1682:
85:
2714:
4057:
2526:
921:
1130:
2964:
3462:
2137:
183:
5633:
1918:
2538:
71:
3440:
2054:
947:
1937:
2823:
3822:
2515:
961:
2075:
2878:
1929:
2931:. The theory was that under the federation, social and economic inequities between the Czech and Slovak halves of the state would be largely eliminated. A number of ministries, such as education, now became two formally equal bodies in the two formally equal republics. However, the centralized political control by the Czechoslovak Communist Party severely limited the effects of federalization.
2657:, German minister of state for Bohemia and Moravia, some 350,000 Czech laborers were dispatched to the Reich. Within the protectorate, all non-war-related industry was prohibited. Most of the Czech population obeyed quiescently up until the final months preceding the end of the war, while thousands were involved in the
3753:
Foreign Trade: Exports were estimated at US$ 17.8 billion in 1985. Exports were machinery (55%), fuel and materials (14%), and manufactured consumer goods (16%). Imports stood at an estimated US$ 17.9 billion in 1985, including fuel and materials (41%), machinery (33%), and agricultural and
3749:
Agriculture: Agriculture was a minor sector, but collectivized farms of large acreage and relatively efficient mode of production enabled the country to be relatively self-sufficient in the food supply. The country depended on imports of grains (mainly for livestock feed) in years of adverse weather.
2484:
Czech-Slovak relations came to be a central issue in
Czechoslovak politics during the 1930s. The increasing feeling of inferiority among the Slovaks, who were hostile to the more numerous Czechs, weakened the country in the late 1930s. Slovakia became autonomous in the fall of 1938, and by mid-1939,
2938:. The movement sought greater political participation and expression in the face of official disapproval, manifested in limitations on work activities, which went as far as a ban on professional employment, the refusal of higher education for the dissidents' children, police harassment and prison.
2919:
against the occupation. This resistance involved a wide range of acts of non-cooperation and defiance: this was followed by a period in which the
Czechoslovak Communist Party leadership, having been forced in Moscow to make concessions to the Soviet Union, gradually put the brakes on their earlier
2469:
During the period between the two world wars
Czechoslovakia was a democratic state. The population was generally literate, and contained fewer alienated groups. The influence of these conditions was augmented by the political values of Czechoslovakia's leaders and the policies they adopted. Under
3431:
was elected first secretary of the KSČ in 1969 (changed to general secretary in 1971) and president of
Czechoslovakia in 1975. Other parties and organizations existed but functioned in subordinate roles to the KSČ. All political parties, as well as numerous mass organizations, were grouped under
2873:
The currency reform of 1953 caused dissatisfaction among
Czechoslovak laborers. To equalize the wage rate, Czechoslovaks had to turn in their old money for new at a decreased value. The banks also confiscated savings and bank deposits to control the amount of money in circulation. In the 1950s,
2870:, reflecting economic discontent. Police and army units put down the rebellion, and hundreds were injured but no one was killed. While its economy remained more advanced than those of its neighbors in Eastern Europe, Czechoslovakia grew increasingly economically weak relative to Western Europe.
3745:
and manufacturing dominated the sector, including machinery, chemicals, food processing, metallurgy, and textiles. The sector was wasteful in its use of energy, materials, and labor and was slow to upgrade technology, but the country was a major supplier of high-quality machinery, instruments,
3672:(capital of Slovakia); these were divided into 109–114 okresy; the kraje were abolished temporarily in Slovakia in 1969–1970 and for many purposes from 1991 in Czechoslovakia; in addition, the Czech Socialist Republic and the Slovak Socialist Republic were established in 1969 (without the word
2770:
in the
December 1938 elections. Almost every decree explicitly stated that the sanctions did not apply to antifascists. Some 250,000 Germans, many married to Czechs, some antifascists, and also those required for the post-war reconstruction of the country, remained in Czechoslovakia. The Beneš
2598:
The eventual goal of the German state under Nazi leadership was to eradicate Czech nationality through assimilation, deportation, and extermination of the Czech intelligentsia; the intellectual elites and middle class made up a considerable number of the 200,000 people who passed through
4038:. Private ownership of any publication or agency of the mass media was generally forbidden, although churches and other organizations published small periodicals and newspapers. Even with this information monopoly in the hands of organizations under KSČ control, all publications were
2168:(4%). Many of the Germans, Hungarians, Ruthenians and Poles and some Slovaks, felt oppressed because the political elite did not generally allow political autonomy for minority ethnic groups. This policy led to unrest among the non-Czech population, particularly in German-speaking
2030:
in France and Italy, while large numbers deserted to Russia in exchange for its support for the independence of
Czechoslovakia from the Austrian Empire. With the outbreak of World War I, Masaryk began working for Czech independence in a union with Slovakia. With Edvard Beneš and
1131:
2794:
made up a large proportion of the town and region's population until the late 1980s/early 1990s. Although defined as "Greeks", the Greek
Communist community of Krnov and the Jeseniky region actually consisted of an ethnically diverse population, including
4022:
During the era between the World Wars, Czechoslovak democracy and liberalism facilitated conditions for free publication. The most significant daily newspapers in these times were Lidové noviny, Národní listy, Český deník and Československá Republika.
3504:), 1971, 1975, 1978, and 1989 (at which point the leading role of the Communist Party was abolished). It was amended several more times during 1990–1992 (for example, 1990, name change to Czecho-Slovakia, 1991 incorporation of the human rights charter)
2676:(118,000 according to the 1930 census) were virtually annihilated. Many Jews emigrated after 1939; more than 70,000 were killed; 8,000 survived at Terezín. Several thousand Jews managed to live in freedom or in hiding throughout the occupation.
2625:
by the Nazi state. In 1940, in a secret Nazi plan for the
Germanization of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia it was declared that those considered to be of racially Mongoloid origin and the Czech intelligentsia were not to be Germanized.
4757:
PRECLÍK, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 str., vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karviná) ve spolupráci s
Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019,
2753:
who had accepted German or Hungarian citizenship during the occupations. In 1948, this provision was cancelled for the Hungarians, but only partially for the Germans. The government then confiscated the property of the Germans and
4522:"Ján Kačala: Máme nový názov federatívnej republiky (The New Name of the Federal Republic), In: Kultúra Slova (official publication of the Slovak Academy of Sciences Ľudovít Štúr Institute of Linguistics) 6/1990 pp. 192–197"
4311:
2195:
surfaced again. The governments of Czechoslovakia and other Central European nations deported ethnic Germans, reducing the presence of minorities in the nation. Most of the Jews had been killed during the war by the Nazis.
3757:
Exchange rate: Official, or commercial, the rate was crowns (Kčs) 5.4 per US$ 1 in 1987. Tourist, or non-commercial, the rate was Kčs 10.5 per US$ 1. Neither rate reflected purchasing power. The exchange rate on the
2679:
Despite the estimated 136,000 deaths at the hands of the Nazi regime, the population in the Reichsprotektorate saw a net increase during the war years of approximately 250,000 in line with an increased birth rate.
2866:. Since citizens lacked significant electoral methods of registering protest against government policies, periodically there were street protests that became violent. For example, there were riots in the town of
1978:. Nationalism became a mass movement in the second half of the 19th century. Taking advantage of the limited opportunities for participation in political life under Austrian rule, Czech leaders such as historian
5681:
172:
1205:(the territories of southern Slovakia with a predominantly Hungarian population to Hungary and Zaolzie with a predominantly Polish population to Poland). Between 1939 and 1945, the state ceased to exist, as
2481:", 1921–38) directed against Hungarian attempts to reclaim lost areas. Beneš worked closely with France. Far more dangerous was the German element, which after 1933 became allied with the Nazis in Germany.
5666:
5651:
2187:), to the disagreement of Slovaks and other ethnic groups. Once a unified Czechoslovakia was restored after World War II (after the country had been divided during the war), the conflict between the
1565:
The weather is mild winters and mild summers. Influenced by the Atlantic Ocean from the west, the Baltic Sea from the north, and Mediterranean Sea from the south. There is no continental weather.
5862:
2086:
ceased to exist in 1918 when it was incorporated into Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia was founded in October 1918, as one of the successor states of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of
5842:
5717:
2874:
Czechoslovakia experienced high economic growth (averaging 7% per year), which allowed for a substantial increase in wages and living standards, thus promoting the stability of the regime.
1982:(1798–1876) founded various patriotic, self-help organizations which provided a chance for many of their compatriots to participate in communal life before independence. Palacký supported
170:
5562:
5993:
5988:
5978:
5737:
1300:, which began on 17 November 1989 and ended 11 days later on 28 November when all of the top Communist leaders and Communist party itself resigned. On 31 December 1992, Czechoslovakia
5671:
5482:
5661:
5201:
2668:
was a period of brutal oppression. Czech losses resulting from political persecution and deaths in concentration camps totaled between 36,000 and 55,000. The Jewish populations of
5953:
5727:
5832:
5744:
5293:
6142:
5456:
1549:
The country was of generally irregular terrain. The western area was part of the north-central European uplands. The eastern region was composed of the northern reaches of the
5925:
5930:
5749:
5656:
171:
6048:
5857:
2898:
5945:
5867:
5837:
6132:
5852:
5847:
5676:
5998:
5983:
5973:
5898:
3768:
Fiscal policy: The state was the exclusive owner of means of production in most cases. Revenue from state enterprises was the primary source of revenues followed by
5732:
4430:
6967:
6957:
5779:
4209:
was an Olympic gold medallist in gymnastics, winning seven gold medals and four silver medals. She represented Czechoslovakia in three consecutive Olympics.
