Daugavpils Ghetto - Knowledge

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reported however that babies were not shot, but simply thrown into a pit and buried alive. By July 28, 1941, old and sick people had also been taken out of the ghetto in a separate incident. They were also murdered. The earthen cover heaped on the graves was quite thin, and two boys only slightly wounded and on the top of the heaped bodies dug themselves out and escaped. Use of the forested area to conceal the murders was typical of mass shootings in Latvia; the murders in the Railroad Park were an exception. The executioners were often quite drunk. During the first two weeks in August, 1941, the SD, carried out additional "selections" at the ghetto, choosing who would live and who would die. There were also major actions on August 18 and 19. Mothers, children, the aged and the sick were generally picked to die. In particular there was a massacre of 400 children from an orphanage. The only security appeared to be being selected for work by the Germans, which required a document known as a

386: 240: 801:, commander of the SD in Latvia, gave an order to Tabbert to liquidate the ghetto. Tabbert's men, and the Arājs commando, entered the ghetto in the morning after the working Jews had been marched out to the job sites. The Nazis conducted another "selection" that day, killing the great majority of Jews in the ghetto. One source states there were 375 survivors of the May 1 selection. Others state that of the Jews in the old fortress on the west side of the river, only one or two survived May 1. The May 1 selection followed the pattern of assembling the people to be executed, then marching them out to the Pogulianka Forest, where they were all shot and shoved into pre-dug mass graves. According to Iwens, who was at the citadel, and heard the story a few days later: 228: 667:* * * there was suddenly a knock at the window. A soldier came to tell us that we can sleep in peace. * * * "You can believe me and I want you not to give me away when the chief himself will come to tell you this, because I wasn't supposed to come and tell you the good news, but I am not an enemy of the Jews and I see how you are suffering." The soldier went away and we didn't know if we should rejoice because maybe this is a trick of the chief's so that we shouldn't run away before daybreak. Finally we decided to believe the soldier because he was always very friendly to us, helped us carry food to our brothers at the fortress and even used to bring a long piece of white bread for the sick. 834:. By this time, some of the Jews had managed to find or buy arms, and there was resistance to this action. Others killed their family members and then themselves to prevent being taken. A few escaped or hid, some with the help of at least two German soldiers, one named Liederman, the other Bruendl. A very small number (said to be 26 total), were permitted to stay on in the Citadel to work for the German army. On December 4, 1943, the Latvia police arrested these last Jews, leaving only three survivors who were still in hiding in the Citadel. 690:

sidewalk and not in the street, and not wearing the Jewish badge, was left hanging for three days. Another source says that she had resisted the advances of the manager at the hotel where she worked, and he pressed the charges of illegal trading against her in retaliation. Also executed was 48-year-old Chaya Mayerova (other sources give her name as Meyorvich and Mejerow), who was shot before the assembled ghetto inhabitants for exchanging a piece of cloth for two kilograms of flour.

632:, sometimes translated "council") of about 12 inmates, mostly professional and well-known people, to run the internal affairs of the ghetto, which at first had more than 14,000 people. Misha Movshenzon (also spelled Mowshenson), an engineer, was the leader of the committee. (Another source says Movshenzon was on the committee but gives Mosche Galpern as the chairman.) Movshenzon's father had been in charge of the city of Daugavpils in 1918, when the Germans occupied the city during 782: 653:

His brother (later among the murdered), similarly was well-treated by a German unit where he worked in the kitchen. On another occasion, two German soldiers, aware that the SD was selecting for execution Jews who had no work, pretended they were needed for work with their unit, thus saving, at least for a while, a group of about 30 people. Iwens described the situation from his point of view as a Jew who had been allowed to live as a skilled worker:

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killed. The Germans reported killing 1,150 Jews by July 11. The Germans later separated from those who identified themselves as craftsmen, such as carpenters, from the professionals. Some of the craftsmen were kept alive for a while, but the professionals were killed immediately. After the Railroad Park massacre, few Germans were seen in the area of the prison, which was run for the most part by the Latvian auxiliary police.

266:(SD) attempted to stir up local anti-Jewish feeling by forcing Jews to dig up mass graves of Latvians who had been murdered by the NKVD in the Soviet occupation that had begun in June 1940. This was part of an overall SD plan to associate the Jews with Communism and Russians, both unpopular in Latvia. Latvian guards at early executions would ask the Jews waiting to be executed if they felt like singing "Katyusha". ( 283:, the Nazis rounded up Jews in a synagogue, and then took them out and shot them. Other Jews were randomly murdered simply walking down the street. On Sunday June 29, 1941, the German army began rounding up Jewish men in Daugavpils to subject them to terror, humiliation and imprisonment under brutal and overcrowded conditions. At gun point the Germans made them shout 29: 436:, a short distance just to the northwest of the suburb of Griva, across from the main city of Daugavpils.: "In July, as the initial wave of shootings subsided, the local Germans and their Latvian counterparts rounded up some 14,000 Jews from Daugavpils and the outlying areas of Latgale and crammed them into the old Daugavpils fort, 'the Citadel'." 658:

friendly. At 322, Yasha Magid, the 'Oberjude', and Dr. Itzikowitz were much respected by their chief and so was Margaram at our place. The fact that Jews understood the German language, whereas most gentiles did not, was also helpful. But we had no illusions. Sooner or later there would be a direct order and we'd be done away with.

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search for people who were hiding * * * His shouts could be heard from a few rooms away. He threw the sick ones off their beds and looked for victims and told his gang to take them down into the yard. Those who can't walk are immediately shot in the yard. He was able to do this. His hand didn't even tremble.

177:, Daugavpils was the center of a thriving Jewish community in the Latgale region and one of the most important centers of Jewish culture in eastern Europe. Over the course of the German occupation of Latvia, the vast majority of the Jews of Latgale were killed as a result of the Nazi extermination policy. 742:. Here they performed various labor services for the German army, and although they were not paid and food was scarce, they were treated better than the Jews who were confined to the ghetto. Because the citadel was under the administration of the German army, Latvian auxiliary police units were not seen. 719:

accepts the Nazi figure of 1,134, but this was based on a source which apparently refers to shootings on a single day - November 9, 1941. The shootings in this case, of about 3,000 people, were committed by the Arājs commando under German supervision, and may have been intended as a trial run for the

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Zaube, the German commandant of the Daugavpils ghetto, stood out for his extreme cruelty. He executed people who infringed his many rules, especially those who had smuggled in food, on the inner square of the ghetto in front of all inmates to frighten and to intimidate them. It was in Daugavpils that

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On June 29, 1941, at the order of Robert Blūzmanis, who had been appointed by the Germans as the police chief of the Latvian police in Daugavpils, large signs were posted around the city announcing in German, Russian and Latvian that all Jewish males below the age of 60 were to report that morning to

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Skilled workmen were housed separately and received better treatment, including better rations. Survivors record that cruelty was not universal. Iwens reported a number of instances of kind treatment from, among others, a German airman, who was shocked by the suffering of the children in the ghetto.

