power industry was not interested. The first plant was begun under Eisenhower in 1954.
760:. Released in March 1946, it proposed that the United States offer to turn over its monopoly on nuclear weapons to an international agency, in return for a system of strict inspections and control of
1680:
822:
would have the use of a number of working atomic bombs. Lilienthal did not have as much enthusiasm for this task as some in
Washington, and in particular he received steady criticism from Senators
1462:
Ekbladh, David (Summer 2002). "'Mr. TVA': Grass-Roots
Development, David Lilienthal, and the Rise and Fall of the Tennessee Valley Authority as a Symbol for U.S. Overseas Development, 1933-1973".
1005:
in one eye. He needed crutches and a cane at various points. The recovery period from the eye surgery forced him to neither read nor write aside from his final journal entry on
January 2, 1981.
2238:
Ekbladh, David. (2002). "'Mr. TVA': Grass-Roots
Development, David Lilienthal, and the Rise and Fall of the Tennessee Valley Authority as a Symbol for U.S. Overseas Development, 1933–1973".
951:
Lilienthal kept such a journal until the end of his life. In 1959, Lilienthal's son-in-law Sylvain Bromberger suggested that he consider publishing his private journals. Lilienthal wrote to
2542:
1836:
David Mayers, "Destruction Repaired and Destruction Anticipated: United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), the Atomic Bomb, and US Policy 1944–6."
451:
489:, 266 U.S. 42 (1924), a landmark case in which the Supreme Court upheld the right of striking railroad workers to jury trials in cases in which they were charged with
708:
and the end of World War II and victory by the Allies, Lilienthal was fascinated and appalled by the information he soon absorbed about the power of the new weapon.
1746:
878:
A serene life apparently isn't the thing I crave. I live on enthusiasm, zest; and when I don't feel it, the bottom sags below sea level, and it is agony, no less.
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was intractable, but there were other areas of mutual concern of the two nations were agreement could be found - such as the allotment of the water of the
603:
David E. Lilienthal listens to testimony at a Congressional hearing in 1938 called to investigate charges brought against the TVA by its former chair,
521:
man who was part of a mob that attacked Sweet's home. Afterward, Lilienthal wrote about the case and issues of self-defense in an article published in
2557:
457:
While at DePauw, Lilienthal met his future wife, Helen Marian Lamb (1896–1999), a fellow student. Born in Oklahoma, she had moved with her family to
155:
2306:
1661:
314:(July 8, 1899 – January 15, 1981) was an American attorney and public administrator, best known for his Presidential Appointment to head
1099:
1171:
959:; the company eventually published his journals in seven volumes, appearing between 1964 and 1983. They received largely positive reviews.
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2522:
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asked Lilienthal to chair a five-member panel of consultants to a committee including him and four others, who were to advise President
2547:
1027:
705:
580:
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2430:
1381:
804:
792:
651:
In his role as one of the TVA directors, Lilienthal was skilled at administration and at creating supporters for the project.
620:
556:
319:
57:
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sources; my reactions to books, people, events; my opinions and ideas on religion, sex, etc. The idea appealed to me at once.
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2007:
1031:
883:
2421:
2323:
446:. Although his grades were average until his third and final year at Harvard, he acquired an important mentor in Professor
298:
1490:
1375:
At the time, this body was still called the Railroad Commission. It became the Public Service Commission on June 8, 1931.
1432:
held that to authorize rate orders without hearing would be to confer unlimited arbitrary power to take utility property.
2245:
Ekbladh, David. (2008). "Profits of Development: The Development and Resources Corporation and Cold War Modernization".
2532:
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2230:
2132:
2096:
2053:
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His company D&R struggled financially during Lilienthal's final years. A promised infusion of capital from the
584:
548:
330:
17:
870:
After undertaking a lecture tour, he worked for several years as an industrial consultant for the investment bank
654:
In part due to his experience at the TVA, Lilienthal was often sent abroad to work on water development projects.