3983:
4879:
1349:
in 1938, the region gradually turned into a state with loosened connections among the Czech, Slovak, and Ruthenian parts. A strip of southern Slovakia and
6962:
6952:
4294:
1893:
3702:
Before World War II, the economy was about the fourth in all industrial countries in Europe. The state was based on strong economy, manufacturing cars (
6556:
4913:
4857:
6947:
6937:
6551:
6157:
4726:
3041:
5063:
6041:
3558:
2904:
viewed this intervention as vital for the preservation of the Soviet, socialist system and vowed to intervene in any state that sought to replace
6531:
6526:
6162:
6152:
5536:
182:
6942:
6932:
6855:
869:
695:
84:
3876:, a Czech entrepreneur and visionary, outlined his ideas in the publication "Budujme stát pro 40 milionů lidí", where he described the future
2889:
was appointed to the key post of First Secretary of the Czechoslovak Communist Party, there was a brief period of liberalization known as the
6137:
3730:). It was the industrial workshop for the Austro-Hungarian empire. The Slovak lands relied more heavily on agriculture than the Czech lands.
4696:
3880:
system. Construction of the first motorways in Czechoslovakia begun in 1939, nevertheless, they were stopped after German occupation during
1590:(abbreviated ČSR), or Czechoslovakia, before the formalization of the name in 1920, also known as Czecho-Slovakia or the Czecho-Slovak state
5602:
3084:
2989:
2183:
The state proclaimed the official ideology that there were no separate Czech and Slovak nations, but only one nation of Czechoslovaks (see
1743:
700:
4613:
6498:
6034:
5801:
5098:
2979:
restored democracy. This occurred around the same time as the fall of communism in Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany and Poland.
6521:
3570:
690:
5453:
5301:
3772:. The government spent heavily on social programs, subsidies, and investment. The budget was usually balanced or left a small surplus.
2459:*Jews identified themselves as Germans or Hungarians (and Jews only by religion not ethnicity), the sum is, therefore, more than 100%.
5913:
5791:
3782:
3525:
3478:
3408:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3077:
2992:
to Czechoslovakia on 21 April 1990, hailing it as a symbolic step of reviving Christianity in the newly-formed post-communist state.
2958:
2704:
1842:
638:
2621:
they were considered a threat to German rule. Just like Jews, Poles, Serbs, and several other nations, Czechs were considered to be
212:
4528:
1940:
1775:
1703:
2838:(Podkarpatská Rus) was occupied by (and in June 1945 formally ceded to) the Soviet Union. In the 1946 parliamentary election, the
6300:
5486:
2755:
1886:
5037:
2923:
Meanwhile, one plank of the reform program had been carried out: in 1968–69, Czechoslovakia was turned into a federation of the
2637:
was made into a ghetto way station for Jewish families. On 4 June 1942 Heydrich died after being wounded by an assassin in
6972:
6576:
6401:
6096:
6076:
5617:
4017:
3456:
2894:
2091:
1821:
1281:
792:
3733:
After World War II, the economy was centrally planned, with command links controlled by the communist party, similarly to the
3356:
2611:. The Czech intellectual elites were to be removed not only from Czech territories but from Europe completely. The authors of
4994:
4944:
4763:
4506:
4482:
4316:
4154:
4065:
3514:
3034:
1959:, who served as its first president from 14 November 1918 to 14 December 1935. He was succeeded by his close ally
6430:
5786:
5622:
5038:"HITLER'S PLANS FOR EASTERN EUROPE Selections from Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski POLAND UNDER NAZI OCCUPATION"
4081:
3520:
3412:
3182:
1852:
1629:
1468:
427:
339:
3750:
Meat production was constrained by a shortage of feed, but the country still recorded high per capita consumption of meat.
6604:
6307:
6183:
5820:
5754:
5529:
4299:
4073:
3893:
3639:
Late 1938 – March 1939: As above, but Slovakia and Ruthenia gained the status of "autonomous lands". Slovakia was called
3497:
3379:
3215:
2734:
2592:
2509:
2126:
1754:
1537:
1366:
1245:
1214:
753:
2851:
1796:
1257:
779:
6927:
6352:
6269:
6264:
5886:
4419:
3342:
1879:
1661:
1210:
685:
4451:
3852:
Slightly after the foundation of Czechoslovakia in 1918, there was a lack of essential infrastructure in many areas –
6536:
3484:
3443:
3418:
3321:
2847:
2839:
2634:
2474:, Czech and Slovak politicians promoted progressive social and economic conditions that served to defuse discontent.
1404:
1253:
1137:
705:
560:
3762:
was around Kčs 30 per US$ 1, which became the official rate once the currency became convertible in the early 1990s.
6594:
6382:
4282:
3604:) in today's Slovakia and three counties in today's Ruthenia; both lands and counties were divided into districts (
3501:
3307:
3027:
1681:
1377:
1230:
57:
4645:
6876:
6669:
6491:
6450:
5612:
4321:
4147:
4077:
3433:
3171:
2855:
2708:
2486:
1806:
1765:
1613:
1428:
1400:
1385:
1372:
333:
17:
4899:Škorpila F. B.; Zeměpisný atlas pro měšťanské školy; Státní Nakladatelství; second edition; 1930; Czechoslovakia
6541:
6445:
6057:
5963:
5903:
5707:
5522:
4579:
4051:
3686:
3487:(The Constitutional Document of the Czechoslovak Republic), democratic, in force until 1948, several amendments
3466:
3261:
2995:
2982:
The word "socialist" was removed from the country's full name on 29 March 1990 and replaced by "federal".
2718:
1516:
1511:
90:
5209:
2771:
Decrees still cause controversy among nationalist groups in the Czech Republic, Germany, Austria and Hungary.
6546:
5764:
5414:
Williams, Kieran, "Civil Resistance in Czechoslovakia: From Soviet Invasion to "Velvet Revolution", 1968–89",
3240:
3112:
3006:
2062:
2036:
2032:
1993:
An advocate of democratic reform and Czech autonomy within Austria-Hungary, Masaryk was elected twice to the
1862:
1481:
1393:
1301:
886:
818:
4909:
70:
6922:
5774:
5722:
5597:
4277:
3200:
3160:
2791:
2665:
2542:
1966:
The roots of Czech nationalism go back to the 19th century, when philologists and educators, influenced by
1733:
1595:
863:
321:
4736:
3613:
1923–1927: As above, except that the Slovak and Ruthenian counties were replaced by six (grand) counties (
6435:
6332:
6221:
5920:
5872:
5712:
5607:
5592:
5067:
3904:
3812:
3153:
3141:
2827:
2700:
2058:
2048:
1956:
1921:
1785:
1713:
1604:
1586:
766:
727:
327:
315:
6290:
4960:
1990:, which would protect the Slavic speaking peoples of Central Europe against Russian and German threats.
6484:
6440:
6216:
6211:
6193:
6101:
5935:
4056:
3941:
3009:
by parliament. On the 31st of December 1992, it formally separated into two independent countries, the
2525:
2477:
Foreign minister Beneš became the prime architect of the Czechoslovak-Romanian-Yugoslav alliance (the "
2173:
1647:
1578:
1419:
1240:
After World War II, Czechoslovakia was reestablished under its pre-1938 borders, with the exception of
309:
5064:"Nazi Conspiracy & Aggression Volume I Chapter XIII Germanization & Spoliation Czechoslovakia"
4300:
Czechoslovakia stamp reused by Slovak Republic after 18 January 1939 by overprinting country and value
2583:
On 14 March 1939, the remainder ("rump") of Czechoslovakia was dismembered by the proclamation of the
6917:
6259:
6122:
5554:
3833:
3697:
3491:
3370:
3352:
3070:
2928:
2759:
2713:
1912:
1693:
1670:
1643:
1451:
5483:
Crumbling of Empires and Emerging States: Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia as (Multi)national Countries
5426:
Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present
2941:
During the 1980s, Czechoslovakia became one of the most tightly controlled Communist regimes in the
2867:
501:
6460:
6425:
6254:
5958:
4206:
3366:
2924:
2494:
1445:
5377:
3864:, etc. Massive improvement in the following years enabled Czechoslovakia to develop its industry.
6907:
6327:
6238:
6015:
5796:
4704:
3912:
was free at all levels and compulsory from ages 6 to 15. The vast majority of the population was
2774:
Following the expulsion of the ethnic German population from Czechoslovakia, parts of the former
833:
3754:
forestry products (12%). In 1986, about 80% of foreign trade was with other socialist countries.
2934:
The 1970s saw the rise of the dissident movement in Czechoslovakia, represented among others by
2782:
mountain region in northeastern Czechoslovakia, were settled in 1949 by Communist refugees from
2122:. Its territory included some of the most industrialized regions of the former Austria-Hungary.
