965:. There have been numerous studies to investigate the erodibility of soils. Briaud et al. (2008) used Erosion Function Apparatus (EFA) test to measure the erodibility of the soils and afterwards by using Chen 3D software, numerical simulations were performed on the levee to find out the velocity vectors in the overtopping water and the generated scour when the overtopping water impinges the levee. By analyzing the results from EFA test, an erosion chart to categorize erodibility of the soils was developed. Hughes and Nadal in 2009 studied the effect of combination of wave overtopping and storm surge overflow on the erosion and scour generation in levees. The study included hydraulic parameters and flow characteristics such as flow thickness, wave intervals, surge level above levee crown in analyzing scour development. According to the laboratory tests, empirical correlations related to average overtopping discharge were derived to analyze the resistance of levee against erosion. These equations could only fit to the situation, similar to the experimental tests, while they can give a reasonable estimation if applied to other conditions.
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channel will find a shorter route to the ocean and begin building a new delta. Wave action and ocean currents redistribute some of the sediment to build beaches along the coast. When levees are constructed all the way to the ocean, sediments from flooding events are cut off, the river never migrates, and elevated river velocity delivers sediment to deep water where wave action and ocean currents cannot redistribute. Instead of a natural wedge shaped delta forming, a "
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942:. Here, a part of the levee actually breaks or is eroded away, leaving a large opening for water to flood land otherwise protected by the levee. A breach can be a sudden or gradual failure, caused either by surface erosion or by subsurface weakness in the levee. A breach can leave a fan-shaped deposit of sediment radiating away from the breach, described as a
572:, planning and auxiliary measures are vital. Sections are often set back from the river to form a wider channel, and flood valley basins are divided by multiple levees to prevent a single breach from flooding a large area. A levee made from stones laid in horizontal rows with a bed of thin turf between each of them is known as a
470:. Furthermore, levees have been built for the purpose of impoldering, or as a boundary for an inundation area. The latter can be a controlled inundation by the military or a measure to prevent inundation of a larger area surrounded by levees. Levees have also been built as field boundaries and as military
732:. The first Louisiana levees were about 90 cm (3 ft) high and covered a distance of about 80 km (50 mi) along the riverside. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, in conjunction with the Mississippi River Commission, extended the levee system beginning in 1882 to cover the riverbanks from
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During natural flooding, water spilling over banks rises slowly. When a levee fails, a wall of water held back by the levee suddenly pours out over the landscape, much like a dam break. Impacted areas far from a breach may experience flooding similar to a natural event, while damage near a breach can
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In a natural watershed, floodwaters spread over a landscape and slowly return to the river. Downstream, the delivery of water from the area of flooding is spread out in time. If levees keep the floodwaters inside a narrow channel, the water is delivered downstream over a shorter time period. The same
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If aggradation continues to occur in the main channel, this will make levee overtopping more likely again, and the levees can continue to build up. In some cases, this can result in the channel bed eventually rising above the surrounding floodplains, penned in only by the levees around it; an example
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Another example of a historical levee that protected the growing city-state of Mēxihco-Tenōchtitlan and the neighboring city of Tlatelōlco, was constructed during the early 1400s, under the supervision of the tlahtoani of the altepetl
Texcoco, Nezahualcoyotl. Its function was to separate the brackish
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is usually added as another anti-erosion measure. On the river side, erosion from strong waves or currents presents an even greater threat to the integrity of the levee. The effects of erosion are countered by planting suitable vegetation or installing stones, boulders, weighted matting, or concrete
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also built large levee systems. Because a levee is only as strong as its weakest point, the height and standards of construction have to be consistent along its length. Some authorities have argued that this requires a strong governing authority to guide the work and may have been a catalyst for the
1523:
Needham, Joseph. (1971). Science and
Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Brian Lander. "State Management of River Dikes in Early China: New Sources on the Environmental History of the Central
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Where a large river spills out into the ocean, the velocity of the water suddenly slows and its ability to transport sand and silt decreases. Sediments begin to settle out, eventually forming a delta and extending to the coastline seaward. During subsequent flood events, water spilling out of the
899:. The extra fine sediments thus settle out quickly on the parts of the floodplain nearest to the channel. Over a significant number of floods, this will eventually result in the building up of ridges in these positions and reducing the likelihood of further floods and episodes of levee building.
