Dam - Knowledge

1390:(NPS), "Non-jurisdictional—means a structure which does not meet the minimum criteria, as listed in the Federal Guidelines for Dam Safety, to be included in dam safety programs. The non-jurisdictional structure does not receive a hazard classification and is not considered for any further requirements or activities under the NPS dam safety program." Small dams can be dangerous individually (i.e., they can fail), but also collectively, as an aggregation of small dams along a river or within a geographic area can multiply risks. Graham's 1999 study of US dam failures resulting in fatalities from 1960 to 1998 concluded that the failure of dams between 6.1 and 15 m high (typical height range of smaller dams) caused 86% of the deaths, and the failure of dams less than 6.1 m high caused 2% of the deaths. Non-jurisdictional dams may pose hazards because their design, construction, maintenance, and surveillance is unregulated. Scholars have noted that more research is needed to better understand the environmental impact of small dams (e.g., their potential to alter the flow, temperature, sediment and plant and animal diversity of a river). 2699: 1226: 1543: 2370:

environmental conditions and beta diversity patterns of each biological group. Both replacement and richness differences contributed to high values of total beta diversity for fish (average = 0.77) and phytoplankton (average = 0.79), but their relative importance was more associated with the replacement component for both biological groups (average = 0.45 and 0.52, respectively). A study conducted by de Almeida, R. A., Steiner, M.T.A and others found that, while some species declined in population by more than 30% after the building of the dam, others increased their population by 28%. Such changes may be explained by the fact that the fish obtained "different feeding habits, with almost all species being found in more than one group.

346: 2666: 1138: 40: 768: 2719: 669: 585: 1032: 1088: 5976: 5877: 1324: 1897: 270:. Initiated sometime between 1750 and 1700 BC, it was made of packed earth – triangular in cross-section, 580 m (1,900 ft) in length and originally 4 m (13 ft) high – running between two groups of rocks on either side, to which it was linked by substantial stonework. Repairs were carried out during various periods, most importantly around 750 BC, and 250 years later the dam height was increased to 7 m (23 ft). After the end of the 1969: 2227: 1889: 516: 1609: 5139:"However, a reservoir, at worst, can only advance an earthquake which would have occurred otherwise too. The magnitude of forces associated with an earthquake is several orders bigger compared to the additional load of water in the reservoir. The change in stresses due to water load is too small to cause fracture in the Earth's crust (Srivastava, 1993). Therefore, the presence of a reservoir does not increase the severity of an earthquake." 1105:

place by gravity, i.e., there is no tension in the upstream face of the dam holding the top of the dam down. The designer does this because it is usually more practical to make a dam of material essentially just piled up than to make the material stick together against vertical tension. The shape that prevents tension in the upstream face also eliminates a balancing compression stress in the downstream face, providing additional economy.

884: 1565:. Conventional water retention dams can serve this purpose, but due to cost, a tailings dam is more viable. Unlike water retention dams, a tailings dam is raised in succession throughout the life of the particular mine. Typically, a base or starter dam is constructed, and as it fills with a mixture of tailings and water, it is raised. Material used to raise the dam can include the tailings (depending on their size) along with soil. 1636: 432: 2332: 975: 1693: 138:, dating to 3,000 BC. Egyptians also built dams, such as Sadd-el-Kafara Dam for flood control. In modern-day India, Dholavira had an intricate water-management system with 16 reservoirs and dams. The Great Dam of Marib in Yemen, built between 1750 and 1700 BC, was an engineering wonder, and Eflatun Pinar, a Hittite dam and spring temple in Turkey, dates to the 15th and 13th centuries BC. The 2389:, due to changes in water load and/or the height of the water table. However, this is a mistaken assumption, because the relatively marginal stress attributed to the water load is orders of magnitude lesser than the force of an earthquake. The increased stress from the water load is insufficient to fracture the Earth's crust, and thus does not increase the severity of an earthquake. 1066:, in the United States is an example of the type. This method of construction minimizes the amount of concrete necessary for construction but transmits large loads to the foundation and abutments. The appearance is similar to a single-arch dam but with a distinct vertical curvature to it as well lending it the vague appearance of a concave lens as viewed from downstream. 1169: 278:(c. 115 BC) who undertook further improvements, creating a structure 14 m (46 ft) high, with five spillways, two masonry-reinforced sluices, a settling pond, and a 1,000 m (3,300 ft) canal to a distribution tank. These works were not finished until 325 AD when the dam permitted the irrigation of 25,000 acres (100 km). 1327: 1326: 665:, artificial channels for conducting water, were kept open in the dam. The first was near the base of the dam on its east side. A second sluice was put in on the west side of the dam, about 20 ft (6.1 m) above the base. To make the switch from the lower to upper sluice, the outlet of Sand Lake was blocked off. 1332: 1330: 1325: 546:, a low-lying country, dams were often built to block rivers to regulate the water level and to prevent the sea from entering the marshlands. Such dams often marked the beginning of a town or city because it was easy to cross the river at such a place, and often influenced Dutch place names. The present Dutch capital, 1051:, in Canada, is a constant radius dam. In a constant-angle dam, also known as a variable radius dam, this subtended angle is kept constant and the variation in distance between the abutments at various levels is taken care of by varying the radii. Constant-radius dams are much less common than constant-angle dams. 1331: 2369:

At the same time, however, some particular dams may contribute to the establishment of better conditions for some kinds of fish and other aquatic organisms. Studies have demonstrated the key role played by tributaries in the downstream direction from the main river impoundment, which influenced local

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Impact is assessed in several ways: the benefits to human society arising from the dam (agriculture, water, damage prevention and power), harm or benefit to nature and wildlife, impact on the geology of an area (whether the change to water flow and levels will increase or decrease stability), and the

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One of the best places for building a dam is a narrow part of a deep river valley; the valley sides can then act as natural walls. The primary function of the dam's structure is to fill the gap in the natural reservoir line left by the stream channel. The sites are usually those where the gap becomes

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dams were widely used in the early part of the industrial revolution and in frontier areas due to ease and speed of construction. Rarely built in modern times because of their relatively short lifespan and the limited height to which they can be built, timber dams must be kept constantly wet in order

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in the impoundment. The downstream design refers to the successive raising of the embankment that positions the fill and crest further downstream. A centerlined dam has sequential embankment dams constructed directly on top of another while fill is placed on the downstream side for support and slurry

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for areas with massive amounts of water flow but less material available for a pure gravity dam. The inward compression of the dam by the water reduces the lateral (horizontal) force acting on the dam. Thus, the gravitational force required by the dam is lessened, i.e., the dam does not need to be so

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or drainage route from an impervious layer (such as solid bedrock) up to just below the surface. They can be constructed of a variety of materials to include bricks, stones, concrete, steel or PVC. Once built, the water stored behind the dam raises the water table and is then extracted with wells. A

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production, flood protection, and water storage. Small dams can be particularly useful on farms to capture runoff for later use, for example, during the dry season. Small scale dams have the potential to generate benefits without displacing people as well, and small, decentralised hydroelectric dams

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For this type of dam, it is essential to have an impervious foundation with high bearing strength. Permeable foundations have a greater likelihood of generating uplift pressures under the dam. Uplift pressures are hydrostatic pressures caused by the water pressure of the reservoir pushing up against

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Two types of single-arch dams are in use, namely the constant-angle and the constant-radius dam. The constant-radius type employs the same face radius at all elevations of the dam, which means that as the channel grows narrower towards the bottom of the dam the central angle subtended by the face of

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and monitoring of seepage from drains in and around larger dams is useful to anticipate any problems and permit remedial action to be taken before structural failure occurs. Most dams incorporate mechanisms to permit the reservoir to be lowered or even drained in the event of such problems. Another

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designed to control the flow through the spillway. There are several types of spillway. A "service spillway" or "primary spillway" passes normal flow. An "auxiliary spillway" releases flow in excess of the capacity of the service spillway. An "emergency spillway" is designed for extreme conditions,

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is a type of dam briefly experimented with around the start of the 20th century which uses steel plating (at an angle) and load-bearing beams as the structure. Intended as permanent structures, steel dams were an (failed) experiment to determine if a construction technique could be devised that was

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of the forces of gravity acting on the dam and water pressure on the dam acts in a line that passes upstream of the toe of the dam. The designer tries to shape the dam so if one were to consider the part of the dam above any particular height to be a whole dam itself, that dam also would be held in

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Such a large concrete structure had never been built before, and some of the techniques were unproven. The torrid summer weather and the lack of facilities near the site also presented difficulties. Nevertheless, Six Companies turned over the dam to the federal government on 1 March 1936, more than

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Some of these purposes are conflicting, and the dam operator needs to make dynamic tradeoffs. For example, power generation and water supply would keep the reservoir high, whereas flood prevention would keep it low. Many dams in areas where precipitation fluctuates in an annual cycle will also see

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spillway" is a low embankment designed to be overtopped and washed away in the event of a large flood. The elements of a fuse plug are independent free-standing blocks, set side by side which work without any remote control. They allow increasing the normal pool of the dam without compromising the

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create dams primarily out of mud and sticks to flood a particular habitable area. By flooding a parcel of land, beavers can navigate below or near the surface and remain relatively well hidden or protected from predators. The flooded region also allows beavers access to food, especially during the

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A saddle dam is an auxiliary dam constructed to confine the reservoir created by a primary dam either to permit a higher water elevation and storage or to limit the extent of a reservoir for increased efficiency. An auxiliary dam is constructed in a low spot or "saddle" through which the reservoir

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A barrage dam is a special kind of dam that consists of a line of large gates that can be opened or closed to control the amount of water passing the dam. The gates are set between flanking piers which are responsible for supporting the water load, and are often used to control and stabilize water

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During the Middle Ages, dams were built in the Netherlands to regulate water levels and prevent sea intrusion. In the 19th century, large-scale arch dams were constructed around the British Empire, marking advances in dam engineering techniques. The era of large dams began with the construction of

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In the latter half of the nineteenth century, significant advances in the scientific theory of masonry dam design were made. This transformed dam design from an art based on empirical methodology to a profession based on a rigorously applied scientific theoretical framework. This new emphasis was

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Reservoirs held behind dams affect many ecological aspects of a river. Rivers topography and dynamics depend on a wide range of flows, whilst rivers below dams often experience long periods of very stable flow conditions or sawtooth flow patterns caused by releases followed by no releases. Water

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Countries worldwide consider small hydropower plants (SHPs) important for their energy strategies, and there has been a notable increase in interest in SHPs. Couto and Olden (2018) conducted a global study and found 82,891 small hydropower plants (SHPs) operating or under construction. Technical