156:
6614:
6347:
6317:
6226:
5968:
5769:
5417:
5244:
3272:
2893:. In response, after failing to persuade the Czechoslovak leaders to change course, five other
2854:. Although they would maintain the fiction of political pluralism through the existence of the
1979:
1460:
1415:
1381:
1234:
998:
Calling code +42 was withdrawn in the winter of 1997. The number range was divided between the
416:
367:
357:
76:
5102:
4229:
4178:
6912:
6886:
6342:
6127:
5509:
5504:
5499:
3997:
2035:, Masaryk visited several Western countries and won support from influential publicists. The
2027:
247:
4253:
4158:
4104:
105:
6285:
6231:
6071:
4233:
4116:
4108:
3993:
3963:
3800:
3632:): Bohemia, Moravia-Silesia, Slovakia and Sub-Carpathian Ruthenia, divided into districts (
2909:
2638:
2023:
1550:
1285:
591:
513:
31:
6465:
5411:
Wheaton, Bernard; Zdenek Kavav. "The Velvet Revolution: Czechoslovakia, 1988–1991" (1992).
3737:. The large metallurgical industry was dependent on imports of iron and non-ferrous ores.
2136:
8:
6684:
6188:
4241:
3228:
2963:
2835:
2726:
2658:
2588:
2119:
2004:
1995:
1651:
1408:
1350:
1331:
1293:
1241:
856:
377:
302:
5632:
5124:
4521:
3617:) in Slovakia and one (grand) county in Ruthenia, and the numbers and boundaries of the
3541:
In the 1930s, the nation formed a military alliance with France, which collapsed in the
2886:
2565:; France ignored the military alliance it had with Czechoslovakia. During October 1938,
1917:
603:
6455:
5577:
5567:
5421:
5170:
4826:
4818:
4732:
4350:
4150:
code for Czechoslovakia is TCH, which is still used in historical listings of results.
3959:
3461:
3338:
3287:
3278:
3234:
2725:
After World War II, pre-war Czechoslovakia was reestablished, with the exception of Sub
2654:
2573:
2177:
1521:
1380:
continued to exist in London, supported by the United Kingdom, United States and their
1335:
1198:
446:
407:
392:
277:
4670:
4312:
Effects on the environment in Czechoslovakia from Soviet influence during the Cold War
4217:
4096:
3873:
2500:
After 1933, Czechoslovakia remained the only democracy in central and eastern Europe.
6881:
6659:
6561:
6507:
6395:
6312:
6106:
6086:
5759:
5572:
5370:
5174:
5088:"Vaclav Havel – A Political Tragedy in 6 Acts" by John Keane, published 2000, page 54
5041:
5009:
4990:
4940:
4873:
4830:
4810:
4759:
4502:
4478:
4200:
4162:
4140:
4124:
4120:
4068:
was a consistent performer on the international scene, with eight appearances in the
3958:, and other religions made up 17% of the country, but there were huge differences in
3921:
3428:
3019:
2985:
2976:
2946:
2863:
2800:
2796:
2742:
2630:
2569:
occupied the Sudetenland border region, effectively crippling Czechoslovak defences.
2562:
2530:
2008:
2000:
1831:
1456:
1297:
805:
657:
615:
537:
4186:
2968:
2629:
The deportation of Jews to concentration camps was organized under the direction of
525:
6420:
6362:
5373:
5162:
4802:
4383:
4005:
3929:
3925:
3872:
became one of the most modern terminals in the world when it was finished in 1937.
3542:
2916:
2905:
2763:
2577:
2519:
2382:
2241:
2083:
1723:
1440:
1358:
1186:
1174:
1033:
740:
669:
627:
579:
489:
413:
401:
398:
386:
5476:
4249:
4166:
4136:
4132:
2897:. Soviet tanks rolled into Czechoslovakia on the night of 20–21 August 1968.
2738:
141:
6739:
6337:
6026:
5908:
5587:
5582:
5460:
5166:
4565:
4359:
4272:
4035:
3947:
3707:
3646:
1945–1948: As in 1928–1938, except that Ruthenia became part of the Soviet Union.
3333:
3300:
3054:
3014:
2901:
2816:
2787:
2783:
2602:
2576:
assigned a strip of southern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia to Hungary. Poland
2490:
2184:
1987:
1948:
1477:
1433:
1423:
1305:
1265:
1182:
1162:
1007:
927:
920:
287:
259:
188:
123:
111:
5339:
National Conflict in Czechoslovakia: The Making and Remaking of a State, 1918–87
5027:(1800–1945), Walter Rüegg Cambridge University Press (28 October 2004), page 353
4245:
4196:
4182:
4092:
3439:
2935:
1960:
1364:
1939–1945: The remainder of the state was dismembered and became split into the
1226:
549:
465:
6809:
6634:
6566:
6322:
6295:
4844:
4646:"A Brief History of the Czech Republic – Live & Study – Czech Universities"
4556:
4368:
4268:
4237:
4069:
4027:
3967:
3917:
3727:
3711:
3473:
Czechoslovakia had the following constitutions during its history (1918–1992):
3192:
3010:
2537:
2478:
2107:
2053:
1983:
1971:
1473:
1376:, while the rest of Carpathian Ruthenia was occupied and annexed by Hungary. A
1309:
1178:
1158:
999:
982:
940:
282:
251:
5276:
Czechoslovakia: Behind the Curtain Life, Work and Culture in the Communist Era
4100:
3746:
electronics, aircraft, airplane engines and arms to other socialist countries.
3719:
3351:ČSR; declared a "people's democracy" (without a formal name change) under the
2998:
with a small force of 200 troops under the command of the U.S.-led coalition.
6901:
6850:
6699:
4814:
4190:
3796:
3362:
2890:
2859:
2808:
2750:
2645:, ordered mass arrests and executions and the destruction of the villages of
2622:
2608:
2599:
concentration camps and the 250,000 who died during German occupation. Under
2471:
2406:
2278:
2039:
was the main organization that advanced the claims for a Czechoslovak state.
1817:
1277:
383:
363:
354:
227:
214:
4174:
3703:
477:
5385:
Czechoslovakia: Profile of a Socialist Republic at the Crossroads of Europe
4447:
4170:
3989:
3881:
3769:
3759:
3742:
3734:
3546:
3327:
3135:
2730:
2642:
2584:
2566:
2550:
1975:
1936:
1554:
1527:
1505:
1501:
1389:
1346:
1261:
1249:
1222:
1206:
1194:
404:
389:
5514:
5465:
4225:
4128:
4112:
4072:
Finals, finishing in second place in 1934 and 1962. The team also won the
3436:. Human rights activists and religious activists were severely repressed.
2822:
1466:
1990–1992: Shortly after the Velvet Revolution, the state was renamed the
6794:
6734:
5806:
4886:
4004:
and other inpatient institutions. There was a substantial improvement in
3951:
3787:
After World War II, the country was short of energy, relying on imported
3715:
3554:
3147:
3002:
2945:
in resistance to the mitigation of controls notified by Soviet president
2942:
2843:
2775:
2746:
2650:
2558:
2554:
2169:
2087:
2019:
2012:
1967:
1952:
1342:
1296:, Czechoslovaks peacefully deposed their communist government during the
1273:
1218:
1190:
5010:
Gorazd Mesko; Charles B. Fields; Branko Lobnikar; Andrej Sotlar (eds.).
3821:
2687:
from the south west. On 9 May 1945, Soviet Red Army troops entered
2653:. In 1943 the German war effort was accelerated. Under the authority of
2591:
was occupied and annexed by Hungary, while the following day the German
2580:
Zaolzie, an area whose population was majority Polish, in October 1938.
1280:, ended when the Soviet Union, assisted by other Warsaw Pact countries,
6764:
6729:
6709:
4822:
4790:
4221:
4088:
4039:
4031:
3853:
3723:
3669:
2369:
2254:
2161:
1574:
1354:
1202:
1017:
371:
5471:
2514:
1407:
ministers, including the prime minister and the minister of interior.
6704:
5472:
Orders and Medals of Czechoslovakia including Order of the White Lion
5367:
Battle for the Castle: The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe 1914–1948
4603:
Rozdělení Československa, Vladimír Srb, Tomáš Veselý ISBN10809685335x
3909:
3788:
2557:. On 29 September 1938, Britain and France ceded control in the
2419:
2144:
The new country was a multi-ethnic state, with Czechs and Slovaks as
1289:
6476:
4806:
3869:
2915:
In the week after the invasion, there was a spontaneous campaign of
6830:
6779:
6774:
6754:
6619:
6388:
6147:
5487:
1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
5360:
The Establishment of Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe, 1944–1949
4001:
3996:
was available to all citizens. National health planning emphasized
3971:
3913:
3877:
3857:
3589:
3549:, an active participant in Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (
3423:
3250:
2503:
2111:
2074:
1426:. In 1960, the country officially became a socialist republic, the
1313:
1209:
proclaimed its independence and Carpathian Ruthenia became part of
987:
954:
192:
5202:"N. Korea Seize U.S. Ship - 1968 Year in Review - Audio - UPI.com"
2684:
6804:
6759:
6719:
6679:
6674:
6664:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6624:
6609:
6599:
6589:
6584:
4203:, is considered one of the top athletes in Czechoslovak history.
3955:
3792:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3550:
3385:
3129:
3125:
3121:
2877:
2779:
2673:
2669:
2618:
2617:
believed it would be best if they emigrated overseas, as even in
2356:
2343:
2228:
2215:
2192:
2157:
2153:
2115:
2103:
2099:
2095:
1533:
1494:
1269:
297:
4157:
won many medals from the world championships and Olympic Games.