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in
Louisiana. By the mid-1980s, they had reached their present extent and averaged 7.3 m (24 ft) in height; some Mississippi levees are as high as 15 m (50 ft). The Mississippi levees also include some of the longest continuous individual levees in the world. One such levee
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and to slow natural course changes in a waterway to provide reliable shipping lanes for maritime commerce over time; they also confine the flow of the river, resulting in higher and faster water flow. Levees can be mainly found along the sea, where dunes are not strong enough, along rivers for
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Under natural conditions, floodwaters return quickly to the river channel as water-levels drop. During a levee breach, water pours out into the floodplain and moves down-slope where it is blocked from return to the river. Flooding is prolonged over such areas, waiting for floodwater to slowly
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Natural levees commonly form around lowland rivers and creeks without human intervention. They are elongated ridges of mud and/or silt that form on the river floodplains immediately adjacent to the cut banks. Like artificial levees, they act to reduce the likelihood of floodplain inundation.
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who settled the area can be credited with the original construction of many of the levees in the area, created for the purpose of farming the fertile tidal marshlands. These levees are referred to as dykes. They are constructed with hinged sluice gates that open on the falling tide to drain
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in the form of fine sands, silts, and muds. Because the carrying capacity of a river depends in part on its depth, the sediment in the water which is over the flooded banks of the channel is no longer capable of keeping the same number of fine sediments in suspension as the main
975:(ERT). This non-destructive geophysical method can detect in advance critical saturation areas in embankments. ERT can thus be used in monitoring of seepage phenomena in earth structures and act as an early warning system, e.g., in critical parts of levees or embankments.
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rivers with intense accumulations of sediment tend to this behavior. Examples of rivers where artificial levees led to an elevation of the riverbed, even up to a point where the riverbed is higher than the adjacent ground surface behind the levees, are found for the
556:) from the fresh potable water supplied to the settlements. However, after the Europeans destroyed Tenochtitlan, the levee was also destroyed and flooding became a major problem, which resulted in the majority of The Lake being drained in the 17th century.
946:. In natural levees, once a breach has occurred, the gap in the levee will remain until it is again filled in by levee building processes. This increases the chances of future breaches occurring in the same location. Breaches can be the location of
852:, an area devastated by many historic floods. Thus the peoples and governments have erected increasingly large and complex flood protection levee systems to stop the sea even during storm floods. The biggest of these are the huge levees in the
1919:
Munoz, S.E., Giosan, L., Therrell, M.D., Remo, J.W.F., Shen, Z., Sullivan, R.M., Wiman, C., O’Donnell, M., and
Donnelly, J.P., 2018, Climatic control of Mississippi River flood hazard amplified by river engineering: Nature, v. 556, p. 95–98,
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The
Mississippi levee system represents one of the largest such systems found anywhere in the world. It comprises over 5,600 km (3,500 mi) of levees extending some 1,000 km (620 mi) along the Mississippi, stretching from
362:
in the south. Similar to Dutch, the
English origins of the word lie in digging a trench and forming the upcast soil into a bank alongside it. This practice has meant that the name may be given to either the excavation or to the bank. Thus
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Levees interrupt floodplain ecosystems that developed under conditions of seasonal flooding. In many cases, the impact is two-fold, as reduced recurrence of flooding also facilitates land-use change from forested floodplain to farms.
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channels, which also are more likely to occur where a river carries large fractions of suspended sediment. For similar reasons, they are also common in tidal creeks, where tides bring in large amounts of coastal silts and muds. High
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Levees are usually built by piling earth on a cleared, level surface. Broad at the base, they taper to a level top, where temporary embankments or sandbags can be placed. Because flood discharge intensity increases in levees on both
1938:
Simms, A.R., Anderson, J.B., DeWitt, R., Lambeck, K., and
Purcell, A., 2013, Quantifying rates of coastal subsidence since the last interglacial and the role of sediment loading: Global and Planetary Change, v. 111, p. 296–308,
1929:
Olson, K., Matthews, J., Morton, L.W., and Sloan, J., 2015, Impact of levee breaches, flooding, and land scouring on soil productivity: Journal of Soil and Water
Conservation, v. 70, p. 5A-11A, doi:10.2489/jswc.70.1.5A.
