638:
545:
468:
441:
553:
2336:
814:
37:
800:
2356:
120:
2346:
786:
449:
percentage of
Dacians owned swords, greatly reducing Rome's military advantage. Dacia sported 250,000 potential combatants, enough to enable an invasion. It was allied to several of its neighbours and on friendly terms with others that Rome considered enemies. Rome had no concrete defense policy and would not have been able to sustain a war of defense. As such, the new Emperor
772:
649:
were secured and it is estimated that Dacia then contributed 700 million
Denarii per annum to the Roman economy, providing finance for Rome's future campaigns and assisting with the rapid expansion of Roman towns throughout Europe. The remains of the mining activities are still visible, especially at
529:
got technical and military reinforcement from the Romans in order to create a powerful allied zone against the dangerous possible expeditions from the northern and eastern territories by hostile migrating peoples. The resources were instead used to rebuild Dacian fortresses and strengthen the army.
667:
The two wars were notable victories in Rome's extensive expansionist campaigns, gaining Trajan the people's admiration and support. The conclusion of the Dacian Wars marked the beginning of a period of sustained growth and relative peace in Rome. Trajan began extensive building projects and was so
479:
blessing for war, by 101 Trajan was ready to advance on Dacia. This was a war in which the Roman military's ingenuity and engineering were well demonstrated. The Roman offensive was spearheaded by two legionary columns, marching straight to the heart of Dacia, burning towns and villages en route.
425:
used the Roman annual subsidy of 8 million sesterces and craftsmen in trades devoted to both peace and war, and war machines intended to defend the empire's borders to fortify his own defences instead. Despite some co-operation on the diplomatic front with
Domitian, Decebalus continued to oppose
448:
However, other pressing reasons motivated them to action. Researchers estimate that only ten percent of barbarians such as
Spanish and Gallic warriors had access to swords, usually the nobility. By contrast Dacia had rich resources of iron and copper and were prolific metal workers. A large
571:
Like the first conflict, the second war involved several skirmishes that proved costly to the Roman military. Faced with large numbers of allied tribes, the legions struggled to attain a decisive victory, resulting in a second temporary peace. Eventually, goaded by the behaviour of
1184:
410:
Throughout the 1st century, Roman policy dictated that threats from neighbouring nations and provinces were to be contained promptly. Dacia had been on the Roman agenda since before the days of Caesar when the
Dacians defeated a Roman army at the
680:...Trajan, after he had subdued Dacia, had transplanted thither an infinite number of men from the whole Roman world, to people the country and the cities; as the land had been exhausted of inhabitants in the long war maintained by Decebalus.
616:
fled, but was followed by the Roman cavalry and committed suicide rather than submit. Nevertheless, the war went on. Thanks to the treason of a confidant of the Dacian king, Bicilis, the Romans found
Decebalus's treasure in the river of
567:
complied with Rome for a time, but was soon inciting revolt among tribes against them and pillaging Roman colonies across the Danube. True to his intrepid and optimistic nature, Trajan rallied his forces in AD 105 for a second war.
1153:
About the Roman frontier on the Lower Danube under Trajan, Ovidiu ŢENTEA, MOESICA ET CHRISTIANA, Studies in Honour of
Professor Alexandru Barnea Edited by Adriana Panaite, Romeo Cîrjan and Carol Căpiţă, Muzeul Brăilei, pp. 85-93,
453:, himself an experienced soldier and tactician, began preparing for war. That Dacia was considered a substantial threat can be seen by the fact that Trajan withdrew troops from other borders leaving them dangerously undermanned.
576:
and his repeated violations of the treaty, Rome again brought in reinforcements, took the offensive and prevailed in 105. The next year they gradually conquered the mountain fortress system that surrounded the Dacian capital,
611:
The
Dacians repelled the first attack, but the Romans, helped by a treacherous local nobleman, found and destroyed the water pipes of the Dacian capital. Running out of water and food the city fell and was razed.
