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270:. The defeat reduced the Dacian territory as a mere Roman province. Rome ruled it, including the entire Transylvanian basin for 150 years. A succession of migratory waves by Visigoths, Huns, Gepids, Avars, and Slavs overran Dacia, cutting it off from the Roman and the Byzantine empires by the end of the sixth century.
1735:
The
Barbarians Speak: How the Conquered Peoples Shaped Roman Europe by Peter S. Wells, 2001, page 105, "... so too the Emperor Trajan represented the Dacians as a strong threat to Roman authority on the lower Danube. These barbarian enemies are represented in heroic fashion, as dignified warriors
1623:
Dacia: Land of
Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe by Ion Grumeza, 2009, page 13, "The shores of the Danube were well monitored from the Dacian fortresses Acidava, Buricodava, Dausadava (the shrine of the wolves), Diacum, Drobeta (Turnu Severin), Nentivava (Oltenita), Suvidava
547:
1624:(Corabia), Tsirista, Tierna/Dierna (Orsova) and what is today Zimnicea. Downstream were also other fortresses: Axiopolis (Cernadova), Barbosi, Buteridava, Capidava (Topalu), Carsium (Harsova), Durostorum (Silistra), Sacidava/Sagadava (Dunareni) along with still others..."
325:, meaning "cap-wearing people", raised a levy when required, a force only available after the harvesting season ended. The men themselves fought in everyday clothing defended merely by an oval shield, for body armor and helmets were only worn by the nobility.
1640:
by Philip Sabin, Hans van Wees, and
Michael Whitby, 2007, page 149: "... 4.5 Scene from Trajan's column depicting Roman troops attacking a Dacian fortification, using the famous testudo (tortoise) formation to shield themselves from
1533:
The Oxford
Classical Dictionary by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, 2003, page 1106, "Pannonia north of the Drava appears to have accepted Roman rule without a struggle probably owing to fear of the Dacians to the
137:. This led to the division of Burebista's empire into five separate kingdoms, severely weakening the Dacian's defensive capabilities against enemies, particularly Rome. The Dacian tribes were again consolidated under
1373:
by Peter
Connolly, 1998, page 14: "... dynamic king Burebista, a century and a half earlier, the Dacians had become the most powerful nation in central Europe, but since his death the country had been split by civil
1769:
Dacia: Land of
Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe by Ion Grumeza, 2009, page 54, "The Greeks were so impressed with his achievements that they named him 'the first and greatest king of the kings of
373:
and collapsed into hostile fractions, now being able to master only 40,000 men from the previous 200,000. Dacia, however remained a formidable foe: in the winter of 10 BC, a raid across the Danube was repulsed by
503:
of nearly-equal length attached to the end. The blade was sharpened only on the inside, and was reputed to be devastatingly effective. However, it left its user vulnerable because, using a two-handed weapon, the
1047:
After their defeat, the
Dacians were ethnically cleansed. Young men were either killed or became slaves or legionaries. The remaining population was expelled and their lands were given to colonists. Later, the
1779:
Celtic
Warrior: 300 BC-AD 100 by Stephen Allen and Wayne Reynolds, 2001, Front Matter,"... 60: Celtic Boii in Bohemia defeated by Dacian tribes from the lower Danube. 58-51: Caesar's campaigns in Gaul ..."
820:
were built on a system of circular belts. This allowed the defenders, after a stronghold was lost, to retreat to the next one using hidden escape gates. Advanced defensive systems adopted from the
1524:
by
Maarten Hesselt van Dinter, 2007, page 25: "... in ancient times. The Danube area Dacians, Thracians and Illyrians all decorated themselves with status-enhancing tattoos, ..."
933:
military. It served as a standard for the
Dacians of the La Tène period and its origin must clearly be sought in the art of Asia Minor sometime during the second millennium BC.
1184:
This is a list of battles or conflicts that Dacians had a leading or crucial role in, rarely as mercenaries. They were involved in massive battles against Roman legions.
554:
The Dacians were adept at surprise attacks and skillful, tactical withdrawals using the fortification system. During the wars with the Romans fought by their last king
2456:
240:(Domitian) in 87 AD, and 88 AD. The first expedition was an unmitigated disaster, and the second achieved a peace, seen as unfavorable and shameful by many in Rome.