1035:, much like a floating block of wood is pushed deeper into the water if another board is added on top. The momentum of downward movement does not immediately stop when new sediment layers stop being added, resulting in
1957:
Edmonds, D.A., Toby, S.C., Siverd, C.G., Twilley, R., Bentley, S.J., Hagen, S., and Xu, K., 2023, Land loss due to human-altered sediment budget in the
Mississippi River Delta: Nature Sustainability, v. 6, p. 644–651,
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a few years after the city's founding in 1718 and was later adopted by
English speakers. The name derives from the trait of the levee's ridges being raised higher than both the channel and the surrounding floodplains.
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Sometimes levees are said to fail when water overtops the crest of the levee. This will cause flooding on the floodplains, but because it does not damage the levee, it has fewer consequences for future flooding.
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Both natural and man-made levees can fail in a number of ways. Factors that cause levee failure include overtopping, erosion, structural failures, and levee saturation. The most frequent (and dangerous) is a
242:, ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and China all built levees. Today, levees can be found around the world, and failures of levees due to erosion or other causes can be major disasters, such as the catastrophic
1781:
Briaud, J., Chen, H., Govindasamy, A., Storesund, R. (2008). Levee erosion by overtopping in New Orleans during the Katrina Hurricane. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 134 (5):
874:
These typically man-made hydraulic structures are situated to protect against erosion. They are typically placed in alluvial rivers perpendicular, or at an angle, to the bank of the channel or the
767:
Artificial levees can lead to an elevation of the natural riverbed over time; whether this happens or not and how fast, depends on different factors, one of them being the amount and type of the
1639:"Trilateral Working Group on Coastal Protection and Sea Level Rise (CPSL), Wadden Sea Ecosystem No. 25 by Jacobus Hofstede, Common Wadden Sea Secretariat (CWSS), Wilhelmshaven, Germany, 2009"
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development of systems of governance in early civilizations. However, others point to evidence of large-scale water-control earthen works such as canals and/or levees dating from before
1801:
Karimpour, Mazdak; Heinzl, Kyle; Stendback, Emaline; Galle, Kevin; Zamiran, Siavash; Osouli, Abdolreza (2015). "Scour Characteristics of Saturated Levees Due to Floodwall Overtopping".
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Osouli et al. (2014) and Karimpour et al. (2015) conducted lab scale physical modeling of levees to evaluate score characterization of different levees due to floodwall overtopping.
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is found to be one of the most important factors. Predicting soil erosion and scour generation when overtopping happens is important in order to design stable levee and
878:, and are used widely along coastlines. There are two common types of spur dyke, permeable and impermeable, depending on the materials used to construct them.
426:, a dyke may be a drainage ditch or a narrow artificial channel off a river or broad for access or mooring, some longer dykes being named, e.g., Candle Dyke.
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prevention and protection of levee crest and downstream slope. Reinforcement with geocells provides tensile force to the soil to better resist instability.
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freshwater from the agricultural marshlands and close on the rising tide to prevent seawater from entering behind the dyke. These sluice gates are called "
1948:
Schmidt, C.W., 2015, Delta Subsidence: An Imminent Threat to Coastal Populations: Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 123, doi:10.1289/ehp.123-A204.
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Natural flooding adds a layer of sediment to the floodplain. The added weight of such layers over many centuries makes the crust sink deeper into the
181:
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Hughes, S.A., Nadal, N.C. (2009). Laboratory study of combined wave overtopping and storm surge overflow of a levee. Coastal Engineering.56: 244–259
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1056:" extends far out into the ocean. The results for surrounding land include beach depletion, subsidence, salt-water intrusion, and land loss.
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Artificial levees require substantial engineering. Their surface must be protected from erosion, so they are planted with vegetation such as
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is in the south of England, a property-boundary marker or drainage channel. Where it carries a stream, it may be called a running dike as in
2011:
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1976:
article on how flood control engineers were using an old method to protect flood levees along rivers from seepage undermining the levee
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1979:
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856:, which have gone beyond just defending against floods, as they have aggressively taken back land that is below mean sea level.