675:
As a consequence of the war, Dacia went through a huge demographic change. In the province of Dacia, out of 3000 identified personal names only 60 were of Dacian, while 2200 were of Roman origin.
429:
At the time, Rome was suffering from economic difficulties largely brought on by military invasions throughout Europe and in part due to a low gold content in Roman money as directed by
Emperor
691:
2708:
664:
were permanently posted in Dacia. The conquered half (southern) of Dacia was annexed, becoming a province while the northern part remained free but never formed a state.
672:. Trajan became an honorable civil leader, improving Rome's civic infrastructure, thereby paving the way for internal growth and reinforcement of the Empire as a whole.
1979:
645:
The conclusion of the Dacian Wars marked a triumph for Rome and its armies. Trajan announced 123 days of celebrations throughout the Empire. Dacia's rich
318:
1757:
1363:
581:. The final decisive battle took place near the walls of Sarmizegetusa, presumably during the summer of 106, with the participation of the legions
1954:
1984:
2193:
2395:
505:
was unstoppable. The war had concluded with an important Roman victory and with the establishment of a garrison and an acting governor at
1905:
437:
and other valuable trade resources inflamed the conflict, as did the
Dacians' defiant behaviour, as they were "unbowed and unbroken".
2809:
2298:
521:
to assist with the legionaries' advance. This bridge, probably the biggest at that time and for centuries to come, was designed by
2651:
2543:
2404:
2698:
2412:
1342:
498:
tribe from north of the Danube (who were allied to the Dacians), and resulted in a Roman victory for which the city was named.
1185:"Conquest strategy and political discourse: new evidence for the conquest of Dacia from LiDAR analysis at Sarmizegetusa Regia"
1309:
1282:
1159:
837:
311:
2737:
1910:
711:, while the insiders (who were divided up by the Romans to tribes) made at least two rebellions against Roman authority.
1001:
976:
637:
2349:
1102:
2804:
525:
and was meant to help the Roman army advance faster in Dacia in case of a future war. According to the peace terms,
2784:
2772:
2388:
304:
892:
650:
Roșia Montană. One hundred thousand male slaves were sent back to Rome; and to discourage future revolts, legions
902:
2442:
539:
462:
28:
2767:
2381:
2359:
2292:
296:
2306:
2272:
1762:
1335:
2742:
2725:
2467:
1720:
1123:"GIS Analysis and Spatial Networking Patterns in Upland Ancient Warfare: The Roman Conquest of Dacia"
2752:
2718:
2671:
2422:
2059:
2051:
1842:
418:
346:
328:
2656:
2447:
2427:
2198:
2147:
2104:
522:
491:
at the junction of the Iatrus (Yantra) and the Rositsa rivers in readiness for the attack by the
361:
2762:
2634:
2533:
2083:
1994:
1802:
1259:
2747:
2661:
2639:
2629:
2526:
2516:
2474:
2452:
1359:
1328:
686:
622:
589:
518:
481:
351:
231:
487:
In the winter of 101-2, the Roman army under Trajan had been amassed near the later city of
2619:
2521:
2511:
2437:
2208:
1767:
1526:
8:
2236:
2226:
2090:
1919:
1613:
578:
506:
502:
501:
In 102 Decebalus chose to make peace once it became clear that the Roman advance towards
488:
356:
211:
196:
625:
at 165,500 kg of gold and 330,000 kg of silver. The last battle took place at
2600:
2432:
2185:
2178:
2162:
1777:
1212:
1043:
730:
658:
557:
510:
246:
42:
544:
467:
2613:
2605:
2595:
2501:
2098:
1862:
1787:
1734:
1305:
1278:
1216:
1204:
1155:
1098:
997:
972:
954:
898:
859:
833:
740:
651:
582:
440:
412:
251:
236:
226:
221:
216:
2713:
2624:
2548:
2489:
2246:
2241:
2231:
2157:
2077:
2024:
1989:
1726:
1516:
1196:
1134:
1035:
777:
735:
602:
256:
206:
201:
191:
181:
2814:
2730:
2568:
2506:
2494:
2484:
2152:
1792:
1744:
1299:
1272:
1061:
752:
241:
1139:
1122:
2677:
2580:
2553:
2339:
2216:
2167:
2005:
1486:
1233:
819:
791:
720:
395:
186:
1200:
2798:
2688:
2666:
2563:
2558:
2221:
2137:
1959:
1949:
1782:
1772:
1208:
725:
385:
93:
402:
and also by the increasing need for resources of the economy of the Empire.