2562:
1876:
1428:, 232 Wis. 274; 287 N.W. 122 (1939); cert. den. 309 U.S. 657; 84 L.Ed. 1006, 60 S.Ct. 514 (1940), in which the
1035:
2512:
335:
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lacked a library. The TVA was locally and nationally controversial. On the national scale, opponents led by
1918:
2319:
997:
during his final years. In 1980, Lilienthal had two separate serious health problems. He had a bilateral
424:
631:. His TVA appointment was also aided by the persistent lobbying of his old law professor Frankfurter. .
555:, asked him to become a member of the state's reorganized Railroad Commission, renamed that year as the
612:
315:
192:
163:
108:
1218:
1568:
819:
757:
344:. As chair of the AEC, he was one of the pioneers in civilian management of nuclear power resources.
2303:
481:. Prominent in labor law, Richberg gave Lilienthal a major role in writing his firm's brief for the
2414:
1572:
1106:
379:
Leo's business ventures took the family several places. Young David was raised principally in the
1429:
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most awful and inspiring drama since some primitive man looked for the very first time upon fire.
540:
458:
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He died on January 16, 1981. News of his death, and his obituary, appeared on the front page of
1896:
1077:
1054:
827:
416:
388:
842:. President Truman appointed a three-person special committee, composed of Secretary of State
461:, in 1913. They were married in Crawfordsville in 1923, after Helen had completed her M.A. at
322:(AEC). He had practiced public utility law and led the Wisconsin Public Utilities Commission.
2370:
2304:
Annotated bibliography for David Lilienthal from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
1556:
994:
791:, on October 1, 1946, to discuss the transfer of responsibility for atomic energy to the new
635:
588:
213:
184:
129:
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2474:
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2389:
2379:
2025:
A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission: Volume II, Atomic shield 1947/1952
1564:
1023:
788:
689:
604:
502:
412:
100:
743:
Lilienthal quickly found out even more about the atomic weapon, and wrote in his journal:
8:
2407:
2299:
David E. Lilienthal Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
1532:
575:, was quashed by the Wisconsin courts. After La Follette's defeat in the 1932 Republican
572:
473:
With a strong recommendation from Frankfurter, Lilienthal entered the practice of law in
384:
2225:. Chapter 9: "A Second Sort of Life, David E. Lilienthal Businessman". Open Road Media.
2271:
2042:
1705:
Rebecca S. Lowen, "Entering the Atomic Power Race: Science, Industry, and Government."
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987:
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628:
552:
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President Truman announced Lilienthal's appointment to the AEC on October 28, 1946.
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1544:
1471:
1002:
847:
780:
639:
576:
510:
353:
245:
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social fraternity and was elected president of the student body. He was active in
372:, emigrating to America at age 17. His father Leo Lilienthal (1868–1951) was from
2315:
2310:
2298:
2018:
A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission: The New World, 1939-1946
1997:
1993:
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998:
956:
938:
In May 1917, as a 17-year-old college freshman, Lilienthal met a young lawyer in
796:
720:
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677:
644:
616:
498:
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361:
133:
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615:(TVA). He earned his credentials for the appointment working under labor lawyer
2462:
2189:
The Journals of David E. Lilienthal, Vol. 2: The Atomic Energy Years, 1945-1950
1540:
769:
765:
728:
724:
655:
564:
531:
341:
1869:
The Journals of David E. Lilienthal, Volume VII, Unfinished Business 1968-1981
2496:
2456:
2254:
Prisoner of Myth: The Leadership of the Tennessee Valley Authority, 1933–1990
2198:
2174:
2114:
1536:
952:
939:
927:
871:
839:
823:
808:
493:. Richberg also assigned Lilienthal to write major parts of what became the
420:
396:
262:
2144:
Super Bomb: Organizational Conflict and the Development of the Hydrogen Bomb
2044:
The American Age: United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad Since 1750
1475:
1284:
427:
and won a state oratorical contest in 1918. He also gained distinction as a
2480:
2339:
1030:, of which he was also an elected member. He was also a member of both the
843:
712:
672:
659:
518:
506:
326:
599:
41:
2433:
2072:
895:
775:
696:, which to this day governs water allocation between India and Pakistan.