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Participation by local Latvians in the Daugavpils killings and ghettoization was initially minimal; but after two weeks of the German occupation, it became extensive. A Latvian SD unit was set up in Daugavpils, as well as a unit of auxiliary police. Along with the SD, these organizations persecuted,

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Construction of the ghetto began on July 18, 1941, as confirmed by Stahlecker himself: "Apart from organizing and carrying out measures of execution, the creation of Ghettos was begun in the larger towns at once during the first days of operations.". Jewish forced labor was used to build the ghetto,

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name of Dünaburg. Many of the killings associated with the ghetto occurred in the nearby Pagulanka forest, which is also seen spelled as Polulanka and Pogulianski. Although known as a "ghetto", this old fortress was converted into a prison to hold Jews on a temporary basis before they were killed in

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If, up to now, the crowding was bad, it got even worse , unbearable. But the commandants of the ghetto said that it would soon become "roomier." A new camp/lager would be established for the newcomers and whoever will want to will be able to go along. In three days time an order was issued that all

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Anyone not working fast enough to cover the bodies was ordered to lie down on them and was shot by the German officer, who screamed at them "faster, faster", and raved hysterically against the Jews. The number killed is unclear. Iwens, who while present, was trying to survive, said "thousands" were

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in between shooting people in the back of the head. The Germans filled-in all the trenches dug on July 8 with the bodies of the persons murdered on July 9, but there were still a lot of people left alive whom they had intended to kill. At the end of the killings on July 8, the survivors were put to

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guarded the prison where the Jewish men were held. By July 8, the work had become so hard that the Jews were literally being worked to death. One assignment included rolling huge blocks of stone to the top of a hill, another including carrying heavy timbers several kilometers. German guards struck

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During the following two days , the larger part of the city burned down. Only a small part of the city was damaged by battle activity. During the following days fires were caused by arson. Before leaving, the Russians had issued a proclamation announcing the burning of the city. The Jews decisively

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A Jewish Ghetto police force enforced these rules. On at least one occasion, the police chief, one Pasternak, in early 1942, carried out a hanging, although it was perceived that he was reluctant to do so. In that case, the body of the executed woman, Mina Gittelson, whose crime was walking on the

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Instead of going to a new camp, these columns were marched to a set of prepared graves at a former Latvian army training ground in the Pogulianka woods, near the resort of Mežciems, where Germans and Latvian auxiliaries shot the people and pushed their bodies into previously excavated pits. It was

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Other sources state that it was the old and sick who were called upon to report in the first action; the date was July 27, 1941. Thousands of people were crammed into the small old fortress, with only two water taps, almost no sanitary facilities, and no food. Many people were naturally anxious to

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The chief of the local auxiliary police, Robert Blūzmanis, was in charge of the local Latvian auxiliary police. His role in the killings was to confine the Jews to the Grīva fortress ghetto and move them out to the killing places. Latvian self-defence men and Arājs murderers were also involved. It

210:(also known as Kovno) to Daugavpils, where the refugees expected to find safety or perhaps board a train for the east. Some Jewish refugees managed to reach the Soviet border, but they were prevented from crossing by NKVD guards. Eventually some were allowed to cross, but it was too late for most. 842:

The precise number of victims is not clear. Iwens estimated there were 16,000 Jews living in Daugavpils and only 100 survived the Nazi occupation. Iwens does not draw a distinction between total deaths in the early shootings, the ghetto and the Kaiserwald concentration camp. Ezergailis calculates

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A few days after the November massacre, the ghetto was closed, or in the bureaucratic term, "quarantined". This meant that the few people who were authorized to leave the ghetto to work in the city could no longer do so. This cut off their ability to smuggle in food. People died of hunger. Typhus

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One Sunday, when no one was going to work, an order was issued. Panic broke out once more. What now? We were all out in the yard when an announcement was made. We were terrified. The announcement was: 'You are about to witness what happens to a woman who wants to hide her Jewishness.' A beautiful

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At a long ditch ahead of them were four Latvian auxiliaries loading their rifles. A German officer yelled at the prisoners, "Four of you, march ahead." When the men reached the ditch, the German yelled "fire!" Each of the Latvians fired at one man – one bullet in the head at close range – and the

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Iwens, a survivor of the Railroad Park massacre, gives one of the few descriptions of it. On July 8, 1941, the Germans forced a detail of Jews to dig ditches in the Railroad Park, The next day, July 9, the Germans began shooting Jews and pushing the bodies into the ditches. The sound of gunshots,

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The Latvian auxiliaries went wild ... They threw old and sick people through second floor windows, shot those who refused to leave their rooms, and killed some of the very small children by cracking their heads against the concrete walls of the buildings. Even when the columns were assembled for

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Outside, meanwhile, a devil's dance was taking place. There was shooting from all directions and nobody knew whose hour would strike in a minute or two. Suddenly, a nurse ran in out of breath and told everyone in the hospital that the commandant of the ghetto was coming here with some bandits to

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Some had been forced to walk up to 50 kilometers. The Latvian guards enforced their commands by beating the workers with clubs that were four or five feet long. Among other things, Jews were beaten if they smiled upon recognizing another Jewish prisoner. Iwens, an eyewitness, reported that "many

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On Tuesday evening we heard cries from the distance. The cries came nearer and nearer until we realized that these were the cries of tortured Jews. The next day we discovered that into the ghetto the remaining Jews had been gathered from all the surrounding villages. From Dvinsk alone, then from

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Following the May 1 shootings, of the 16,000 Jews in Daugavpils at the time the city fell to the Germans, there remained alive about 250 working in the citadel and 180 to 200 who were working in the city. There were only "a couple" of small Jewish children left alive. (Another source says 1,000

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A few people were able to survive by hiding in locations, including latrine wells, within the old fortress. Others were hidden in the hospital by the nurses, at mortal risk to themselves. In the four months from July to November 1941, the Nazis killed at least 15,000 Jews in Daugavpils. Of the

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The Germans protected us because our work was of use to them; it was also true that some felt sorry for us – especially for "their" Jews,' those they had gotten to know personally. Whenever Jews worked for any length of time, with ordinary German soldiers, their relationship often became quite

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In Latvia as well the Jews participated in acts of sabotage and arson after the invasion of the German Armed Forces. In Duenaburg so many fires were lighted by the Jews that a large part of the town was lost. The electric power station burnt down to a mere shell. The streets which were mainly

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Mass killings of Jews in Latvia were part of an overall plan developed at the highest level of the German government. Aspects of the plan as it was applied to Latvia had been applied in other countries, such as burning of synagogues (Germany) and ghettoization (Poland). Latvia presented a new

299:– One of the murderers went up to my father and shouted to his face: 'How many houses did you burn?' and gave him a blow with his pistol. * * * two Germans entered and started to shout that we are communists and that's why we're hiding – and they wanted to arrest us. (Paula Frankel-Zaltzman) 417:

Marking of the Jews by a yellow star, to be worn on the breast and the back which was ordered in the first instance by provisional orders of the Security Police, was carried out within a short time on the basis of regulations issued by the Commander of the Rear area and later by the Civil

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the main marketplace, failure to do so would be met with "the maximum penalty." Some of them were put to work burying the bodies of civilians and Red Army soldiers killed in the fighting, and later, dead horses. Many others were forced to dig their own graves and simply murdered outright.

