742:
858:
462:
640:
770:. Caesar was also aware of the growing strength of the Dacians and had planned to lead an attack against Burebista. Burebista at this time had a force that may have numbered up to 200,000 men – though it is disputed whether this force was an actual military force or the number of ablebodied men within the kingdom. Regardless, Dacia was a formidable power that Caesar perceived as a threat to Rome. But Caesar was never able to start his intended campaign because he was assassinated in 44
671:
2965:
818:
931:
2985:
2975:
593:
984:) to legitimize its rule. In 1980 the Romanian government declared a celebration of the 2,050th anniversary of the founding of the "unitary and centralized" Dacian state of Burebista, drawing comparisons with Ceaușescu's Romania and claiming an uninterrupted existence of the state from Burebista to Ceaușescu. The epic movie
825:
823:
821:
820:
824:
786:
Burebista may have outlived Caesar for only a short time. In the same year Caesar was assassinated, Burebista was killed in a plot by the Dacian aristocracy, who saw a centralized state as leading to a reduction in their privileges. After his death, the Dacian kingdom dissolved, with the exception of
421:
Tène that the
Dacians were introduced to the potter's wheel, superior metal-working techniques, and probably a tradition of minting coins. In homes were found a combination of Celtic and Dacian pottery, and certain Celtic-style graves contain Dacian style vessels. This suggests a sort of co-existence
945:
was augmented and impressed by nationalist movements in the late 1920s and 1930s. On one hand, the
Dacians were often used in discourses claiming an ethnically pure origin for the Romanian people. At the same time, however, the Romans were preferred instead when the objective was portraying Romania
444:
BC when his forces moved through to the middle Danube region, and with the support of the religious establishment and leaders in Dacia which brought around a stricter moral code in the Dacian kingdom. Around this time the pottery of the Dacian style began appearing in Celtic settlements in
Central
439:
Tène-style have been found in Dacian sites in west and central Dacia. Some of these ceramics were imported while others were made by Dacian potters imitating Celtic style. A stable monarchy, however, only developed when
Burebista became king. Burebista's accession came with the expulsion of Celts
833:
In the time following
Burebista's death, and between the rule of Tiberius and the rule of Domitian, Dacian activity was minimal. The Dacians were forced into a defensive state where their main activity was keeping the Romans out of Dacian territories. The regional factions that remained posed no
921:
they encountered and defeated the Dacian force. This in turn forced
Decebalus to sue for peace. Trajan agreed but imposed harsh terms against the Dacians. Decebalus failed to meet the terms of the peace, and in 105 Trajan launched a second campaign against him. By 106 Trajan had completed the
358:
889:
AD. This peace had benefits and costs to both sides: Rome had to pay financial tributes and provide technological assistance to Dacia; in exchange, Dacia effectively became a client kingdom of Rome, acting as a bulkhead for the empire, separating Rome from other warring tribes.
822:
435:, and leading to the Celts being expelled from the area or merging into the culture, or both. There is archaeological evidence to suggest that relations between Dacians and Celts living in the areas north and west of Dacia continued. Painted ceramics of late La
737:
describes
Akornion as the "first and greatest friend" of Burebista. Akornion was sent as an ambassador to Pompey to claim the title of "king of kings" for Burebista to be used within the Hellenistic kingdoms of the Balkans and the Near
877:. Domitian ignored Decebalus' offer of peace, an error which caused the Romans to suffer a disastrous defeat, losing not only Fuscus, but his forces and the Roman standards and war machines. A second expedition was launched in 88
409:
centuries BC allowed the consolidation of political power through tribal unions. Such regional unions were found among both the
Transylvanian Dacians under the rule of Rubobostes and the Moldavian and Muntenian Getae in
1011:, published a treatise stating that; "he archaeological evidence conclusively shows the uninterrupted ethnic, political, and military continuity of the Romanians." Kürti notes that similar political devices are used by
341:
but distinct peoples that are sometimes treated as a single group under the name of Geto-Dacians. The Getae and the
Dacians shared many cultural and linguistic similarities. Living in the lower Danube basin, the
787:
the enclave around the Orăștie
Mountains, while the rest became various smaller kingdoms. After Burebista's death, the kingdom was divided into four parts, to be ruled by the religious elite. By the time of
430:
Tène culture peters out, around the same time the Dacian culture began to mature, as evidenced by population and economic growth. Under Rubobstes the authority of the Dacians appears to have increased, thus
766:. Pompey himself had recognized the might of Burebista and Dacia after their successful conquests against the Greek Black Sea cities. Caesar, however, ended any alliance between Pompey and Burebista at the
819:
885:. This second campaign was somewhat victorious as both sides suffered massive casualties in battle. However, revolts and defections forced Domitian to negotiate a hasty peace treaty with Decebalus in 89
909:
AD Trajan assembled an army of up to 150,000 men to send against Decebalus' 50,000. The army was split into two and entered into Dacian territory at two points along the frontier. The columns met at
350:. This relative geographic isolation allowed the Dacians to survive catastrophic struggles – often with the Getae – and thrive to become the dominant tribe by the 1st
1927:
329:
The area roughly located between the Danube, Tisza and Dniester rivers – approximately coinciding with modern-day Romania – became home to a varied group of
1007:
describes this as an imaginary history, and notes that during the regime of Ceaușescu this alternate history was used as a political device. In 1984 the brother of President Ceaușescu,
38:
346:
were able to establish regular trade with the Greek cities along the coast of the Black Sea. The Dacians were located in the Carpatho-Danubian basin along the southern border of the
569:. These citadels, which exhibited Greek military architecture, coupled with the presence of Burebista and his armed forces, served to secure the Dacian people internally.