681:
814:
As chairman of the AEC in the late 1940s, during the early years of the
2223:
Business Adventures: Twelve Classic Tales from the World of Wall Street
1710:
1495:(First ed.). Wawshington: The Brookings Institution. p. 612.
685:
568:
523:
278:
1825:
Anti-nuclear Movements: A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy
1571:; and Harry A. Winne, Vice-President in Charge of Engineering Policy,
2165:
The Journals of David E. Lilienthal, Vol. 1: The TVA Years, 1939-1945
990:
was not fully realized. The company was dissolved in the late 1970s.
903:
624:
544:
365:
2079:
Neuse, Steven M. "David E. Lilienthal: Exemplar of public purpose."
1747:"David E. Lilienthal Is Dead at 81; Led U.S. Effort in Atomic Power"
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815:
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369:
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to oversee development of a project there. He was also sent to
514:
474:
399:, he graduated in 1916 from Elston High School in Michigan City.
380:
373:
364:. His mother Minna Rosenak (1874–1956) came from Szomolány (now
357:
1344:
David E. Lilienthal, "Has the Negro the Right of Self-Defense?"
594:
1236:
497:
of 1926. In 1925, Lilienthal assisted criminal defense lawyers
482:
1041:
During his lifetime Lilienthal received honorary degrees from
1285:
Crawfordsville District Public Library Local History Database
915:
911:
907:
882:
In 1955, he formed an engineering and consulting firm called
663:
340:
which outlined possible methods for international control of
891:
1172:"Elston High School, Michigan City, Indiana, 1901 to 1919"
739:
knowledge of what the hell it is all about -- literally!
530:
Lilienthal left Richberg's firm in 1926 to concentrate on
563:
attempt to force a one-year 12.5 percent rate cut on the
2263:(Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1996), a scholarly biography.
1999:
In Mortal Hands: A Cautionary History of the Nuclear Age
731:. At the time, the US held a monopoly on these weapons.
534:
law. He represented the city of Chicago in the case of
2280:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
2268:
The New Dealers: Power politics in the age of Roosevelt
2261:
David E. Lilienthal: The journey of an American liberal
2089:
David E. Lilienthal: The Journey of an American Liberal
1681:"LILIENTHAL WINS SENATE VOTE, 50-31, AS U.S. ATOM HEAD"
1283:
Montgomery County, Indiana, Marriage Index, 1875-2010.
832:
United States Congress Joint Committee on Atomic Energy
734:
Lilienthal described the purpose of Acheson's request:
2543:
Chairmen of the United States Atomic Energy Commission
670:
to report on the dispute between the two nations, for
468:
46:
David E. Lilienthal before a Senate committee in 1937
2020:. Vol. 1. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962.
1426:
Wisconsin Telephone Co. v. Public Service Commission
754:
Report on the International Control of Atomic Energy
452:
associate justice of the United States Supreme Court
336:
Report on the International Control of Atomic Energy
1547:. In addition to Lilienthal, the consultants were:
1489:Mason, Edward Sagendorph; Asher, Robert E. (1973).
874:. Later he wrote about this period in his journal:
2186:
2162:
2041:
2023:* Hewlett, Richard G., and Oscar Edward Anderson.
1678:He was confirmed by the Senate on April 9, 1947.
638:in 1933 for flood control and locally controlled
611:Lilienthal was one of the first directors of the
434:After a summer job in 1920 as a reporter for the
2494:
2181:
2157:
2035:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
2016:Hewlett, Richard G., and Oscar Edward Anderson.