1748:, "The fierce Dacians, and Scythian hordes, people and towns, and Rome, their head, and mothers of barbarian lords, and tyrants in their purple dread,..."
619:
215:
207:
66:
58:
2234:
1840:
1009:
The Dacians traded with the Hellenistic world based upon their mineral reserves and gained better technological and cultural strategies than their
1757:
2431:
1686:
768:
1745:
1543:
2461:
1723:
2670:
755:
The ancient historian Ptolemy mentions a naval battle between the Geto-Dacians and the Romans near the island of Eukon (most likely today's
2382:
1266:
1261:
1033:
321:
2775:
515:
Using the falx, the Dacian warriors were able to counter the power of the compact, massed Roman formations. During the time of the
430:
had attacked Decebalus two times, first making peace before reaching the capital, then taking it and conquering around a third of
313:
The Dacians, like any other barbarian nation, never fielded a standing army, even though there was a warrior class of sorts, the
1512:
by John Wilkes, 1996, page 198: "...their armor is Celtic but they are tattooed like the rest of the Illyrians and Thracians..."
1819:
341:
society and, during the periods when the tribes were united under one king (82 -44 BC, 86-106 AD), posed a major threat to the
1711:
2387:
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1271:
535:) as further protection against the falxes. This was one of the rare times in history where Roman armor was modified.
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1792:
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1500:
Rome's Enemies (1): Germanics and Dacians (Men at Arms Series, 129) by Peter Wilcox and Gerry Embleton, 1982, page 35
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1485:
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570:
with the main army saved the Romans from a major defeat. But, by 106, the Dacians were surrounded in their capital
637:
Most of the infantry would wield a falx and perhaps a sica and would wear no armor at all, even shunning shields.
124:
1602:
1582:
1562:
1330:
375:
78:
1017:
neighbours. Advanced defensive systems made their already powerful strongholds extremely difficult obstacles.
214:. Apart from conflicts between Dacians and neighboring nations and tribes, numerous wars were recorded among
65:. Apart from conflicts between Dacians and neighboring nations and tribes, numerous wars were recorded among
1614:
Rome's Enemies (1): Germanics and Dacians (Men at Arms Series, 129) by Peter Wilcox and Gerry Embleton, 1982
566:
in a surprise attack launched over the frozen river ( winter of 101-102 ). Only the intervention of Emperor
206:, populated by a collection of Thracian, Ionian, and Dorian tribes. It concerns the armed conflicts of the
57:, populated by a collection of Thracian, Ionian, and Dorian tribes. It concerns the armed conflicts of the
133:. However, after his death in 44 BC, the empire again descended into conflict culminating in a full-scale
2836:
2769:
1408:
A Companion to the Roman Army (Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World) by Paul Erdkamp, 2007, page 218
17:
634:
sword and an oval shield; few in number, they relied heavily on Sarmatian allies for their mounted arm.
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2239:
1812:
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as standards. Most used only shields as a form of defense. Cavalry would be armed with a spear, a long
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266:
status in the first, and taking the territory over in the second. These wars involved no fewer than 13
141:, who achieved several military victories in a series of battles with the forces of Emperor Domitian.
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across the Danube north into Dacia. Trajan's forces were successful in both cases, reducing Dacia to
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99:
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2536:
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2319:
512:. Alternatively, it might be used as a hook, pulling away shields and cutting at vulnerable limbs.
411:
227:
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The Celts played a very active role in Dacia as enemies that were easily defeated by Dacians. The
2675:
2624:
2581:
2546:
1668:
Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe by Ion Grumeza, 2009, page 134
1659:
Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe by Ion Grumeza, 2009, page 170
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379:
249:
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Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe by Ion Grumeza, 2009, page 88
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Have poured her captains, and the troops who guard the northern frontier from the Dacian hordes
603:
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as dignified barbarians consequently still dangerous, but unable to win against the might of
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2003:
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391:
8:
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378:. After some decades, the invasions restarted. A major one was just checked in 69 by
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An atypical falx. The handle was usually as long as, if not longer than, the blade.