6845:
6835:
6825:
6799:
6789:
6769:
6749:
6744:
6724:
6694:
6654:
6629:
4213:
3865:
3861:
3665:
3375:
2804:
2688:
2646:
2339:
2211:
2188:
2165:
2149:
1928:
206:
2778:, especially around Krnov and the surrounding villages of the
6840:
6784:
6714:
6689:
5153:
Mares, Vaclav (June 1954). "Czechoslovakia under Communism".
3606:
3477:
Temporary constitution of 14 November 1918 (democratic): see
2812:
2767:
1455:. In late 1989, the communist rule came to an end during the
1120:
1087:
1039:
1011:
1003:
117:
5025:
Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
3557:, United Nations and its specialized agencies; signatory of
3427:
the most powerful person in the country during this period.
2607:, it was assumed that around 50% of Czechs would be fit for
4989:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 175–177.
3576:
1918–1923: Different systems in former Austrian territory (
2683:
On 6 May 1945, the third US Army of General Patton entered
1276:
of 1955. A period of political liberalization in 1968, the
1108:
1096:
1090:
1078:
1072:
1057:
1048:
1042:
879:
5466:
U.S. Library of Congress Country Studies, "Czechoslovakia"
3536:
1181:, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from
4860:. 6 July 2005. Archived from the original on 30 June 2008
3417:
After World War II, a political monopoly was held by the
1066:
891:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4501:(18th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
3498:
1960 Constitution of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
2664:
For the Czechs of the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia,
5262:
Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic in World Politics
4766:, pp. 8 – 52, 57 – 120, 124 – 128, 140 – 148, 184 – 190
3803:. Energy constraints were a major factor in the 1980s.
3588:) compared to former Hungarian territory (Slovakia and
5433:
Czechoslovakia 1968: Reform, Repression and Resistance
5249:
Czechoslovakia 1968: Reform, Repression and Resistance
4939:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 159.
4042:
by the government's Office for Press and Information.
3049:
2758:, over 2 million people. Those who remained were
1268:. Its economic status was formalized in membership of
4631:
4000:; factory and local health care centres supplemented
3984:
Health and social welfare in Communist Czechoslovakia
3977:
1138:
1102:
1093:
1069:
1051:
1045:
1036:
5117:
4985:
Teich, Mikuláš; Kováč, Dušan; Brown, Martin (2011).
4935:
Teich, Mikuláš; Kováč, Dušan; Brown, Martin (2011).
4728:
Czechs Celebrate Republic's Birth, 1933/11/06 (1933)
2172:, which initially had proclaimed itself part of the
1943:
rally in Prague on Wenceslas Square, 28 October 1918
1260:. From 1948 to 1989, Czechoslovakia was part of the
1117:
1105:
1063:
1054:
5500:
Border changes after the creation of Czechoslovakia
4295:
Postage stamps and postal history of Czechoslovakia
2858:, except for a short period in the late 1960s (the
1114:
1084:
1060:
6056:
5012:Handbook on Policing in Central and Eastern Europe
2756:expelled about 90% of the ethnic German population
4580:"Milestones: 1961–1968 – Office of the Historian"
3600:)): Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, plus 21 counties (
2766:, as 97.32% of Sudeten Germans had voted for the
2749:was abrogated for people of German and Hungarian
2094:. It consisted of the present day territories of
1999:(Austrian Parliament), from 1891 to 1893 for the
1459:followed by the re-establishment of a democratic
6899:
5440:Czechoslovakia: Politics, Society, and Economics
5251:(London: Chatto & Windus, 1969), pp. 97–143.
4878:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
4340:In other recognized languages of Czechoslovakia:
3791:and natural gas from the Soviet Union, domestic
3559:conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
3515:Leaders of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
3508:
2741:were promulgated concerning ethnic Germans (see
2504:Munich Agreement, and Two-Step German Occupation
2326:
2198:
1396:and was a founding member of the United Nations.
1197:, while the country lost further territories to
4984:
4934:
3806:
3680:
3005:tensions in the government, Czechoslovakia was
2786:who had left their homeland as a result of the
5406:Czechoslovakia: Crossroads and Crises, 1918–88
3320:ČSR; boundaries and government established by
2042:
6968:States and territories disestablished in 1992
6958:States and territories disestablished in 1939
6492:
6042:
5530:
5358:Naimark, Norman, and Leonid Gibianskii, eds.
4391:
3450:
3035:
2694:
1887:
4076:in 1976, came in third in 1980, and won the
2745:) and ethnic Hungarians. Under the decrees,
2612:
2600:
1439:1989–1990: Czechoslovakia formally became a
153:
30:"RČS" redirects here. For other topics, see
5544:
4514:
4376:
4060:Czechoslovak national football team in 1966
3564:
2996:Czechoslovakia participated in the Gulf War
1075:
683:Revolutionary National Assembly (1918–1920)
138:
6963:States and territories established in 1945
6953:States and territories established in 1918
6499:
6485:
6049:
6035:
5537:
5523:
5298:The official website of the Czech Republic
4777:The Masaryks: The Making of Czechoslovakia
4703:. University of Pittsburgh. Archived from
3571:Administrative divisions of Czechoslovakia
3402:
3283:1944 / 1946 – 1991
3042:
3028:
2485:Slovakia had become independent, with the
1894:
1880:
1294:ending all over Central and Eastern Europe
181:
6557:Commission against Racism and Intolerance
5477:Czechoslovakia by Encyclopædia Britannica
5378:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367812.001.0001
4034:in Czechoslovakia were controlled by the
3916:. There was a highly developed system of
3783:Resource base of Communist Czechoslovakia
3526:List of prime ministers of Czechoslovakia
2852:February 1948 the Communists seized power
2065:—both key figures in early Czechoslovakia
1932:Czechoslovak troops in Vladivostok (1918)
1399:1946–1948: The country was governed by a
6948:1992 disestablishments in Czechoslovakia
6938:1939 disestablishments in Czechoslovakia
6552:Commission for the Efficiency of Justice
5603:Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)
4791:"Recognition of the Czechoslovak Nation"
4499:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
4199:, winner of four Olympic gold medals in
4055:
3460:
3438:
2962:
2899:Soviet Communist Party General Secretary
2876:
2821:
2712:
2641:. Heydrich's successor, Colonel General
2536:
2524:
2513:
2140:Linguistic map of Czechoslovakia in 1930
2135:
2073:
2052:
1941:Czechoslovak declaration of independence
1935:
1927:
1916:
1272:from 1949 and its defense status in the
6301:Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic
4788:
4448:"THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS"
4440:
3643:, with its own currency and government.
3537:International agreements and membership
3336:of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia.
1508:, were neighbors between 1949 and 1990)
1217:was proclaimed in the remainder of the
561:KSČ General Secretary / First Secretary
27:Country in Europe; 1918-1939, 1945-1992
14:
6900:
6402:Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin
5618:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
5392:A History of Czechoslovakia since 1945
5346:A History of the Czechoslovak Republic
5273:
4018:Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia
3621:were changed in those two territories.
3457:Constitutional Court of Czechoslovakia
2518:The partition of Czechoslovakia after
2332:Ethnicities of Czechoslovakia in 1930
2204:Ethnicities of Czechoslovakia in 1921
6943:1945 establishments in Czechoslovakia
6933:1918 establishments in Czechoslovakia
6506:
6480:
6030:
5914:Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)
5518:
5510:Czechoslovakia after Munich Agreement
5318:Czechoslovakia: The State That Failed
5152:
5148:
5146:
5099:"East European Constitutional Review"
4795:The American Political Science Review
4564:
4555:
4496:
4472:
4317:Former countries in Europe after 1815
4155:Czechoslovak national ice hockey team
4066:Czechoslovakia national football team
3479:History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)
3409:History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)
3023:
2959:History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)
2705:History of Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)
1986:and worked for a reorganized federal
6431:Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia
5623:Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
5494:Maps with Hungarian-language rubrics
5404:Stone, Norman, and E. Strouhal, eds.
4436:from the original on 9 October 2022.
4087:Well-known football players such as
3946:In 1991, 46% of the population were
3816:
3521:List of presidents of Czechoslovakia
3413:Politics of Communist Czechoslovakia
3183:Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
2022:a number of Czechs and Slovaks, the
2007:, which he had founded in 1889 with
1630:Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
1469:Czech and Slovak Federative Republic
6184:State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
5431:Windsor, Philip, and Adam Roberts,
5399:A History of the Czechs and Slovaks
5260:Ladislav Cabada and Sarka Waisova,
5234:(New York: The Penguin Press), 150.
4697:"Czecho-Slovakia or Czechoslovakia"
4694:
4534:from the original on 19 August 2011
4387:
3894:Society of Communist Czechoslovakia
3216:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
2735:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
2593:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
2510:German occupation of Czechoslovakia
2127:Ethnic minorities in Czechoslovakia
1367:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
1341:1938–1939: After the annexation of
1215:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
24:
6353:Galician Soviet Socialist Republic
5309:
5143:
4910:"Československo 1930 (Sčítání)(2)"
4850:
4265:Czech Republic / Slovakia
4212:Several accomplished professional
3978:Health, social welfare and housing
2895:members of the Warsaw Pact invaded
2762:of supporting the Nazis after the
2493:of Nazi Germany and the far-right
2464:
1319:
25:
6984:
6887:Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)
5447:
5369:(Oxford University Press, 2009);
5353:The Czechoslovak Economy, 1948–88
5294:"The First Czechoslovak Republic"
4916:from the original on 4 March 2016
4288:
4143:were all born in Czechoslovakia.