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On July 25, 1941, the Germans issued an order that all Jews were to relocate to the ghetto by the next day. In addition to all the Jews of Daugavpils, those assembled on July 26, were to be marched into the fortress, including Jews from Lithuania and from the area surrounding Daugavpils.

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Following several days of aerial bombardment, the German army captured Daugavpils on June 26, 1941, but there was still fighting in the near vicinity for several days. A fire burned in the city, which the Nazis later chose to blame on the Jews. According to EK 1b's official report:

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Later, the Nazis forbade Jews to use the sidewalks, to speak to non-Jews and to read newspapers. Frankel-Zaltzman reported being shouted at as she and her parents were driven out of their home: "Nobody dare step on the sidewalk! Yudn must run in the middle of the road like dogs!"

1074:, Part I, "Black Sunday – June 29, 1941 – The Men are Taken Away": "On Sunday, the 29th, early in the morning, the guard woman came in and told us that there is an order that all Jews up to the age of 60 must gather in the marketplace. Those who disobey the order will be shot." 376:

But then, the remaining prisoners were given spades and ordered to cover the ditches with dirt – there was no more room. The ditches were full of dying people and blood. They struggled spasmodically like fish out of water ... heads hanging back ... a wet, slippery, moving mass

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In the parlance of the perpetrators and the victims, the German word "aktion" (literally, action) came to mean "mass shooting." 'Actions' went on continuously in the Daugavpils area from late July when the ghetto was formed, until near the end of August. On August 1, 1941,

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work digging new graves and tamping down the earth over the bodies in the previous trenches. The next day, July 10, the killings resumed. The survivor Iwens reported after the war what he had learned from another survivor, Haim Kuritzky, about what occurred at the pits:

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had killed 9,012 Jews in Daugavpils between July 13 and August 21, 1941. Another Nazi report states that 9,256 Jews were executed in Daugavpils up to October 15, 1941. There was a halt in the actions for 10 weeks after August 22, 1941, when Hamann was reassigned and

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appears that Latvian police from the Daugavpils municipality were also involved. One of the precinct chiefs, Arvīds Sarkanis, wrote explicitly of "the liquidation of the Jews", providing the most detailed account of the participation of the Latvian police.

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Extraordinary brutality accompanied the May 1 killings. Among other things, the Nazis executed the older children in the ghetto itself by lining them up against a wall and shooting them. Eyewitness Maja Zarch, quoted in Gilbert, stated the following:

350:: Dzelzceļniecki dārzs), one at the army training grounds near Mežciems, and another near a cemetery about a half hour's walking distance to the north of the city. Professor Ezergailis believed these may not have been properly described to the court. 662:

Another survivor, Frankel-Zaltzman, described how the last survivors of the ghetto learned from a German soldier that they would not be massacred, as they had feared, on June 26, 1942, which was the one-year anniversary of the fall of Daugavpils:

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leave. A column of 2,000 people was quickly formed up, and marched out under the guard of Latvian auxiliary police. A few days later, possibly on August 6, a similar offer was extended to all parents with small children, with similar results.

295:– They were seizing Jews in the streets of Dvinsk and taking them to the prison where they were severely tormented. They were forced to lie down on the ground and jump up again; those who could not do it fast enough were shot. (Sema Shpungin) 320:

The time has come to end all service to the Jews, to end every selling of oneself to the Jews! ... One must remember that it was the Jews who greeted the Red Army in July 1940 and enslaved, tortured and killed Latvians during communist

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Walking through the gates we saw puddles of blood, broken bottles, and chairs strewn all over the place ... We walked on, only to see sights that defy any description. Children's bodies lay around, torn in half with the heads smashed

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No matter what, the relationship between Jews and Germans remained strange at best: "Regardless of how friendly a German became with a Jew, awareness that one had absolute power over the other made such an association seem unnatural."

346:, was tried in a West German court in the 1960s. The court found that four early massacres had occurred in Daugavpils, including two in a place matching the description of 'Railroad Park', also called the Railwayman's Garden ( 843:

that about 28,000 Jews lived in Daugavpils and the Latgale district when the Nazi occupation began. Of these the Nazis killed about 20,000, of which 13,000 died in Daugavpils, and 7,000 in the smaller towns in the district.

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The ghetto was not a ghetto in the sense of a city district mandated or set aside by custom for Jews. It was an improvised prison, to hold the Jews until they could be done away with. The Jews formed their own "committee"

1550:, page 243: "Since the incarcerated by far exceeded the space and allotted resources, the Germans proceeded with another round of executions, killing those incapable of working, the old, the infirm, and the very young." 2182:, "Comprehensive Report of Einsatzgruppe A Operations up to 15 October 1941", Exhibit L-180, translated in part and reprinted in Office of the United States Chief of Counsel For Prosecution of Axis Criminality, 829:

In late October 1943, there were still a few Jews housed in the Citadel who were working for the German army. On October 28, the Nazis and Latvian auxiliaries rounded up these people and transferred them to the

715:, and Daugavpils. From November 7 to 9, 1941, the Germans killed most of the remaining Jews in the Daugavpils ghetto. The number of victims is in some dispute. Valdis Lumans gives a total of 3,000. Professor 405:, the Latvian police chief in Daugavpils, carried out the SD's wishes for certain Jewish restrictions. It was Blūzmanis, acting for the SD, who ordered that all Jews in Daugavpils over four years of age wear 330:

prisoners with whips at will. Later, the expression arose among the widows of the men who were rounded up and killed on June 29 about their husbands that, "'he was taken way to prison that First Sunday.'"

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confined and eventually killed the Jews of the Daugavpils ghetto, but the precise extent of their involvement is unclear, because for the major killings, the Arājs commando would be brought in from Riga.