507:
2608:
165:
century BC, the Dacians expelled the Celts from their lands. Dacians often warred with neighbouring tribes, but the relative isolation of the Dacian peoples in the
834:
substantial threat to the Roman empire, and Roman sources stop mentioning plans for Roman invasions during this time. Dacian power resurged during the reigns of
949:
In the 1960s statues were erected for the two leaders of the Dacian kingdom, Burebista and Decebalus. These came as part of a gradual process of disassociating
543:
1004:
259:
AD, concluded in a Roman victory. Decebalus was forced to agree to harsh terms of peace, but did not honour them, leading to a second invasion of Dacia in 106
542:
denying the existence of a state, saying the archaeological evidence shows regional diversity and only a few region-wide trends. Others, such as historian
957:. The statues depict the kings as freedom fighters, and nationwide celebrations were held for the anniversaries of ancient battles. Additionally, two
870:
2386:
1992:
624:. The Boii had established a tribal presence in the areas now occupied by eastern Austria and south-western Slovakia and Hungary sometime in 75–50
2583:
550:
539:
2613:
2822:
1827:
3022:
2534:
1869:
446:
996:. This commemoration led the press to note "similarities" between Burebista and Ceaușescu, and even professional historians such as
554:
2927:
216:
BC when Caesar was assassinated. Burebista himself was assassinated in a plot by the Dacian aristocracy at around the same time.
1971:
1882:
Fingerprinting the Iron Age: Approaches to identity in the European Iron Age: Integrating South-Eastern Europe into the debate
1890:
1858:
1837:
1816:
1793:
1772:
1682:
1639:
1618:
693:
Beginning around 55 BC Burebista annexed the Greek cities on the coast of the Black Sea, occupying the Greek fortresses from
227:, Dacian activity was reduced into a defensive state. The Romans abandoned plans of mounting an invasion against Dacia. In 86
1738:
600:
From around 61 BC Burebista began to lead a series of campaigns of conquest against neighbouring tribes and clans. In 60/59
1003:
Burebista and his descendants are considered by Romanian nationalists to be the true ancestors of their nation. Historian
2539:
865:
Decebalus' reign saw nearly constant warfare between the Dacians and Roman administrations south of the Danube. Around 85
587:
158:
854:
AD. By this time the Dacian tribes had united once more, under the rule of Decebalus, and again posed a threat to Rome.
632:
BC. It is these Boii tribes east of the Alps that came into conflict with the Dacians and were heavily defeated in 50–40
558:
936:"2050 years from the creation of the first centralized and independent Dacian state under the leadership of Burebista"
2978:
1911:
1724:
1703:
1658:
1596:
596:
A depiction of the relative movements and conflicts of the Boii, including those with the Dacians and Julius Caesar.