3531:
3421:(KSČ). The leader of the KSČ was
3419:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
2971:signing ceremony in February 1991
2840:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
1951:until it collapsed at the end of
1353:was redeemed by Hungary, and the
1221:. In 1939, after the outbreak of
6308:West Ukrainian People's Republic
5631:
5428:(Oxford University Press, 2009).
5125:"The Story of Greeks in Czechia"
4614:"16. Czechoslovakia (1918–1992)"
4475:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
4454:from the original on 20 May 2011
4283:Jazz in dissident Czechoslovakia
3820:
3776:
3502:Constitutional Law of Federation
2003:, and from 1907 to 1914 for the
1776:Czechoslovak government-in-exile
1680:
1622:Czechoslovak Federative Republic
1414:1948–1989: The country became a
1392:. Czechoslovakia adhered to the
1388:, it was also recognized by the
1233:and sought recognition from the
1225:, former Czechoslovak President
1032:
959:
945:
919:
168:
83:
69:
6451:Romanian occupation of Pokuttia
6077:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
5613:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
5267:
5254:
5237:
5224:
5194:
5189:A People's History of the World
5181:
5091:
5082:
5056:
5030:
5018:
5003:
4978:
4953:
4928:
4902:
4893:
4837:
4782:
4769:
4751:
4719:
4688:
4663:
4606:
4420:"Human Development Report 1992"
4322:List of former sovereign states
4278:MDŽ (International Women's Day)
4148:International Olympic Committee
3596:) (also called district units (
3500:with major amendments in 1968 (
3172:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
2709:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
2092:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
1955:. The new state was founded by
1807:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
1614:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
1429:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
1386:German invasion of Soviet Union
6357:(Russian Civil War spill over)
6058:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary
5780:Cold War border fortifications
4597:
4572:
4546:
4490:
4466:
4412:
4334:
4193:all come from Czechoslovakia.
4074:European Football Championship
4052:Czechoslovakia at the Olympics
3687:Demographics of Czechoslovakia
3624:1928–1938: Four lands (Czech:
2148:. The population consisted of
2114:, and a region of present-day
1411:was ceded to the Soviet Union.
13:
1:
6973:1918 establishments in Europe
6547:Commissioner for Human Rights
5332:The Genesis of Czechoslovakia
4405:
4256:were born in Czechoslovakia.
4011:
3509:Heads of state and government
2952:
2037:Czechoslovak National Council
1924:, founder and first president
1863:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
1394:Declaration by United Nations
696:Constituent National Assembly
5598:Second Czechoslovak Republic
5167:10.1525/curh.1954.26.154.347
4789:Fenwick, Charles G. (1918).
4675:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
4377:
4008:during the 1960s and 1970s.
3898:
3807:Transport and communications
3681:Population and ethnic groups
3001:In 1992, because of growing
2543:Second Czechoslovak Republic
2131:
2069:
1734:Second Czechoslovak Republic
1500:Germany (both predecessors,
7:
6391:and Transylvania to Romania
5608:Third Czechoslovak Republic
5593:First Czechoslovak Republic
5232:The Cold War: A New History
4961:"Nazis take Czechoslovakia"
4392:
4305:
3935:
3905:Education in Czechoslovakia
3813:Transport in Czechoslovakia
3765:Fiscal year: Calendar year.
3361:ČSSR; from 1969, after the
2885:In 1968, when the reformer
2729:, which was annexed by the
2701:Third Czechoslovak Republic
2633:, and the fortress town of
2587:, the next day the rest of
2533:was fatally injured in 1942
2445:
2315:
2049:First Czechoslovak Republic
2043:First Czechoslovak Republic
1786:Third Czechoslovak Republic
1714:First Czechoslovak Republic
1244:, which became part of the
1150:-ə-, -slə-, -
108: / Pravda víťazí'
10:
6989:
6872:Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)
6446:Hungarian–Czechoslovak War
6212:Republic of German-Austria
6194:Italian Regency of Carnaro
6143:Berthelot-Apáthy Agreement
6102:1920 Carinthian plebiscite
5286:
5274:Murphy, Thomas K. (2018).
5129:Radio Prague International
4566:[ˈtʂeskɔslɔʋenskɔ]
4557:[ˈtʃɛskoslovɛnsko]
4372:
4259:
4049:
4015:
3981:
3942:Religion in Czechoslovakia
3939:
3902:
3891:
3887:
3810:
3780:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3568:
3512:
3454:
3451:Constitutional development
3406:
2956:
2733:and incorporated into the
2698:
2695:Third and Fourth Republics
2507:
2442:
2431:
2418:
2405:
2394:
2381:
2368:
2355:
2312:
2301:
2290:
2277:
2266:
2253:
2240:
2227:
2174:Republic of German-Austria
2124:
2046:
1910:
1906:
1648:History of the Czech lands
1641:
1637:
1579:Name of the Czech Republic
1572:
187:Czechoslovakia during the
29:
6928:History of Central Europe
6864:
6818:
6575:
6514:
6411:
6375:
6278:
6260:Hungarian Soviet Republic
6247:
6204:
6171:
6123:Armistice of Villa Giusti
6115:
6064:
6011:
5944:
5894:
5885:
5828:
5819:
5703:
5694:
5647:
5640:
5629:
5553:
5454:Online books and articles
4477:(3rd ed.), Longman,
4045:
3698:Economy of Czechoslovakia
3492:Ninth-of-May Constitution
3371:Slovak Socialist Republic
3353:Ninth-of-May Constitution
3349:
3318:
3314:
3306:
3286:
3277:
3256:
3249:
3233:
3226:
3213:
3198:
3191:
3180:
3169:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3139:
3134:
3119:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
2929:Slovak Socialist Republic
2881:Czechoslovakia after 1969
2613:
2450:
2329:
2320:
2201:
1947:The area was part of the
1913:Origins of Czechoslovakia
1694:Origins of Czechoslovakia
1644:History of Czechoslovakia
1633:(ČSFR), or Czechoslovakia
1617:(ČSSR), or Czechoslovakia
1484:on 31 December 1992.
1452:Slovak Socialist Republic
996:
975:
897:
885:
875:
862:
852:
832:
828:
815:
802:
789:
776:
763:
750:
737:
724:
720:
712:
691:Interim National Assembly
679:
675:
663:
653:• 1918–1919 (first)
651:
647:
637:
633:
621:
609:
597:
585:
573:
569:
559:
555:
543:
531:
519:
507:
495:
483:
471:
452:
440:
436:
426:
308:
296:
267:Recognised languages
265:
243:
199:
180:
154:
139:
133:
99:
65:
53:
41:
6461:Uprising in West Hungary
6333:Slovak People's Republic
6291:Banat, Bačka and Baranja
6255:First Hungarian Republic
5278:. McFarland. p. 27.
4858:"Playing the blame game"
4843:"The War of the World",
4327:
3718:), ships, ship engines (
3565:Administrative divisions
3367:Czech Socialist Republic
2925:Czech Socialist Republic
2553:demanded control of the
2033:Milan Rastislav Štefánik
1608:(ČSR), or Czechoslovakia
1568:
1446:Czech Socialist Republic
47:Československá republika
6882:Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)
6532:Parliamentary Assembly
6527:Committee of Ministers
6436:Polish–Czechoslovak War
6328:Republic of Heinzenland
6239:First Austrian Republic
5505:Interwar Czechoslovakia
5325:A History of the Czechs
5264:(Lexington Books; 2012)
4473:Wells, John C. (2008),
3649:1949–1960: 19 regions (
3403:Government and politics
2176:in accordance with the
1949:Austro-Hungarian Empire
360:(1918–1938, 1945–1948)
244:Official languages
6615:Bosnia and Herzegovina
6441:Hungarian–Romanian War
6348:Slovak Soviet Republic
6318:Republic of Tarnobrzeg
6227:Bohemian Forest Region
6133:Hodža-Bartha Agreement
6107:1921 Sopron plebiscite
6097:Paris Peace Conference
5337:Leff, Carol Skalnick.
4735:. 1933. Archived from
4701:Slovak Studies Program
4363:
4354:
4345:
4061:
3470:
3447:
3273:Subcarpathian Ruthenia
3258:Southern Slovakia and
2972:
2882:
2842:was the winner in the
2832:
2722:
2601:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2141:
2106:making up present day
2079:
2078:Czechoslovakia in 1928
2066:
2059:Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
1957:Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
1944:
1933:
1925:
1922:Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
1704:Washington Declaration
1596:Czecho-Slovak Republic
1461:parliamentary republic
1416:Marxist-Leninist state
1282:invaded Czechoslovakia
1166:
868:left (Pre 1939) right
417:parliamentary republic
368:parliamentary republic
358:parliamentary republic
6542:Court of Human Rights
6343:Republic of Prekmurje
6128:Armistice of Belgrade
4650:czechuniversities.com
4562:Slovak pronunciation:
4497:Roach, Peter (2011),
4059:
3964:constituent republics
3924:supplemented general
3464:
3442:
3322:the 1920 constitution
2966:
2880:
2862:) the country had no
2825:
2811:and Turkish speaking
2716:
2540:
2528:
2517:
2495:Slovak People's Party
2487:First Slovak Republic
2139:
2077:
2056:
1939:
1931:
1920:
1605:Czechoslovak Republic
1587:Czechoslovak Republic
1480:(Slovakia) until the
1231:a government-in-exile
1185:. In 1938, after the
811:17 – 28 November 1989
122:'La vérité vaincra' (
43:Czechoslovak Republic
6426:Polish–Ukrainian War
6286:Republic of Zakopane
6232:German South Moravia
6072:Treaty of Versailles
5682:World Heritage Sites
5459:1 April 2011 at the
5397:Seton-Watson, R. W.