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403:
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183:
34:
622:. They fought with spears, javelins, falces, and one-sided battle axes, and used "
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2221:
439:
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194:
spans from c. 10th century BC up to the 2nd century AD in the region defined by
45:
spans from c. 10th century BC up to the 2nd century AD in the region defined by
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Dacians had built fortresses all around Dacia with most of them being on the
776:
772:
756:
574:. The city was taken after the Romans discovered and destroyed the capital's
350:
195:
46:
1029:
Roman province of Dacia with Roman settlements and legion garrisons included
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Dacian kingdoms succeeding Burebista's state and preceding Decebalus' state
2744:
2602:
2518:
2416:
2362:
2192:
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1883:
1760:, "The Dacians also were in motion, a people which never can be trusted..."
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912:
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267:
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of iron scale armor, an oval wooden shield with motifs and wield a sword.
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The two punitive expeditions mounted as a border defense against raids of
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520:
499:. It consisted of a three-feet long wooden shaft with a long curved iron
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719:
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ordered or led by the Emperor Trajan in 101-102 AD, and 105-106 AD from
148:
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2739:
2324:
2314:
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made their already powerful strongholds extremely difficult obstacles.
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Q. Horatius Flaccus (Horace), Odes, John Conington, Ed.Hor. Carm. 1.35
457:
394:
was killed. The following year a Dacian force annihilated the army of
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1953:
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138:
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writes of them in one of his works and mentions them along with the
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30:
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Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe
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The Dacians fought amongst each other but were later united under
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1928:
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1898:
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1726:, "Dācicus, a gold coin of Domitian, conqueror of the Dacians..."
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1123:
1103:
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527:. The Romans also introduced the use of leg and arm protectors (
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319:, meaning "long-haired people". Instead, local chieftains, the
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2015:
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1714:, 2001, page 14, "It shows a Hellenised king of the Getae..."
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with solid crests (intricately decorated), domed helmets and
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491:, came in two variants: a shorter, one-handed falx called a
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writes that they are a people that can never be trusted.
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were among the defeated Celts that the Dacians conquered.
797:
shows Romans attacking a Dacian fortification using the "
1797:
936:
Sarmatians were part of the Dacian army as allies. The
273:
1698:
The Thracians, 700 BC - AD 46 by Christopher Webber,
581:
Dacians decorated their bodies with tattoos like the
454:
tribes never stopped raiding the new Roman province.
1653:
1650:
Parvan Vasile (1928) in 'Dacia', Bucuresti, page 125
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fought against them trying to claim their own land.
688:
but they could be found in the service of the Greek
680:
Dacian mercenaries were uncommon in contrast to the
597:
had accepted Roman rule out of fear of the Dacians.
1763:
386:. In another one in 85 the Romans have almost lost
1689:, "...they often used the Scordisci as allies..."
1348:Tools of War: History of Weapons in Ancient Times
469:war trumpet, the Dacians went to battle with the
2852:
1634:The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare
614:Dacians that could afford armor wore customised
1480:. Taylor & Francis e-Library. p. 104.
558:(87-106), the Dacians almost crushed the Roman
495:, and a longer two-handed version, which was a
1638:Rome from the Late Republic to the Late Empire
1452:. Taylor & Francis e-Library. p. 88.
1427:. Taylor & Francis e-Library. p. 87.
236:from Dacia in 86-87 AD ordered by the Emperor
1813:
523:had reinforcing iron straps applied to their
426:, and had to make a humiliating peace. Later
361:, however both rulers died in the same year.
704:A 2nd century chieftain would wear a bronze
79:Paleo-Balkanic_religion § Daco-Thracian
1522:The World of Tattoo: An Illustrated History
804:The Dacians constructed stone strongholds,
600:Dacia remained a Roman province until 271.
254:Trajan's Dacian Wars. The two campaigns of
2432:Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains
1820:
1806:
1267:List of ancient tribes in Thrace and Dacia
1262:List of ancient cities in Thrace and Dacia
769:Dacian Fortresses of the Orăştie Mountains
487:. This dreaded weapon, similar to a large
1179:
871:
365:lost control over territories beyond the
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1032:
1024:
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780:
545:
537:
456:
221:
178:
29:
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1422:
1388:. Lanham: Hamilton Books. p. 146.
1383:
1126:and fierce barbarians. Later historian
328:
243:
14:
2853:
2287:
1595:The Coming of Rome in the Dacian World
1575:The Coming of Rome in the Dacian World
1345:
1325:. New York: M.E. Sharpe. p. 829.