869:
AD raiding resumed in Moesia, Illyria, and Macedonia, culminating in the death of the Roman Governor of Moesia,
562:
566:
176:
From 61 BC onwards Burebista pursued a series of conquests that expanded the Dacian kingdom. The tribes of the
534:
This alliance was probably a weakly centralized state, with a military organization similar to the one of the
478:, Romania, and a potential candidate for the site of the Dacian capital at the time of Burebista's accession,
2988:
2921:
1672:
465:
2935:
2901:
2391:
1964:
401:
Tène material culture was found in the central and north-west regions of Dacia. The development of a La
365:
Before Burebista's rule, the Dacians had experienced a succession of kings through the period 450 to 60
873:. In response, Domitian launched a campaign the same year under the command of the Praetorian Prefect
145:
centuries BC it became home to the Thracian peoples, including the Getae and the Dacians. From the 4th
2349:
219:
After Burebista's death, the empire he had created broke up into smaller kingdoms. From the reign of
2688:
2680:
2471:
800:
763:
734:
628:
BC. The Boii extended their influence eastward towards modern day Bratislava, Slovakia around 64–63
296:
236:
200:
were conquered one after another. These campaigns inevitably culminated in conflict with Rome in 48
461:
3017:
2827:
2776:
2733:
2698:
1901:
1880:
1848:
1783:
1762:
1714:
1693:
1629:
997:
804:
684:
252:
197:
1850:
Conflict in Ancient Rome and Greece: The Definitive Political, Social and Military Encyclopaedia
701:, as well as the Danubian plain all the way to the Balkans. These conquered cities were: Olbia,
2712:
2623:
2431:
1808:
1028:
990:(1980) based on the king's life was released the same year, and celebrated him as the Romanian
706:
491:
300:
264:
94:
3012:
1988:
1957:
774:
BC, Burebista meeting the same fate when he was killed in a civil uprising in either 45 or 44
755:
583:
432:
1586:
741:
2837:
2396:
2155:
1043:
1016:
729:. Dionysopolis, however, enjoyed good relations with Burebista. An inscription dating to 48
710:
535:
347:
166:
977:
651:
peoples. Similarly, Burebista conquered a tribe that Strabo describes as living among the
279:: Geographica 7.3.5, 7.3.11 and 16.2.39 (who spells his name Byrebistas and Boirebistas);
8:
2865:
2855:
2719:
2548:
2242:
914:
835:
767:
1649:
Hanson, William; Haynes, Ian (2004). "Roman Dacia: The Making of a Provincial Society".
897:
AD. Immediately upon becoming emperor, Trajan travelled to the frontier stretching from
538:. The exact degree of centralization is a matter of debate, with archaeologists such as
490:
The exact date that Burebista came to reign over the Dacians is debated among scholars;
2814:
2807:
2791:
2406:
154:
2727:
2491:
2416:
2363:
1907:
1886:
1854:
1833:
1812:
1789:
1768:
1720:
1699:
1678:
1654:
1635:
1614:
1592:
950:
698:
1008:
1000:
spoke about Burebista in ways similar to how party activists spoke about Ceaușescu.
2875:
2870:
2860:
2786:
2706:
2653:
2618:
2355:
2145:
986:
966:
882:
874:
857:
330:
20:
551:
Orăștie Mountains, Burebista built a system of stone fortifications on high ground
43:
2781:
2421:
2373:
718:
660:
511:
475:
1746:
397:
Tène Celts of the Danube, Alpines, and Balkans influenced the Dacian culture. La
2968:
2845:
2796:
2634:
2115:
1668:
980:
regime used nationalistic and questionable interpretations of ancient history (
503:
495:
338:
118:
546:, dispute this and conclude that there was a centralized political structure.
3006:
2850:
2766:
2588:
2578:
2411:
2401:
1606:
1510:
992:
981:
973:
century AD and the exploits of Decebalus, while Burebista is almost ignored.
688:
553:; the most important of such hill forts are located today in the villages of
470:
212:, who decided to start a campaign against Dacia. This plan fell through in 44
209:
2993:
Dacian kingdoms succeeding Burebista's state and preceding Decebalus' state
2896:
2754:
2670:
2568:
2514:
2344:
2202:
2177:
2090:
2040:
2035:
958:
954:
812:
726:
694:
659: – while simultaneously conducting raids throughout Thrace,
515:
445:
Europe, including the area covered by the former Yugoslavia, especially in
370:
304:
240:
670:
2750:
2100:
2095:
808:
1928:
Searchable Greek Inscriptions at The Packard Humanities Institute (PHI)
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
893:
This peace lasted for around a decade, until Trajan became emperor in 98
639:
192:
peoples. He led raids throughout Thrace, Macedonia, and Illyria. From 55
2950:
2891:
2476:
2466:
2197:
2006:
1012:
962:
722:
609:
378:
184:
were destroyed early in his campaigns, followed by the conquest of the
2940:
2519:
2381:
2248:
2230:
2140:
2105:
2055:
1734:
1276:
942:
847:
656:
652:
648:
232:
189:
185:
117:
BC. He was the first king who successfully unified the tribes of the
37:
2945:
2573:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2501:
2481:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2224:
2192:
2172:
2130:
2110:
2085:
2060:
2045:
1038:
1033:
922:
conquest of Dacia, ending its existence as an independent kingdom.
910:
898:
788:
714:
621:
613:
479:
450:
411:
361:
Map of the Dacian kingdom at around the height of Burebista's reign
308:
292:
280:
224:
220:
181:
130:
941:
The image of fearless and noble Dacians as predecessors to modern
930:
526:
BC Burebista expelled the Celts and moved into the middle Danube.
2496:
2326:
2311:
2293:
2236:
2080:
2065:
2050:
2011:
1847:
Phang, Sara; Spence, Iain; Kelly, Douglas; Londey, Peter (2016).