749:, for a distance of some 610 km (380 mi). The scope and scale of the Mississippi levees has often been compared to the
841:. There are also dikes to protect other locations which have flooded in the past, such as the Pitt Polder, land adjacent to the
1616:
1307:
1039:(sinking of land surface). In coastal areas, this results in land dipping below sea level, the ocean migrating inland, and
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Levees can be naturally occurring ridge structures that form next to the bank of a river or be an artificially constructed
1405:: "The town is secured from the inundations of the river by a raised bank, generally called the Levée." Philip Pittman,
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17:
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volume of water over a shorter time interval means higher river stage (height). As more levees are built upstream, the
1854:"A customized resistivity system for monitoring saturation and seepage in earthen levees: installation and validation"
1818:
1754:
1588:
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829:, there are levees (known locally as dikes, and also referred to as "the sea wall") to protect low-lying land in the
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technology (geocells) as a best management practice. Particular attention is given to the matter of surface erosion,
511:) on which the agrarian life of the Harappan peoples depended. Levees were also constructed over 3,000 years ago in
2004:
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Deposition of levees is a natural consequence of the flooding of meandering rivers which carry high proportions of
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307:, with the construction of dikes well attested as early as the 11th century. The 126-kilometer-long (78 mi)
1852:
Arosio, Diego; Munda, Stefano; Tresoldi, Greta; Papini, Monica; Longoni, Laura; Zanzi, Luigi (13 October 2017).
1407:
The Present State of the European Settlements on the Mississippi; with a geographical description of that river.
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Large scale structures designed to modify natural processes inevitably have some drawbacks or negative impacts.
592:. Separate ditches or drainage tiles are constructed to ensure that the foundation does not become waterlogged.
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Levees are common in any river with a high suspended sediment fraction and thus are intimately associated with
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1984:
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1463:"Weavers' Way footpath closure – Decoy Road (Hickling) to Potter Heigham 7 January 2011 – 6 April 2012"
920:
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1997:
1606:"levee rehabilitation in USACE Technical Report REMR-GT-26, Innovative Methods for Levee Rehabilitation"
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in order to bind the earth together. On the land side of high levees, a low terrace of earth known as a
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1433:"Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands, deel 1: A t/m E – Amsterdam University Press"
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near the sea, where oceangoing ships appear to sail high above the plain on the elevated river.
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Knox, R.L., Wohl, E.E., and Morrison, R.R., 2022, Levees don’t protect, they disconnect: A
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1835:"Levee Erosion and Scour Potential Due to Floodwall Overtopping (PDF Download Available)"
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be catastrophic, including carving out deep holes and channels in the nearby landscape.
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for high-water events in the river increases, often requiring increases in levee height.
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311:, completed by 1250, was formed by connecting existing older dikes. The Roman chronicler
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Coastal flood prevention levees are also common along the inland coastline behind the
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or wall that regulates water levels. However, levees can be bad for the environment.
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The Mississippi basin: The struggle in America between England and France 1697–1763.
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1087: – Barrier that stops or restricts the flow of surface or underground streams
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1749:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 265–266.
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The main purpose of artificial levees is to prevent flooding of the adjoining
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1099: – Wall or bank to carry a road or rail over low ground or water's edge
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1980:"Design and Construction of Levees" US Army Engineer Manual EM-1110-2-1913
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The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) recommends and supports
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and flood control project. The system's infrastructure is located on the
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Sedimentology and sedimentary basins : from turbulence to tectonics
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pierced dikes to flood their land and to protect their retreat (70
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1308:"Flood risk reduction with multiple benefits: more space for the river"
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is a trench – though it once had raised banks as well. In the English
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if the river flow direction is permanently diverted through the gap.
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for more than 1,000 kilometers (600 miles), stretching from modern
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The Mississippi Levee System and the Old River Control Structure
1105: – Methods for reducing detrimental effects of flood waters
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A levee keeps high water on the Mississippi River from flooding
515:, where a system of levees was built along the left bank of the
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1389:: "Dumont Plan, New Orleans" . Shown in Justin Winsor, (1895)
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will cause flooding, and result in the building up of levees.
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Scour around Spur Dyke: Recent Advances and Future Researches
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waters of Lake Texcoco (ideal for the agricultural technique
520:
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1069: – Erosion of sediment near bridge foundations by water
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Among various failure mechanisms that cause levee breaches,
474:. More on this type of levee can be found in the article on
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1093: – Building or other structure made largely from soil
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1763:
1227:
Henry Petroski (2006). "Levees and Other Raised Ground".
1140: – Downward vertical movement of the Earth's surface
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of the area adjoining the river or coast. It is usually
792:
Levees are very common on the marshlands bordering the
1111: – Manmade control of flooding in the Netherlands
971:
Another approach applied to prevent levee failures is
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protection against high floods, along lakes or along
1026:
548:, during which governance was far less centralized.