827:
1801:
1555:Rome's enemies: Germanics and Dacians
1471:
1469:
1196:against Dacian tribes from the lower
1137:expressed admiration and respect for
940:became part of the Dacians while the
186:depicting a soldier armed with a falx
37:depicting a soldier armed with a falx
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82:
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2107:Dacian kingdom of Banat and Oltenia
1323:Political Parties of Eastern Europe
1241:103, Battle of Gatae, Roman victory
785:Remains of the Fortress of Blidaru.
274:Dacian troop types and organization
24:
2153:southern Moldavia and Transylvania
1466:
1272:List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia
812:in order to protect their capital
25:
2877:
1786:
1557:by Peter Wilcox, Gerry Embleton,
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1411:
1309:
954:
762:
550:Sica, a small version of the falx
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2198:Art, jewellery, treasures, tools
1147:
1066:
962:
929:was the standard of the ancient
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840:
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643:
606:39 - 65 wrote of Dacian hordes;
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2235:Words of possible Dacian origin
2151:Dacian kingdom of Wallachia and
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997:had become a vassal to ancient
353:made preparations for war with
125:List of ancient tribes in Dacia
72:
2060:Dacian nucleus in Transylvania
1494:
1402:
1377:
1364:
1339:
1052:started minting a coin called
675:
118:
13:
1:
1350:. New Delhi: Alpha Editions.
1302:
1098:
508:could not also make use of a
337:tribes established a highly
7:
1255:
832:
699:
382:while on his way to battle
27:Historical overview article
10:
2882:
2750:Eastern Romance substratum
1793:Dacian reenactor with Falx
1040:
910:
766:
357:to prevent an invasion of
247:
225:
210:and their kingdoms in the
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61:and their kingdoms in the
2861:Military history of Dacia
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2709:Sarmatiae (Devil's Dykes)
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2011:
2002:
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1827:
1478:Trajan: Optimus Princeps
1476:Bennett, Julian (2005).
1450:Trajan: Optimus Princeps
1448:Bennett, Julian (2005).
1425:Trajan: Optimus Princeps
1423:Bennett, Julian (2005).
1321:Bugajski, Janus (2002).
1020:
519:(101 - 102, 105 - 106),
238:Titus Flavius Domitianus
2582:Battle of Sarmizegetusa
1249:Battle of Sarmisegetusa
750:
517:Roman conquest of Dacia
465:After the sound of the
2561:Second Battle of Tapae
1229:Second Battle of Tapae
1180:List of Dacian battles
1114:. 1st century BC poet
1038:
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872:Scythian and Sarmatian
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604:Marcus Annaeus Lucanus
551:
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418:was distracted by the
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38:
2537:First Battle of Tapae
1384:Grumeza, Ion (2009).
1346:Ramsey, Syed (2016).
1219:First Battle of Tapae
1188:Unknown date. Celtic
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616:Phrygian type helmets
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475:. The most important
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402:after the victory of
398:under the new leader
228:Domitian's Dacian War
222:Domitian's Dacian War
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33:
1001:. Some Kings of the
810:Carpathian Mountains
706:Phrygian type helmet
329:Infantry and cavalry
250:Trajan's Dacian Wars
244:Trajan's Dacian Wars
2568:Battle of Adamclisi
1236:Battle of Adamclisi
828:External influences
461:Dacian scale armour
390:, and its governor
2640:Dacia Mediterranea
2255:Sinaia lead plates
2240:Dacian plant names
1159:. You can help by
1106:were spoken of by
1078:. You can help by
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891:. You can help by
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730:. You can help by
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1200:, Dacian victory
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1203:1st century BC
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793:. A scene from
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702:
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446:, allying with
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376:Marcus Vinicius
343:Roman provinces
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1770:Thracia'...."