664:
617:
333:, including the Getae and Dacians, sometime around the 7th to 6th
312:
288:
138:
134:
106:
1716:
The Remote Borderland: Transylvania in the Hungarian Imagination
239:
that ended in disaster. A second invasion brought peace between
2801:
2771:
2486:
2446:
2288:
2265:
2187:
2182:
2135:
2125:
2030:
2021:
902:
759:
518:
states that Burebista founded an empire sometime during the 1st
374:
276:
244:
235:, successfully re-united the Dacian kingdom under his control.
205:
122:
70:
1782:
Morcillo, Marta; Hanesworth, Pauline; Marchena, Óscar (2015).
905:, where he worked to strengthen the fortifications. In 101–102
829:
The territorial evolution of Dacia from Burebista to Decebalus
754:
Burebista inevitably came into conflict with Rome. During the
357:
2282:
2167:
2075:
2070:
2026:
2016:
1980:
918:
702:
343:
324:
287:
67 (spells his name Buruista); a marble inscription found in
126:
102:
51:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
2648:
2643:
2120:
2001:
1785:
Imagining Ancient Cities in Film: From Babylon to Cinecittà
1739:"Review of Roman Dacia. The Making of a Provincial Society"
1611:
Dacia felix: Das antike Rumänien im Brennpunkt der Kulturen
643:
The map that shows the Dacian invasion of Boii and Taurisci
605:
177:
1781:
1539:
1516:
1498:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
422:
and fusion between the cultures. Sometime after around 150
1871:
Dictionar de istorie veche a României: (paleolitic-sec.X)
1488:
1486:
1187:
1055:
592:
1949:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1131:
647:
These conquests were followed by the destruction of the
1447:
1363:
1361:
1348:
1346:
1333:
1331:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1156:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
514:
suggest a starting date around 61–60 BC. The historian
237:
Domitian attempted a hasty invasion against the Dacians
1846:
1551:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1483:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1291:
1067:
173:
century BC the Dacians had become the dominant power.
169:
allowed them to survive and even to thrive. By the 1st
1471:
1459:
1416:
1397:
1385:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1146:
1144:
16:
1st-century BC Thracian king of the Getae and Dacians
1358:
1343:
1328:
1231:
1108:
1079:
745:
The Dacian kingdom under Burebista and its neighbors
529:
1563:
1522:
1373:
1309:
1297:
1212:
1141:
204:BC, at which point Burebista gave his support to
153:century BC the Dacian peoples were influenced by
3004:
616:tribes dwelling in the Middle Danube, in modern
572:
498:gave a starting date for Burebista's reign of 82
1829:Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization
1264:
655:and Thracians – most likely the
275:Only few ancient sources on Burebista survive:
198:Greek cities on the west coast of the Black Sea
121:, which comprised the area located between the
1965:
159:brought new technologies with them into Dacia
1878:
1648:
1504:
1061:
850: – who reigned from 85/87-106
674:The legend map showing Burebista's campaigns
961:were created as part of this same process.
2584:Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains
1972:
1958:
1944:Inscriptiones graecae in Bulgaria repertae
1695:Celtic culture: a historical encyclopaedia
1588:History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness
791:Dacia had broken further into five parts.
733:BC found in Dionysopolis and in honour of
678:
433:ending the dominance of the Celtic culture
36:
1760:
1605:
1181:
1073:
1667:
1517:Morcillo, Hanesworth & Marchena 2015
1492:
1477:
1453:
1410:
1102:
946:as a civilized and cosmopolitan nation.
929:
856:
816:
794:
762:gained the support of Burebista through
740:
669:
638:
591:
460:
356:
1899:
1879:Popa, Cătălin; Stoddart, Simon (2014).
1867:
1465:
1441:
1429:
1246:
1206:
3005:
2439:
1825:
1802:
1627:
1391:
1367:
1352:
1337:
1322:
1135:
577:
1953:
1712:
1591:. Central European University Press.
1569:
1557:
749:
456:
405:Tène-based economy in the 3rd and 2nd
243:and Dacia for nearly a decade, until
2974:
1691:
1584:
1545:
1533:
1379:
1303:
1258:
1225:
1150:
485:
208:. This in turn made him an enemy to
2984:
2259:Dacian kingdom of Banat and Oltenia
1733:
1270:
1015:to promote their claim to the same
881:AD, this time under the command of
838: – who reigned 68–87
588:Celtic settlement of Eastern Europe
270:
13:
2305:southern Moldavia and Transylvania
959:government-funded film productions
861:The Dacian Kingdom under Decebalus
14:
3034:
3023:1st-century BC monarchs in Europe
1921:
1631:Encyclopaedia of the Roman Empire
934:1980 stamp from Romania, labeled
604:BC he defeated and conquered the
530:Development of Burebista's polity
318:
311:and another inscription found in
2983:
2973:
2964:
2963:
2350:Art, jewellery, treasures, tools
149:century to the middle of the 2nd
2387:Words of possible Dacian origin
2303:Dacian kingdom of Wallachia and
846:and peaked during the reign of
42:Statue of Burebista located in
2212:Dacian nucleus in Transylvania
1764:World Monarchies and Dynasties
1677:. Cambridge University Press.