2683:
2590:
2585:
2538:
2457:
2364:
Dacian kingdoms succeeding Burebista's state and preceding Decebalus' state
2267:
2125:
2041:
1939:
1885:
1715:
1573:
1548:
1461:
1411:
1406:
805:
704:
700:
476:
391:'s rule. The conflicts were triggered by the constant Dacian threat on the
377:
140:
2646:
2575:
2462:
2121:
1471:
1466:
326:
173:
552:
2479:
2321:
2262:
1847:
1837:
1568:
1377:
708:
626:
597:
421:
had re-established peace with Dacia in 89 AD. However, the Dacian king
131:
1047:
2373:
2311:
1890:
1752:
1619:
1601:
1589:
1511:
1476:
1426:
1028:
Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
646:
613:
573:
564:
526:
492:
422:
156:
135:
36:
2316:
1944:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1872:
1852:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1595:
1563:
1543:
1501:
1481:
1456:
1431:
1416:
1039:
707:, who continuously raided the province allying themselves with the
495:
127:
1277:. East European monographs. East European Monographs. p. 22.
376:(101–102, 105–106) were two military campaigns fought between the
1867:
1697:
1682:
1664:
1607:
1451:
1436:
1421:
1382:
144:
102:
46:
530:
Soon thereafter Decebalus turned against the Romans once again.
2172:
2142:
1857:
1817:
1659:
1636:
1558:
1553:
1506:
1496:
1401:
1392:
514:
450:
399:
392:
388:
161:
119:
1653:
1538:
1446:
1441:
1397:
1387:
1351:
945:, Roma, 1999, tavv. 164-165 (CI-CII/CXXXVII-CXL) pp. 208-209.
618:
381:
276:
16 legions (between 150,000 and 175,000 infantry + auxiliary)
123:
98:
71:
1260:
http://personalpages.to.infn.it/~scompar/files/eutropius.pdf
2019:
2014:
1491:
1372:
668:
prolific in claiming credit that he was given the nickname
434:
430:
1026:
Salmon, Edward Togo (1936). "Trajan's Conquest of Dacia".
1320:
830:
Le Haut-Empire Romain en Occident, d'Auguste aux Sévères
923:
921:
45:, possibly describing a battle between legionaries and
641:
Fiery battle scene between the Roman and Dacian armies
994:
The Enemies of Rome: From Hannibal to Attila the Hun
918:
767:
699:Most of the Dacian population was from now outside
1301:A history of the Roman world from A.D. 138 to 337
1178:
1176:
1054:
2796:
1097:. Armidale, New South Wales: Caeros Publishing.
1173:
1121:Oltean, Ioana A.; Fonte, João (January 2021).
763:
2389:
1336:
312:
2773:Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire
1182:
1116:
1114:
1120:
966:
632:
16:101–106 AD pair of Roman wars against Dacia
2396:
2382:
1955:Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains
1343:
1329:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1034:. Johns Hopkins University Press: 83–105.
319:
305:
1138:
1111:
960:
1069:An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors
991:
890:
636:
551:
543:
466:
439:
2544:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
1257:Eutropius: Abridgement of Roman History
1092:
1081:
1065:(Assorted Imperial Battle Descriptions)
1010:
985:
927:
875:
827:
753:"Assorted Imperial Battle Descriptions"
2797:
2403:
1810:
1304:. Methuen Publishing. pp. 12–19.