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Some of the earliest levees were constructed by the
153:
147:
127:
121:
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118:
1524:Yangzi Region." T’oung Pao 100.4–5 (2014): 325–62.
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1193:
624:Prominent levee systems have been built along the
441:, a dyke may be a field wall, generally made with
3122:
1393:Boston; New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company
660:, the delta formed by the Rhine, Maas/Meuse and
1603:
1360:
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1075: – Retaining wall around pollution source
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2339:
2005:
1548:
391:, Car Dyke, to the South Forty Foot Drain in
379:, and in the United States, a dike is what a
1578:
1491:. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012
1134: – Dike that backs up a front-line dike
276:
267:
1676:"Dikes of the Netherlands — Geography"
1009:Levee breaches produce high-energy flooding
787:
728:in the 18th century to protect the city of
324:
302:
2969:
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2346:
2332:
2012:
1998:
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1583:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 272.
272:(from the feminine past participle of the
244:2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans
1887:
1877:
595:
1046:
926:
859:
724:. They were begun by French settlers in
696:, which is the longest tributary of the
607:
599:
452:
337:. It closely parallels the English verb
92:
38:
1534:
1532:
1530:
14:
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2019:
1769:
1744:
1554:
1018:Prolonged flooding after levee failure
489:) built hastily in a flood emergency.
354:already existed and was pronounced as
2950:
2327:
1993:
485:or emergency constructions (often of
1939:doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.10.002.
1557:"The Control of Nature: Atchafalaya"
1527:
1382:participating institution membership
1334:"A Look at Preventing Levee Erosion"
1214:participating institution membership
986:
604:Broken levee on the Sacramento River
1726:from the original on 9 October 2022
1706:"Hao Zhang, Hajime Nakagawa, 2008,
1655:from the original on 9 October 2022
1339:Federal Emergency Management Agency
1146: – Excavated channel in ground
995:
978:
881:
43:Components of an artificial levee:
24:
2976:
2052:Integrated coastal zone management
1604:Edward B. Perry (September 1998).
1485:"Indus River Valley Civilizations"
1465:. Countrysideaccess.norfolk.gov.uk
25:
3157:
1971:"Well Diggers Trick", June 1951,
1964:
1619:from the original on 8 April 2013
1555:McPhee, John (23 February 1987).
1027:Subsidence and seawater intrusion
973:electrical resistivity tomography
235:are a more confined alternative.
2070:
1985:The International Levee Handbook
1567:from the original on 13 May 2011
1259:education.nationalgeographic.org
1109:Flood control in the Netherlands
833:delta, particularly the city of
281:, 'to raise'). It originated in
220:to the course of a river in its
196:is a structure used to keep the
140:
114:
27:Ridge or wall to hold back water
1958:doi:10.1038/s41893-023-01081-0.
1951:
1942:
1932:
1923:
1913:
1904:
1845:
1827:
1794:
1785:
1775:
1738:
1698:
1667:
1631:
1597:
1517:
1477:
1455:
1425:
1128: – Form of coastal defence
224:or along low-lying coastlines.
1412:
1354:
1326:
1300:
1273:
1247:
1220:
1186:
1158:
845:, and other tributary rivers.
329:originally indicated both the
13:
1:
1261:. National Geographic Society
1180:
505:
395:(TF1427). The Weir Dike is a
387:, which leads water from the
315:mentions that the rebellious
297:most likely derives from the
246:that occurred as a result of
238:Ancient civilizations in the
47:Design high water level (HWL)
1122: – Steep, narrow valley
682:Dujiangyan irrigation system
568:deposits raise the level of
367:is a combined structure and
253:
7:
2308:Modern recession of beaches
1059:
1023:infiltrate and evaporate.
358:in northern England and as
10:
3162:
2932:
1543:The Louisiana Environment.
1081: – Structural feature
1043:into freshwater aquifers.
930:
863:
29:
3062:
2984:
2928:
2847:
2809:
2728:
2633:
2585:
2463:
2432:
2374:
2365:
2275:
2232:
2079:
2068:
2027:
1811:10.1061/9780784479087.117
1646:Waddensea-secretariat.org
1509:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1369:Oxford English Dictionary
1201:Oxford English Dictionary
494:Indus Valley civilization
2293:Geotechnical engineering
1920:doi:10.1038/nature26145.
