38:
2302:
347:
Fourteen of the death sentences were never carried out since the
Soviets temporarily abolished capital punishment between 1947 and 1949, thus saving the lives of those tried and condemned during that time period. The most frequently imposed sentence was 25 years in prison with hard labor, and
376:. Kalējs died in 2001 in Australia before the extradition could proceed, maintaining his innocence to the end, stating that he was fighting Russia on the Eastern Front or studying at university when the slaughter of Jews took place in 1941. Historian of the Latvian Holocaust
209:. The unit was composed of students and former officers. All Arajs Kommando members were volunteers, and free to leave at any time. The following day, on 2 July, Stahlecker told Arājs that his commando group was to unleash against the Jews a pogrom that looked spontaneous.
380:
claimed that about a third of the Arājs
Kommando, 500 out of a maximum of around 1,500 total members, actively participated in the killings of Jews, and pointed out that one cannot be convicted of crimes against humanity based solely on membership in an organization.
348:
forfeiture of civil rights for five years, plus forfeiture of all property. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Latvian courts rehabilitated more than 40 of those convicted despite overwhelming evidence in virtually all of the cases.
254:
As can be seen in contemporary Nazi newsreels, part of a campaign to create the perception that the
Holocaust in the Baltics was local, and not Nazi-directed, the Arajs Kommando figured prominently in the
355:
for several decades after the war under an assumed name, Viktors Arājs was eventually identified by a former colleague, arrested, tried, and imprisoned for his crimes. Arājs died in prison in 1988.
266:
The unit numbered about 300–500 men during the period that it participated in the killings of
Latvian Jews, and up to 1,500 members at its peak at the height of its involvement in
365:
in 1965. While living in Brazil, Cukurs was befriended by a German-speaking Mossad agent, who lured him to
Uruguay, where Cukurs was ambushed, restrained, and summarily executed.
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A total of 356 Arajs
Kommando members have been identified. Between 1944 and 1966, 352 of them were prosecuted by the Soviets, albeit one case was later suspended.
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More recently, the governments of Canada, the United States, the United
Kingdom, and Australia were involved in attempts to extradite
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229:. The Kommando is estimated to have killed around 26,000 Latvian Jews. Most notably, the unit took part in the
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and mental patients, as well as punitive actions and massacres of civilians along Latvia's border with the
549:
Strods, Heinrihs (2000). "Salaspils koncentrācijas nometne (1944. gada oktobris – 1944. gada septembris".
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The Arajs
Kommando unit actively participated in a variety of Nazi atrocities, including the killing of
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2017:
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530:. Historical Institute of Latvia, Riga ; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum; Washington, DC.
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in 1942. In the final phases of the war, the unit was disbanded, and its personnel transferred to the
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455:, Vol. 40, No. 1 (Mar., 1997), pp. 195-215. Published by: Cambridge University Press. Stable URL:
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707:. World War II—The Global, Human, and Ethical Dimension 11. New York: Fordham University Press.
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of
November 30 and December 8, 1941, although the actual killing was carried out by 12 German
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1987:
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personnel assigned to the operation. Some of the commando's men also served as guards at the
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The Hidden and
Forbidden History of Lativa Under Soviet and Nazi Occupations 1940-1991
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401:(September 1991). "Himmler and the 'Terrible Secret' among the Executioners".
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372:, a former officer of the Arajs Kommando, to Latvia for trial on charges of
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1941:
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361:, a deputy commander of the Arajs Kommado, was assassinated by the Israeli
352:
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585:. Vol. 14. Institute of the History of Latvia, University of Latvia.