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1371:The Legionary
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1357:9789386019806
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887:This section
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860:February 2011
854:
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814:Sarmizegetusa
811:
807:
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783:
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777:Murus dacicus
774:
773:Dava (Dacian)
770:
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757:Popina Island
742:
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729:
726:This section
724:
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651:This section
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593:north of the
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572:Sarmizegetusa
569:
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351:Julius Caesar
348:
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289:This section
287:
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208:Dacian tribes
205:
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196:Ancient Greek
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185:
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155:This section
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97:
94:This section
92:
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68:
64:
60:
59:Dacian tribes
56:
52:
48:
47:Ancient Greek
44:
36:
32:
19:
2745:Thraco-Roman
2603:Free Dacians
2519:Roman Empire
2482:
2417:Piroboridava
2363:Dacian Draco
2245:Dacian names
2177:civilization
2051:Zalmodegicus
2026:Dromichaetes
1939:Potulatenses
1884:Burs (Dacia)
1775:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1731:
1719:
1694:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1636:: Volume 2,
1633:
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1487:0-415-165245
1477:
1459:0-415-165245
1449:
1443:
1434:0-415-165245
1424:
1404:
1385:
1379:
1370:
1366:
1347:
1341:
1322:
1183:
1165:
1161:adding to it
1156:
1132:
1102:
1084:
1080:adding to it
1075:
1046:
993:
980:
976:adding to it
971:
946:
935:
927:Dacian Draco
926:
924:
913:Dacian Draco
897:
893:adding to it
888:
857:
853:adding to it
848:
803:
788:
754:
736:
732:adding to it
727:
703:
679:
661:
657:adding to it
652:
636:
623:
613:
609:
602:
599:
580:
576:water supply
553:
514:
470:
466:
464:
444:Free Dacians
414:dragged on,
332:
320:
314:
312:
299:
295:adding to it
290:
264:client state
253:
231:
191:
189:
165:
161:adding to it
156:
128:
104:
100:adding to it
95:
73:Mythological
42:
40:
2837:WikiProject
2770:Archaeology
2599:Roman Dacia
2383:Settlements
2175:Culture and
2099:(87–106 AD)
2075:(44 BC–???)
1994:Troglodytae
1949:Rhadacenses
1944:Predasenses
1043:Roman Dacia
692:and of the
676:Mercenaries
521:legionaries
339:militarized
119:Tribal wars
18:Dacian army
2855:Categories
2799:Thracology
2740:Daco-Roman
2576:Second War
2388:Fortresses
2325:Pleistoros
2315:Gebeleizis
2046:Rubobostes
1855:Albocenses
1687:Strab. 7.5
1603:387940707X
1583:387940707X
1563:0850454735
1544:Luc. 8.331
1332:1563246767
1303:References
1099:Barbarians
1007:Hellenized
767:See also:
591:Pannonians
77:See also:
2789:Dacianism
2555:First War
2449:relations
2368:Kogaionon
2230:Belagines
2204:bracelets
2186:Artifacts
2097:Decebalus
2079:Comosicus
2067:Burebista
1989:Tyragetae
1954:Saldenses
1904:Costoboci
1209:Scordisci
1139:Burebista
1120:Scythians
1005:had been
949:Scordisci
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686:Illyrians
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583:Illyrians
560:garrisons
556:Decebalus
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410:. As the
400:Decebalus
359:Macedonia
345:of Lower
139:Decebalus
135:civil war
131:Burebista
2817:Category
2794:Dacology
2763:Research
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2529:Domitian
2422:Sucidava
2412:Cumidava
2407:Buridava
2402:Argidava
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2305:Derzelas
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2222:Language
2212:Clothing
2073:Deceneus
2041:Rhemaxos
2021:Cothelas
1979:Teurisci
1959:Scaugdae
1934:Piephigi
1909:Crobidae
1894:Ciaginsi
1256:See also
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1058:Domitian
1011:Germanic
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938:Roxolani
833:Thracian
710:corselet
700:Nobility
690:Diadochi
684:and the
628:carnyxes
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416:Domitian
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2827:Commons
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2699:Moesiae
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2142:Zyraxes
2085:Scorilo
1929:Peukini
1899:Clariae
1860:Anartes
1724:Dacicus
1205:Dacians
1194:Bohemia
1128:Tacitus
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2676:Castra
2663:Column
2656:Bridge
2650:Trajan
2620:Moesia
2547:Trajan
2472:Romans
2457:Greeks
2335:Semele
2295:Bendis
2137:Rholes
2114:Cotiso
2036:Oroles
2031:Moskon
1984:Trixae
1974:Terizi
1964:Senses
1879:Bessoi
1870:Biephi
1837:Tribes
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1015:Celtic
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489:sickle
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467:carnyx
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2784:Books
2686:Limes
2462:Celts
2427:Davae
2320:Kotys
2131:Dapyx
2091:Duras
2016:Coson
2004:Kings
1924:Moesi
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1374:war."
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1234:102,
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1190:Boii
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1013:and
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751:Navy
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450:and
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