1151:
788:Coastal flood prevention
741:extends southwards from
481:Levees can be permanent
210:protect against flooding
2262:Sand dune stabilization
1374:Oxford University Press
1206:Oxford University Press
1097:Embankment (earthworks)
457:A reinforced embankment
448:
385:Rippingale Running Dike
350:
266:, from the French word
97:The side of a levee in
1805:. pp. 1298–1307.
1745:Leeder, M. R. (2011).
870:Breakwater (structure)
784:in the United States.
621:
605:
596:River flood prevention
458:
325:
303:
277:
268:
105:
90:
32:Levee (disambiguation)
1879:10.1515/geo-2017-0035
1581:The Control of Nature
1579:McPhee, John (1989).
1312:www.preventionweb.net
1047:Coastal sediment loss
927:Failures and breaches
860:Spur dykes or groynes
678:Warring States period
676:. During the Chinese
611:
603:
527:on the shores of the
456:
309:Westfriese Omringdijk
96:
42:
2935:Geographical feature
2771:Volcanic crater lake
2214:Van der Meer formula
1041:salt-water intruding
758:cellular confinement
736:to the mouth of the
182:spelling differences
30:For other uses, see
2303:Longshore transport
2119:Cliff stabilization
2042:Coastal engineering
1870:2017OGeo....9...35A
1772:, pp. 269–271.
1680:Geography.about.com
1372:(Online ed.).
1286:National Geographic
1204:(Online ed.).
1003:recurrence interval
821:around the city of
751:Great Wall of China
74:Low water revetment
59:Riverside banquette
18:Dike (construction)
2313:Stream restoration
2164:Honeycomb sea wall
2047:Coastal management
2021:Coastal management
1717:Dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp
1686:on 1 February 2009
1342:. 11 February 2021
1229:American Scientist
892:suspended sediment
690:water conservation
622:
606:
535:civilizations and
459:
407:and alongside the
106:
91:
68:Landside banquette
3141:Fluvial landforms
3118:
3117:
3080:Civil engineering
2944:
2943:
2855:Artificial island
2761:Submarine volcano
2670:Continental shelf
2637:coastal landforms
2433:Continental plain
2368:List of landforms
2321:
2320:
2257:Living shorelines
2252:Dynamic revetment
2242:Beach nourishment
2169:Hudson's equation
1538:Kemp, Katherine.
1489:History-world.org
1380:(Subscription or
1241:10.1511/2006.57.7
1212:(Subscription or
987:Ecological impact
780:in China and the
738:Mississippi delta
722:Mississippi delta
684:was built by the
626:Mississippi River
546:Predynastic Egypt
248:Hurricane Katrina
83:Protected lowland
50:Low water channel
16:(Redirected from
3153:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2948:
2947:
2890:Land reclamation
2786:Volcanic plateau
2348:
2341:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2298:Land reclamation
2267:Soft engineering
2234:Soft engineering
2159:Hard engineering
2081:Hard engineering
2074:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1891:
1881:
1858:Open Geosciences
1849:
1843:
1842:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1725:
1714:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1682:. Archived from
1674:Matt Rosenberg.
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1654:
1643:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1610:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1552:
1546:
1536:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1443:on 26 March 2017
1439:. Archived from
1429:
1423:
1416:
1410:
1385:
1377:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1197:
1190:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1054:birds-foot delta
996:Increased height
979:Negative impacts
882:Natural examples
827:British Columbia
630:Sacramento River
620:, in March 2005.
510:
507:
439:Northern England
401:Bourne North Fen
389:catchwater drain
353:
328:
306:
289:The modern word
280:
271:
260:American English
170:American English
163:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
137:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
120:
21:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3058:
2980:
2975:
2945:
2940:
2937:
2924:
2860:Artificial reef
2843:
2805:
2781:Volcanic island
2766:Volcanic crater
2724:
2720:Volcanic island
2700:Mid-ocean ridge
2636:
2629:
2581:
2459:
2428:
2370:
2361:
2352:
2322:
2317:
2288:Coastal erosion
2283:Beach evolution
2271:
2228:
2104:Artificial reef
2075:
2066:
2057:Managed retreat
2023:
2018:
1973:Popular Science
1967:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1850:
1846:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1712:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1577:Republished in
1570:
1568:
1553:
1549:
1537:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1417:
1413:
1379:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1091:Earth structure
1062:
1049:
1029:
1020:
1011:
998:
989:
981:
948:meander cutoffs
935:
929:
884:
872:
862:
790:
734:Cairo, Illinois
598:
509: 2600 BCE
508:
476:dry-stone walls
451:
433:, particularly
256:
216:and often runs
178:British English
143:
139:
117:
113:
89:
56:Riverside slope
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3159:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2978:Infrastructure
2974:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2705:Oceanic trench
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2276:Related topics
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2247:Beach drainage
2244:
2238:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
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2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1966:
1965:External links
1963:
1961:
1960:
1950:
1941:
1931:
1922:
1912:
1903:
1864:(1): 457–467.