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on 1 July 1941. Stahlecker instructed Arājs to set up a group later named
2712:
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on 4 July 1941. Commemoration of this event has been chosen for marking
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1226:
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The "Final Solution" in Riga: Exploitation and Annihilation, 1941-1944
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1296:
578:
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757:
Foreign Ministry of Latvia: The Holocaust in German-Occupied Latvia
373:
2430:
Office of the Reich Commissioner for Germanic Resettlement (RKFDV)
237:
and several thousand Jews deported from Germany, as guards at the
2807:
2510:
233:. They also participated in the mass slaughter of Jews from the
643:"Nazi or KGB agent? My search for my grandfather's hidden past"
362:
16:
Latvian Nazi collaborating unit that perpetrated the Holocaust
732:
Die "Endlösung" in Riga: Ausbeutung und Vernichtung 1941–1944
734:(in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
472:. Volume 14 of Studies on War and Genocide. pp. 65–70.
218:
192:
into the Latvian capital Viktors Arājs made contact with
687:, Reuters News Service, filed January 13, 2000, Canberra
1342:
146:
579:
Nollendorfs, Valters; Oberländer, Erwin, eds. (2005).
729:
617:"BBC News | EUROPE | Latvia killers rehabilitated"
522:
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1328:
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174:(SD). It was a notorious killing unit during
467:
451:and Volker Riess. "Revising the Holocaust".
242:
791:
551:Yearbook of the Occupation Museum of Latvia
2255:
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1335:
1321:
784:
770:
257:burning of Riga's Great (Choral) Synagogue
36:
590:
444:
442:
440:
322:15–18 years imprisonment with hard labor
668:"Konrad Kalejs: Target for Nazi hunters"
640:
397:
2849:Latvian collaborators with Nazi Germany
1232:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
391:
76:from >100 (July 1941) to 1200 (1943)
2831:
2262:
730:Angrick, Andrej; Klein, Peter (2006).
700:
548:
495:
468:Angrick, Andrej; Klein, Peter (2009).
461:
437:
338:10 years imprisonment with hard labor
330:15 years imprisonment with hard labor
314:20 years imprisonment with hard labor
306:25 years imprisonment with hard labor
2425:Main Office for Ethnic Germans (VOMI)
2420:Office of Race and Settlement (RuSHA)
2236:
1822:8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer
1316:
765:
542:
2859:Local participation in the Holocaust
1302:Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany
1215:War crimes investigations and trials
574:
572:
491:
489:
457:https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020959
2415:Economics and Administration Office
13:
694:
528:The Holocaust in Latvia, 1941-1944
14:
2880:
1260:Roberts Seduls and Johanna Sedule
1061:Nazi occupation and organizations
685:Kalejs Not Necessarily Implicated
569:
486:
203:Latvian Auxiliary Security Police
2300:
2332:Allgemeine-SS regional commands
2217:Special Prosecution Book-Poland
678:
660:
641:Kinstler, Linda (24 May 2022).
403:Journal of Contemporary History
2542:SS-Begleitkommando des Führers
2384:Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS
1983:Burning of the Riga synagogues
1154:Jungfernhof concentration camp
865:Burning of the Riga synagogues
634:
609:
516:
277:
1:
2511:Secret State Police (Gestapo)
2389:Command Staff Reichsführer-SS
1159:Kaiserwald concentration camp
384:
351:After successfully hiding in
212:
168:) subordinated to the German
2775:German Earth and Stone Works
2770:Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe
2723:Germaansche SS in Vlaanderen
2646:Security Battalions (Greece)
2516:State Security Police (SiPo)
2489:Police and security services
1169:Salaspils concentration camp
249:Salaspils concentration camp
181:
29:German: Sonderkommando Arajs
7:
2750:Finnish Volunteer Battalion
2718:Germaansche SS in Nederland
2526:Customs Border Guards (ZGS)
1828:Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz
1493:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski
1242:Righteous Among the Nations
814:Related articles by country
10:
2885:
2409:Reich Security Main Office
1888:Lithuanian Security Police
1073:Reichskommissariat Ostland
701:Lumans, Valdis O. (2006).
496:Lumans, Valdis O. (2006).