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announced that a new camp had been prepared not far from the ghetto, and directed that Jews not residents of Daugavpils were to gather their belongings and relocate there. According to Frankel-Zaltzman:

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Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, Nuernberg, October 1946 – April 1949, Volume IV, ("Green Series) (the "Einsatzgruppen case")

758:) No. 322. This organization was responsible for supervising Jews working in warehouses and workshops unloading, cleaning, sorting and repairing the uniforms of wounded German soldiers. 734:

several thousand people in the ghetto, only about 900 remained alive after the November shootings. Following the November massacre, a number of Jews with work permits were stationed (

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occurring at regular intervals, could be heard in the city. Among the murdered was one man who tried to explain to a guard that he was a decorated veteran of the German army from the

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blonde woman was brought in with a noose attached to her neck and publicly hanged. Her crime? She was found walking in the street with her shawl covering her yellow star.

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By the end of September 1941, the Nazis had killed about 30,000 Jews in Latvia, mostly in small towns. Three large population centers of Jews still remained, at

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province were forced into the ghetto. Men and women were separated in the ghetto. Some income from the labor of the Jews was allocated to the Jewish Council.

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in particular page 92, "We were again allowed to live in the citadel This was a great relief," and page 93, "in comparison to the ghetto our life was good."

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was not a guarantee against execution, lack of one was almost certain to lead to death. As units moved to the front, it became more difficult to procure a

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At that time, about 12,000 Jews lived in Daugavpils. In front of the German army, a huge column of refugees, including not only Jews from Lithuania, but

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By July 7, 1941, the Latvia police had arrested about 1,250 people, including 1,125 Jews, and were holding them in the main prison in Daugavpils.

2775: 2174: 518:, who killed 9,012 Jews in Daugavpils, including many brought in from small towns in southern Latgale before he was reassigned on August 22. 514:, who, under Erich Ehrlinger, had killed about 1,150 people, mostly Jews, by July 11, 1941. Ehrlinger's successor as of about July 11, was 680:

The German authorities enforced discipline in the Daugavpils ghetto by hanging people who were perceived as violating their many rules:

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the liquidation of ghetto inmates started. From November 8 to 10 1941, 3,000 people were killed in Mežciems. The operation was headed by

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near Riga on November 30 and December 8, 1941. A survivor who was working in the ghetto hospital at the time later described the scene:

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Jews in general and Lithuanian refugees in particular were accused of being communists. On July 8, 1941, a newspaper in Daugavpils (

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women had to cope with their children and aged parents all by themselves, for their men had been killed in the prison massacre."

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Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia, Holocaust Education, Research and Remembrance in Latvia, 16 Sept 2003

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The following units of the German army were associated with the Daugavpils ghetto or the administration of forced labor:

239: 765:) No. 200. Forty Jewish women worked for this organization, whose duties included cleaning the rooms of German officers. 738:

or "barracked") outside the ghetto at the larger older fortress, sometimes called the citadel, on the north side of the

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Kuritsky was saved when the Germans turned out to have miscalculated the number of bodies they could place in the pits:

358:. While the guards in this operation were Latvian, the supervisors were entirely German. One German officer hummed the 2733: 2162: 2137: 2112: 2097: 2083: 2069: 2041: 2027: 2175:

Jaeger Report, "Complete tabulation of executions carried out in the Einsatzkommando 3 zone up to December 1, 1941"

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Jews were required to wear in Latvia and also the requirement that they walk in the roadway and not on the sidewalk

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four fell in the ditch. "The next four." They were also shot. (All this was being filmed by German soldiers).

2632: 2379: 831: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3625: 3141: 2801: 2642: 2055: 3331: 3301: 3187: 2966: 2715: 1743:, Part 2, "Quarantine in Ghetto – The Taste of Hunger", "My Father Steals", and "A Mother in the Ghetto". 316:), published an editorial consistent with the German efforts to blame the Jews for communist atrocities: 3116: 2881: 986:

Einsatzgruppe A Situation Report ("Ereignismeldung") No. 24, July 16, 1941, as reprinted in Ezergailis,

789:. While a few Jews were housed here, most of them in the Daugavpils ghetto were incarcerated across the 3549: 3491: 3361: 3347: 3264: 2546: 2302: 3584: 3374: 3335: 3021: 3001: 2243: 2225: 2216: 601:

in August, the ghetto population had been reduced to about 6,000 to 7,000 people. According to Nazi

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The Germans accused them of setting fire to Daugavpils. According to Stahlecker's official report:

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which was not an actual housing district, but rather a decrepit fortress on the west side of the

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and vicinity, including Pogulyanka (Poguļanka) Forest (sometimes called Mežciems forest).

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epidemics broke out in December 1941 and in February 1942, killing additional occupants.

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originally published Montreal 1949, republished in electronic version in five parts by

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Modern aerial view of the Daugavpils citadel, showing the huge size of the obsolete

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the Pagulanka forest. Similar places in Latvia were called "concentration camps".

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soldiers separated from their units, began to move northeast on the highway from

190: 150: 83: 3680: 2901: 2663: 2054:), Munich, 1947, English translation by Laimdota Mazzarins available on-line as 3685: 3353: 3192: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3136: 3036: 3011: 2916: 2818: 2728: 2596: 2541: 2525: 797:

On May 1, 1942, there were about 1,500 survivors in the Griva fortress/ghetto.

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Dribins and others give the initial figure as being "about 15,000" occupants

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on the front and back of their clothing. According to Stahlecker, chief of

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The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe during the Second World War

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German propaganda image showing Latvians reading German propaganda display

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to prove that a person was working for a German military unit. While a

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Günter Hugo Friedrich Tauber took over. He was then 25 years old.

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The Wannsee Conference and the Final Solution—A Reconsideration

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Stahlecker's official report, Nuremberg trials, document L-180:

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the Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies

2078:, Evanston, Ill. : Northwestern University Press, 2000 2018:

Ehrenburg, Ilya, Grossman, Patterson, David, Louis, Irving,

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13,000 to 16,000 Jews, mostly Latvians with some Lithuanians

2008:

Dribins, Leo, Gūtmanis, Armands, and Vestermanis, Marģers,

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How Dark the Heavens: 1400 Days in the Grip of Nazi Terror

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to kill the Jews of the Baltic states, including Latvia.

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The Holocaust in Latvia: 1941 - 1944; the missing center

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Churbn Lettland – The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia

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Stahlecker, Nuremberg Trial document L-180, at page 987

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Jews in the Daugavpils ghetto, probably in August, 1941

2014:

the website of the Latvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs

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Stahlecker report, Nueremburg document L-180, page 992

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Imprisonment, mass shootings, forced labor, starvation

2107:(1. ed.). Riga: The Historical Inst. of Latvia. 1839:

Sunday, November 10, 1941, The Third Day of Slaughter

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Gilbert, page 329, quoting recollection of Maja Zarch

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This image, captured in Riga in 1942, shows both the

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Latvia's Jewish Community: History, Tragedy, Revival

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departure, shots were fired into the mass of people.