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In a gravity dam, the force that holds the dam in place against the push from the water is Earth's gravity pulling down on the mass of the dam. The water presses laterally (downstream) on the dam, tending to overturn the dam by rotating about its toe (a point at the bottom downstream side of the

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side wall) are more important. The most desirable place for an arch dam is a narrow canyon with steep side walls composed of sound rock. The safety of an arch dam is dependent on the strength of the side wall abutments, hence not only should the arch be well seated on the side walls but also the

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Despite some positive effects, the construction of dams severely affects river ecosystems leading to degraded riverine ecosystems as part of the hydrological alteration. One of the main ways to reduce the negative impacts of reservoirs and dams is to implement the newest nature-based reservoir

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and store all or most of it below the surface for extended use in a localized area. In some cases, they are also built to prevent saltwater from intruding into a freshwater aquifer. Underground dams are typically constructed in areas where water resources are minimal and need to be efficiently

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defines a jurisdictional dam as 25 feet or greater in height and storing more than 15 acre-feet or a dam that stores 50 acre-feet or greater and is six feet or more in height (section 72-5-32 NMSA), suggesting that dams that do not meet these requirements are non-jurisdictional. Most US dams,

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Roman engineers built dams with advanced techniques and materials, such as hydraulic mortar and Roman concrete, which allowed for larger structures. They introduced reservoir dams, arch-gravity dams, arch dams, buttress dams, and multiple arch buttress dams. In Iran, bridge dams were used for

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and undiscovered species in the area, and the replacement of the original environment by a new inland lake. As a result, the construction of dams have been opposed in various countries with some, such as Tasmania's Franklin Dam project, being cancelled following environmentalist campaigns.

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Common uses for cofferdams include the construction and repair of offshore oil platforms. In such cases, the cofferdam is fabricated from sheet steel and welded into place under water. Air is pumped into the space, displacing the water and allowing a dry work environment below the surface.

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A dam is non-jurisdictional when its size (usually "small") excludes it from being subject to certain legal regulations. The technical criteria for categorising a dam as "jurisdictional" or "non-jurisdictional" varies by location. In the United States, each state defines what constitutes a

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A fixed-crest dam is a concrete barrier across a river. Fixed-crest dams are designed to maintain depth in the channel for navigation. They pose risks to boaters who may travel over them, as they are hard to spot from the water and create induced currents that are difficult to escape.

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Small dams incur risks similar to large dams. However, the absence of regulation (unlike more regulated large dams) and of an inventory of small dams (i.e., those that are non-jurisdictional) can lead to significant risks for both humans and ecosystems. For example, according to the

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Tummers, J. S., Winter, E., Silva, S., O'Brien, P., Jang, M. H., & Lucas, M. C. (2016). Evaluating the effectiveness of a Larinier super active baffle fish pass for European river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis before and after modification with wall-mounted studded tiles.

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A typically small dam used to divert water for irrigation, power generation, or other uses, with usually no other function. Occasionally, they are used to divert water to another drainage or reservoir to increase flow there and improve water use in that particular area. See:

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model and early warning system for levee/dike failures. As a part of the development effort, full-scale dikes are destroyed in the IJkdijk fieldlab. The destruction process is monitored by sensor networks from an international group of companies and scientific institutions.

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Recently, agricultural development has concentrated on soil and water conservation and resulted in the construction of a multitude of dams of various capacities which tend to stabilize water flow in rivers and provide a significant amount of permanent and stable bodies of

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Environmental issues and management of waste in energy and mineral production: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Environmental Issues and Management of Waste in Energy and Mineral Production: SWEMP 2000; Calgary, Alberta, Canada, May 30 – June 2,

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Roman engineers made routine use of ancient standard designs like embankment dams and masonry gravity dams. Apart from that, they displayed a high degree of inventiveness, introducing most of the other basic dam designs which had been unknown until then. These include

311:. The basic structure dates to the 2nd century AD and is considered one of the oldest water diversion or water regulating structures still in use. The purpose of the dam was to divert the waters of the Kaveri across the fertile delta region for irrigation via canals. 194:. This gravity dam featured an originally 9-metre-high (30 ft) and 1 m-wide (3.3 ft) stone wall, supported by a 50 m-wide (160 ft) earthen rampart. The structure is dated to 3000 BC. However, the oldest continuously operational dam is 91:

is often used in conjunction with dams to generate electricity. A dam can also be used to collect or store water which can be evenly distributed between locations. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water, while other structures such as

2495:, and are large-scale projects in comparison to carbon-based power generation. The number of sites that can be economically developed for hydroelectric production is limited; new sites tend to be far from population centers and usually require extensive 1949:

at different elevations. At times of low electrical demand, excess generation capacity is used to pump water into the higher reservoir. When there is higher demand, water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine. (For example, see

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provided a good understanding of the principles behind dam design. In France, J. Augustin Tortene de Sazilly explained the mechanics of vertically faced masonry gravity dams, and Zola's dam was the first to be built on the basis of these principles.

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the Aswan Low Dam in Egypt in 1902. The Hoover Dam, a massive concrete arch-gravity dam, was built between 1931 and 1936 on the Colorado River. By 1997, there were an estimated 800,000 dams worldwide, with some 40,000 of them over 15 meters high.

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releases from a reservoir including that exiting a turbine usually contain very little suspended sediment, and this, in turn, can lead to scouring of river beds and loss of riverbanks; for example, the daily cyclic flow variation caused by the

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A dry dam, also known as a flood retarding structure, is designed to control flooding. It normally holds back no water and allows the channel to flow freely, except during periods of intense flow that would otherwise cause flooding downstream.

1288:(ICOLD) defines a "large dam" as "A dam with a height of 15 m (49 ft) or greater from lowest foundation to crest or a dam between 5 m (16 ft) metres and 15 metres impounding more than 3 million cubic metres (2,400 5018: 1100:

dam). The dam's weight counteracts that force, tending to rotate the dam the other way about its toe. The designer ensures that the dam is heavy enough that the dam's weight wins that contest. In engineering terms, that is true whenever the

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During an armed conflict, a dam is to be considered as an "installation containing dangerous forces" due to the massive impact of possible destruction on the civilian population and the environment. As such, it is protected by the rules of

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Natural dams often pose significant hazards to human settlements and infrastructure. The resulting lakes often flood inhabited areas, while a catastrophic failure of the dam could cause even greater damage, such as the failure of western

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Silva, S., Vieira-Lanero, R., Barca, S., & Cobo, F. (2017). Densities and biomass of larval sea lamprey populations (Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus, 1758) in north-western Spain and data comparisons with other European regions.

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and hydropower generation. Its construction required the loss of over a million people's homes and their mass relocation, the loss of many valuable archaeological and cultural sites, and significant ecological change. During the

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In the arch dam, stability is obtained by a combination of arch and gravity action. If the upstream face is vertical the entire weight of the dam must be carried to the foundation by gravity, while the distribution of the normal

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On a suitable site, a gravity dam can prove to be a better alternative to other types of dams. When built on a solid foundation, the gravity dam probably represents the best-developed example of dam building. Since the fear of

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A weir (sometimes called an "overflow dam") is a small dam that is often used in a river channel to create an impoundment lake for water abstraction purposes and which can also be used for flow measurement or retardation.

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Gravity dams are classified as "solid" or "hollow" and are generally made of either concrete or masonry. The solid form is the more widely used of the two, though the hollow dam is frequently more economical to construct.

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published a study of the cost of large dams – based on the largest existing dataset – documenting significant cost overruns for a majority of dams and questioning whether benefits typically offset costs for such dams.

2358:, which keeps many fish from moving upstream to their natural breeding grounds, causing failure of breeding cycles or blocking of migration paths. Even fish ladders do not prevent a reduction in fish reaching the 5196: 1478:

A diversionary dam is designed to divert all or a portion of the flow of a river from its natural course. The water may be redirected into a canal or tunnel for irrigation and/or hydroelectric power production.

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Ashley, Jeffrey T. F.; Bushaw-Newton, Karen; Wilhelm, Matt; Boettner, Adam; Drames, Gregg; Velinsky, David J. (March 2006). "The Effects of Small Dam Removal on the Distribution of Sedimentary Contaminants".

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embankments being constructed on top but toe to crest of another, moving the crest further upstream. This creates a relatively flat downstream side and a jagged upstream side which is supported by tailings

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component of the weight of the arch ring may be taken by the arch action, while the normal hydrostatic pressure will be distributed as described above. For this type of dam, firm reliable supports at the

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There are three raised tailings dam designs, the "upstream", "downstream", and "centerline", named according to the movement of the crest during raising. The specific design used is dependent upon

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to maintain their water retention properties and limit deterioration by rot, similar to a barrel. The locations where timber dams are most economical to build are those where timber is plentiful,

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of permanent dams, bridges, and similar structures. When the project is completed, the cofferdam will usually be demolished or removed unless the area requires continuous maintenance. (See also

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There is variability, both worldwide and within individual countries, such as in the United States, in how dams of different sizes are categorized. Dam size influences construction, repair, and

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with a capacity of 100 acre-feet or less and a surface area of 20 acres or less and with a height measured as defined in Rules 4.2.5.1. and 4.2.19 of 10 feet or less. In contrast, the state of

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C. J. Shiff (1972). M. Taghi Farvar; John P. Milton (eds.). "The Impact of Agricultural Development on Aquatic Systems and its Effect on the Epidemiology of Schistosomes in Rhodesia".

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of the water flowing over the spillway, leading to its failure. It was the inadequate design of the spillway and installation of fish screens that led to the 1889 over-topping of the

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West, but most have failed, been hidden under earth embankments, or been replaced with entirely new structures. Two common variations of timber dams were the "crib" and the "plank".

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also includes in the "large" category, dams which are between 5 and 15 m (16 and 49 ft) high with a reservoir capacity of more than 3 million cubic metres (2,400

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Ritchie, A. C.; Warrick, J. A.; East, A. E.; Magirl, C. S.; Stevens, A. W.; Bountry, J. A.; Randle, T. J.; Curran, C. A.; Hilldale, R. C.; Duda, J. J.; Gelfenbaum, G. R. (2018).

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construction was characterized by "the Romans' ability to plan and organize engineering construction on a grand scale." Roman planners introduced the then-novel concept of large

3032: 1073:, Québec, Canada. The multiple-arch dam does not require as many buttresses as the hollow gravity type but requires a good rock foundation because the buttress loads are heavy. 727:

was granted in 1844, the dam was constructed over the following decade. Its construction was carried out on the basis of the mathematical results of scientific stress analysis.