253:pursued two conquests of Dacia
1:
1903:The Dacian Threat, 101–106 AD
1578:
913:and marched together towards
573:Conquests and external policy
522:century BC and that around 61
339:Getae and Dacians are related
1674:A Concise History of Romania
1651:Journal of Roman Archaeology
7:
1022:
976:Starting in the 1970s, the
756:Roman civil war of 49–44 BC
426:BC, however, evidence of La
10:
3039:
2902:Eastern Romance substratum
1868:Pippidi, Dioniese (1976).
1805:History&Uniforms 006GB
1743:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
798:
682:
581:
385:centuries BC. From the 4th
322:
98:
18:
2959:
2914:
2884:
2861:Sarmatiae (Devil's Dykes)
2836:
2762:
2749:
2697:
2679:
2666:
2632:
2597:
2532:
2510:
2430:
2372:
2337:
2324:
2302:
2276:Dacian kingdom of Dobruja
2275:
2258:
2211:
2163:
2154:
1987:
1979:
1900:Schmitz, Michael (2005).
925:
80:
76:
66:
58:
50:
35:
30:
1761:Middleton, John (2015).
1628:Bunson, Matthew (2014).
1505:Popa & Stoddart 2014
1062:Hanson & Haynes 2004
1049:
781:
764:Akornion of Dionysopolis
735:Akornion of Dionysopolis
297:National Museum in Sofia
2734:Battle of Sarmizegetusa
1634:. Infobase Publishing.
685:Greek colonies in Dacia
679:Capture of Greek cities
369:BC. The kings included
267:of the Dacian kingdom.
255:, the first, in 101–102
133:rivers, and modern day
99:Βυρεβίστας, Βοιρεβίστας
2713:Second Battle of Tapae
1940:Decree of Dionysopolis
1826:Oltean, Ioana (2007).
1809:Soldiershop Publishing
1803:Mugnai, Bruno (2016).
1713:Kürti, László (2001).
1548:, pp. 78–79, 125.
1029:Decree of Dionysopolis
938:
862:
830:
746:
675:
644:
597:
492:University of Illinois
482:
362:
299:), which represents a
265:ended the independence
101:) was the king of the
2689:First Battle of Tapae
1585:Boia, Lucian (2001).
933:
860:
828:
801:Domitian's Dacian War
795:Dacia after Burebista
744:
673:
642:
595:
584:Celts in Transylvania
464:
389:century BC to the 2nd
360:
161:. Sometime in the 2nd
1044:List of Dacian kings
1017:Transylvanian region
805:Trajan's Dacian Wars
544:Alexandru Diaconescu
536:Hellenistic kingdoms
502:BC, while historian
348:Carpathian Mountains
247:became emperor in 98
231:AD the Dacian king,
167:Carpathian Mountains
141:. In the 7th and 6th
2720:Battle of Adamclisi
1692:Koch, John (n.d.).
1519:, pp. 232–233.
1261:, pp. 549–550.
1209:, pp. 116–117.
1019:, part of Romania.
768:Battle of Pharsalus
578:Neighbouring tribes
303:by the citizens of
295:(now housed at the
2792:Dacia Mediterranea
2407:Sinaia lead plates
2392:Dacian plant names
1946:by Georgi Mihailov
1613:. Darmstadt: wbg.
998:Ion Horațiu Crișan
969:in the 1st and 2nd
939:
863:
831:
750:Caesar's civil war
747:
676:
645:
608:, who were led by
598:
483:
457:Reign of Burebista
449:, Yugoslavia, and
381:in the 3rd and 2nd
363:
337:centuries BC. The
19:For the film, see
3000:
2999:
2910:
2909:
2745:
2744:
2662:
2661:
2528:
2527:
2417:Thracian language
2320:
2319:
1892:978-1-78297-675-2
1860:978-1-61069-020-1
1839:978-1-134-12604-0
1818:978-88-9327-078-6
1795:978-1-135-01317-2
1774:978-1-317-45158-7
1684:978-0-521-87238-6
1641:978-1-4381-1027-1
1620:978-3-8053-5059-4
1560:, pp. 41–42.
1444:, pp. 11–12.