1646:, Part 3, heading "God helps – for the time being" 439: 2076:The murder of the Jews in Latvia : 1941–1945 3740: 2168: 2064:, Fordham University Press, New York, NY, 2006 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1310: 1308: 1138: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1890: 1787: 1785: 1689: 1687: 2802: 2251: 1827: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1566: 1511: 1509: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1274: 1272: 1053: 1051: 426: 279:On June 28, 1941, two days after the fall of 1700: 1305: 1262: 1260: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1119: 185:The city of Daugavpils is also known by the 2265: 2226:The murder of the Jews of Daugavpils Ghetto 1982: 1980: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1903: 1866: 1864: 1782: 1751: 1749: 1733: 1684: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1334: 1294: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1246: 1244: 1146:, pages 411–412, statement of Sema Shpungin 1037: 1035: 1033: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1011: 1009: 793:in a much smaller outpost of this fortress. 647: 543: 476:for a Jew there would not be one to be had. 161:. Daugavpils is the second largest city in 44:Dvinsk ghetto, the Citadel, Ghetto Dünaburg 3789:Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany 2809: 2795: 2258: 2244: 2130:To Forgive... but Not Forget: Maja's Story 2102: 1762: 1506: 1492: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1269: 1197: 1095: 1093: 1048: 982: 980: 978: 976: 974: 895: 893: 891: 889: 887: 885: 510:. Latgale and Daugavpils were assigned to 157:) was established in an old fortress near 27: 1697:, Part 3, "A Woman is Hung in the Ghetto" 1257: 1223: 858: 856: 824: 506:. It operated in smaller squads known as 333: 219:participated in setting the city on fire. 2020:The Complete Black Book of Russian Jewry 1977: 1937: 1877: 1861: 1746: 1522: 1466: 1463:, page 179, quoting survivor Maja Zarch. 1422: 1395: 1285: 1241: 1077: 1030: 1006: 780: 693: 675: 636:. Jews from other towns and villages of 622: 397: 384: 272:was a popular Russian patriotic song of 238: 226: 2706:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission 2022:, Transaction, New Brunswick, NJ 2002 1435: 1210: 1090: 971: 882: 572: 3741: 2122: 1620:, at pages 48–49, 57, 99–103, 186–191. 1413: 853: 837: 768:Army Construction Service Department ( 445:Frankel-Zaltzman described the scene: 325:As time went on, increased numbers of 3296:8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer 2790: 2239: 2052:The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia 1715:The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia 1679:The Destruction of the Jews of Latvia 702: 617: 308:inhabited by Jews remained unscathed. 2776:Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany 2689:War crimes investigations and trials 2132:, Vallentine Mitchell, London 2002 2048:Die Vernichtung des Judens Lettlands 2002: 776: 592: 143:occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany 746:Associated German and Latvian units 13: 1331:, Part 1, "We are aligned in rows" 821:inmates were left in the ghetto.) 466:, Nitzkol and from all the way to 198:The Holocaust begins in Daugavpils 14: 3810: 2734:Roberts Seduls and Johanna Sedule 2535:Nazi occupation and organizations 2200: 1316:Destruction of the Jews of Latvia 564:newcomers must go to a new camp." 247: 548: 3691:Special Prosecution Book-Poland 2157:, Shengold, New York, NY 1990 1964: 1955: 1928: 1919: 1844: 1814: 1801: 1720: 1671: 1662: 1649: 1636: 1623: 1610: 1597: 1584: 1575: 1553: 1540: 1453: 1382: 1347: 1321: 1184: 1171: 1162: 1149: 1106: 1064: 993: 484: 440:Forced relocation to the ghetto 180: 3457:Burning of the Riga synagogues 2628:Jungfernhof concentration camp 2339:Burning of the Riga synagogues 2184:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression 958: 945: 932: 919: 906: 869: 761:Army Barracks Administration ( 754:Army Barracks Administration ( 16:Nazi ghetto in occupied Latvia 1: 3784:Holocaust locations in Latvia 2633:Kaiserwald concentration camp 2169:War crime trials and evidence 1997: 1915:The Liquidation of the Ghetto 1379:, Part 1, "The First Akztion" 832:Kaiserwald concentration camp 67:June 26, 1941 to October 1943 2643:Salaspils concentration camp 7: 3302:Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz 2967:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski 2716:Righteous Among the Nations 2288:Related articles by country 2196:(well indexed HTML version) 2103:Ezergailis, Andrew (1996). 2036:, Holt, New York, NY, 1987 1282:, Part 1, "Yellow Patches". 763:Heeresunterkunft Verwaltung 756:Heeresunterkunft Verwaltung 145:in the summer of 1941, the 10: 3815: 3362:Lithuanian Security Police 2547:Reichskommissariat Ostland 1934:Gilbert, pages 329 and 330 427:Construction of the ghetto 3653: 3601: 3583: 3560: 3528: 3490: 3447: 3429: 3401: 3394: 3318: 3265:Reichssicherheitshauptamt 3248: 3241: 3201: 3155: 2950: 2860: 2839: 2832: 2758: 2742: 2714: 2688: 2672: 2651: 2615: 2560: 2534: 2408: 2372: 2331: 2273: 2212:The Holocaust in Kraslava 2142:Frankel-Zaltzman, Paula, 314:Daugavpils Latviešu Avīze 131: 123: 101: 79: 71: 63: 48: 38: 26: 21: 3515:Ninth Fort November 1941 3117:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth 2872:Humbert Achamer-Pifrader 2602:Latvian Auxiliary Police 846: 648:Treatment by the Germans 544:July and August killings 407:six-pointed yellow stars 327:Latvian auxiliary police 118:Latvian Auxiliary Police 2937:Franz Walter Stahlecker 2521:Franz Walter Stahlecker 2431:Otto-Heinrich Drechsler 2380:Jewish people of Latvia 2267:The Holocaust in Latvia 2092:, Holt, New York, 2002 1988:The Holocaust in Latvia 1898:The Holocaust in Latvia 1757:The Holocaust in Latvia 1605:The Holocaust in Latvia 1561:The Holocaust in Latvia 1487:The Holocaust in Latvia 1430:The Holocaust in Latvia 1408:The Holocaust in Latvia 1218:The Holocaust in Latvia 1101:The Holocaust in Latvia 1085:The Holocaust in Latvia 1025:The Holocaust in Latvia 1003:, at 140, 153, and 154. 