5070:on 28 September 2015
4553:Czech pronunciation:
3952:Evangelical Lutheran
3928:and institutions of
3868:'s civil airport in
3801:hydroelectric energy
3710:), trams, aircraft (
3007:peacefully dissolved
2850:won in Slovakia. In
2760:collectively accused
2639:Operation Anthropoid
2024:Czechoslovak Legions
1841:
1816:
1795:
1764:
1753:
1599:, or Czecho-Slovakia
1551:Carpathian Mountains
1497:1918–1938, 1945–1992
1482:peaceful dissolution
1472:, consisting of the
1436:of the Soviet Union.
1401:coalition government
157:Nad Tatrou sa blýska
32:RCS (disambiguation)
6923:Geography of Europe
6189:Free State of Fiume
5438:Wolchik, Sharon L.
5243:Philip Windsor and
5230:John Lewis Gaddis,
4987:Slovakia in History
4937:Slovakia in History
4242:Martina Navratilova
3998:preventive medicine
3960:religious practices
3743:Extractive industry
3726:), turbines, guns (
3722:), cannons, shoes (
3653:) divided into 270
3490:The Communist 1948
3365:, consisted of the
3310:government-in-exile
2836:Carpathian Ruthenia
2727:carpathian Ruthenia
2659:resistance movement
2589:Carpathian Ruthenia
2549:In September 1938,
2146:constituent peoples
2120:Carpathian Ruthenia
2090:and as part of the
2005:Czech Realist Party
1853:Federative Republic
1755:Bohemia and Moravia
1652:History of Slovakia
1538:Soviet Union member
1409:Carpathian Ruthenia
1378:government-in-exile
1351:Carpathian Ruthenia
1332:democratic republic
1248:(a republic of the
1242:Carpathian Ruthenia
1213:, while the German
857:Czechoslovak koruna
665:• 1992 (last)
378:Government-in-exile
340:Federative Republic
224: /
58:Government-in-exile
6877:Russia (1996–2022)
6456:Silesian Uprisings
6270:Kingdom of Hungary
6265:Hungarian Republic
5863:Telecommunications
5578:Congress of Vienna
5568:Kingdom of Bohemia
5422:Timothy Garton Ash
5131:. 17 December 2020
4733:Universal Newsreel
4707:on 15 October 2013
4254:Daniela Hantuchová
4216:players including
4062:
3922:vocational schools
3832:. You can help by
3668:, and (from 1970)
3584:, a small part of
3471:
3448:
3345:(1939–1945).
3334:autonomous regions
3332:ČSR; included the
3292:1991–present
3288:Zakarpattia Oblast
3279:Zakarpattia Oblast
3262:Carpathian Ukraine
3235:Kingdom of Hungary
2973:
2920:liberal policies.
2883:
2833:
2723:
2655:Karl Hermann Frank
2574:First Vienna Award
2547:
2535:
2523:
2178:self-determination
2142:
2080:
2067:
2026:, fought with the
1945:
1934:
1926:
1256:seized power in a
408:socialist republic
393:socialist republic
334:Socialist Republic
116:'Veritas vincit' (
110:(Czech /
6895:
6894:
6562:Venice Commission
6522:Secretary General
6508:Council of Europe
6474:
6473:
6466:Battle of Budaörs
6396:Austrian Littoral
6371:
6370:
6313:Komancza Republic
6087:Treaty of Trianon
6024:
6023:
6007:
6006:
5881:
5880:
5815:
5814:
5802:Political parties
5718:Foreign relations
5690:
5689:
5573:Habsburg monarchy
5212:on 31 August 2011
4996:978-0-521-80253-6
4946:978-0-521-80253-6
4764:978-80-87173-47-3
4695:Votruba, Martin.
4584:history.state.gov
4508:978-0-521-15253-2
4484:978-1-4058-8118-0
4006:rural health care
3926:secondary schools
3850:
3849:
3485:1920 constitution
3399:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3293:
3284:
3247:
3222:
3211:
3189:
3178:
3167:
2986:Pope John Paul II
2977:Velvet Revolution
2947:Mikhail Gorbachev
2864:liberal democracy
2797:Greek Macedonians
2743:Potsdam Agreement
2666:German occupation
2631:Reinhard Heydrich
2563:Munich Conference
2541:Territory of the
2531:Reinhard Heydrich
2529:The car in which
2460:
2455:
2454:
2325:
2324:
2001:Young Czech Party
1980:František Palacký
1974:and pride in the
1904:
1903:
1871:
1870:
1832:Velvet Revolution
1744:German occupation
1553:and lands of the
1457:Velvet Revolution
1420:Soviet domination
1359:annexed by Poland
1298:Velvet Revolution
1025:
1024:
971:
970:
967:
966:
933:
932:
806:Velvet Revolution
793:Soviet occupation
746:30 September 1938
701:National Assembly
686:National Assembly
623:• 1987–1989
611:• 1969–1987
599:• 1968–1969
587:• 1953–1968
575:• 1948–1953
545:• 1989–1992
533:• 1976–1989
521:• 1968–1975
509:• 1957–1968
502:Antonín Zápotocký
497:• 1953–1957
485:• 1948–1953
473:• 1938–1939
442:• 1918–1935
228:50.083°N 14.417°E
173:
16:(Redirected from
6980:
6918:Former republics
6501:
6494:
6487:
6478:
6477:
6421:Aster Revolution
6412:Post World War I
6394:South Tyrol and
6359:
6358:
6202:
6201:
6172:Successor states
6093:
6092:
6083:
6082:
6051:
6044:
6037:
6028:
6027:
5892:
5891:
5826:
5825:
5701:
5700:
5645:
5644:
5635:
5539:
5532:
5525:
5516:
5515:
5365:Orzoff, Andrea.
5344:Mantey, Victor.
5330:Kalvoda, Josef.
5305:
5304:on 4 March 2007.
5300:. Archived from
5280:
5279:
5271:
5265:
5258:
5252:
5241:
5235:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5208:. Archived from
5198:
5192:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5161:(154): 347–354.
5150:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5101:. Archived from
5095:
5089:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5066:. Archived from
5060:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5040:. Archived from
5034:
5028:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4906:
4900:
4897:
4891:
4883:
4877:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4854:
4848:
4847:Allen Lane 2006.
4841:
4835:
4834:
4786:
4780:
4775:Z. A. B. Zeman,
4773:
4767:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4671:"Czechoslovakia"
4667:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4642:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4533:
4526:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4424:
4416:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4380:
4374:
4373:Чеськословеньско
4346:Tschechoslowakei
4338:
3994:free health care
3962:between the two
3930:higher education
3845:
3842:
3824:
3817:
3592:): three lands (
3543:Munich Agreement
3444:Federal Assembly
3432:umbrella of the
3311:
3291:
3282:
3265:
3264:
3245:
3220:
3209:
3205:
3187:
3176:
3165:
3064:
3063:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3021:
3020:
2917:civil resistance
2906:Marxism-Leninism
2887:Alexander Dubček
2848:Democratic Party
2764:Munich Agreement
2616:
2615:
2606:
2595:was proclaimed.
2520:Munich Agreement
2458:
2443:Total population
2327:
2313:Total population
2199:
2084:Bohemian Kingdom
1896:
1889:
1882:
1724:Munich Agreement
1690:
1689:
1684:
1674:
1656:
1655:
1441:federal republic
1306:sovereign states
1302:peacefully split
1288:governments and
1286:Marxist–Leninist
1187:Munich Agreement
1175:landlocked state
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
963:
962:
949:
948:
937:
936:
924:
923:
915:
914:
899:
898:
848:
847:
839:
785:25 February 1948
767:Re-establishment
741:Munich Agreement
706:Federal Assembly
604:Alexander Dubček
580:Klement Gottwald
490:Klement Gottwald
461:
447:Tomáš G. Masaryk
402:Marxist-Leninist
387:Marxist-Leninist
344:
268:
239:
238:
236:
235:
234:
229:
225:
222:
221:
220:
217:
202:and largest city
185:
175:
174:
165:
161:
160:
150:
146:
145:
129:
128:'Truth prevails'
87:
73:
39:
38:
21:
6988:
6987:
6983:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6978:
6977:
6898:
6897:
6896:
6891:
6860:
6814:
6740:North Macedonia
6571:
6510:
6505:
6475:
6470:
6414:armed conflicts
6413:
6407:
6367:
6356:
6355:
6338:Hutsul Republic
6274:
6243:
6200:
6167:
6158:Clemenceau Note
6111:
6090:
6089:
6080:
6079:
6060:
6055:
6025:
6020:
6003:
5994:Public holidays
5989:National anthem
5940:
5909:Sudeten Germans
5877:
5811:
5686:
5636:
5627:
5588:Austria-Hungary
5583:Austrian Empire
5549:
5543:
5481:Katrin Boeckh:
5470:English/Czech:
5461:Wayback Machine
5450:
5445:
5415:
5351:Myant, Martin.