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Once completed, if it is well designed and maintained, a hydroelectric power source is usually comparatively cheap and reliable. It has no fuel and low escape risk, and as an

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Erosion rates are often monitored, and the risk is ordinarily minimized, by shaping the downstream face of the spillway into a curve that minimizes turbulent flow, such as an

2404:. While dams and the water behind them cover only a small portion of earth's surface, they harbour biological activity that can produce large quantities of greenhouse gases. 704:. The dam cost £17,000 and was completed in 1856 as the first engineered dam built in Australia, and the second arch dam in the world built to mathematical specifications. 1378:

2.41 million of a total of 2.5 million dams, are not under the jurisdiction of any public agency (i.e., they are non-jurisdictional), nor are they listed on the

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security of the dam because they are designed to be gradually evacuated for exceptional events. They work as fixed weirs at times by allowing overflow in common floods.

1673:"Timber plank dams" were more elegant structures that employed a variety of construction methods using heavy timbers to support a water retaining arrangement of planks. 5206: 4773: 2058:

is a major source of electricity in the world. Many countries have rivers with adequate water flow, that can be dammed for power generation purposes. For example, the

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in Middle Egypt. Two dams called Ha-Uar running east–west were built to retain water during the annual flood and then release it to surrounding lands. The lake called

4500:"How Big of an Effect Do Small Dams Have? Using Geomorphological Footprints to Quantify Spatial Impact of Low-Head Dams and Identify Patterns of Across-Dam Variation" 1524:. It must be strong, as floods will wash over its crest. Over time, sand accumulates in layers behind the dam, which helps store water and, most importantly, prevent 539:. It stands 60 meters tall, and in crest is a one meter width. Some historians believe the dam was built by Shāh Abbās I, whereas others believe that he repaired it. 3687: 3109: 1651:

is costly or difficult to transport, and either a low head diversion dam is required or longevity is not an issue. Timber dams were once numerous, especially in the

822:. When initially constructed between 1899 and 1902, nothing of its scale had ever before been attempted; on completion, it was the largest masonry dam in the world. 3974: 3089: 2207:

by altering the river's depth. Deeper water increases or creates freedom of movement for water vessels. Large dams can serve this purpose, but most often weirs and

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Atif Ansar; Bent Flyvbjerg; Alexander Budzier; Daniel Lunn (June 2014). "Should we build more large dams? The actual costs of hydropower megaproject development".

1823:. At 560 m (1,840 ft) high, it is the tallest dam in the world, including both natural and man-made dams. A more recent example would be the creation of 1345:

can aid rural development in developing countries. In the United States alone, there are approximately 2,000,000 or more "small" dams that are not included in the

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source it is cheaper than both nuclear and wind power. It is more easily regulated to store water as needed and generate high power levels on demand compared to

611:, but it was only in the 19th century that the engineering skills and construction materials available were capable of building the first large-scale arch dams. 2803:"), in which three German dams were selected to be breached in order to damage German infrastructure and manufacturing and power capabilities deriving from the 299:

is constructed of unhewn stone, over 300 m (980 ft) long, 4.5 m (15 ft) high and 20 m (66 ft) wide, across the main stream of the

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Lansac-Tôha, Fernando Miranda (2019). "A Differently dispersing organism groups show contrasting beta diversity patterns in a dammed subtropical river basin".

5480:"A case study on environmental sustainability: A study of the trophic changes in fish species as a result of the damming of rivers through clustering analysis" 2218:

the reservoir fluctuate annually in an attempt to balance these different purposes. Dam management becomes a complex exercise amongst competing stakeholders.

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earth, and are of two main types: rock-fill and earth-fill. Like concrete gravity dams, embankment dams rely on their weight to hold back the force of water.

4591: 4881: 5281: 1352:. Records of small dams are kept by state regulatory agencies and therefore information about small dams is dispersed and uneven in geographic coverage. 5940: 4873: 5634:

Ren, Kang (2019). "A nature-based reservoir optimization model for resolving the conflict in human water demand and riverine ecosystem protection".

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The main causes of dam failure include inadequate spillway capacity, piping through the embankment, foundation or abutments, spillway design error (

2711:(IHL) and shall not be made the object of attack if that may cause severe losses among the civilian population. To facilitate the identification, a 5173: 5096: 4137: 3706: 1307:

As of 2021, ICOLD's World Register of Dams contains 58,700 large dam records. The tallest dam in the world is the 305 m-high (1,001 ft)

1752:, intercept the path of a stream or lake outlet, resulting in the creation of a natural impoundment. An example would be the eruptions of the 3419: 337:

Province that created an enormous irrigation reservoir (100 km (62 mi) in circumference), a reservoir that is still present today.

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By 1997, there were an estimated 800,000 dams worldwide, some 40,000 of them over 15 m (49 ft) high. In 2014, scholars from the

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In 2008, it was estimated that 40–80 million people worldwide have been displaced from their homes as a result of dam construction.

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The multiple-arch dam consists of a number of single-arch dams with concrete buttresses as the supporting abutments, as for example the

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during parts of the year. Turbine and power-plant designs that have a lower impact upon aquatic life are an active area of research.

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liner to prevent seepage. Water/slurry levels in the tailings pond must be managed for stability and environmental purposes as well.

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A spillway is a section of a dam designed to pass water from the upstream side of a dam to the downstream side. Many spillways have

2126:. Others such as the Berg Strait Dam can help to stabilize or restore the water levels of inland lakes and seas, in this case, the 1117:

is a strong motivator in many regions, gravity dams are built in some instances where an arch dam would have been more economical.

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Schnitter, Niklaus (1987a). "Verzeichnis geschichtlicher Talsperren bis Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts". In Garbrecht, Günther (ed.).

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the bottom of the dam. If large enough uplift pressures are generated there is a risk of destabilizing the concrete gravity dam.

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to prevent inundation of nearby land. Dikes are commonly used for reclamation of arable land from a shallow lake, similar to a

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Dams create deep reservoirs and can also vary the flow of water downstream. This can in return affect upstream and downstream

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is a barrier, usually temporary, constructed to exclude water from an area that is normally submerged. Made commonly of wood,

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of the dam in a vertical and horizontal direction. When the upstream face is sloped the distribution is more complicated. The

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Graf, WL (1993). "Landscapes, commodities, and ecosystems: The relationship between policy and science for American rivers".

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and the interior filled with earth or rubble. The heavy crib structure supported the dam's face and the weight of the water.

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through which it flowed into reservoirs of the city. Another one, the Band-i-Amir Dam, provided irrigation for 300 villages.

1225: 5909: 2090:

Many urban areas of the world are supplied with water taken from rivers pent up behind low dams or weirs. Examples include

1449:

is a structure that only partly restricts a waterway, creating a faster channel that resists the accumulation of sediment.

696:

wall was designed by Lieutenant Percy Simpson who was influenced by the advances in dam engineering techniques made by the

5168: 3106: 1542: 853:. In 1928, Congress authorized the project to build a dam that would control floods, provide irrigation water and produce 527:, is the thinnest arch dam in the world and one of the oldest arch dams in Asia. It was constructed some 700 years ago in 3923: 3607: 3093: 2983: 2907: 2552:

flows can be re-established by removing dams from a river. Dam removal is considered appropriate when the dam is old and

2326: 5843: 4382: 2287: 1918:

uses small-scale hydro generation on a wide scale and is responsible for about 50% of world use of this type of power.

2238:

a minimum for the required storage capacity. The most economical arrangement is often a composite structure such as a

738:

in 1880 with an overflow spillway and a special water outlet, it was eventually heightened to 10 m (33 ft).

5965: 4498:

Fencl, Jane S.; Mather, Martha E.; Costigan, Katie H.; Daniels, Melinda D. (5 November 2015). Deng, Z. Daniel (ed.).

4079:

A large dam is defined by the industry as one higher than 15 meters high and a major dam as higher than 150.5 meters.

3952: 3457: 1304:

dams can be classified as either "high-head" (greater than 30 m in height) or "low-head" (less than 30 m in height).

923: 361: 321:

system in China that included a dam that directed waterflow. It was finished in 251 BC. A large earthen dam, made by

1585:

Because tailings dams often store toxic chemicals from the mining process, modern designs incorporate an impervious

4404: 3668: 1356:

definitions of SHPs, such as their maximum generation capacity, dam height, reservoir area, etc., vary by country.

630:(it is still in use today). It had a height of 12 m (39 ft) and consisted of 21 arches of variable span. 1515:

There are two types of underground dams: "sub-surface" and a "sand-storage". A sub-surface dam is built across an

5945: 4888: 4812: 2492: 2178:

in this context) are used to prevent ingress of water to an area that would otherwise be submerged, allowing its

1942: 1910:

As of 2005, hydroelectric power, mostly from dams, supplies some 19% of the world's electricity, and over 63% of

692:, was dammed in the 1850s, to cater to the demand for water from the growing population of the city. The masonry 5338:

Bellmore, J. R.; Duda, J. J.; Craig, L. S.; Greene, S. L.; Torgersen, C. E.; Collins, M. J.; Vittum, K. (2017).

4113: 4097: 4738: 3589: 2778: 2708: 2628: 2596: 1546: 905: 476: 570:. The central square of Amsterdam, covering the original site of the 800-year-old dam, still carries the name 400:; its record height of 50 m (160 ft) remained unsurpassed until its accidental destruction in 1305. 6059: 4975:

Construction of a dam (Berg Strait) to stabilize and increase the level of the northern part of the Aral Sea.

3192: 2106:. Other major sources include deep upland reservoirs contained by high dams across deep valleys, such as the 743: 259:

was built. The system included 16 reservoirs, dams and various channels for collecting water and storing it.

5703:

Schnitter, Niklaus (1987b). "Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Pfeilerstaumauer". In Garbrecht, Günther (ed.).

3975:"Army Corps, waterways partners focus on fixed-crest dam safety > Pittsburgh District > News Releases" 3033:"overview of the hystory [sic] of water resources and irrigation management in the near east region" 142:

in South India, built in the 2nd century AD, is one of the oldest water regulating structures still in use.

130:

Ancient dams were built in Mesopotamia and the Middle East for water control. The earliest known dam is the

834: 314: 5722:

Schnitter, Niklaus (1987c). "Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Bogenstaumauer". In Garbrecht, Günther (ed.).