988:The Holocaust in Latvia 901:The Holocaust in Latvia 864:The Holocaust in Latvia 597:As a result of various 500:Franz Walter Stahlecker 189:name of Dvinsk and the 3794:Generalbezirk Lettland 3696:Einsatzgruppen reports 3661:List of Einsatzgruppen 3510:Kaunas 29 October 1941 3007:Friedrich-Wilhelm Bock 2062:Latvia in World War II 1777:Latvia in World War II 1563:, pages 21 and 33, n.8 1548:Latvia in World War II 1355:Latvia in World War II 1001:Latvia in World War II 953:Latvia in World War II 914:Latvia in World War II 825:Transfer to Kaiserwald 818: 808: 794: 731: 687: 669: 660: 566: 478: 420: 394: 379: 370: 334:Railroad Park massacre 323: 310: 301: 291:. Survivors reported: 289:Deutschland über alles 244: 236: 221: 154: 3799:History of Daugavpils 3725:55.87944°N 26.49028°E 3593:Kremnička and Nemecká 3062:Waldemar Klingelhöfer 1797:The Bitter November 9 1027:, at pages 274 to 275 955:, at 156 and 227–228. 813: 803: 784: 770:Heeresbaudienststelle 726: 694:Sealing of the ghetto 682: 676:Individual executions 665: 655: 623:Jewish administration 561: 532:(Lieutenant-Colonel) 447: 415: 398:Measures against Jews 388: 374: 365: 318: 305: 293: 242: 231:This image, taken in 230: 216: 169:in the southeastern, 3676:Einsatzgruppen trial 3538:Operation Tannenberg 3219:Antanas Impulevičius 3092:Hans-Adolf Prützmann 2696:Einsatzgruppen trial 2486:Hans-Adolf Prützmann 2180:Stahlecker, Franz W. 1972:How Dark the Heavens 1950:How Dark the Heavens 1900:, pages 279 and 280. 1885:How Dark the Heavens 1872:How Dark the Heavens 1852:How Dark the Heavens 1822:How Dark the Heavens 1809:How Dark the Heavens 1657:How Dark the Heavens 1631:How Dark the Heavens 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640:and as far away as 612:Obersturmbannführer 536:, who was then 25. 529:Obersturmbannführer 342:, the commander of 110:Rollkommando Hamann 3730:55.87944; 26.49028 3273:Sicherheitspolizei 3229:Algirdas Klimaitis 3027:Friedrich Buchardt 2942:Bruno Streckenbach 2217:Daugavpils, Latvia 2192:also available at 2144:Haftling No. 94771 2012:(2001), available 1911:Haftling No. 94771 1909:Frankel-Zaltzman, 1835:Haftling No. 94771 1833:Frankel-Zaltzman, 1793:Haftling No. 94771 1791:Frankel-Saltzman, 1741:Haftling No. 94771 1739:Frankel-Zaltzman, 1717:, pages 103 to 104 1695:Haftling No. 94771 1693:Frankel-Zaltzman, 1644:Haftling No. 94771 1642:Frankel-Zaltzman, 1377:Haftling No. 94771 1375:Frankel-Zaltzman, 1329:Haftling No. 94771 1327:Frankel-Zaltzman, 1280:Haftling No. 94771 1278:Frankel-Zaltzman, 1157:Haftling No. 94777 1155:Frankel-Zaltzman, 1070:Frankel-Zaltzman, 1061:, at pages 153–159 990:, at pages 272–273 966:Haftling No. 94771 964:Frankel-Zaltzman, 795: 703:November shootings 618:Life in the ghetto 512:Einsatzkommando 1b 502:was in command of 395: 344:Einsatzkommando Ib 245: 237: 3704: 3703: 3649: 3648: 3544:Intelligenzaktion 3390: 3389: 3381:Ypatingasis būrys 3281:Sicherheitsdienst 3237: 3236: 3102:Martin Sandberger 3072:Walter Kutschmann 3057:Friedrich Jeckeln 2847:Reinhard Heydrich 2784: 2783: 2680:Sonderaktion 1005 2623:Daugavpils Ghetto 2616:Ghettos and camps 2501:Martin Sandberger 2446:Friedrich Jeckeln 2074:Press, Bernhard, 2032:Gilbert, Martin, 2003:Historiographical 1961:Gilbert, page 330 1887:, pages 72 and 73 1419:Dribin and others 942:, pages 40 and 41 866:, pages 90 to 91. 838:Number of victims 777:May 1 liquidation 607:Einsatzkommando 3 605:, a component of 593:Number of victims 496:Reinhard Heydrich 403:Roberts Blūzmanis 360:Beer Barrel Polka 263:Sicherheitsdienst 165:, located on the 147:Daugavpils Ghetto 139: 138: 96:Roberts Blūzmanis 22:Daugavpils Ghetto 3806: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3717: 3714: 3575:Zmievskaya Balka 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3012:Otto Bradfisch 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2963: 2961: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2917:Otto Ohlendorf 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2868: 2866: 2864:Einsatzgruppen 2861:Commanders of 2858: 2857: 2855: 2854: 2849: 2843: 2841: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2819:Einsatzgruppen 2814: 2813: 2806: 2799: 2791: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2736: 2731: 2729:Paul Schiemann 2726: 2720: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2682: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2597:Arajs Kommando 2594: 2588: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2566: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2542:Einsatzgruppen 2538: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2528: 2526:Eduard Strauch 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2456:Konrāds Kalējs 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2426:Fritz Dietrich 2423: 2418: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2263: 2262: 2255: 2248: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2223: 2214: 2209: 2202: 2201:External links 2199: 2198: 2197: 2187: 2177: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2151: 2140: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2113: 2100: 2086: 2072: 2058: 2044: 2030: 2016: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1976: 1963: 1954: 1936: 1927: 1918: 1902: 1889: 1876: 1860: 1843: 1826: 1813: 1811:, pages 70–71. 