1292:Phang et al. 2016
978:Nicolae Ceaușescu
951:Socialist Romania
826:
725:, Apollonia, and
486:Date of ascension
417:It is from the La
393:century BC the La
188:and probably the
109:tribes from 82/61
88:
87:
3030:
2987:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2967:
2966:
2930:
2928:sites in Romania
2876:Brazda lui Novac
2823:Towns and cities
2817:
2810:
2787:Diocese of Dacia
2760:
2759:
2736:
2722:
2715:
2677:
2676:
2654:Thracian warfare
2437:
2436:
2358:
2335:
2334:
2285:(1st-century BC)
2233:(9 BC(?)–30s AD)
2161:
2160:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1951:
1950:
1917:
1896:
1875:
1864:
1843:
1822:
1799:
1778:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1745:. Archived from
1730:
1709:
1688:
1664:
1645:
1624:
1602:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1414:
1408:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1356:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1326:
1320:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1229:
1223:
1210:
1204:
1185:
1179:
1154:
1148:
1139:
1133:
1106:
1100:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
972:
967:history of Dacia
908:
896:
888:
883:Tettius Julianus
880:
875:Cornelius Fuscus
868:
853:
845:
841:
827:
777:
773:
732:
635:
631:
627:
603:
525:
521:
501:
476:Popești, Giurgiu
443:
438:
429:
425:
420:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
368:
353:
336:
331:Thracian peoples
286:
271:Early references
262:
258:
251:AD. Trajan also
250:
230:
215:
203:
195:
172:
164:
152:
148:
144:
116:
112:
100:
40:
28:
27:
21:Burebista (film)
3038:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2955:
2926:
2906:
2880:
2832:
2813:
2806:
2782:Dacia Aureliana
2741:
2732:
2718:
2711:
2693:
2673:
2669:
2658:
2637:
2628:
2619:Germanic tribes
2602:
2600:
2593:
2542:
2538:
2524:
2506:
2426:
2422:Thraco-Illyrian
2368:
2354:
2331:
2328:
2316:
2304:
2298:
2271:
2268:(c. 40–c. 9 BC)
2254:
2207:
2150:
1983:
1978:
1924:
1914:
1893:
1885:. Oxbow Books.
1861:
1840:
1819:
1796:
1775:
1752:
1750:
1727:
1706:
1685:
1669:Hitchins, Keith
1661:
1642:
1621:
1599:
1581:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1456:, pp. 8–9.
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1417:
1409:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1359:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1329:
1321:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1232:
1224:
1213:
1205:
1188:
1180:
1157:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1109:
1101:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1025:
970:
928:
906:
894:
886:
878:
871:Oppius Sabinius
866:
851:
843:
839:
817:
815:
797:
784:
775:
771:
752:
730:
691:
681:
661:Roman Macedonia
633:
629:
625:
601:
590:
580:
575:
532:
523:
519:
512:Michael Schmitz
499:
488:
459:
441:
436:
427:
423:
418:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
366:
351:
334:
327:
321:
284:
273:
260:
256:
248:
228:
213:
201:
193:
170:
162:
150:
146:
142:
114:
110:
46:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3036:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3018:Kings of Dacia
3015:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2981:
2971:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2799:
2797:Dacia Ripensis
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2716:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2674:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2239:(c. 30s–70 AD)
2234:
2228:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1923:
1922:External links
1920:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1897:
1891:
1876:
1865:
1859:
1844:
1838:
1823:
1817:
1800:
1794:
1779:
1773:
1758:
1731:
1725:
1719:. SUNY Press.
1710:
1704:
1689:
1683:
1665:
1659:
1646:
1640:
1625:
1619:
1607:Brodersen, Kai
1603:
1597:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1536:, p. 221.
1521:
1509:
1497:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1415:
1396:
1394:, p. 163.
1384:
1382:, p. 184.
1372:
1357:
1342:
1327:
1308:
1306:, p. 225.
1296:
1294:, p. 745.
1275:
1263:
1251:
1230:
1228:, p. 550.
1211:
1186:
1184:, p. 223.
1182:Middleton 2015
1155:
1153:, p. 549.
1140:
1138:, p. 165.
1107:
1078:
1074:Brodersen 2020
1066:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1009:Ilie Ceaușescu
927:
924:
796:
793:
783:
780:
751:
748:
680:
677:
579:
576:
574:
571:
531:
528:
508:John Middleton
506:, and authors
504:Matthew Bunson
496:Keith Hitchins
487:
484:
474:discovered in
468:of the Dacian
458:
455:
323:Main article:
320:
319:Dacian kingdom
317:
272:
269:
119:Dacian kingdom
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
48:
47:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3035:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
2992:
2990:
2982:
2980:
2972:
2970:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:Trajan's Wall
2869:
2867:
2866:Transalutanus
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:Porolissensis
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2777:Scythia Minor
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2767:Dacia Traiana
2765:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2668:Wars with the
2665:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2596:
2590:
2589:Murus Dacicus
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:Sarmizegetusa
2547:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2412:Daco-Thracian
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2402:Dacian script
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2323:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2247:
2245:(c. 69–87 AD)
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2221:(82/61–44 BC)
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
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2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
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2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1945:
1941:
1938:segment from
1937:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1915:
1913:0-9758445-0-4
1909:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:. Routledge.