1844:
1826:
1819:
1793:
1784:
1774:
1762:
1755:
1737:
1697:
1666:
1630:
1596:
1589:
1561:The New Yorker
1547:
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1219:
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1025:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1007:
997:
994:
988:
985:
980:
977:
944:crevasse splay
931:Main article:
928:
925:
883:
880:
861:
858:
819:Lower Mainland
789:
786:
714:Cape Girardeau
597:
594:
564:, and because
450:
447:
255:
252:
88:
87:
84:
81:
78:
77:Riverside land
75:
72:
69:
66:
65:Landside slope
63:
60:
57:
54:
51:
48:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3158:
3147:
3146:Riparian zone
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3136:Flood control
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
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2799:
2797:
2794:
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2791:Volcanic plug
2789:
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2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2625:Tunnel valley
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
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2598:
2596:
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2209:Training wall
2207:
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2003:
2001:
1996:
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1889:11380/1151894
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3070:Architecture
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2776:Volcanic dam
2519:
2473:Alluvial fan
2153:
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1953:
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1925:
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1839:ResearchGate
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1716:
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1684:the original
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1560:
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1337:
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1314:. 6 May 2022
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1275:
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1258:
1249:
1232:
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1188:
1160:
1132:Sleeper dike
1115:Lava channel
1067:Bridge scour
1050:
1030:
1021:
1012:
999:
990:
982:
970:
967:
959:soil erosion
956:
952:
940:levee breach
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933:Levee breach
921:spring tides
913:
905:Yellow River
901:
889:
885:
873:
847:
831:Fraser River
794:Bay of Fundy
791:
778:Yellow River
771:of a river.
766:
755:
710:
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558:
553:
550:
533:Mesopotamian
491:
480:
460:
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428:
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393:Lincolnshire
384:
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355:
343:
338:
323:). The word
294:
290:
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263:
258:Speakers of
257:
240:Indus Valley
237:
226:
193:
189:
185:
173:
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109:
107:
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3049:Storm drain
3019:Interchange
2635:Oceanic and
2375:Mountainous
1770:Leeder 2011
1447:12 February
1235:(1): 7–11.
854:Netherlands
839:Lulu Island
802:Nova Scotia
782:Mississippi
762:overtopping
730:New Orleans
666:Netherlands
646:Meuse River
562:river banks
502:North India
463:countryside
377:East Anglia
365:Offa's Dyke
348:, the word
346:Anglo-Saxon
283:New Orleans
274:French verb
62:Levee crown
3125:Categories
3110:Urban park
3090:Playground
3014:Footbridge
2933:See also:
2848:Artificial
2756:Lava field
2675:Coral reef
2503:Floodplain
2129:Flood wall
2114:Breakwater
2062:Submersion
2029:Management
1803:IFCEE 2015
1690:6 December
1545:Tulane.edu
1399:0833747223
1384:required.)
1318:22 January
1216:required.)
1181:References
1164:Sometimes
1138:Subsidence
1037:subsidence
963:floodwalls
916:meandering
864:See also:
850:Wadden Sea
843:Pitt River
817:". In the
743:Pine Bluff
636:, and the
590:revetments
554:Chināmitls
525:Nile Delta
517:River Nile
483:earthworks
409:River Glen
233:Floodwalls
222:floodplain
186:embankment
103:California
99:Sacramento
86:River zone
3067:See also:
2910:Reservoir
2801:Wall rock
2751:Lava dome
2710:Peninsula
2620:Ice field
2577:Waterfall
2440:Ice sheet
2419:Tableland
2359:landforms
2189:Revetment
2134:Floodgate
2109:Breachway
2094:Accropode
2037:Accretion
1898:2391-5447
1420:Histories
1387:1718–1720
876:revetment
823:Vancouver
815:aboiteaux
726:Louisiana
720:, to the
694:Min River
618:Louisiana
585:banquette
570:riverbeds
443:dry stone
415:. In the
397:soak dike
254:Etymology
194:stop bank
190:floodbank
3034:Pipeline
3029:Overpass
3009:Drainage
2999:Causeway
2870:Building
2834:Sandhill
2824:Dry lake
2729:Volcanic
2715:Seamount
2397:Mountain
2204:Tetrapod
1782:618–632.