1800: 1781: 1761: 1745: 1732: 1719: 1699: 1683: 1670: 1661: 1648: 1635: 1622: 1609: 1596: 1583: 1574: 1565: 1552: 1539: 1521: 1505: 1491: 1465: 1452: 1434: 1421: 1412: 1394: 1381: 1359: 1346: 1333: 1320: 1304: 1284: 1268: 1256: 1240: 1222: 1209: 1196: 1183: 1170: 1161: 1148: 1118: 1105: 1089: 1076: 1063: 1047: 1029: 1005: 992: 970: 957: 944: 931: 918: 905: 881: 868: 851: 850: 848: 845: 839: 836: 826: 823: 778: 775: 774: 773: 766: 759: 747: 744: 704: 701: 695: 692: 677: 674: 649: 646: 624: 621: 619: 616: 594: 591: 574: 571: 550: 547: 545: 542: 534:Günter Tabbert 516:Joachim Hamann 486: 483: 441: 438: 428: 425: 399: 396: 335: 332: 249: 248:Early killings 246: 199: 196: 182: 179: 141:Following the 137: 136: 133: 129: 128: 125: 121: 120: 114:Arajs Kommando 103: 99: 98: 92:Günter Tabbert 88:Joachim Hamann 81: 77: 76: 73: 69: 68: 65: 61: 60: 50: 46: 45: 42: 36: 35: 32: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3811: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3737: 3734: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3636:Mizocz Ghetto 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3616:Drobytsky Yar 3614: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3422: 3421:Slutsk Affair 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3411:Łachwa Ghetto 3409: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3397: 3393: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3257:Schutzstaffel 3254: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3209:Viktors Arājs 3207: 3206: 3204: 3202:Collaborators 3200: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3163:August Becker 3161: 3160: 3158: 3156:Other members 3154: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3132:Eugen Steimle 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3017:Werner Braune 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2955: 2951:Commanders of 2949: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2907:Erich Naumann 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2892:Wilhelm Fuchs 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2820: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2793: 2792: 2789: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2766:The Holocaust 2764: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2652:Documentation 2650: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2592:Organizations 2590: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2575:Viktors Arājs 2573: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2562:Collaborators 2559: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2476:Hinrich Lohse 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2416:Alois Brunner 2414: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2283:The Holocaust 2281: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2242: 2241: 2238: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2204: 2195: 2194:Mazel library 2191: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2164: 2163:0-88400-147-4 2160: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2139: 2138:0-85303-432-X 2135: 2131: 2127: 2126: 2116: 2114:9984-9054-3-8 2110: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2098:0-8050-6810-4 2095: 2091: 2087: 2085: 2084:0-8101-1728-2 2081: 2077: 2073: 2071: 2070:0-8232-2627-1 2067: 2063: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2043: 2042:0-8050-0348-7 2039: 2035: 2031: 2029: 2028:0-7658-0069-1 2025: 2021: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2006: 1989: 1983: 1981: 1974:, at 191–207. 1973: 1967: 1958: 1951: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1931: 1922: 1916: 1912: 1906: 1899: 1893: 1886: 1880: 1873: 1867: 1865: 1857: 1853: 1847: 1840: 1836: 1830: 1823: 1817: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1786: 1778: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1758: 1752: 1750: 1742: 1736: 1729: 1728:The Holocaust 1723: 1716: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1696: 1690: 1688: 1680: 1674: 1665: 1658: 1652: 1645: 1639: 1632: 1626: 1619: 1613: 1606: 1600: 1593: 1587: 1578: 1572:Jaeger Report 1569: 1562: 1556: 1549: 1543: 1537:, pages 49–60 1536: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1518: 1512: 1510: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1488: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1462: 1461:The Holocaust 1456: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1431: 1425: 1416: 1409: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1391: 1385: 1378: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1356: 1350: 1343: 1342:The Holocaust 1337: 1330: 1324: 1318:, at 101–107. 1317: 1311: 1309: 1301: 1295: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1281: 1275: 1273: 1263: 1261: 1253: 1247: 1245: 1237: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1219: 1213: 1206: 1200: 1194:, at page 31. 1193: 1187: 1181:, at page 103 1180: 1174: 1165: 1158: 1152: 1145: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1115: 1109: 1102: 1096: 1094: 1087:, at page 203 1086: 1080: 1073: 1067: 1060: 1059:The Holocaust 1054: 1052: 1044: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1026: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1010: 1002: 996: 989: 983: 981: 979: 977: 975: 967: 961: 954: 948: 941: 935: 928: 922: 915: 909: 902: 896: 894: 892: 890: 888: 886: 878: 872: 865: 859: 857: 852: 844: 835: 833: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 800: 792: 791:Daugava River 788: 783: 771: 767: 764: 760: 757: 753: 752: 751: 743: 741: 740:Daugava River 737: 730: 725: 723: 718: 714: 710: 700: 691: 686: 681: 673: 668: 664: 659: 654: 645: 643: 639: 635: 631: 615: 613: 608: 604: 600: 590: 589: 585: 581: 570: 565: 560: 557: 549:Ruse employed 541: 537: 535: 531: 530: 523: 519: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 492: 482: 477: 475: 474: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 446: 437: 435: 434:Daugava river 424: 419: 414: 412: 408: 404: 392: 387: 383: 378: 373: 369: 364: 361: 357: 351: 349: 345: 341: 331: 328: 322: 317: 315: 309: 304: 300: 297: 292: 290: 286: 285:"Heil Hitler" 282: 277: 275: 271: 270: 265: 264: 