803:Subsequently, the United States established the
356:in 1899, David Lilienthal was the oldest son of
1780:
1778:
723:about the position of the United States at the
711:In January 1946, U.S. Under Secretary of State
2538:Franklin D. Roosevelt administration personnel
2141:
2081:International Journal of Public Administration
1895:. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from
692:, agreed with the assessment. This led to the
2568:Members of the American Philosophical Society
2415:
2316:Newspaper clippings about David E. Lilienthal
2146:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
2065:Morgan vs. Lilienthal:The Feud within the TVA
1885:
779:David E. Lilienthal (right) met with General
595:Lilienthal and the Tennessee Valley Authority
579:, Lilienthal began putting out feelers for a
2105:
1775:
1105:. Wisconsin Service Commison. Archived from
1076:. Tennessee Valley Authority. Archived from
861:
27:American attorney & public administrator
2553:American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
1871:. Harper and Row. 1983. pp. 791, 793.
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
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1727:
2422:
2408:
2121:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1488:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
465:while David was a law student at Harvard.
40:
2142:Young, Ken; Schilling, Warner R. (2019).
1567:, Vice President and Technical Director,
1378:"Shaping Utility Regulation in Wisconsin"
830:, the chairman and ranking member of the
706:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
402:
2558:American people of Slovak-Jewish descent
2030:
1819:
1817:
1724:
774:
598:
2048:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
2039:
1947:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
1621:
1461:
1444:
933:
14:
2495:
2431:United States Atomic Energy Commission
2247:Princeton University Library Chronicle
1382:Public Service Commission of Wisconsin
752:The result of the panel was a 60-page
621:Public Service Commission of Wisconsin
58:United States Atomic Energy Commission
2403:
2278:American Science in an Age of Anxiety
1814:
1753:. January 16, 1981. pp. A1, D17.
1032:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
884:Development and Resources Corporation
536:Smith v. Illinois Bell Telephone Co.,
1219:"Oratory and Debate at early DePauw"
1017:
942:. He later recalled that the lawyer
1022:In 1951 Lilienthal was awarded the
469:Law practice and public appointment
24:
2523:People from Michigan City, Indiana
2215:
2151:
2124:Who Was Who, Volume VII, 1977-1981
1492:The World Bank Since Bretton Woods
619:and as an appointed member of the
25:
2579:
2548:Tennessee Valley Authority people
2292:
2091:. University of Tennessee Press.
1849:Lilienthal Journals, Vol. 1, p.1.
1802:Young and Schilling, pp. 157–158.
1553:New Jersey Bell Telephone Company
1531:The other committee members were
1348:, December 23, 1925, pp. 724-725.
962:Lilienthal's other books include
583:appointment in the newly elected
391:. Although he spent part of his
70:1946 – February 15, 1950
2127:. Marquis Who's Who, Inc. 1981.
1247:Current Biography, 1944, p. 413.
699:
297:
1959:
1935:
1911:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1830:
1811:Young and Schilling, pp. 62–65.
1805:
1796:
1787:
1766:
1757:
1721:Young and Schilling, pp. 32–33.
1715:
1699:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1612:
1600:
1591:
1578:
1525:
1516:
1482:
1435:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1289:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1211:
684:. He reported this idea to the
505:in their successful defense of
2109:. H. W. Wilson Company. 1945.
1202:
1190:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1124:
1092:
1066:
1036:American Philosophical Society
799:nominated Lilienthal to chair.
676:magazine. He thought that the
13:
1:
1986:
981:
805:U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
347:
2518:People from Morton, Illinois
2270:(Vintage, 2011) pp 195–248.
1838:International History Review
1793:Young and Schilling, p. 158.
1763:Young and Schilling, p. 156.
1100:"Wisconsin Service Commison"
1074:"Tennessee Valley Authority"
1028:National Academy of Sciences
587:administration of President
325:Later he was co-author with
7:
2320:20th Century Press Archives
2252:Hargrove, Erwin E. (1994).
2221:Brooks, John. (1963-2014).
2209:TVA: Democracy on the March
2207:Lilienthal, David. (1944).
2067:. Loyola University Press.
2062:
1707:Political Science Quarterly
1424:Neuse, pp. 53-54. See also
964:TVA: Democracy on the March
768:to present the plan to the
634:The TVA was established by
565:Wisconsin Telephone Company
487:Michaelson v. United States
10:
2584:
2086:
2063:McCraw, Thomas K. (1970).