1831:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1788:. Routledge.
1787:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1767:. Routledge.
1766:
1765:
1759:
1749:on 2011-10-07
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1726:0-7914-5024-4
1722:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1705:1-85109-440-7
1701:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1660:1-887829-56-3
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1598:963-9116-97-1
1594:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1572:, p. 43.
1571:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1518:
1513:
1507:, p. 49.
1506:
1501:
1495:, p. 10.
1494:
1493:Hitchins 2014
1489:
1487:
1479:
1478:Hitchins 2014
1474:
1468:, p. 15.
1467:
1462:
1455:
1454:Hitchins 2014
1450:
1443:
1438:
1432:, p. 11.
1431:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1412:
1411:Hitchins 2014
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1376:
1370:, p. 53.
1369:
1364:
1362:
1355:, p. 83.
1354:
1349:
1347:
1340:, p. 47.
1339:
1334:
1332:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1305:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1272:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1249:, p. 10.
1248:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1183:
1178:
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1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1104:
1103:Hitchins 2014
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1076:, p. 75.
1075:
1070:
1064:, p. 34.
1063:
1058:
1054:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
994:
993:pater patriae
989:
988:
983:
982:Protochronism
979:
974:
968:
965:focus on the
964:
960:
956:
952:
947:
944:
937:
932:
923:
920:
916:
915:Sarmizegetusa
912:
904:
900:
891:
884:
876:
872:
859:
855:
849:
837:
814:
810:
806:
802:
792:
790:
779:
769:
765:
761:
757:
743:
739:
736:
728:
724:
720:
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712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
690:
689:Pontic Greeks
686:
672:
668:
666:
662:
658:
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641:
637:
623:
619:
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611:
607:
594:
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570:
568:
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547:
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541:
540:Kris Lockyear
537:
527:
517:
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509:
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493:
481:
477:
473:
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454:
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380:
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359:
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108:
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96:
95:Ancient Greek
92:
83:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
3013:44 BC deaths
2897:Thraco-Roman
2755:Free Dacians
2671:Roman Empire
2569:Piroboridava
2515:Dacian Draco
2397:Dacian names
2329:civilization
2218:
2203:Zalmodegicus
2178:Dromichaetes
2091:Potulatenses
2036:Burs (Dacia)
1943:
1942:reviewed in
1939:
1935:
1931:
1902:
1881:
1870:
1853:. ABC-Clio.
1849:
1828:
1804:
1784:
1763:
1751:. Retrieved
1747:the original
1742:
1715:
1698:. ABC-Clio.
1694:
1673:
1650:
1630:
1610:
1587:
1565:
1553:
1541:
1512:
1500:
1480:, p. 9.
1473:
1466:Schmitz 2005
1461:
1449:
1442:Schmitz 2005
1437:
1430:Schmitz 2005
1413:, p. 8.
1387:
1375:
1325:, p. 4.
1299:
1266:
1254:
1247:Schmitz 2005
1207:Pippidi 1976
1105:, p. 7.
1069:
1057:
1005:László Kürti
1002:
991:
985:
975:
955:Soviet Union
948:
940:
935:
892:
864:
832:
813:Free Dacians
785:
753:
727:Dionysopolis
692:
646:
599:
563:Piatra Roșie
548:
533:
489:
469:
466:Illustration
416:
371:Dromichaetes
364:
354:century BC.
328:
305:Dionysopolis
274:
218:
175:
90:
89:
25:
2989:WikiProject
2922:Archaeology
2751:Roman Dacia
2535:Settlements
2327:Culture and
2251:(87–106 AD)
2227:(44 BC–???)
2146:Troglodytae
2101:Rhadacenses
2096:Predasenses
1392:Bunson 2014
1368:Oltean 2007
1353:Bunson 2014
1338:Oltean 2007
1323:Mugnai 2016
1136:Bunson 2014
809:Roman Dacia
453:, Hungary.
113:BC to 45/44
62:82/61–44 BC
3007:Categories
2951:Thracology
2892:Daco-Roman
2728:Second War
2540:Fortresses
2477:Pleistoros
2467:Gebeleizis
2198:Rubobostes
2007:Albocenses
1906:. Caeros.
1753:2009-12-28
1735:Liu, Jinyu
1579:References
1570:Kürti 2001
1558:Kürti 2001
1013:Hungarians
963:Both films
799:See also:
723:Messembria
683:See also:
612:, and the
610:Critasiros
582:See also:
494:professor
379:Rubobostes
157:Celts who
2941:Dacianism
2707:First War
2601:relations
2520:Kogaionon
2382:Belagines
2356:bracelets
2338:Artifacts
2249:Decebalus
2231:Comosicus
2219:Burebista
2141:Tyragetae
2106:Saldenses
2056:Costoboci
1932:Burebista
1546:Boia 2001
1534:Boia 2001
1380:Boia 2001
1304:Koch n.d.