415:10.1177/002200949102600305
293:Number of those sentenced
2763:SS-controlled enterprises
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2016:
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2839:Arajs Kommando personnel
2521:SS Security Service (SD)
2455:Ideological institutions
2041:Ninth Fort November 1941
1643:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
1398:Humbert Achamer-Pifrader
1128:Latvian Auxiliary Police
268:anti-partisan operations
158:Latvian Auxiliary Police
89:The Holocaust in Belarus
2854:The Holocaust in Latvia
2636:Order Police battalions
2547:Reichssicherheitsdienst
2506:Criminal police (Kripo)
2496:Uniformed police (Orpo)
2404:Head Operational Office
1463:Franz Walter Stahlecker
1047:Franz Walter Stahlecker
957:Otto-Heinrich Drechsler
906:Jewish people of Latvia
793:The Holocaust in Latvia
263:in present-day Latvia.
186:After the entry of the
85:The Holocaust in Latvia
2869:Generalbezirk Lettland
2786:German Equipment Works
2501:Schutzpolizei (Schupo)
2222:Einsatzgruppen reports
2187:List of Einsatzgruppen
2036:Kaunas 29 October 1941
1533:Friedrich-Wilhelm Bock
704:Latvia in World War II
502:. Fordham Univ Press.
499:Latvia in World War II
453:The Historical Journal
261:Holocaust Memorial Day
243:
166:Lettische Hilfspolizei
165:
142:
31:Latvian: Arāja komanda
2680:SS Division Totenkopf
2675:SS Division Das Reich
2670:Leibstandarte (LSSAH)
2119:Kremnička and Nemecká
1588:Waldemar Klingelhöfer
2322:SS and police leader
2286:SS-Totenkopfverbände
2202:Einsatzgruppen trial
2064:Operation Tannenberg
1745:Antanas Impulevičius
1618:Hans-Adolf Prützmann
1222:Einsatzgruppen trial
1012:Hans-Adolf Prützmann
135:Sonderkommando Arajs
2685:SS Polizei Division
2664:SS-Verfügungstruppe
2656:Waffen-SS divisions
2609:Rollkommando Hamann
2152:Kamianets-Podilskyi
2096:Gully of Petrushino
1613:Gustav Adolf Nosske
1448:Friedrich Panzinger
1378:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
1276:Bikernieki Memorial
1078:Rollkommando Hamann
1042:Rudolf Joachim Seck
1007:Friedrich Panzinger
987:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
286:
2740:British Free Corps
2728:Germanske SS Norge
2690:SS Division Wiking
2469:Das Schwarze Korps
1799:Sicherheitspolizei
1755:Algirdas Klimaitis
1553:Friedrich Buchardt
1468:Bruno Streckenbach
285:
2826:
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2758:
2757:
2535:Führer protection
2475:SS-Junker Schools
2230:
2229:
2175:
2174:
2070:Intelligenzaktion
1916:
1915:
1907:Ypatingasis būrys
1807:Sicherheitsdienst
1763:
1762:
1628:Martin Sandberger
1598:Walter Kutschmann
1583:Friedrich Jeckeln
1373:Reinhard Heydrich
1310:
1309:
1206:Sonderaktion 1005
1149:Daugavpils Ghetto
1142:Ghettos and camps
1027:Martin Sandberger
972:Friedrich Jeckeln
741:978-3-534-19149-9
714:978-0-8232-2627-6
674:. 3 January 2000.