258: 256: 255:the Holocaust 241: 234: 229: 225: 220: 215: 211: 209: 205: 195: 192: 188: 178: 176: 172: 168: 167:Daugava River 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 134: 130: 126: 122: 119: 115: 111: 107: 104: 102:Organizations 100: 97: 93: 89: 85: 82: 78: 74: 72:Incident type 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 51: 47: 43: 40:Also known as 37: 30: 25: 20: 3706: 3681:Jäger Report 3631:Lviv pogroms 3550: 3542: 3471: 3439:Kalevi-Liiva 3416:Minsk Ghetto 3379: 3368:Rollkommando 3367: 3355: 3325: 3309:Sonderdienst 3307: 3300: 3287: 3279: 3271: 3268: (RSHA) 3263: 3255: 3183:Felix Landau 3142:Martin Weiss 3122:Erwin Schulz 3097:Walter Rauff 3077:Rudolf Lange 3032:Ernst Damzog 3022:Karl Brunner 3002:Walter Blume 2972:Gerhard Bast 2958: 2953: 2902:Bruno Müller 2863: 2823: 2817: 2664:Jäger Report 2622: 2506:Albert Sauer 2471:Rudolf Lange 2409:Perpetrators 2395:Simon Dubnow 2353: 2278:Main article 2183: 2154: 2143: 2129: 2104: 2089: 2075: 2061: 2051: 2047: 2033: 2019: 2009: 1987: 1986:Ezergailis, 1971: 1966: 1957: 1949: 1930: 1921: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1897: 1896:Ezergailis, 1892: 1884: 1879: 1871: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1821: 1816: 1808: 1803: 1796: 1792: 1776: 1756: 1755:Ezergailis, 1740: 1735: 1727: 1722: 1714: 1694: 1678: 1673: 1664: 1656: 1651: 1643: 1638: 1630: 1625: 1617: 1612: 1604: 1603:Ezergailis, 1599: 1591: 1586: 1577: 1568: 1560: 1559:Ezergailis, 1555: 1547: 1542: 1534: 1516: 1486: 1485:Ezergailis, 1460: 1455: 1429: 1428:Ezergailis, 1424: 1415: 1407: 1406:Ezergailis, 1389: 1384: 1376: 1354: 1349: 1341: 1336: 1328: 1323: 1315: 1299: 1279: 1251: 1235: 1217: 1216:Ezergailis, 1212: 1204: 1199: 1191: 1186: 1178: 1173: 1164: 1156: 1151: 1143: 1113: 1108: 1103:, at page 36 1100: 1099:Ezergailis, 1084: 1083:Ezergailis, 1079: 1071: 1066: 1058: 1042: 1024: 1023:Ezergailis, 1000: 995: 987: 965: 960: 952: 947: 939: 934: 926: 921: 913: 908: 900: 899:Ezergailis, 876: 871: 863: 862:Ezergailis, 841: 828: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799:Rudolf Lange 796: 769: 762: 755: 749: 735: 732: 727: 720:much larger 706: 697: 688: 683: 679: 670: 666: 661: 656: 651: 629: 626: 611: 606: 598: 596: 587: 583: 579: 576: 567: 562: 552: 538: 527: 524: 520: 511: 507: 503: 490: 488: 485:Perpetrators 479: 471: 448: 443: 430: 421: 416: 410: 401: 380: 375: 371: 366: 352: 343: 337: 324: 319: 313: 311: 306: 302: 298: 294: 278: 274:World War II 267: 261: 259: 251: 222: 217: 212: 201: 184: 181:Nomenclature 175:World War II 146: 140: 80:Perpetrators 3728: / 3472:Pogulianski 3042:Ludwig Hahn 2997:Paul Blobel 2977:Rudolf Batz 2912:Arthur Nebe 2882:Horst Böhme 2724:Jānis Lipke 2673:Concealment 2638:Riga Ghetto 2585:Kārlis Lobe 2570:Individuals 2421:Rudolf Batz 2400:Else Hirsch 2354:Pogulianski 1990:, page 275. 1730:, page 295. 1659:, page 126. 1432:, page 277. 1357:, page 247. 1238:, page 104. 1142:Ehrenburg, 1045:, at 24–31. 916:, page 243. 903:, page 278. 736:kasierniert 634:World War I 391:yellow star 287:, and sing 3743:Categories 3716:26°29′25″E 3713:55°52′46″N 3500:Ninth Fort 3344:Lithuanian 3332:Belarusian 3319:Non-German 3052:Karl Jäger 2927:Otto Rasch 2897:Heinz Jost 2701:Riga Trial 2451:Heinz Jost 2441:Karl Jäger 2230:Yad Vashem 1998:References 1837:, Part 2, 1824:, page 89. 1795:, Part 2, 1779:, page 251 1713:Kaufmann, 1677:Kaufmann, 1633:, page 100 1489:, page 279 1392:, page 47. 1344:, page 179 1314:Kaufmann, 1254:, at 41–50 1207:, at 30–39 1144:Black Book 1116:, at 54–55 929:, page 14. 772:) No. 100. 717:Ezergailis 603:Karl Jäger 281:Daugavpils 159:Daugavpils 53:Daugavpils 3621:Drohobycz 3551:AB-Aktion 3492:Lithuania 3348:Ukrainian 3127:Franz Six 2771:The Mover 2743:Memorials 2303:Lithuania 2221:JewishGen 1952:, page 96 1874:, page 92 1726:Gilbert, 1594:, page 65 1459:Gilbert, 1340:Gilbert, 1302:, at ____ 1057:Gilbert, 879:, page 19 787:star fort 464:Livengoff 456:Krislovke 135:About 100 132:Survivors 3611:Babi Yar 3585:Slovakia 3356:Kommando 3336:Estonian 2840:Director 1775:Lumans, 1546:Lumans, 999:Lumans, 951:Lumans, 912:Lumans, 638:Latgalia 269:Katyusha 204:Red Army 49:Location 3654:Records 3603:Ukraine 3477:Rumbula 3467:Jelgava 3431:Estonia 3403:Belarus 3340:Latvian 2385:Gypsies 2373:Victims 2359:Rumbula 2349:Jelgava 2323:Ukraine 2298:Estonia 2293:Belarus 2232:website 1970:Iwens, 1948:Iwens, 1883:Iwens, 1870:Iwens, 1850:Iwens, 1820:Iwens, 1807:Iwens, 1655:Iwens, 1629:Iwens, 1616:Iwens, 1590:Iwens, 1533:Iwens, 1519:, at 53 1515:Iwens, 1388:Iwens, 1353:Loman, 1298:Iwens, 1250:Iwens, 1234:Iwens, 1203:Iwens, 1190:Iwens, 1177:Iwens, 1112:Iwens, 1041:Iwens, 938:Iwens, 925:Iwens, 875:Iwens, 713:Liepāja 642:Vidzeme 630:komitet 599:Aktions 588:Schein. 452:Vishkes 450:Dondo, 348:Latvian 233:Liepāja 187:Russian 171:Latgale 124:Victims 106:Nazi SS 3562:Russia 3530:Poland 3520:Ponary 3449:Latvia 3395:Crimes 3370:Hamann 3354:Arajs 3292:(Orpo) 3276:(SiPo) 3249:German 3242:Groups 2833:People 2332:Crimes 2318:Russia 2313:Poland 2308:Norway 2161: 2136: 2111: 2096: 2082: 2068: 2040: 2026: 584:Schein 580:Schein 208:Kaunas 191:German 163:Latvia 151:German 57:Latvia 3641:Odesa 847:Notes 460:Indra 321:rule. 3284:(SD) 3260:(SS) 2822:and 2159:ISBN 2134:ISBN 2109:ISBN 2094:ISBN 2080:ISBN 2066:ISBN 2038:ISBN 2024:ISBN 709:Riga 468:Riga 260:The 64:Date 3375:TDA 2219:at 1856:See 816:in. 473:lot 377:... 276:.) 3745:: 3346:, 3342:, 3338:, 3334:, 2228:, 1979:^ 1939:^ 1863:^ 1784:^ 1764:^ 1748:^ 1702:^ 1686:^ 1524:^ 1508:^ 1494:^ 1468:^ 1437:^ 1397:^ 1362:^ 1307:^ 1287:^ 1271:^ 1259:^ 1243:^ 1225:^ 1121:^ 1092:^ 1050:^ 1032:^ 1008:^ 973:^ 884:^ 855:^ 711:, 462:, 458:, 454:, 413:: 153:: 116:, 112:, 108:, 94:, 90:, 86:, 55:, 3350:) 3330:( 2956:, 2810:e 2803:t 2796:v 2259:e 2252:t 2245:v 2150:. 2117:. 2050:( 1841:. 1159:: 628:( 149:(

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Index