1721:Archived
1650:Archived
1617:Archived
1613:Dtic.mil
1565:Archived
1505:cite web
1418:Tacitus
1265:27 March
1060:See also
835:Richmond
810:Acadians
773:Alluvial
769:bed load
747:Arkansas
718:Missouri
668:and the
574:spetchel
498:Pakistan
487:sandbags
472:defences
435:Scotland
373:Midlands
369:Car Dyke
333:and the
218:parallel
206:changing
3105:Theatre
3100:Stadium
2811:Aeolian
2796:Volcano
2736:Caldera
2690:Isthmus
2680:Estuary
2660:Channel
2615:Glacier
2587:Glacial
2525:Meander
2493:Channel
2465:Fluvial
2409:Plateau
2199:Seawall
2089:A-Jacks
1866:Bibcode
1659:3 April
1623:3 April
1363:"levee"
1346:28 June
1292:28 June
1281:"Levee"
1255:"Levee"
1195:"levee"
1126:Seawall
1079:Coupure
1073:Bunding
903:is the
897:thalweg
702:Sichuan
664:in the
662:Scheldt
658:Vistula
632:in the
523:to the
468:polders
431:Britain
421:Suffolk
417:Norfolk
403:, near
313:Tacitus
214:earthen
208:and to
3095:Public
3054:Tunnel
3044:Skyway
2989:Bridge
2920:Tunnel
2905:Quarry
2900:Polder
2865:Bridge
2839:Tundra
2819:Desert
2741:Geyser
2695:Lagoon
2685:Island
2600:Cirque
2572:Valley
2562:Strait
2540:Rapids
2513:island
2483:Canyon
2455:Tundra
2450:Steppe
2424:Valley
2194:Riprap
2144:Groyne
2139:Gabion
1896:
1817:
1753:
1730:17 May
1587:
1571:12 May
1469:17 May
1437:Aup.nl
1409:London
1397:
1144:Trench
1120:Nullah
1033:mantle
808:. The
806:Canada
680:, the
674:Europe
670:Danube
614:Gretna
531:. The
424:Broads
405:Twenty
339:to dig
331:trench
317:Batavi
202:rivers
198:course
180:; see
3131:Dikes
3075:Arena
3024:Levee
2994:Canal
2895:Levee
2885:Ditch
2875:Canal
2746:Guyot
2665:Coast
2645:Atoll
2610:Fjord
2605:Esker
2595:Arête
2567:Swamp
2555:mouth
2550:delta
2545:River
2530:Oasis
2520:Levee
2498:Cliff
2478:Beach
2445:Plain
2414:Ridge
2402:range
2382:Butte
2355:Earth
2224:Xbloc
2219:Wharf
2174:KOLOS
2154:Levee
2149:Jetty
2124:Dolos
2099:Akmon
1724:(PDF)
1713:(PDF)
1653:(PDF)
1642:(PDF)
1609:(PDF)
1378:
1210:
1169:levée
1152:Notes
909:China
866:Jetty
706:China
700:, in
688:as a
654:Loire
650:Rhône
642:Rhine
521:Aswan
504:from
381:ditch
360:ditch
301:word
299:Dutch
278:lever
269:levée
264:levee
204:from
192:, or
110:levee
80:Levee
3039:Road
2915:Road
2829:Dune
2655:Cape
2535:Pond
2508:Lake
2488:Cave
2392:Hill
2387:Flat
2184:Pier
2179:Mole
1894:ISSN
1815:ISBN
1751:ISBN
1732:2013
1692:2014
1661:2019
1625:2019
1585:ISBN
1573:2011
1511:link
1497:2008
1471:2013
1449:2015
1422:V 19
1403:1770
1395:ISBN
1348:2023
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1294:2023
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868:and
800:and
628:and
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500:and
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449:Uses
437:and
419:and
375:and
356:dick
335:bank
326:dijk
304:dijk
295:dyke
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