4870: 1933:; to boost the power generation capabilities of a dam, the water may be run through a large pipe called a 940:. Man-made dams are typically classified according to their size (height), intended purpose or structure. 2860: 1768:. The largest such lake grew to about 800 km (500 mi) in length before the failure of its dam. 220:

for flood control, but was destroyed by heavy rain during construction or shortly afterwards. During the

503:

was more than 910 m (3,000 ft) long, and that it had many water-wheels raising the water into

5867: 5149:

Kosnik, Lea-Rachel (1 March 2008). "The Potential of Water Power in the Fight Against Global Warming".

4999: 4566: 3710: 2676:

Dam failures are generally catastrophic if the structure is breached or significantly damaged. Routine

2531:

optimization model for resolving the conflict in human water demand and riverine ecosystem protection.

1509: 1379: 1349: 811: 3194:

Water Resources System Operation: Proceedings of the International Conference on Water and Environment

1412:, which is a wall or embankment built along a river or stream to protect adjacent land from flooding. 5797:

Vogel, Alexius (1987). "Die historische Entwicklung der Gewichtsmauer". In Garbrecht, Günther (ed.).

5511:

Hartung, Fritz; Kuros, Gh. R. (1987). "Historische Talsperren im Iran". In Garbrecht, Günther (ed.).

4204: 2758: 807: 1528:. The stored water can be extracted with a well, through the dam body, or by means of a drain pipe. 936:

Dams can be formed by human agency, natural causes, or even by the intervention of wildlife such as

5902: 4036: 2242:

dam flanked by earth embankments. The current use of the land to be flooded should be dispensable.

1721: 459:, which often powered water-raising mechanisms. One of the first was the Roman-built dam bridge in 221: 2715:

consisting of three bright orange circles placed on the same axis is defined by the rules of IHL.

6049: 4477: 2880: 2730: 2014: 1753: 1191: 1126: 894: 504: 345: 17: 5259: 3133: 292:, Turkey. It is thought to date from the Hittite empire between the 15th and 13th centuries BC. 6008: 3638: 2875: 2677: 2208: 1951: 948:

Based on structure and material used, dams are classified as easily created without materials,

799: 742:

centered around the engineering faculties of universities in France and in the United Kingdom.

491:. Water was conducted from the back of the dam through a large pipe to drive a water wheel and 389: 5154: 5122: 3845: 2741:), geological instability caused by changes to water levels during filling or poor surveying ( 1404:

would otherwise escape. On occasion, a reservoir is contained by a similar structure called a

4066: 4020: 3903: 3733: 3473: 3413: 2850: 1844: 1785: 1781: 1387: 1199: 1063: 747: 735: 712: 649:

and built a series of curved masonry dams as part of the waterway system. In particular, the

5339: 3859: 3534: 2436:, who threatened to "release the waters" and drown the villagers if they did not cooperate. 767: 39: 5860: 5643: 5598: 5409: 5351: 4631: 4511: 4441: 4346: 4277: 4145:. Hamilton, Canada: United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health. 3817: 3692: 3548: 2870: 2865: 2788: 2665: 2257: 1137: 1059: 901: 866: 608: 31: 4181: 661:

and an engineering marvel. In order to keep the water in control during construction, two

8: 5895: 5398:"Morphodynamic evolution following sediment release from the world's largest dam removal" 3673: 2774: 2770: 2484: 2250: 2055: 1797: 1572:, geology, climate, the type of tailings, and cost. An upstream tailings dam consists of 1501: 1276:

costs and affects the dams' potential range and magnitude of environmental disturbances.

858: 854: 731: 372:

for urban settlements over the dry season. Their pioneering use of water-proof hydraulic

101: 5647: 5602: 5466: 5413: 5355: 5097:"Tasmanian Wilderness Society blocks dam construction (Franklin River Campaign) 1981-83" 4635: 4515: 4445: 4350: 4281: 3821: 1945:

to produce electricity to match periods of high and low demand, by moving water between

6023: 5881: 5766: 5758: 5659: 5622: 5499: 5438: 5397: 5375: 5201: 4991: 4709:"Underground Dams—A Tool of Sustainable Development and Management of Ground Resources" 4663: 4542: 4499: 3833: 3807: 3775: 3750: 3166: 3107:

http://old.himalmag.com/component/content/article/1062-the-reservoirs-of-dholavira.html

2800: 2592: 2565: 2515: 2496: 2397: 2378: 1930: 1904: 1612: 1497: 1070: 1035: 815: 425: 421: 209: 67:

created by dams not only suppress floods but also provide water for activities such as

5574:"Historical Development of Arch Dams. From Roman Arch Dams to Modern Concrete Designs" 5237: 4796: 4682: 2908:"Bartleby.com: Great Books Online – Quotes, Poems, Novels, Classics and hundreds more" 2718: 1190:

flow for irrigation systems. An example of this type of dam is the now-decommissioned

5802: 5783: 5770: 5727: 5708: 5689: 5663: 5626: 5614: 5558: 5535: 5516: 5503: 5479: 5443: 5425: 5379: 5367: 5150: 5128: 4996:

The principal objective of the dam and reservoir is to protect downstream communities

4951: 4823: 4746: 4655: 4647: 4603: 4547: 4529: 4459: 4364: 4295: 4224: 4146: 4118: 3841: 3780: 3510: 3485: 3453: 3429: 3198: 2750: 2686: 2604: 2553: 2465: 1561:

operations after separating the valuable fraction from the uneconomic fraction of an

1101: 1011: 803: 532: 275: 183: 131: 5610: 5550: 4667: 3884: 3837: 3797: 3055: 2362:

grounds upstream. In some areas, young fish ("smolt") are transported downstream by

1807:

in mountainous regions with unstable local geology. Historical examples include the

5984: 5926: 5750: 5651: 5606: 5491: 5433: 5417: 5359: 4639: 4537: 4519: 4449: 4354: 4285: 4220: 4216: 4108: 3825: 3770: 3762: 2886: 2440: 2179: 2159: 2103: 1922: 1911: 1883: 1773: 1473: 1195: 1156: 1150: 1122: 1092: 949: 850: 830: 724: 405: 373: 233: 76: 5655: 5557:. Technology and Change in History. Vol. 2. Leiden: Brill. pp. 331–339. 4708: 4430:"Little dams, big problems: The legal and policy issues of nonjurisdictional dams" 2702:

International special sign for works and installations containing dangerous forces

1658:

Timber crib dams were erected of heavy timbers or dressed logs in the manner of a

1627:

cheaper than masonry, concrete or earthworks, but sturdier than timber crib dams.

668: 584: 281: 5993: 5850: 5573: 4877: 4524: 3891: 3643: 3562: 3124: 3113: 2819: 2785: 2712: 2689: 2469: 2359: 2341: 2273: 2147: 2139: 2018: 1717: 1246: 1048: 1031: 716: 697: 677: 650: 619: 472: 171:. Dams were used to control water levels, for Mesopotamia's weather affected the 3829: 2063: 1340:

As with large dams, small dams have multiple uses, such as, but not limited to,

248:

covered 1,700 km (660 sq mi) and is known today as Birket Qarun.

5998: 5421: 2738: 2722: 2573: 2413: 2393: 2385:

Large reservoirs formed behind dams have been indicated in the contribution of

2143: 2010: 1848: 1792:

deposits left behind by glaciers can also dam rivers to form lakes, such as at

1757: 1729: 1240: 1233: 995: 953: 838: 755: 615: 604: 377: 326: 112: 72: 5495: 4851: 4643: 4098:"How Dams Vary and Why It Matters for the Emerging Science of Dam Removal;..." 3998:"Family of kayaker swept over Dashields Dam sues U.S. Army Corps of Engineers" 3927: 3615: 2915: 417: 6054: 6043: 6018: 6003: 5429: 5371: 4745:. Paris: International Council on Metals and the Environment. pp. 9–10. 4651: 4607: 4533: 4463: 4368: 4299: 4228: 4122: 2838: 2784:

A notable case of deliberate dam failure (prior to the above ruling) was the

2754: 2648: 2569: 2460: 2456: 2444: 2429: 2314: 2192: 2067: 1926: 1900: 1816: 1804: 1793: 1765: 1652: 1441:

A check dam is a small dam designed to reduce flow velocity and control soil

1308: 1214: 1184: 1173: 819: 784: 701: 658: 623: 563: 488: 468: 448: 436: 381: 251:

By the mid-late third millennium BC, an intricate water-management system in

225: 217: 206: 195: 60: 5467:"Dams from the Roman Era in Spain. Analysis of Design Forms (with Appendix)" 2432:, Interior Minister of India, in 1960 speaking to villagers upset about the 1087: 750:

pioneered the theoretical understanding of dam structures in his 1857 paper

30:

This article is about structures for water impoundment. For other uses, see

6013: 5975: 5618: 5447: 4659: 4551: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2762: 2607:, were removed between 2011 and 2014 that together stored approximately 30 2488: 2204: 2095: 1973: 1824: 1537: 1493: 1258: 791: 734:, Australia, was possibly the world's first concrete arch dam. Designed by 654: 638: 589: 528: 496: 413: 369: 350: 229: 139: 116: 84: 4955: 3784: 3766: 2973:

S.W. Helms: "Jawa Excavations 1975. Third Preliminary Report", Levant 1977

2499:

lines. Hydroelectric generation can be vulnerable to major changes in the

802:, the British began construction in 1898. The project was designed by Sir 424:). Roman workforces also were the first to build dam bridges, such as the 380:

allowed for much larger dam structures than previously built, such as the

27:

Barrier that stops or restricts the flow of surface or underground streams

6028: 5955: 5950: 3357: 3038:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from 2660: 2644: 2624: 2588: 2584: 2540: 2508: 2425: 2355: 2303:

Removal of toxic materials and buildings from the proposed reservoir area

2291: 2246: 2155: 2119: 1832: 1586: 1525: 1488: 1273: 1229: 1210: 1082: 1003: 957: 788: 776: 567: 543: 456: 393: 385: 330: 308: 245: 168: 164: 80: 44: 5876: 4290: 4265: 3953:"The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wants You To Enjoy The Rivers, Safely" 2459:). It creates a reservoir 600 km (370 mi) long to be used for 2428:, and that it often leads to abuses of the masses by planners. He cites 1968: 1896: 1756:

about 1.8 million–10,000 years ago, which created lava dams on the

857:. The winning bid to build the dam was submitted by a consortium called 5960: 5918: 5762: 3918: 3916: 2766: 2742: 2636: 2608: 2556:

exceed the expense of its removal. Some effects of dam removal include

2519: 2452: 2421: 2386: 2263: 2231: 2226: 2151: 2123: 2059: 2006: 2002: 1860: 1820: 1812: 1803:

Natural disasters such as earthquakes and landslides frequently create

1697: 1663: 1569: 1553:

A tailings dam is typically an earth-fill embankment dam used to store

1374: 1341: 1301: 1142: 1052: 999: 978: 908: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 826: 795: 772: 685: 673: 572: 452: 318: 304: 104:) are used to manage or prevent water flow into specific land regions. 88: 68: 5801:. Vol. 1. Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer. pp. 47–56 (50). 5363: 4454: 4429: 4335:"Global proliferation of small hydropower plants – science and policy" 2300:

Compensation for land being flooded as well as population resettlement

1205:

Barrages that are built at the mouths of rivers or lagoons to prevent

515: 5069: 5067: 4819: 4359: 4334: 3481: 3425: 3160:"Water management: Historical maritime, riverine tradition of Bharat" 2746: 2669: 2632: 2600: 2561: 2269: 1990: 1985: 1946: 1705: 1687: 1659: 1623: 1608: 1603: 1573: 1436: 1370: 1297: 1289: 1007: 689: 627: 559: 547: 524: 492: 365: 322: 263: 252: 176: 124: 120: 93: 64: 5754: 5000:

http://www.nae.usace.army.mil/Missions/Recreation/BlackwaterDam.aspx

3913: 2643:. In total, renewed sediment delivery caused approximately 60 ha of 1888: 883: 5515:. Vol. 1. Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer. pp. 221–274. 2612: 2549: 2504: 2433: 2345: 2127: 2118:

Dams are often used to control and stabilize water flow, often for

2107: 2075: 1963: 1934: 1828: 1808: 1745: 1725: 1709: 1616: 1554: 1446: 1366: 1020: 1016: 986: 982: 969: 818:, was the main contractor. Capital and financing were furnished by 693: 600: 409: 296: 285: 271: 5303: 5064: 4620: 3812: 1635: 1292:)". "Major dams" are over 150 m (490 ft) in height. The 806:

and involved several eminent engineers of the time, including Sir

420:, all of which were known and employed by the 2nd century AD (see 5824:

Dams and Development: Transnational Struggles for Water and Power

5726:. Vol. 1. Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer. pp. 75–96. 5707:. Vol. 1. Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer. pp. 57–74. 2844: 2832: 2815: 2792: 2577: 2557: 2500: 2401: 2374: 2348: 2239: 2099: 1998: 1938: 1840: 1789: 1777: 1769: 1761: 1667: 1516: 1458: 1442: 842: 783:

The era of large dams was initiated with the construction of the

634: 487:, Iran, and many of these were later built in other parts of the 431: 5688:. Vol. 1. Stuttgart: Verlag Konrad Wittwer. pp. 9–20. 5340:"Status and trends of dam removal research in the United States" 4243:"Why small-scale hydroelectric plants benefit local communities" 3010:

Günther Garbrecht: "Wasserspeicher (Talsperren) in der Antike",

2956:

Günther Garbrecht: "Wasserspeicher (Talsperren) in der Antike",

2472:

and the huge reservoir rose by 4 m (13 ft) overnight.

2331: 4567:"A Procedure for Estimating Loss of Life Caused by Dam Failure" 4485:

United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service

4174:"The Jinping-I Double Curvature Arch Dam sets new world record" 3229: 2692: 2418:

Hungry World: America's Cold War Battle Against Poverty in Asia

2091: 2079: 1865: 1749: 1648: 1643: 1578: 1558: 1505: 1039: 1024: 937: 846: 708: 662: 646: 642: 593: 555: 460: 300: 187: 172: 135: 5012:"Lake Diefenbaker Reservoir Operations Context and Objectives" 4948:

The careless technology: Ecology and international development

4022:

Guidelines for Retirement of Dams and Hydroelectric Facilities

1520:

sand-storage dam is a weir built in stages across a stream or

5887: 4906: 4592:"How to manage the cumulative flood safety of catchment dams" 3132:. Law library – University of New Mexico. Archived from 2726: 2682: 2640: 2620: 2545: 2448: 2363: 2175: 2171: 1977: 1915: 1713: 1692: 1409: 1405: 1312: 1177: 1114: 974: 607:

from the abutment stabilizes the structure from the external

500: 484: 464: 354: 334: 289: 267: 256: 213: 199: 191: 97: 48: 4139:

Ageing Water Storage Infrastructure: An Emerging Global Risk

2811:

rivers. This raid later became the basis for several films.

262:

One of the engineering wonders of the ancient world was the

4114:

10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0659:HDVAWI]2.0.CO;2

3218: 3125:

Govindasamy Agoramoorthy; Sunitha Chaudhary; Minna J. Hsu.

2928: 2616: 2071: 2025: 1521: 1512:, Mexico, India, Germany, Italy, Greece, France and Japan. 1421: 1206: 715:, and it was built by François Zola in the municipality of 536: 444: 397: 384:, possibly the largest water barrier to that date, and the 237: 4497: 4019:

Carter, Edward F.; Hosko, Mary Ann; Austin, Roger (1997).

3450:

Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology

1989:

such as a serious malfunction of the service spillway. A "

1058:

A similar type is the double-curvature or thin-shell dam.

499:

described several dams in Persia. He reported that one in

212:

at Wadi Al-Garawi, about 25 km (16 mi) south of

4973:"Kazakhstan". Land and Water Development Division. 1998. 4478:"Director's Order #40: Dam Safety & Security Program" 3863: 3608:"Egyptian Irrigation Bond 1898 – Aswan Dam on Nile River" 3577:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

3127:"The Check-Dam Route to Mitigate India's Water Shortages" 1784:, which formed the 7,780 km (3,000 sq mi) 1562: 5395: 5081: 5079: 4317:. Washington DC: National Academy Press. pp. 11–42. 3507:

A history of engineering in classical and medieval times

3478:

A history of engineering in classical and medieval times

3006: 3004: 1369:

a non-jurisdictional dam is defined as a dam creating a

1168: 1160:

massive. This enables thinner dams and saves resources.

5831:

Silenced Rivers: The Ecology and Politics of Large Dams

5337: 5304:"Transparent Cost Database – Transparent Cost Database" 4857:(Report). ICOLD Committee on Tailings Dams. p. 91. 3317: 3190: 1772:

can also form natural dams, such as the damming of the

1744:

Dams can also be created by natural geological forces.

1155:

A gravity dam can be combined with an arch dam into an

523:

Shāh Abbās Arch (Persian: طاق شاه عباس), also known as

190:, 100 kilometres (62 mi) northeast of the capital 4574:

U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation

4423: 4421: 3575:

Rankine, W. (1857) "On the stability of loose earth".

2883: – Device for raising and lowering boats or ships 1670:

downstream in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

232:

dug a canal 16 km (9.9 mi) long linking the

5865: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5076: 4779:. NBK Institute of Mining Engineering. Archived from 3504: 3472: 3001: 2753:

dams), poor maintenance, especially of outlet pipes (

2572:, re-establishment of natural water temperatures and 1028:

character of the rock should be carefully inspected.

5391: 5389: 3092:. The Southasia Trust. December 2008. Archived from 1914:. Much of this is generated by large dams, although 1055:

on the Colorado River is a constant-angle arch dam.

119:, as seen in the names of many old cities, such as 5741:Smith, Norman (1970). "The Roman Dams of Subiaco". 5549:Hodge, A. Trevor (2000). "Reservoirs and Dams". In 5471:1st International Congress on Construction History 5121:Jain, Sharad K.; Singh, V. P. (12 September 2003). 4797:

http://mining.ubc.ca/files/2013/03/Dirk-van-Zyl.pdf

4418: 4328: 4326: 4324: 3409: 3407: 3226:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 3