1992:
613:Tennessee Valley Authority
316:Tennessee Valley Authority
193:Tennessee Valley Authority
164:Tennessee Valley Authority
109:Tennessee Valley Authority
2533:Harvard Law School alumni
2440:
2386:
2377:
2367:
2357:
2344:
2336:
2331:
2087:Neuse, Steven M. (1996).
1569:Monsanto Chemical Company
976:Change, Hope and the Bomb
862:Lilienthal as businessman
856:Change, Hope and the Bomb
846:and Secretary of Defense
758:Acheson-Lilienthal Report
557:Public Service Commission
419:in 1920. There he joined
305:
293:
277:
269:
252:
228:
223:
219:
209:
198:
190:
180:
169:
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149:
139:
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114:
106:
94:
84:
74:
63:
55:
51:
39:
32:
2528:DePauw University alumni
2332:Awards and achievements
2040:LaFeber, Walter (1989).
2031:Holloway, David (1994).
1662:"Truman Atom Board Text"
1573:General Electric Company
1060:
793:Atomic Energy Commission
783:(left), Director of the
320:Atomic Energy Commission
2276:Wang, Jessica. (1999).
2107:Current Biography, 1944
2083:14.6 (1991): 1099–1148.
1823:Wolfgang Rudig (1990).
1709:102.3 (1987): 459-479.
1618:Quoted in Cooke, p. 45.
1597:Quoted in Cooke, p. 42.
1476:10.1111/1467-7709.00315
1430:Wisconsin Supreme Court
972:Big Business: A New Era
719:and Secretary of State
541:Commerce Clearing House
459:Crawfordsville, Indiana
2563:The Century Foundation
1943:"David Eli Lilienthal"
1893:"Public Welfare Award"
1650:Holloway, pp. 162–163.
1055:Michigan State College
993:Lilienthal resided in
949:
880:
828:Bourke B. Hickenlooper
800:
756:, better known as the
750:
741:
658:dispatched him to the
608:
403:Education and marriage
1919:"David E. Lilienthal"
1557:J. Robert Oppenheimer
1297:Morgan vs. Lilienthal
995:Princeton, New Jersey
944:
876:
778:
745:
736:
727:on the new menace of
688:, and its president,
636:Franklin D. Roosevelt
602:
589:Franklin D. Roosevelt
442:, Lilienthal entered
440:Daily Journal-Gazette
415:, where he graduated
214:Franklin D. Roosevelt
185:Franklin D. Roosevelt
130:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2513:Lawyers from Chicago
2475:James R. Schlesinger
2390:James R. Killian Jr.
2380:Public Welfare Medal
2361:Cyril G. Illingworth
2183:Lilienthal, David E.
2159:Lilienthal, David E.
1971:search.amphilsoc.org
1967:"APS Member History"
1607:Lilienthal Journals,
1565:Charles Allen Thomas
1388:on September 1, 2012
1024:Public Welfare Medal
934:Lilienthal as writer
789:Oak Ridge, Tennessee
503:Arthur Garfield Hays
413:Greencastle, Indiana
407:Lilienthal attended
312:David Eli Lilienthal
233:David Eli Lilienthal
2445:David E. Lilienthal
2266:Schwarz, Jordan A.
2033:Stalin and the Bomb
1559:, formerly of the
1533:James Bryant Conant
1132:David E. lilienthal
640:hydroelectric power
513:physician tried in
34:David E. Lilienthal
2309:2006-08-28 at the
2240:Diplomatic History
2193:. Harper and Row.
2169:. Harper and Row.
2002:. Bloomsbury USA.
1751:The New York Times
1685:The New York Times
1668:. October 29, 1946
1666:The New York Times
1609:Vol. 2, pp. 24-25.
1549:Chester I. Barnard
1464:Diplomatic History
1178:on January 6, 2009
1011:The New York Times
988:Rockefeller family
854:In his 1963 book,
820:Commander-in-Chief
801:
795:, which President
694:Indus Water Treaty
629:Philip La Follette
609:
553:Philip La Follette
444:Harvard Law School
331:Secretary of State
288:Harvard Law School
2490:
2489:
2398:
2397:
2387:Succeeded by
2358:Succeeded by
2259:Neuse, Steven M.