524:Andrew Ezergailis
509:978-0-8232-2627-6
449:Ruth Bettina Birn
399:Breitman, Richard
378:Andrew Ezergailis
345:
344:
301:44 (30 executed)
231:Liepāja massacres
199:Walter Stahlecker
171:Sicherheitsdienst
151:Nazi collaborator
119:
118:
67:Sicherheitsdienst
2876:
2798:Allach porcelain
2745:Kaminski Brigade
2700:Foreign SS units
2577:Schutzmannschaft
2562:
2561:
2445:Education Office
2440:Personnel Office
2399:SS Medical Corps
2377:Main departments
2363:Heinrich Himmler
2353:Joseph Berchtold
2304:
2257:
2250:
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2234:
2233:
2101:Zmievskaya Balka
2031:Kaunas June 1941
1988:Dünamünde Action
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1924:
1853:Schutzmannschaft
1772:
1771:
1573:Erich Isselhorst
1513:Wolfgang Birkner
1508:Ernst Biberstein
1480:Einsatzkommandos
1458:Heinrich Seetzen
1403:Walther Bierkamp
1363:
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1351:Einsatzkommandos
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1323:
1314:
1313:
1285:Related articles
1133:Schutzmannschaft
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1097:
1037:Walther Schröder
1022:Alfred Rosenberg
1017:Eduard Roschmann
916:Joseph Carlebach
870:Dünamünde Action
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239:Rumbula massacre
156:, was a unit of
110:Deputy commander
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2012:
2008:Liepāja (Šķēde)
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1951:
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1840:
1815:Ordnungspolizei
1759:
1740:Herberts Cukurs
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1677:
1673:Udo von Woyrsch
1638:Hermann Schaper
1633:Emanuel Schäfer
1608:Josef Meisinger
1593:Wolfgang Kügler
1518:Helmut Bischoff
1485:Sonderkommandos
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1472:
1413:Erich Ehrlinger
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1185:Generalplan Ost
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1106:Herberts Cukurs
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992:Wolfgang Kügler
962:Erich Ehrlinger
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890:Liepāja (Šķēde)
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114:Herberts Cukurs
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1750:Konrāds Kalējs
1747:
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1719:Albert Widmann
1716:
1714:Heinz Schubert
1711:
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1701:
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1696:
1694:Lothar Fendler
1691:
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1394:
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1390:Einsatzgruppen
1387:Commanders of
1384:
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1123:Arajs Kommando
1120:
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1103:
1098:
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1084:
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1080:
1075:
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1068:Einsatzgruppen
1064:
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1052:Eduard Strauch
1049:
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982:Konrāds Kalējs
979:
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952:Fritz Dietrich
949:
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633:
621:news.bbc.co.uk
608:
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553:(in Latvian).
541:
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389:
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370:Konrāds Kalējs
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272:Latvian Legion
214:
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207:Arajs Kommando
183:
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149:commander and
120:
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32:
26:
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24:Arajs Kommando
15:
9:
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2435:Courts Office
2433:
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2358:Erhard Heiden
2356:
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2293:
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2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:Allgemeine SS
2279:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2265:Schutzstaffel
2258:
2253:
2251:
2246:
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2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:Mizocz Ghetto
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:Drobytsky Yar
2140:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2126:
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2112:
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2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1947:Slutsk Affair
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1937:Łachwa Ghetto
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1908:
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1784:
1783:Schutzstaffel
1780:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
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1736:
1735:Viktors Arājs
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:Collaborators
1726:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1689:August Becker
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:Other members
1680:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:Eugen Steimle
1656:
1654:
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1546:
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1543:Werner Braune
1541:
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1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