3184: 2290:on river fisheries, forests and wildlife (see also 1720:, cofferdams are used to allow construction on the 1492:stored, such as in deserts and on islands like the 707:The first such dam was opened two years earlier in 224:in the 19th century BC, the Pharaohs Senosert III, 5671:Schnitter, Niklaus (1978). "Römische Talsperren". 5326: 5017:. Saskatchewan Watershed Authority. Archived from 4585: 4583: 3531:"Key Developments in the History of Buttress Dams" 2631:. Approximately 65% of the sediment stored in the 5941:List of conventional hydroelectric power stations 5464: 5386: 5319: 5317: 5169:"Water Reservoirs behind Rising Greenhouse Gases" 4428:Brewitt, Peter K.; Colwyn, Chelsea L. M. (2020). 4091: 4089: 4087: 4018: 3885:http://www.britishdams.org/about_dams/gravity.htm 3375: 3240: 3238: 3056:http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4357e/y4357e14.htm 2941:Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde 2525: 1549:installation on a mine tailings storage facility. 1336:Dam in Europe at Autumn as viewed from FPV drone. 614:Three pioneering arch dams were built around the 59:is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of 6041: 5095:Stobbe Reimer, Asha Miriam (30 September 2021). 4321: 4096:Poff, N. Leroy; Hart, David D. (1 August 2002). 3404: 2889: – Risk prevention of reservoir dam failure 2396:. The changing water levels in reservoirs are a 5124:Water Resources Systems Planning and Management 4849: 4580: 4412:Office of the State Engineer, Dam Safety Bureau 3151: 2313:disruption to human lives (relocation, loss of 618:in the early 19th century. Henry Russel of the 5314: 4707:Onder, H; M. Yilmaz (November–December 2005). 4706: 4084: 3738:. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 79. 3278: 3266: 3235: 2835: – Retaining wall around pollution source 2580:that were previously unavailable due to dams. 2412:Dams' impact on human society is significant. 657:, was completed in 1832 as the largest dam in 483:. The first was built at Shustar on the River 439:dam, built by the Romans in the 3rd century AD 5903: 5465:Arenillas, Miguel; Castillo, Juan C. (2003). 5094: 4882:"RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT 2006 Update" 4866: 4864: 4427: 3549:"John Redpath, the Whispering Dam, and Sugar" 3421:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science 3417: 3030: 2468:, the dam held back a what would have been a 680:, the first engineered dam built in Australia 5571: 5510: 4990:. US Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from 4683:"Control of Groundwater by Underground Dams" 3732:Interior, United States Dept of the (1948). 3468: 3466: 3398: 3371: 3312: 3191:Singh, Vijay P.; Ram Narayan Yadava (2003). 3157: 2639:. The remaining ~90% was transported to the 2487:requires a long lead time for site studies, 2253:considerations when building a dam include: 5588: 5260:"China's Three Gorges dam faces flood test" 5197:"Dams the latest culprit in global warming" 4950:. Natural History Press. pp. 102–108. 4945: 4871:Renewables Global Status Report 2006 Update 4333:Couto, Thiago BA; Olden, Julian D. (2018). 4025:. Waterpower '97. ASCE. pp. 1248–1256. 3026: 3024: 2635:eroded, of which ~10% was deposited in the 2074:and supplied 93% of the energy consumed by 5910: 5896: 5721: 5702: 5683: 4861: 4850:McLeod, Harvey; Bjelkevik, Annika (2021). 4806: 4804: 4589: 4332: 4202: 3995: 3367: 3351: 3335: 3331: 2945:Magazine for Dutch Language and Literature 2611:of sediment. As a result, the delivery of 2335:Wood and garbage accumulation due to a dam 1359: 711:. It was the first French arch dam of the 333:, flooded a valley in modern-day northern 5861:Structurae: Dams and Retaining Structures 5670: 5578:Australian Civil Engineering Transactions 5437: 5230: 5120: 4541: 4523: 4453: 4358: 4289: 4112: 3811: 3774: 3463: 3363: 3327: 2373:A large dam can cause the loss of entire 1877: 1666:were timber crib dams used to help float 924:Learn how and when to remove this message 841:, on the border between the US states of 719:to improve the supply of water after the 633:In the 1820s and 30s, Lieutenant-Colonel 357:has been in use for almost two millennia. 146:hydropower and water-raising mechanisms. 5826:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 2004. 5782:. London: Peter Davies. pp. 25–49. 5572:James, Patrick; Chanson, Hubert (2002). 4339:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 4245:. World Economic Forum. 3 September 2015 4129: 4095: 4039:. International Commission on Large Dams 3731: 3709:. University of Michigan. Archived from 3021: 2717: 2697: 2664: 2451:is more than five times the size of the 2330: 2225: 1967: 1921:Most hydroelectric power comes from the 1895: 1887: 1872: 1691: 1634: 1607: 1541: 1365:non-jurisdictional dam. In the state of 1322: 1224: 1167: 1136: 1086: 1030: 973: 766: 667: 583: 579: 514: 430: 344: 274:, the dam fell under the control of the 38: 5477: 4810: 4801: 4624:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 4405:"Evaluation of Non-Jurisdictional Dams" 4383:"DWR Dam Safety Non-Jurisdictional Dam" 4263: 4209:Australasian Journal of Water Resources 4203:Nathan, R.; Lowe, L. (1 January 2012). 3852: 3644:The World's Work: A History of Our Time 3636: 3498: 3418:Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (1996). 2769:, and human, computer or design error ( 2647:growth, and also resulted in increased 2320: 1851:resulting in the deaths of six people. 1696:A cofferdam during the construction of 626:in 1804 to supply water to the city of 14: 6042: 5484:Computers & Industrial Engineering 5148: 4910:, published 2006, accessed 16 May 2007 4736: 4688:. The Middle East Technical University 4680: 4564: 4135: 2984:"The world's oldest dams still in use" 2856:International Commission on Large Dams 2847: – Accumulation of ice in a river 2568:downstream, increased river width and 2424:to displace people in the name of the 2407: 1941:. A variant on this simple model uses 1294:Report of the World Commission on Dams 1286:International Commission on Large Dams 5891: 5796: 5777: 5740: 5548: 5529: 5073:Lansac-Tôha, Fernando Miranda (2019). 4927:. Johnstown Area Heritage Association 4852:TAILINGS DAM DESIGN Technology Update 4205:"The Hydrologic Impacts of Farm Dams" 4136:Perera, Duminda; et al. (2021). 3748: 3563:"Historical Development of Arch Dams" 3442: 3386: 3339: 3323: 3308: 3296: 3284: 3272: 3260: 3256: 3244: 1847:in 1927, which wiped out the town of 1145:is an example of an arch-gravity dam. 1095:is an example of a solid gravity dam. 5555:Handbook of Ancient Water Technology 4312: 3031:Mohamed Bazza (28–30 October 2006). 2307: 1700:at the Montgomery Point Lock and Dam 1132: 906:adding citations to reliable sources 877: 368:dams which could secure a permanent 340: 5633: 4743:Case studies on tailings management 4266:"Small Hydro for Rural Development" 3924:"Dams and Development: An Overview" 3637:Roberts, Chalmers (December 1902), 2327:Environmental impacts of reservoirs 1639:A timber crib dam in Michigan, 1978 1467: 1252: 637:supervised the construction of the 599:The Romans were the first to build 554:), started with a dam on the river 467:(c. 23 m) to supply the town. Also 24: 5844:Basic Terms of Dam Characteristics 5816: 5532:Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply 5280:. 29 February 2008. Archived from 4385:. Colorado Information Marketplace 3977:. Lrp.usace.army.mil. 19 June 2017 3926:. 16 November 2000. Archived from 3416:(1996), "Engineering", p. 759, in 3197:. Allied Publishers. p. 508. 2818:foundation is developing, with an 2115:Stabilize water flow / irrigation 2036: 1892:Hydroelectric dam in cross section 1788:near the end of the last Ice Age. 1748:are formed when lava flows, often 1487:Underground dams are used to trap 1482: 1220: 1042:, is a multiple-arch buttress dam. 25: 6071: 5966:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity 5837: 5274:"World Commission on Dams Report" 5238:"Three Gorges dam wall completed" 5101:The Commons Social Change Library 4059:"Methodology and Technical Notes" 3755:Environmental Health Perspectives 3401:, pp. 232, 238, fig. 13, 249 3158:Kalyanaraman, S (18 March 2003). 2392:Dams are also found to influence 2317:or cultural matters underwater). 1500:, Japan. They are most common in 849:between 1931 and 1936 during the 163:Early dam building took place in 5974: 5875: 5591:Science of the Total Environment 4270:Canadian Water Resources Journal 3696:, Vol. 57, No. 4 (February 1899) 2493:environmental impact assessments 1232:is an earthen embankment dam in 882: 800:invasion and occupation of Egypt 622:oversaw the construction of the 392:. The highest Roman dam was the 5946:Pumped-storage hydroelectricity 5611:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.236 5296: 5266: 5252: 5221: 5205:. 8 August 2012. Archived from 5189: 5161: 5142: 5114: 5088: 5050: 5036: 5004: 4980: 4966: 4939: 4913: 4843: 4766: 4739:"Construction of Tailings Dams" 4730: 4700: 4681:Yilmaz, Metin (November 2003). 4674: 4614: 4558: 4491: 4470: 4397: 4375: 4306: 4257: 4235: 4196: 4166: 4051: 4029: 4012: 3989: 3967: 3945: 3896: 3877: 3791: 3742: 3725: 3699: 3680: 3662: 3630: 3600: 3582: 3569: 3555: 3541: 3523: 3392: 3380: 3345: 3302: 3290: 3250: 3118: 2841: – Barrier in construction 2420:that dam construction requires 2260:of the surrounding rock or soil 2110:series of dams and reservoirs. 1943:pumped-storage hydroelectricity 1739: 1531: 1076: 943: 893:needs additional citations for 752:On the Stability of Loose Earth 475:dams were introduced which the 158: 5917: 5045:Marine and Freshwater Research 4565:Graham, W J (September 1999). 4315:Sustaining Our Water Resources 4221:10.7158/13241583.2012.11465405 3505:Donald Routledge Hill (1996). 3082: 3060: 2976: 2967: 2950: 2933: 2900: 2779:Taum Sauk pumped storage plant 2709:international humanitarian law 2597:Restoration of the Elwha River 2534: 2526:Reservoir and dam improvements 2158:protects the Netherlands from 1854: 1676: 1630: 1592: 562:began with a dam on the river 558:in the late 12th century, and 510: 182:The earliest known dam is the 13: 1: 5656:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.221 5636:Journal of Cleaner Production 4822:: Balkema. pp. 257–260. 4811:Singhal, Raj K., ed. (2000). 4774:"Properties of Tailings Dams" 3686:Frederic Courtland Penfield, 3376:Arenillas & Castillo 2003 3090:"The reservoirs of Dholavira" 2146:, Canada can store 8.76 2021:(the "great flood of 1889"). 1681: 1597: 1508:while also being used in the 1398: 1318: 1279: 862:two years ahead of schedule. 762: 744:William John Macquorn Rankine 684:Hunts Creek near the city of 463:, which could raise water 50 5240:. China Embassy. 20 May 2006 4737:Blight, Geoffrey E. (1998). 4590:Pisaniello, John D. (2009). 4525:10.1371/journal.pone.0141210 3370:, pp. 60, table 1, 62; 2478: 2297:Impacts on human habitations 2102:, with water taken from the 2078:and 20% of that consumed by 1997:A spillway can be gradually 1957: 1582:supports the upstream side. 1557:, which are produced during 1430: 1245:Embankment dams are made of 963: 787:in Egypt in 1902, a gravity 7: 4037:"Definition of a Large Dam" 3940:Box 1. What is a large dam? 3830:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.069 2861:List of dams and reservoirs 2826: 2398:source for greenhouse gases 2221: 2031: 1163: 1125:is a solid gravity dam and 723:devastated the area. After 566:, a minor tributary of the 519:14th c. Shāh Abbās arch dam 418:multiple arch buttress dams 288:dam and spring temple near 10: 6076: 5458: 5422:10.1038/s41598-018-30817-8 3996:Bob Bauder (20 May 2017). 3749:Joyce, S. (October 1997). 