2249:, 69(3), 487–505.
2242:, 26(3), 335–374.
2009:978-1-59691-617-3
1923:www.nasonline.org
1827:, Longman, p. 61.
1784:Holloway, p. 301.
1772:Holloway, p. 300.
1641:Holloway, p. 161.
1561:Manhattan Project
1406:Neuse, pp. 45-48.
1357:Neuse, pp. 35-38.
1326:Neuse, pp. 32-33.
1317:Neuse, pp. 29-30.
1308:Neuse, pp. 24-25.
1265:Neuse, pp. 20-22.
1256:Neuse, pp. 19-20.
1223:DePauw University
1199:Vol. VII, p. 381.
1130:Steven M. Neuse,
1051:Lehigh University
1047:DePauw University
1043:Boston University
1018:Awards and honors
968:This I Do Believe
785:Manhattan Project
762:fissile materials
547:'s reform-minded
495:Railway Labor Act
491:criminal contempt
448:Felix Frankfurter
436:Mattoon, Illinois
429:light heavyweight
409:DePauw University
309:
308:
284:DePauw University
273:Helen Marian Lamb
16:(Redirected from
2575:
2469:Glenn T. Seaborg
2424:
2417:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2368:Preceded by
2337:Preceded by
2329:
2328:
2202:
2192:
2178:
2168:
2147:
2138:
2118:
2102:
2076:
2059:
2047:
2036:
2013:
1994:Cooke, Stephanie
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1889:
1883:
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1865:
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1856:
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1834:
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1821:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1773:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1743:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1687:. April 10, 1947
1677:
1675:
1673:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1632:LaFeber, p. 447.
1630:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1582:
1576:
1545:Leslie R. Groves
1529:
1523:
1522:LaFeber, p. 428.
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1459:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1384:. Archived from
1373:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1274:Neuse, pp. 9-10.
1272:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1174:. Archived from
1168:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1152:Neuse, pp. 2-3.
1150:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1070:
1003:cataract surgery
957:Harper & Row
781:Leslie R. Groves
605:Arthur E. Morgan
577:primary election
511:African-American
507:Dr. Ossian Sweet
360:immigrants from
354:Morton, Illinois
301:
259:
256:January 15, 1981
246:Morton, Illinois
242:
240:
224:Personal details
203:
174:
152:
142:
119:
97:
87:
68:
44:
30:
29:
21:
18:David Lilienthal
2583:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2436:
2428:
2394:
2392:
2383:
2375:
2373:
2371:George H. Shull
2363:
2354:
2342:
2311:Wayback Machine
2295:
2218:
2216:Further reading
2154:
2152:Primary sources
2135:
2099:
2056:
2010:
1989:
1984:
1975:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1899:on June 4, 2011
1891:
1890:
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1654:
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1636:
1631:
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1601:
1596:
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1583:
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1530:
1526:
1521:
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1507:
1505:
1503:
1487:
1483:
1460:
1445:
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1436:
1423:
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1401:
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1316:
1312:
1307:
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1260:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1161:Neuse, pp. 5-6.
1160:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1112:on 5 March 2016
1109:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1080:on 12 July 2016
1072:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1020:
999:hip replacement
984:
936:
864:
797:Harry S. Truman
729:nuclear weapons
721:James F. Byrnes
717:Harry S. Truman
702:
690:Eugene R. Black
678:Kashmir dispute
645:Wendell Willkie
617:Donald Richberg
597:
499:Clarence Darrow
479:Donald Richberg
471:
405:
362:Austria-Hungary
350:
342:nuclear weapons
286:
261:
257:
244:
238:
236:
235:
234:
204:
199:
175:
170:
162:Vice Chairman,
156:Gordon R. Clapp
150:
140:
134:Harry S. Truman
132:
120:
115:
95:
85:
79:Harry S. Truman
69:
64:
47:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2463:John A. McCone
2460:
2454:
2448:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2427:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2395:
2388:
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2376:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2355:4 August 1947
2343:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2313:
2301:
2294:
2293:External links
2291:
2290:
2289:
2274:
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2257:
2250:
2243:
2235:
2234:
2217:
2214:
2213:
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2054:
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2028:
2021:
2014:
2008:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1958:
1934:
1910:
1884:
1877:
1860:
1858:Neuse, p. xvi.