5323:Hermann, A. H.
5316:Heimann, Mary.
5312:
5310:Further reading
5292:
5289:
5284:
5283:
5272:
5268:
5259:
5255:
5242:
5238:
5229:
5225:
5215:
5213:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5186:
5182:
5155:Current History
5151:
5144:
5134:
5132:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5108:
5106:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5087:
5083:
5073:
5071:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5047:
5045:
5044:on 17 July 2012
5036:
5035:
5031:
5023:
5019:
5008:
5004:
4997:
4983:
4979:
4969:
4967:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4947:
4933:
4929:
4919:
4917:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4898:
4894:
4871:
4870:
4863:
4861:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4842:
4838:
4807:10.2307/1945847
4787:
4783:
4774:
4770:
4756:
4752:
4742:
4740:
4739:on 7 April 2014
4725:
4724:
4720:
4710:
4708:
4693:
4689:
4679:
4677:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4654:
4652:
4644:
4643:
4632:
4622:
4620:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4602:
4598:
4588:
4586:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4561:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4471:
4467:
4457:
4455:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4433:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4393:Tshekhaslavakey
4378:Cheskoslovensko
4339:
4335:
4330:
4308:
4291:
4273:List of Slovaks
4262:
4234:Hana Mandlíková
4218:Jaroslav Drobný
4117:Ladislav Petráš
4109:Vladimír Šmicer
4097:Antonín Panenka
4054:
4048:
4036:Communist Party
4020:
4014:
3986:
3980:
3948:Roman Catholics
3944:
3938:
3907:
3901:
3896:
3890:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3830:needs expansion
3815:
3809:
3785:
3779:
3700:
3694:
3689:
3683:
3573:
3567:
3545:of 1938. After
3539:
3534:
3517:
3511:
3459:
3453:
3415:
3407:Main articles:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3374:
3360:
3346:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3309:
3301:Austria-Hungary
3290:
3281:
3260:
3259:
3246:1939–1945
3244:
3241:Slovak Republic
3221:1939–1945
3219:
3210:1938–1939
3208:
3203:
3202:
3188:1990–1992
3186:
3177:1960–1990
3175:
3166:1948–1960
3164:
3161:Fourth Republic
3136:Austrian Empire
3128:
3124:
3106:1989–1992
3099:1948–1989
3092:1945–1948
3085:1938–1945
3078:1918–1938
3057:
3048:
3015:Slovak Republic
2961:
2955:
2902:Leonid Brezhnev
2817:Caucasus Greeks
2788:Greek Civil War
2784:Northern Greece
2711:
2699:Main articles:
2697:
2614:Generalplan Ost
2603:Generalplan Ost
2512:
2506:
2491:satellite state
2467:
2465:Interwar period
2451:
2334:
2330:
2321:
2206:
2202:
2185:Czechoslovakism
2134:
2129:
2072:
2051:
2045:
1988:Austrian Empire
1970:, promoted the
1915:
1909:
1900:
1843:Post-revolution
1766:Slovak Republic
1672:
1665:
1654:
1642:Main articles:
1640:
1581:
1571:
1478:Slovak Republic
1443:comprising the
1434:satellite state
1424:command economy
1373:Slovak Republic
1322:
1320:Characteristics
1266:planned economy
1254:Communist Party
1193:became part of
1183:Austria-Hungary
1171:Česko-Slovensko
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1128:
1113:
1101:
1083:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1020:code is "CSHH".
1015:
1008:Slovak Republic
992:
960:
946:
928:Austria-Hungary
918:
845:
844:
843:
837:
821:
808:
795:
782:
769:
756:
743:
733:28 October 1918
730:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
666:
654:
624:
612:
600:
592:Antonín Novotný
588:
576:
546:
534:
522:
514:Antonín Novotný
510:
498:
486:
474:
462:
456:1935–1938
455:
443:
422:
351:
350:
345:
342:
338:
336:
332:
330:
326:
324:
322:Second Republic
320:
318:
314:
292:
266:
232:
230:
226:
223:
218:
215:
213:
211:
210:
209:
203:
195:
189:interwar period
176:
169:
166:
163:
151:
148:
127:
121:
115:
109:
103:
95:
94:
93:
88:
80:
79:
74:
60:
55:
49:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Czecho-Slovakia
15:
12:
11:
5:
6986:
6976:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6908:Czechoslovakia
6893:
6892:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6868:
6866:
6865:Former members
6862:
6861:
6859:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6822:
6820:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6810:United Kingdom
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6635:Czech Republic
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6581:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6567:Pompidou Group
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6518:
6516:
6512:
6511:
6504:
6503:
6496:
6489:
6481:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6417:
6415:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6405:
6399:
6392:
6386:
6379:
6377:
6373:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6365:
6360:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6323:Lemko Republic
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6304:
6303:
6298:
6296:Banat Republic
6288:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6251:
6249:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6241:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6217:German Bohemia
6208:
6206:
6199:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6186:
6181:
6179:Czechoslovakia
6175:
6173:
6169:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6084:
6074:
6068:
6066:
6062:
6061:
6054:
6053:
6046:
6039:
6031:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5950:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5901:
5895:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5792:Prime Minister
5789:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5704:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5685:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5648:
5642:
5638:
5637:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5559:
5557:
5551:
5550:
5548: articles
5546:Czechoslovakia
5542:
5541:
5534:
5527:
5519:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5491:
5490:
5479:
5474:
5468:
5463:
5449:
5448:External links
5446:
5444:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5412:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5390:Renner, Hans.
5388:
5381:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5321:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5266:
5253:
5236:
5223:
5193:
5187:Chris Harman,
5180:
5142:
5116:
5105:on 15 May 2013
5090:
5081:
5055:
5029:
5017:
5002:
4995:
4977:
4952:
4945:
4927:
4901:
4892:
4849:
4845:Niall Ferguson
4836:
4801:(4): 715–718.
4781:
4768:
4750:
4718:
4687:
4662:
4630:
4605:
4596:
4571:
4545:
4513:
4507:
4489:
4483:
4465:
4439:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4388:טשעכאסלאוואקיי
4381:
4366:
4364:Czechosłowacja
4357:
4348:
4341:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4290:
4289:Postage stamps
4287:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4269:List of Czechs
4266:
4261:
4258:
4238:Martina Hingis
4230:Miloslav Mečíř
4207:Věra Čáslavská
4187:Miroslav Šatan
4179:Marián Gáborík
4070:FIFA World Cup
4047:
4044:
4028:Communist rule
4016:Main article:
4013:
4010:
3982:Main article:
3979:
3976:
3968:Czech Republic
3940:Main article:
3937:
3934:
3918:apprenticeship
3903:Main article:
3900:
3897:
3892:Main article:
3889:
3886:
3848:
3847:
3841:September 2016
3827:
3825:
3811:Main article:
3808:
3805:
3781:Main article:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3766:
3763:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3728:Zbrojovka Brno
3696:Main article:
3693:
3690:
3685:Main article:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3660:1960–1992: 10
3658:
3647:
3644:
3641:Slovenský štát
3637:
3622:
3611:
3569:Main article:
3566:
3563:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3532:Foreign policy
3530:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3496:The Communist
3494:
3488:
3481:
3455:Main article:
3452:
3449:
3434:National Front
3404:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3355:following the
3348:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3305:
3303:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3285:
3276:
3268:
3267:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3237:
3232:
3224:
3223:
3212:
3204: Republic
3196:
3195:
3193:Czech Republic
3190:
3179:
3168:
3157:
3154:Third Republic
3150:
3145:
3142:First Republic
3138:
3133:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3024:
3011:Czech Republic
2969:Visegrád Group
2957:Main article:
2954:
2951:
2856:National Front
2696:
2693:
2508:Main article:
2505:
2502:
2479:Little Entente
2466:
2463:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2336:
2335:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2208:
2207:
2133:
2130:
2108:Czech Republic
2071:
2068:
2063:Milan Štefánik
2057:A monument to
2047:Main article:
2044:
2041:
1984:Austro-Slavism
1972:Czech language
1911:Main article:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1676:
1673:Czechoslovakia
1667:
1666:
1659:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1625:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1498:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1474:Czech Republic
1464:
1437:
1412:
1397:
1362:
1339:
1334:championed by
1327:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1310:Czech Republic
1284:. In 1989, as
1179:Central Europe
1167:Československo
1028:Czechoslovakia
1023:
1022:
1000:Czech Republic
997:
994:
993:
991:
990:
985:
983:Czech Republic
979:
977:
973:
972:
969:
968:
965:
964:
957:
951:
950:
943:
941:Czech Republic
934:
931:
930:
925:
911:
910:
905:
895:
894:
889:
883:
882:
877:
873:
872:
866:
860:
859:
854:
850:
849:
840:
838:(1990 formula)
830:
829:
826:
825:
824:1 January 1993
822:
816:
813:
812:
809:
803:
800:
799:
798:21 August 1968
796:
790:
787:
786:
783:
777:
774:
773:
770:
764:
761:
760:
757:
751:
748:
747:
744:
738:
735:
734:
731:
725:
722:
721:
718:
717:
714:
710:
709:
681:
677:
676:
673:
672:
667:
664:
661:
660:
655:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
641:
639:Prime Minister
635:
634:
631:
630:
625:
622:
619:
618:
613:
610:
607:
606:
601:
598:
595:
594:
589:
586:
583:
582:
577:
574:
571:
570:
567:
566:
563:
557:
556:
553:
552:
547:
544:
541:
540:
535:
532:
529:
528:
526:Ludvík Svoboda
523:
520:
517:
516:
511:
508:
505:
504:
499:
496:
493:
492:
487:
484:
481:
480:
475:
472:
469:
468:
463:
460: 1945–1948
453:
450:
449:
444:
441:
438:
437:
434:
433:
430:
424:
423:
421:
420:
411:
396:
381:
375:
366:authoritarian
361:
348:
347:
346:
328:Third Republic
316:First Republic
312:
306:
305:
300:
294:
293:
291:
290:
285:
280:
275:
271:
269:
263:
262:
245:
241:
240:
233:50.083; 14.417
204:
201:
197:
196:
186:
178:
177:
167:
131:
130:
97:
96:
89:
82:
81:
75:
68:
67:
66:
63:
62:
51:
50:
45:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6985:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6863:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6851:United States
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6817:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6700:Liechtenstein
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6502:
6497:
6495:
6490:
6488:
6483:
6482:
6479:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6410:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6374:
6364:
6361:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6277:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6246:
6240:
6237:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6203:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6170:
6164:
6163:Clerk Mission
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6153:Smuts Mission
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6091:(for Hungary)
6088:
6085:
6081:(for Austria)
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6052:
6047:
6045:
6040:
6038:
6033:
6032:
6029:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6010:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5943:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5765:People's Army
5763:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5634:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5547:
5540:
5535:
5533:
5528:
5526:
5521:
5520:
5517:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5441:
5437:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5413:
5410:
5407:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5383:Paul, David.