2695:into weak fractured rock. 2658: 2654: 2538: 2503:, including variations in 2324: 1961: 1925:of dammed water driving a 1881: 1858: 1685: 1601: 1535: 1510:southwestern United States 1471: 1456: 1452: 1434: 1419: 1380:National Inventory of Dams 1350:National Inventory of dams 1267: 1256: 1238: 1209:or use the tidal flow for 1182: 1148: 1080: 967: 447:, bridge dams such as the 153: 29: 5983: 5972: 5925: 5530:Hodge, A. Trevor (1992). 5496:10.1016/j.cie.2018.09.032 5478:Almeida, Ricardo (2018). 5262:. BBC News. 20 July 2010. 5127:. Elsevier. p. 408. 4644:10.1007/s10661-006-4781-3 4143:(Report Series, Issue 11) 3955:. 90.5 WESA. 23 June 2017 3509:. Routledge. p. 31. 2759:Val di Stava Dam collapse 2199: 2186: 2166: 2154:) of floodwater, and the 2134: 2114: 2086: 2051: 2046: 2043: 2001:by water flow, including 1393: 1129:is a hollow gravity dam. 1047:the dam becomes smaller. 960:, with several subtypes. 5849:30 November 2020 at the 5085:Almeida, Ricardo (2018). 3735:The Hoover Dam Documents 3399:Hartung & Kuros 1987 3372:James & Chanson 2002 3313:James & Chanson 2002 3224:Needham, Joseph (1986). 2988:www.water-technology.net 2929:http://www.bartleby.com/ 2893: 2593:U.S. state of Washington 2354:Older dams often lack a 1388:US National Park Service 1127:Braddock Locks & Dam 873: 317:is the oldest surviving 115:, and before that, from 63:or underground streams. 4264:Faruqui, N. I. (1994). 4063:Watersheds of the World 3594:Encyclopædia Britannica 3018:(1986), pp.51–64 (52f.) 3014:, 2nd special edition: 2960:, 2nd special edition: 2881:Lock (water navigation) 2733:in Pennsylvania in 1889 2015:Johnstown, Pennsylvania 1980:, soon after first fill 1796:, also in Montana (see 1754:Uinkaret volcanic field 1415: 1360:Non-jurisdictional dams 1347:Army Corps of Engineers 1192:Red Bluff Diversion Dam 798:. Following their 1882 495:. In the 10th century, 6009:Gorlov helical turbine 5799:Historische Talsperren 5778:Smith, Norman (1971). 5743:Technology and Culture 5724:Historische Talsperren 5705:Historische Talsperren 5686:Historische Talsperren 5513:Historische Talsperren 5059:Ecological Engineering 4925:Johnstown Flood Museum 4921:"The Club and the Dam" 3890:31 August 2011 at the 3112:21 August 2016 at the 2876:List of tidal barrages 2814:Since 2007, the Dutch 2734: 2725:failure and resulting 2703: 2678:deformation monitoring 2673: 2336: 2234: 2094:, with water from the 1981: 1952:Dinorwig Power Station 1907: 1893: 1878:Power generation plant 1701: 1640: 1619: 1550: 1547:Bituminous geomembrane 1504:and the arid areas of 1337: 1236: 1180: 1146: 1096: 1043: 990: 829:is a massive concrete 780: 730:The 75-miles dam near 681: 596: 520: 440: 358: 202:between 1319-1304 BC. 111:can be traced back to 52: 5534:. London: Duckworth. 4994:on 28 February 2013. 3767:10.1289/ehp.971051050 3707:"The First Aswan Dam" 3688:"Harnessing the Nile" 3474:Donald Routledge Hill 3414:Donald Routledge Hill 2964:(1986), pp.51–64 (52) 2851:Inflatable rubber dam 2761:), extreme rainfall ( 2721: 2701: 2681:solution can be rock 2668: 2507:, ground and surface 2344:was a contributor to 2334: 2288:Environmental impacts 2229: 1971: 1899: 1891: 1873:Construction elements 1845:Gros Ventre landslide 1786:Glacial Lake Missoula 1782:Cordilleran Ice Sheet 1695: 1638: 1611: 1545: 1335: 1228: 1200:Red Bluff, California 1171: 1140: 1090: 1064:Mountain City, Nevada 1034: 1006:will depend upon the 977: 833:, constructed in the 770: 748:University of Glasgow 736:Henry Charles Stanley 721:1832 cholera outbreak 671: 587: 580:Industrial revolution 518: 451:were used to provide 434: 351:Roman dam at Cornalvo 348: 42: 6060:Hydraulic structures 5856:Gravity Dam Analysis 5833:. London: Zed. 2001. 5284:on 13 September 2008 5278:International Rivers 4876:18 July 2011 at the 3883:British Dam Society 3751:"Is it worth a dam?" 3693:The Century Magazine 3428:. pp. 751–795. 3342:, p. 332, fn. 2 2871:List of tallest dams 2866:List of largest dams 2583:The world's largest 2321:Environmental impact 996:hydrostatic pressure 902:improve this article 867:University of Oxford 609:hydrostatic pressure 588:An engraving of the 32:Dam (disambiguation) 5648:2019JCPro.231..406R 5603:2019ScTEn.691.1271L 5414:2018NatSR...813279R 5356:2017WIRWa...4E1164R 4636:2006EMnAs.114..287A 4516:2015PLoSO..1041210F 4446:2020WIRWa...7E1393B 4351:2018FrEE...16...91C 4291:10.4296/cwrj1903227 4282:1994CaWRJ..19..227F 4184:on 17 November 2018 3822:2014EnPol..69...43A 3674:Jewish Encyclopedia 3639:"Subduing the Nile" 3448:Adam Lucas (2006), 3232:: Caves Books, Ltd. 2775:Dale Dike Reservoir 2771:Buffalo Creek Flood 2560:of sediment in the 2485:hydroelectric plant 2408:Human social impact 2251:engineering geology 2170:Dams (often called 2056:Hydroelectric power 2017:, resulting in the 1815:, which blocks the 1798:Moraine-dammed lake 1502:northeastern Africa 859:Six Companies, Inc. 855:hydroelectric power 816:John Aird & Co. 672:Masonry arch wall, 6024:Cross-flow turbine 5829:McCully, Patrick. 5822:Khagram, Sanjeev. 5402:Scientific Reports 5202:The Times of India 4414:. 7 December 2009. 3930:on 28 October 2010 3551:. 31 October 2014. 3326:, pp. 33–35; 3172:on 6 February 2007 3070:. Brown University 2801:Operation Chastise 2735: 2704: 2674: 2619:to the downstream 2605:Glynes Canyon dams 2497:power transmission 2483:Construction of a 2337: 2245:Significant other 2235: 1982: 1908: 1905:electric generator 1894: 1827:by a landslide on 1702: 1641: 1620: 1613:Redridge Steel Dam 1551: 1338: 1237: 1181: 1147: 1097: 1071:Daniel-Johnson Dam 1044: 1036:Daniel-Johnson Dam 991: 781: 682: 597: 521: 441: 426:Bridge of Valerian 422:List of Roman dams 359: 264:Great Dam of Marib 210:Sadd-el-Kafara Dam 53: 6037: 6036: 5808:978-3-87919-145-1 5789:978-0-432-15090-0 5780:A History of Dams 5733:978-3-87919-145-1 5714:978-3-87919-145-1 5695:978-3-87919-145-1 5564:978-90-04-11123-3 5541:978-0-7156-2194-3 5522:978-3-87919-145-1 5364:10.1002/wat2.1164 5323:Ren, Kang (2019). 5134:978-0-08-054369-7 5047:, 68(1), 116–122. 5024:on 6 October 2014 4829:978-90-5809-085-0 4786:on 1 October 2011 4752:978-1-895720-29-7 4455:10.1002/wat2.1393 4152:978-92-808-6105-1 3860:"Arch Dam Forces" 3761:(10): 1050–1055. 3596:. 13 August 2023. 3537:on 21 March 2012. 3516:978-0-415-15291-4 3491:978-0-415-15291-4 3484:. pp. 56–8. 3435:978-0-415-12410-2 3330:, pp. 31f.; 3204:978-81-7764-548-4 3016:Antiker Wasserbau 2962:Antiker Wasserbau 2751:Testalinden Creek 2599:). Two dams, the 2554:maintenance costs 2466:2010 China floods 2308:Impact assessment 2284:Reservoir silting 2230:The discharge of 2215: 2214: 2167:Land reclamation 2135:Flood prevention 2052:Power generation 1901:Hydraulic turbine 1333: 1133:Arch-gravity dams 998:between vertical 950:arch-gravity dams 934: 933: 926: 804:William Willcocks 533:Khorasan Province 406:arch-gravity dams 376:and particularly 341:Roman engineering 73:human consumption 16:(Redirected from 6067: 5985:Hydroelectricity 5978: 5927:Hydroelectricity 5912: 5905: 5898: 5889: 5888: 5880: 5879: 5871: 5812: 5793: 5774: 5737: 5718: 5699: 5680: 5667: 5630: 5585: 5568: 5545: 5526: 5507: 5474: 5452: 5451: 5441: 5393: 5384: 5383: 5335: 5324: 5321: 5312: 5311: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5234: 5228: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5209:on 9 August 2012 5193: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5146: 5140: 5138: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5092: 5086: 5083: 5074: 5071: 5062: 5054: 5048: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5023: 5016: 5008: 5002: 4998: 4988:"Blackwater Dam" 4984: 4978: 4977: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4917: 4911: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4893: 4887:. Archived from 4886: 4868: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4808: 4799: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4785: 4778: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4713: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4687: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4630:(1–3): 287–312. 4618: 4612: 4611: 4587: 4578: 4577: 4571: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4545: 4527: 4510:(11): e0141210. 4495: 4489: 4488: 4482: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4457: 4425: 4416: 4415: 4409: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4379: 4373: 4372: 4362: 4360:10.1002/fee.1746 4330: 4319: 4318: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4293: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4180:. Archived from 4178:en.powerchina.cn 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4144: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4116: 4093: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4074: 4065:. Archived from 4055: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3920: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3900: 3894: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3815: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3778: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3703: 3697: 3684: 3678: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3656: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3614:. Archived from 3604: 3598: 3597: 3586: 3580: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3533:. Archived from 3527: 3521: 3520: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3470: 3461: 3452:, p. 62. Brill, 3446: 3440: 3439: 3411: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3361: 3355: 3354:, pp. 59–62 3349: 3343: 3321: 3315: 3306: 3300: 3299:, pp. 331f. 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3233: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3171: 3165:. Archived from 3164: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3138: 3131: 3122: 3116: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3064: 3058: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3045:on 8 August 2007 3044: 3037: 3028: 3019: 3008: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2965: 2954: 2948: 2937: 2931: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2914:. Archived from 2904: 2887:Reservoir safety 2687:pressure pumping 2587:occurred on the 2470:disastrous flood 2441:Three Gorges Dam 2387:seismic activity 2281:Peak flood flows 2187:Water diversion 2160:coastal flooding 2041: 2040: 1923:potential energy 1912:renewable energy 1884:Hydroelectricity 1770:Glacial activity 1474:Diversionary dam 1468:Diversionary dam 1445:. Conversely, a 1334: 1253:Fixed-crest dams 1207:tidal incursions 1196:Sacramento River 1157:arch-gravity dam 1151:Arch-gravity dam 1123:Grand Coulee Dam 1093:Grand Coulee Dam 929: 922: 918: 915: 909: 886: 878: 851:Great Depression 831:arch-gravity dam 645:near modern-day 477:Muslim engineers 234:Fayum Depression 207:Ancient Egyptian 21: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6033: 5994:Francis turbine 5979: 5970: 5921: 5916: 5886: 5874: 5866: 5851:Wayback Machine 5840: 5819: 5817:Further reading 5809: 5790: 5755:10.2307/3102810 5734: 5715: 5696: 5565: 5551:Wikander, Örjan 5542: 5523: 5461: 5456: 5455: 5394: 5387: 5336: 5327: 5322: 5315: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5287: 5285: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5243: 5241: 5236: 5235: 5231: 5227:Cullather, 110. 5226: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5195: 5194: 5190: 5180: 5178: 5177:. 