1851:
1842:
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1813:
1804:
1795:
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1774:
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1756:
1723:
1714:
1698:
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1643:
1634:
1620:
1611:
1599:
1590:
1588:Vol. 2, p. 10.
1577:
1541:John J. McCloy
1524:
1515:
1501:
1481:
1470:(3): 335–374.
1443:
1434:
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1019:
1016:
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980:
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932:
863:
860:
770:United Nations
766:Bernard Baruch
725:United Nations
704:Following the
701:
698:
656:Lyndon Johnson
596:
593:
532:public utility
517:for killing a
470:
467:
417:Phi Beta Kappa
404:
401:
349:
346:
333:) of the 1946
318:and later the
307:
306:
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260:(aged 81)
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90:No predecessor
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2457:Lewis Strauss
2455:
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2297:
2296:
2287:
2286:0-8078-4749-6
2283:
2279:
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2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2231:9781497644892
2228:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2134:0-8379-0210-X
2130:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2098:0-87049-940-8
2094:
2090:
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2078:
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2061:
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2055:9780393026290
2051:
2046:
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2038:
2034:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1840:(2016): 1-23.
1839:
1833:
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1818:
1808:
1799:
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1781:
1779:
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1752:
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1615:
1608:
1603:
1594:
1587:
1581:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1551:, President,
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:Vannevar Bush
1534:
1528:
1519:
1504:
1502:9780815720300
1498:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1441:Neuse, p. 61.
1438:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1415:Neuse, p. 50.
1412:
1403:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1366:Neuse, p. 43.
1363:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1335:Neuse, p. 28.
1332:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1208:Neuse, p. 12.
1205:
1198:
1193:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1133:
1127:
1108:
1101:
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1006:
1004:
1000:
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991:
989:
979:
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973:
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965:
960:
958:
954:
953:Cass Canfield
948:
943:
941:
940:Gary, Indiana
931:
929:
928:South Vietnam
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
879:
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872:Lazard Freres
868:
859:
857:
852:
849:
848:Louis Johnson
845:
841:
840:hydrogen bomb
835:
833:
829:
825:
824:Brien McMahon
821:
817:
812:
810:
806:
798:
794:
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759:
755:
749:
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735:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
700:Atomic energy
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
674:
669:
665:
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652:
649:
646:
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528:
527:
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516:
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496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
477:in 1923 with
476:
466:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
421:Delta Upsilon
418:
414:
410:
400:
398:
394:
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389:Michigan City
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
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328:
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263:New York City
255:
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231:
227:
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218:
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208:
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197:
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191:Co-Director,
189:
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83:
80:
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73:
67:
62:
59:
54:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
2481:Dixy Lee Ray
2444:
2378:
2348:
2345:
2340:Hedda Hopper
2277:
2267:
2260:
2253:
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2239:
2222:
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2188:
2182:
2164:
2158:
2143:
2123:
2106:
2088:
2080:
2064:
2043:
2032:
2024:
2017:
1998:
1974:. Retrieved
1970:
1961:
1950:. Retrieved
1946:
1937:
1926:. Retrieved
1922:
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1897:the original
1887:
1868:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1824:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1717:
1706:
1701:
1689:. Retrieved
1684:
1670:. Retrieved
1665:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1593:
1585:
1580:
1527:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1491:
1484:
1467:
1463:
1437:
1425:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1392:February 14,
1390:. Retrieved
1386:the original
1371:
1362:
1353:
1345:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1296:
1291:
1279:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1228:February 10,
1226:. Retrieved
1213:
1204:
1197:Who Was Who,
1196:
1192:
1182:February 27,
1180:. Retrieved
1176:the original
1166:
1157:
1148:
1143:Neuse, p. 2.