1297:
1274:Romanians and Romania: A Brief History
1234:"The Population: Dacians and Settlers"
1025:
847:
533:
2377:
1324:
1228:
1226:
1183:Oltean, I. A.; Hanson, W. S. (2017).
480:Trajan defeated a Dacian army at the
456:
300:
2652:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain
2345:
1298:Parker, Henry Michael Denne (1958).
2355:
1630:Dacian kingdom of Banat and Oltenia
1270:
92:Roman Empire annexes Dacia west of
13:
1676:southern Moldavia and Transylvania
1223:
14:
2826:
471:Invasion routes of Trajan 101-102
2785:Military history of ancient Rome
2354:
2344:
2335:
2334:
1721:Art, jewellery, treasures, tools
812:
798:
784:
770:
118:
97:Iazyge client kingdom set up in
35:
2810:Wars involving the Roman Empire
2768:Civil wars of the Third Century
1758:Words of possible Dacian origin
1674:Dacian kingdom of Wallachia and
1291:
1264:
1250:
1164:
1147:
1019:
996:. London: Thames & Hudson.
1583:Dacian nucleus in Transylvania
948:
933:
884:
869:
853:
1:
1170:Ammianus Marcellinus. 31.5.16
1095:The Dacian threat, 101-106 AD
939:Cassius Dio, LXVIII, 14, 4-5.
746:
433:. Confirmed rumors of Dacian
405:
273:Germanic and Sarmatian allies
1189:Journal of Roman Archaeology
967:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2004).
692:Abridgement of Roman History
7:
1140:10.3390/geosciences11010017
832:(in French). Paris: Seuil.
764:Sources and further reading
714:
513:was constructed across the
10:
2831:
2273:Eastern Romance substratum
1062:"De Imperatoribus Romanis"
891:Coarelli, Filippo (1999).
548:Trajan's movements 105-106
540:Trajan's Second Dacian War
537:
509:. A bridge later known as
460:
2781:
2726:Roman conquest of Britain
2697:
2411:
2330:
2285:
2255:
2232:Sarmatiae (Devil's Dykes)
2207:
2133:
2120:
2068:
2050:
2037:
2003:
1968:
1903:
1881:
1801:
1743:
1708:
1695:
1673:
1647:Dacian kingdom of Dobruja
1646:
1629:
1582:
1534:
1525:
1358:
1350:
1201:10.1017/S1047759400074195
1093:Schmitz, Michael (2005).
992:Matyszak, Philip (2004).
828:Le Roux, Patrick (1998).
621:- a fortune estimated by
563:Following the first war,
463:Trajan's First Dacian War
342:
280:
265:
167:
150:
112:
53:
34:
26:
21:
1271:Pop, Ioan Aurel (1999).
957:, Epistulae, VIII, 4, 2.
880:. p. Book LXVIII.8.
757:De Imperatoribus Romanis
633:Conclusion and aftermath
2423:Roman conquest of Italy
2105:Battle of Sarmizegetusa
897:. Colombo. p. 99.
523:Apollodorus of Damascus
2084:Second Battle of Tapae
697:
642:
560:
549:
472:
445:
151:Commanders and leaders
2753:Domitian's Dacian War
2672:Liberators' civil war
2060:First Battle of Tapae
876:Cassius Dio, Lucius.
677:
640:
555:
547:
482:Third Battle of Tapae
470:
443:
419:Domitian's Dacian War
352:Third Battle of Tapae
347:Domitian's Dacian War
281:Casualties and losses
232:Legio IV Flavia Felix
2805:Trajan's Dacian Wars
2758:Trajan's Dacian Wars
2443:Roman–Hernician wars
374:Trajan's Dacian Wars
334:Trajan's Dacian Wars
22:Trajan's Dacian Wars
2657:Roman–Parthian Wars
2448:Roman–Volscian wars
2428:Roman–Etruscan Wars
2091:Battle of Adamclisi
1016:Jones (1992), p150.