9 August 2012 5167: 5166: 5162: 5147: 5143: 5135: 5119: 5115: 5105: 5103: 5093: 5089: 5084: 5077: 5072: 5065: 5055: 5051: 5041: 5037: 5027: 5025: 5021: 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3700: 3685: 3681: 3667: 3663: 3654: 3652: 3635: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3574: 3570: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3517: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3471: 3464: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3412: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3368:Schnitter 1987b 3362: 3358: 3352:Schnitter 1987b 3350: 3346: 3336:Schnitter 1987c 3332:Schnitter 1987a 3322: 3318: 3311:, p. 332; 3307: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3263:, pp. 79f. 3255: 3251: 3243: 3236: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3189: 3185: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3156: 3152: 3142: 3140: 3139:on 20 July 2013 3136: 3129: 3123: 3119: 3114:Wayback Machine 3099: 3097: 3096:on 11 July 2011 3088: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3029: 3022: 3009: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2955: 2951: 2938: 2934: 2921: 2919: 2918:on 8 April 2009 2906: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2829: 2820:open innovation 2786:Royal Air Force 2729:that destroyed 2713:protective sign 2690:Portland cement 2663: 2657: 2566:sediment supply 2543: 2537: 2528: 2481: 2410: 2342:Glen Canyon Dam 2329: 2323: 2310: 2274:slope stability 2224: 2182:for human use. 2140:Keenleyside Dam 2039: 2037:Common purposes 2034: 2019:Johnstown Flood 1966: 1960: 1886: 1880: 1875: 1863: 1857: 1742: 1690: 1684: 1679: 1633: 1606: 1600: 1595: 1540: 1534: 1485: 1483:Underground dam 1476: 1470: 1461: 1455: 1439: 1433: 1424: 1418: 1401: 1396: 1362: 1323: 1321: 1282: 1270: 1261: 1255: 1243: 1223: 1221:Embankment dams 1187: 1166: 1153: 1135: 1085: 1079: 1049:Jones Falls Dam 972: 966: 954:embankment dams 946: 930: 919: 913: 910: 899: 887: 876: 765: 717:Aix-en-Provence 698:Royal Engineers 678:New South Wales 651:Jones Falls Dam 620:Royal Engineers 605:reaction forces 582: 513: 435:Remains of the 343: 272:Kingdom of Saba 222:Twelfth Dynasty 161: 156: 100:(also known as 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6073: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6050:Barrages (dam) 6035: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5999:Kaplan turbine 5996: 5990: 5988: 5981: 5980: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5932: 5930: 5923: 5922: 5915: 5914: 5907: 5900: 5892: 5885: 5884: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5839: 5838:External links 5836: 5835: 5834: 5827: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5807: 5794: 5788: 5775: 5738: 5732: 5719: 5713: 5700: 5694: 5681: 5668: 5631: 5586: 5569: 5563: 5546: 5540: 5527: 5521: 5508: 5475: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5385: 5325: 5313: 5295: 5265: 5251: 5229: 5220: 5188: 5174:French Tribune 5160: 5141: 5133: 5113: 5087: 5075: 5063: 5061:, 91, 183–194. 5049: 5035: 5003: 4979: 4965: 4938: 4912: 4894:on 14 May 2016 4860: 4842: 4828: 4800: 4765: 4751: 4729: 4716:European Water 4699: 4673: 4613: 4602:(4): 361–370. 4579: 4557: 4490: 4487:. 25 May 2010. 4469: 4417: 4396: 4374: 4320: 4305: 4276:(3): 227–235. 4256: 4234: 4195: 4165: 4151: 4128: 4107:(8): 659–668. 4083: 4069:on 4 July 2007 4050: 4028: 4011: 3988: 3966: 3944: 3912: 3904:"Gravity Dams" 3895: 3876: 3851: 3790: 3741: 3724: 3698: 3679: 3661: 3629: 3618:on 13 May 2005 3599: 3581: 3568: 3554: 3540: 3522: 3515: 3497: 3490: 3462: 3441: 3434: 3403: 3391: 3379: 3366:, p. 29; 3364:Schnitter 1978 3356: 3344: 3338:, p. 80; 3334:, p. 12; 3328:Schnitter 1978 3316: 3301: 3289: 3277: 3265: 3259:, p. 49; 3249: 3234: 3217: 3203: 3183: 3150: 3117: 3081: 3059: 3020: 3000: 2975: 2966: 2949: 2932: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2828: 2825: 2739:South Fork Dam 2723:South Fork Dam 2659:Main article: 2656: 2653: 2649:river braiding 2629:re-established 2574:recolonisation 2539:Main article: 2536: 2533: 2527: 2524: 2480: 2477: 2414:Nick Cullather 2409: 2406: 2394:global warming 2325:Main article: 2322: 2319: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2267: 2261: 2223: 2220: 2213: 2212: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2168: 2164: 2163: 2144:Columbia River 2136: 2132: 2131: 2116: 2112: 2111: 2088: 2084: 2083: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2011:South Fork Dam 1962:Main article: 1959: 1956: 1882:Main article: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1859:Main article: 1856: 1853: 1805:landslide dams 1758:Colorado River 1741: 1738: 1730:retaining wall 1686:Main article: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1653:North American 1632: 1629: 1615:, built 1905, 1602:Main article: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1536:Main article: 1533: 1530: 1484: 1481: 1472:Main article: 1469: 1466: 1457:Main article: 1454: 1451: 1435:Main article: 1432: 1429: 1420:Main article: 1417: 1414: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1361: 1358: 1320: 1317: 1281: 1278: 1269: 1266: 1254: 1251: 1241:Embankment dam 1239:Main article: 1234:North Carolina 1222: 1219: 1215:tidal barrages 1183:Main article: 1165: 1162: 1149:Main article: 1134: 1131: 1081:Main article: 1078: 1075: 968:Main article: 965: 962: 945: 942: 932: 931: 890: 888: 881: 875: 872: 839:Colorado River 814:, whose firm, 808:Benjamin Baker 764: 761: 756:Rankine theory 725:royal approval 713:industrial era 616:British Empire 581: 578: 512: 509: 469:diversion dams 378:Roman concrete 342: 339: 327:prime minister 255:in modern-day 160: 157: 155: 152: 113:Middle English 77:industrial use 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6072: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6019:Turgo turbine 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6004:Tyson turbine 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5977: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5913: 5908: 5906: 5901: 5899: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5810: 5804: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5725: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5706: 5701: 5697: 5691: 5687: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5597:: 1271–1281. 5596: 5592: 5587: 5583: 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3683: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3633: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3578: 3572: 3564: 3558: 3550: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3526: 3518: 3512: 3508: 3501: 3493: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3467: 3459: 3458:90-04-14649-0 3455: 3451: 3445: 3437: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3422: 3415: 3410: 3408: 3400: 3395: 3388: 3383: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3353: 3348: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3298: 3293: 3286: 3281: 3274: 3269: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3221: 3206: 3200: 3196: 3195: 3187: 3168: 3161: 3154: 3135: 3128: 3121: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3069: 3068:"Lake Moeris" 3063: 3057: 3041: 3034: 3027: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3007: 3005: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2970: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2899: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2839:Grout curtain 2837: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2755:Lawn Lake Dam 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2700: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2532: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2491:studies, and 2490: 2486: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2461:flood control 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2445:Yangtze River 2442: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2430:Morarji Desai 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2333: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2315:archeological 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2233: 2228: 2219: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2193:diversion dam 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2122:purposes and 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2087:Water supply 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2070:generates 14 2069: 2068:South America 2065: 2061: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2042: 2029: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1992: 1987: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1955: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1927:water turbine 1924: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1890: 1885: 1870: 1867: 1862: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1817:Murghab River 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1794:Flathead Lake 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1766:United States 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1737: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1637: 1628: 1625: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1590: 1588: 1583: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1480: 1475: 1465: 1460: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1438: 1428: 1423: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1391: 1389: 1383: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1357: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1343: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1309:Jinping-I Dam 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1277: 1275: 1265: 1260: 1250: 1248: 1242: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1218: 1216: 1213:are known as 1212: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1186: 1179: 1175: 1174:Koshi Barrage 1170: 1161: 1158: 1152: 1144: 1139: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1118: 1116: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1074: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1060:Wildhorse Dam 1056: 1054: 1050: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 988: 984: 980: 976: 971: 961: 959: 955: 951: 941: 939: 928: 925: 917: 907: 903: 897: 896: 891:This section 889: 885: 880: 879: 871: 868: 863: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 823: 821: 820:Ernest Cassel 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 790: 786: 785:Aswan Low Dam 778: 774: 769: 760: 757: 753: 749: 745: 739: 737: 733: 728: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 705: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 679: 675: 670: 666: 664: 660: 659:North America 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 631: 629: 625: 621: 617: 612: 610: 606: 602: 595: 591: 586: 577: 575: 574: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 540: 538: 534: 530: 526: 517: 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 489:Islamic world 486: 482: 481:Pul-i-Bulaiti 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 449:Band-e Kaisar 446: 438: 437:Band-e Kaisar 433: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 414:buttress dams 411: 407: 401: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 382:Lake Homs Dam 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 356: 352: 347: 338: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 310: 306: 302: 298: 293: 291: 287: 283: 282:Eflatun Pınar 279: 277: 273: 269: 265: 260: 258: 254: 249: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 226:Amenemhat III 223: 219: 218:diversion dam 215: 211: 208: 203: 201: 197: 196:Lake Homs Dam 193: 189: 185: 180: 178: 174: 170: 166: 151: 147: 143: 141: 137: 133: 128: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 105: 103: 99: 95: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 61:surface water 58: 50: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6014:Pelton wheel 5935: 5830: 5823: 5798: 5779: 5749:(1): 58–68. 5746: 5742: 5723: 5704: 5685: 5676: 5672: 5639: 5635: 5594: 5590: 5581: 5577: 5554: 5531: 5512: 5487: 5483: 5470: 5408:(1): 13279. 5405: 5401: 5350:(2): e1164. 5347: 5343: 5307: 5298: 5286:. 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