1139:
1131:
1126:
1114:. Retrieved
1107:the original
1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1078:the original
1068:
1040:
1021:
1009:
1007:
992:
985:
975:
971:
967:
963:
961:
950:
945:
937:
881:
877:
869:
865:
855:
853:
844:Dean Acheson
836:
813:
809:atomic power
802:
753:
751:
746:
742:
737:
733:
713:Dean Acheson
710:
703:
671:
660:Mekong River
653:
650:
633:
627:'s governor
610:
561:
543:. In 1931,
535:
529:
522:
486:
472:
456:
439:
433:
406:
378:
351:
334:
327:Dean Acheson
324:
311:
310:
258:(1981-01-15)
243:July 8, 1899
200:
171:
151:Succeeded by
116:
96:Succeeded by
65:
2508:1981 deaths
2503:1899 births
2451:Gordon Dean
1903:17 February
1691:January 31,
1672:January 31,
1584:Lilienthal
974:(1953) and
910:, southern
682:Indus River
450:, later an
141:Preceded by
101:Gordon Dean
86:Preceded by
2497:Categories
1987:References
1976:2022-07-20
1952:2022-07-20
1928:2022-07-20
1878:006015182X
1508:28 October
1346:The Nation
982:Last years
898:Valley of
890:region of
686:World Bank
585:Democratic
569:subsidiary
551:governor,
549:Republican
524:The Nation
483:appellants
385:Valparaiso
348:Early life
279:Alma mater
239:1899-07-08
107:Chairman,
56:Chairman,
2347:Cover of
2199:270757551
2175:311554182
2115:650488160
1586:Journals,
1026:from the
904:Venezuela
888:Khuzistan
673:Collier's
625:Wisconsin
545:Wisconsin
463:Radcliffe
425:forensics
393:sophomore
383:towns of
366:Smolenice
294:Signature
210:President
205:1933–1941
201:In office
181:President
176:1939–1941
172:In office
126:President
121:1941–1946
117:In office
75:President
66:In office
2351:magazine
2307:Archived
2185:(1964).
2161:(1964).
1996:(2009).
1711:in JSTOR
1299:, p. 20.
1295:McCraw,
1034:and the
978:(1963).
970:(1949),
966:(1944),
900:Colombia
816:Cold War
668:Pakistan
573:AT&T
395:year in
370:Slovakia
352:Born in
2322:of the
2318:in the
1116:22 July
1084:22 July
924:Morocco
920:Nigeria
581:federal
515:Detroit
475:Chicago
431:boxer.
381:Indiana
374:Hungary
329:(later
2483:(1973)
2477:(1971)
2471:(1961)
2465:(1958)
2459:(1953)
2453:(1950)
2447:(1946)
2434:Chairs
2284:
2272:online
2229:
2197:
2173:
2131:
2113:
2095:
2071:
2052:
2027:(1969)
2006:
1875:
1499:
1134:(1996)
1053:, and
926:, and
894:, the
623:under
358:Jewish
270:Spouse
2384:1951
2073:65751
1110:(PDF)
1103:(PDF)
1061:Notes
916:Ghana
912:Italy
908:India
896:Cauca
787:, at
664:India
519:white
509:, an
368:) in
2393:1956
2374:1948
2349:Time
2282:ISBN
2227:ISBN
2195:OCLC
2171:OCLC
2129:ISBN
2111:OCLC
2093:ISBN
2069:OCLC
2050:ISBN
2004:ISBN
1905:2011
1873:ISBN
1693:2012
1674:2012
1543:and
1510:2014
1497:ISBN
1394:2012
1230:2012
1184:2012
1118:2016
1086:2016
1001:and
892:Iran
826:and
666:and
567:, a
501:and
397:Gary
387:and
265:, US
253:Died
248:, US
229:Born
2324:ZBW
1472:doi
955:at
571:of
485:in
411:in
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1945:.
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1979:.
1955:.
1931:.
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1232:.
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1120:.
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237:(
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