1259:Koch n.d.
1226:Koch n.d.
1151:Koch n.d.
987:Burebista
953:from the
943:Romanians
848:Decebalus
699:Apollonia
657:Scordisci
653:Illyrians
649:Bastarnae
516:John Koch
440:around 60
233:Decebalus
190:Scordisci
186:Bastarnae
91:Burebista
67:Successor
31:Burebista
2969:Category
2946:Dacology
2915:Research
2846:Alutanus
2681:Domitian
2574:Sucidava
2564:Cumidava
2559:Buridava
2554:Argidava
2502:Zalmoxis
2492:Seirenes
2482:Sabazios
2462:Dionysus
2457:Derzelas
2452:Deceneus
2432:Religion
2374:Language
2364:Clothing
2225:Deceneus
2193:Rhemaxos
2173:Cothelas
2131:Teurisci
2111:Scaugdae
2086:Piephigi
2061:Crobidae
2046:Ciaginsi
1936:Argedava
1737:(2005).
1671:(2014).
1609:(2020).
1271:Liu 2005
1039:Argidava
1034:Argedava
1023:See also
911:Tibiscum
899:Pannonia
789:Augustus
715:Callatis
622:Slovakia
614:Taurisci
555:Costești
480:Argedava
451:Budapest
447:Gomolava
412:Argedava
309:Akornion
293:Bulgaria
283:: Getica
281:Jordanes
263:AD that
225:Domitian
221:Tiberius
182:Taurisci
131:Dniester
84:45/44 BC
44:Călărași
2979:Commons
2885:Culture
2851:Moesiae
2635:Warfare
2599:Foreign
2497:Silenus
2440:Deities
2345:Coinage
2312:Dicomes
2294:Zyraxes
2237:Scorilo
2081:Peukini
2051:Clariae
2012:Anartes
719:Odessos
707:Histria
665:Illyria
618:Bohemia
559:Blidaru
549:In the
313:Nesebar
289:Balchik
196:BC the
155:La Tène
139:Moldova
135:Romania
2828:Castra
2815:Column
2808:Bridge
2802:Trajan
2772:Moesia
2699:Trajan
2624:Romans
2609:Greeks
2487:Semele
2447:Bendis
2289:Rholes
2266:Cotiso
2188:Oroles
2183:Moskon
2136:Trixae
2126:Terizi
2116:Senses
2031:Bessoi
2022:Biephi
1989:Tribes
1910:
1889:
1857:
1836:
1815:
1792:
1771:
1723:
1702:
1681:
1657:
1638:
1617:
1595:
971:
926:Legacy
907:
903:Moesia
895:
887:
879:
867:
852:
844:
840:
811:, and
776:
772:
760:Pompey
731:
663:, and
634:
630:
626:
602:
567:Bănița
565:, and
524:
520:
500:
442:
437:
428:
424:
419:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
377:, and
375:Oroles
367:
352:
335:
307:about
301:decree
285:
277:Strabo
261:
257:
249:
245:Trajan
229:
214:
210:Caesar
206:Pompey
202:
194:
171:
163:
151:
147:
143:
129:, and
123:Danube
115:
111:
107:Dacian
71:Cotiso
52:Dacian
2936:Books
2838:Limes
2614:Celts
2579:Davae
2472:Kotys
2283:Dapyx
2243:Duras
2168:Coson
2156:Kings
2076:Moesi
2071:Getae
2041:Carpi
2027:Bessi
2017:Apuli
1981:Dacia
1050:Notes
919:Tapae
917:. At
836:Duras
782:Death
738:East.
711:Tomis
703:Tyras
695:Olbia
344:Getae
325:Dacia
127:Tisza
103:Getae
59:Reign
2649:Sica
2644:Falx
2121:Suci
2066:Daci
2002:Aedi
1993:List
1934:and
1908:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1855:ISBN
1834:ISBN
1813:ISBN
1790:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1721:ISBN
1700:ISBN
1679:ISBN
1655:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1615:ISBN
1593:ISBN
778:BC.
687:and
620:and
606:Boii
586:and
510:and
471:dava
241:Rome
180:and
178:Boii
137:and
105:and
81:Died
54:king
2537:and
901:to
697:to
636:BC.
223:to
3009::
2753:/
1930:–
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1807:.
1741:.
1653:.
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1485:^
1418:^
1399:^
1360:^
1345:^
1330:^
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1233:^
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1158:^
1143:^
1110:^
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717:,
713:,
709:,
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1991:(
1973:e
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1959:v
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