969:In The Name of Rome
848:Notes and citations
534:Trajan's Second War
489:Nicopolis ad Istrum
212:Legio XII Fulminata
197:Legio IV Macedonica
61:101–102 and 105–106
2763:Roman–Persian Wars
2662:Caesar's civil war
2534:Roman–Seleucid war
2433:Roman-Aequian wars
2405:Ancient Roman wars
2163:Dacia Mediterranea
1778:Sinaia lead plates
1763:Dacian plant names
941:Filippo Coarelli,
894:La colonna Traiana
731:Roman-Persian Wars
643:
595:and a detachment (
561:
550:
475:After gaining the
473:
457:Trajan's First War
446:
247:Legio V Macedonica
2792:
2791:
2748:Jewish–Roman wars
2620:Sulla's civil war
2614:Bellum Octavianum
2502:Illyro-Roman Wars
2475:Roman–Gallic wars
2453:Roman–Sabine wars
2371:
2370:
2281:
2280:
2116:
2115:
2033:
2032:
1899:
1898:
1788:Thracian language
1691:
1690:
1311:978-0-416-43690-7
1284:978-0-88033-440-2
1160:978-606-654-181-7
971:. London: Orion.
955:Pliny the younger
860:Pliny the Younger
839:978-2-02-025932-3
741:Jewish-Roman wars
619:Sargesia/Sargetia
413:Battle of Histria
370:
369:
295:
294:
288:500,000 prisoners
252:Legio XIII Gemina
237:Legio VII Claudia
227:Legio II Adiutrix
222:Legio X Fretensis
217:Legio IV Scythica
108:
107:
2822:
2714:Marcomannic Wars
2625:Mithridatic Wars
2549:Celtiberian Wars
2438:Roman–Latin wars
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2357:
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2299:sites in Romania
2247:Brazda lui Novac
2194:Towns and cities
2188:
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2158:Diocese of Dacia
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2048:
2047:
2025:Thracian warfare
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1656:(1st-century BC)
1604:(9 BC(?)–30s AD)
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257:Legio I Adiutrix
207:Legio VI Ferrata
202:Legio XIV Gemina
192:Legio XI Claudia
182:Legio I Minervia
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39:
19:
18:
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2743:Civil war of 69
2731:Boudican revolt
2700:
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2569:Cantabrian Wars
2507:Macedonian Wars
2414:
2407:
2402:
2372:
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2153:Dacia Aureliana
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1990:Germanic tribes
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1964:
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1793:Thraco-Illyrian
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1639:(c. 40–c. 9 BC)
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703:, known as the
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558:Trajan's Bridge
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511:Trajan's bridge
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271:200,000 Dacians
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242:Legio I Italica
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43:Trajan's Column
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2701:Roman Empire
2684:Perusine War
2676:
2612:
2591:Servile Wars
2586:Cimbrian War
2539:Galatian War
2458:Samnite Wars
2268:Thraco-Roman
2126:Free Dacians
2069:
2042:Roman Empire
1940:Piroboridava
1886:Dacian Draco
1768:Dacian names
1700:civilization
1574:Zalmodegicus
1549:Dromichaetes
1462:Potulatenses
1407:Burs (Dacia)
1300:
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1241:. Retrieved
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1072:. Retrieved
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928:Le Roux 1998
908:. Retrieved
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705:Free Dacians
701:Transylvania
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332:
141:Roman Empire
113:Belligerents
27:Part of the
2699:Wars of the
2647:Gallic Wars
2576:Achaean War
2463:Pyrrhic War
2413:Wars of the
2360:WikiProject
2293:Archaeology
2122:Roman Dacia
1906:Settlements
1698:Culture and
1622:(87–106 AD)
1598:(44 BC–???)