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1514:
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1501:
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1488:
1486:
1481:
1477:Commanders of
1475:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1433:Erich Naumann
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1418:Wilhelm Fuchs
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
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1333:
1331:
1326:
1324:
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1318:
1315:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1292:The Holocaust
1290:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1274:
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1261:
1258:
1256:
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1213:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:Documentation
1176:
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1162:
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1126:
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1118:Organizations
1116:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1101:Viktors Arājs
1099:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1088:Collaborators
1085:
1079:
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1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:Hinrich Lohse
1000:
998:
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985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
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958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
942:Alois Brunner
940:
939:
937:
933:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
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909:
907:
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845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
812:
810:
809:The Holocaust
807:
802:
801:
798:
794:
787:
782:
780:
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773:
768:
767:
764:
758:
755:
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733:
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673:
669:
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622:
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584:
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556:
552:
545:
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529:
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519:
511:
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492:
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479:9781845456085
475:
471:
464:
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366:
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297:
296:
292:
289:
288:
283:
275:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
252:
250:
245:
244:Schutzpolizei
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
210:
208:
204:
200:
197:
196:
195:Brigadeführer
191:
190:
179:
177:
176:the Holocaust
173:
172:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:Viktors Arājs
152:
148:
144:
143:Arāja komanda
140:
136:
132:
131:
127:
121:Military unit
115:
112:
108:
105:
104:Viktors Arājs
102:
98:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
27:
22:
19:
2813:Sudetenquell
2781:Ostindustrie
2619:Selbstschutz
2613:
2582:Byelorussian
2565:Paramilitary
2467:
2411: (RSHA)
2263:
2207:Jäger Report
2157:Lviv pogroms
2076:
2068:
1965:Kalevi-Liiva
1942:Minsk Ghetto
1905:
1894:Rollkommando
1893:
1881:
1879:
1851:
1835:Sonderdienst
1833:
1826:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1794: (RSHA)
1789:
1781:
1709:Felix Landau
1668:Martin Weiss
1648:Erwin Schulz
1623:Walter Rauff
1603:Rudolf Lange
1558:Ernst Damzog
1548:Karl Brunner
1528:Walter Blume
1498:Gerhard Bast
1484:
1479:
1428:Bruno Müller
1389:
1349:
1343:
1190:Jäger Report
1122:
1032:Albert Sauer
997:Rudolf Lange
935:Perpetrators
921:Simon Dubnow
804:Main article
731:
703:
684:
680:
671:
662:
650:. Retrieved
647:The Guardian
646:
636:
624:. Retrieved
620:
611:
581:
554:
550:
544:
527:
518:
498:
469:
463:
452:
406:
402:
393:
367:
357:
353:West Germany
350:
346:
281:
265:
253:
227:Soviet Union
216:
206:
202:
193:
187:
185:
169:
134:
129:
128:
125:
123:
57:Nazi Germany
18:
2818:Anton Loibl
2803:Apollinaris
2713:Germanic-SS
2708:Austrian SS
2327:SS commands
1998:Pogulianski
1568:Ludwig Hahn
1523:Paul Blobel
1503:Rudolf Batz
1438:Arthur Nebe
1408:Horst Böhme
1250:Jānis Lipke
1199:Concealment
1164:Riga Ghetto
1111:Kārlis Lobe
1096:Individuals
947:Rudolf Batz
926:Else Hirsch
880:Pogulianski
626:1 September
278:Prosecution
235:Riga Ghetto
2833:Categories
2592:Lithuanian
2480:Lebensborn
2368:Karl Hanke
2310:Leadership
2026:Ninth Fort
1870:Lithuanian
1858:Belarusian
1845:Non-German
1578:Karl Jäger
1453:Otto Rasch
1423:Heinz Jost
1227:Riga Trial
977:Heinz Jost
967:Karl Jäger
602:9984601927
557:: 87–153.
385:References
213:Activities
145:), led by
95:Commanders
81:War crimes
53:Allegiance
2631:Trawnikis
2597:Ukrainian
2463:Ahnenerbe
2292:Waffen-SS
2147:Drohobycz
2077:AB-Aktion
2018:Lithuania
1874:Ukrainian
1653:Franz Six
1297:The Mover
1269:Memorials
829:Lithuania
587:CiteSeerX
563:1407-6330
431:159733077
290:Sentence
182:Formation
100:Commander
48:1941—1944
2602:Estonian
2274:Branches
2137:Babi Yar
2111:Slovakia
1882:Kommando
1862:Estonian
1366:Director
750:69983159
723:64595899
672:BBC News
536:33403580
526:(1996).
374:genocide
130:Kommando
2844:Nazi SS
2808:Mattoni
2666:(SS-VT)
2587:Latvian
2341:Leaders
2288:(SS-TV)
2180:Records
2129:Ukraine
2003:Rumbula
1993:Jelgava
1957:Estonia
1929:Belarus
1866:Latvian
911:Gypsies
899:Victims
885:Rumbula
875:Jelgava
849:Ukraine
824:Estonia
819:Belarus
139:Latvian
133:(also:
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