1517:Troglodytae
1472:Rhadacenses
1467:Predasenses
1238:mek.oszk.hu
1195:: 429–446.
1127:Geosciences
629:(Moigrad).
444:Dacian Gold
174:Dacian army
94:Siret river
87:Territorial
29:Dacian Wars
2799:Categories
2719:Gothic War
2480:Punic Wars
2468:Social War
2322:Thracology
2263:Daco-Roman
2099:Second War
1911:Fortresses
1848:Pleistoros
1838:Gebeleizis
1569:Rubobostes
1378:Albocenses
1243:2022-07-14
1074:2007-11-08
904:8886359349
747:References
709:Sarmatians
661:Macedonica
647:gold mines
627:Porolissum
598:vexillatio
406:Background
329:Domitian's
2312:Dacianism
2078:First War
1972:relations
1891:Kogaionon
1753:Belagines
1727:bracelets
1709:Artifacts
1620:Decebalus
1602:Comosicus
1590:Burebista
1512:Tyragetae
1477:Saldenses
1427:Costoboci
1217:158784696
1209:1047-7594
1133:(1): 17.
864:Epistulae
687:Eutropius
623:Carcopino
614:Decebalus
574:Decebalus
565:Decebalus
556:Ruins of
527:Decebalus
493:Sarmatian
423:Decebalus
357:Adamclisi
157:Decebalus
136:Bastarnae
41:scene on
2340:Category
2317:Dacology
2286:Research
2217:Alutanus
2052:Domitian
1945:Sucidava
1935:Cumidava
1930:Buridava
1925:Argidava
1873:Zalmoxis
1863:Seirenes
1853:Sabazios
1833:Dionysus
1828:Derzelas
1823:Deceneus
1803:Religion
1745:Language
1735:Clothing
1596:Deceneus
1564:Rhemaxos
1544:Cothelas
1502:Teurisci
1482:Scaugdae
1457:Piephigi
1432:Crobidae
1417:Ciaginsi
866:, X, 74.
715:See also
684:—
585:Adiutrix
496:Roxolani
477:Senate's
396:province
393:Danubian
266:Strength
128:Roxolani
70:Ancient
66:Location
2350:Commons
2256:Culture
2222:Moesiae
2006:Warfare
1970:Foreign
1868:Silenus
1811:Deities
1716:Coinage
1683:Dicomes
1665:Zyraxes
1608:Scorilo
1452:Peukini
1422:Clariae
1383:Anartes
910:19 June
605:Ferrata
601:) from
519:Drobeta
386:Emperor
384:during
291:Unknown
145:Iazyges
103:Oltenia
89:changes
47:Dacians
2815:Trajan
2635:Second
2601:Second
2527:Fourth
2517:Second
2490:Second
2199:Castra
2186:Column
2179:Bridge
2173:Trajan
2143:Moesia
2070:Trajan
1995:Romans
1980:Greeks
1858:Semele
1818:Bendis
1660:Rholes
1637:Cotiso
1559:Oroles
1554:Moskon
1507:Trixae
1497:Terizi
1487:Senses
1402:Bessoi
1393:Biephi
1360:Tribes
1308:
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1048:283229
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836:
654:Gemina
515:Danube
451:Trajan
426:Rome.
400:Moesia
389:Trajan
162:Trajan
79:Result
2640:Third
2630:First
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2485:First
2307:Books
2209:Limes
1985:Celts
1950:Davae
1843:Kotys
1654:Dapyx
1614:Duras
1539:Coson
1527:Kings
1447:Moesi
1442:Getae
1412:Carpi
1398:Bessi
1388:Apuli
1352:Dacia
1213:S2CID
1044:JSTOR
652:XIII
382:Dacia
286:Heavy
124:Dacia
99:Banat
72:Dacia
2020:Sica
2015:Falx
1492:Suci
1437:Daci
1373:Aedi
1364:List
1306:ISBN
1279:ISBN
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912:2021
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