5382:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5371:online review
5368:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5290:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5257:
5250:
5246:
5240:
5233:
5227:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5191:, 1999, p 625
5190:
5184:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5149:
5147:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5104:
5100:
5094:
5085:
5069:
5065:
5059:
5043:
5039:
5033:
5026:
5021:
5013:
5006:
4998:
4992:
4988:
4981:
4966:
4962:
4956:
4948:
4942:
4938:
4931:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4896:
4890:, 6 July 2005
4889:
4888:
4881:
4875:
4859:
4853:
4846:
4840:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4785:
4778:
4772:
4765:
4761:
4754:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4722:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4691:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4600:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4567:
4558:
4549:
4530:
4523:
4517:
4510:
4504:
4500:
4493:
4486:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4432:
4428:
4421:
4415:
4411:
4394:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4355:Csehszlovákia
4352:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4250:Petra Kvitová
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4192:
4191:Pavol Demitra
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4167:Dominik Hašek
4164:
4160:
4159:Peter Šťastný
4156:
4151:
4149:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4137:Peter Pekarík
4134:
4133:Róbert Vittek
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4105:Tomáš Rosický
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4058:
4053:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3920:training and
3919:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3895:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3844:
3835:
3831:
3828:This section
3826:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3777:Resource base
3771:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3688:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3410:
3390:
3387:
3381:
3380:Ukrainian SSR
3377:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3363:Prague Spring
3358:
3354:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3312:
3308:Czechoslovak
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3289:
3280:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3255:
3252:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3218:
3217:
3207:
3206:
3197:
3194:
3185:
3184:
3174:
3173:
3163:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3149:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3033:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:In 1989, the
2970:
2965:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2891:Prague Spring
2888:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2868:Plzeň in 1953
2865:
2861:
2860:Prague Spring
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2809:Pontic Greeks
2806:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2751:ethnic origin
2748:
2744:
2740:
2739:Beneš decrees
2736:
2732:
2728:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2624:
2623:untermenschen
2620:
2610:
2609:Germanization
2605:
2604:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2539:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2472:Tomas Masaryk
2462:
2461:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2138:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2076:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1963:(1884–1948).
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1930:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1818:Prague Spring
1815:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1336:Tomáš Masaryk
1333:
1330:1918–1937: A
1329:
1328:
1325:Form of state
1324:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1304:into the two
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:Prague Spring
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1246:Ukrainian SSR
1243:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1132:
1125:
1029:
1019:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
995:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
978:
976:Today part of
974:
958:
956:
953:
952:
944:
942:
939:
938:
935:
929:
926:
922:
917:
916:
913:
912:
909:
906:
904:
901:
900:
896:
893:
890:
888:
884:
881:
878:
874:
871:
867:
865:
861:
858:
855:
851:
841:
835:
831:
827:
823:
820:
814:
810:
807:
801:
797:
794:
788:
784:
781:
775:
771:
768:
762:
759:14 March 1939
758:
755:
749:
745:
742:
736:
732:
729:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
678:
674:
671:
668:
662:
659:
656:
650:
646:
642:
640:
636:
632:
629:
626:
620:
617:
614:
608:
605:
602:
596:
593:
590:
584:
581:
578:
572:
568:
564:
562:
558:
554:
551:
548:
542:
539:
536:
530:
527:
524:
518:
515:
512:
506:
503:
500:
494:
491:
488:
482:
479:
476:
470:
467:
464:
459:
451:
448:
445:
439:
435:
431:
429:
425:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
374:)(1938–1939)
373:
369:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
352:
341:
335:
329:
323:
317:
313:
311:
307:
304:
301:
299:
295:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
273:
272:
270:
264:
261:
257:
253:
250:, after 1948
249:
246:
242:
237:
208:
205:
198:
194:
190:
184:
179:
158:
143:
142:Kde domov můj
136:
132:
126:, unofficial)
125:
119:
113:
107:
106:Pravda vítězí
102:
98:
92:
86:
78:
72:
64:
59:
52:
48:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6913:Eastern Bloc
6871:
6856:EU relations
6515:Institutions
6178:
5964:Coat of arms
5954:Architecture
5904:Demographics
5775:Naval Forces
5750:Legal system
5728:Human rights
5708:Constitution
5695:
5545:
5493:
5492:
5439:
5432:
5425:
5418:Adam Roberts
5405:
5398:
5391:
5384:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5302:the original
5297:
5275:
5269:
5261:
5256:
5248:
5245:Adam Roberts
5239:
5231:
5226:
5214:. Retrieved
5210:the original
5205:
5196:
5188:
5183:
5158:
5154:
5133:. Retrieved
5128:
5119:
5107:. Retrieved
5103:the original
5093:
5084:
5074:27 September
5072:. Retrieved
5068:the original
5058:
5046:. Retrieved
5042:the original
5032:
5024:
5020:
5011:
5005:
4986:
4980:
4968:. Retrieved
4964:
4955:
4936:
4930:
4918:. Retrieved
4904:
4895:
4885:
4862:. Retrieved
4852:
4839:
4798:
4794:
4784:
4776:
4771:
4753:
4741:. Retrieved
4737:the original
4727:
4721:
4709:. Retrieved
4705:the original
4700:
4690:
4678:. Retrieved
4674:
4665:
4653:. Retrieved
4649:
4621:. Retrieved
4617:
4608:
4599:
4587:. Retrieved
4583:
4574:
4548:
4536:. Retrieved
4516:
4498:
4492:
4474:
4468:
4456:. Retrieved
4442:
4427:hdr.undp.org
4426:
4414:
4336:
4271: /
4246:Jana Novotná
4211:
4205:
4197:Emil Zátopek
4195:
4183:Marián Hossa
4171:Peter Bondra
4163:Jaromír Jágr
4152:
4145:
4141:Marek Hamšík
4125:Ján Pivarník
4121:Marián Masný
4093:Pavel Nedvěd
4086:
4078:Olympic gold
4063:
4025:
4021:
3990:World War II
3987:
3950:, 5.3% were
3945:
3908:
3882:World War II
3851:
3838:
3834:adding to it
3829:
3786:
3770:turnover tax
3760:black market
3735:Soviet Union
3732:
3701:
3673:
3661:
3654:
3650:
3640:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3614:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3547:World War II
3540:
3472:
3469:in 1990–1992
3467:coat of arms
3429:Gustáv Husák
3422:
3416:
3350:
3328:Nazi Germany
3319:
3271:
3257:
3239:
3227:
3214:
3199:
3181:
3170:
3159:
3152:
3140:
3120:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3052:Czechoslovak
3051:
3050:Timeline of
3000:
2994:
2984:
2981:
2974:
2940:
2936:Václav Havel
2933:
2922:
2914:
2884:
2872:
2834:
2826:
2773:
2731:Soviet Union
2724:
2721:in 1960–1989
2719:coat of arms
2682:
2678:
2663:
2643:Kurt Daluege
2628:
2597:
2585:Slovak State
2582:
2571:
2567:Nazi Germany
2551:Adolf Hitler
2548:
2499:
2489:set up as a
2483:
2476:
2468:
2457:
2456:
2331:
2203:
2182:
2145:
2143:
2081:
2017:
2009:Karel Kramář
1994:
1992:
1976:Czech people
1965:
1961:Edvard Beneš
1946:
1628:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1564:
1555:Danube River
1548:
1528:Soviet Union
1506:East Germany
1502:West Germany
1467:
1450:
1444:
1427:
1390:Soviet Union
1384:; after the
1371:
1365:
1347:Nazi Germany
1262:Eastern Bloc
1258:coup in 1948
1250:Soviet Union
1239:
1227:Edvard Beneš
1223:World War II
1195:Nazi Germany
1170:
1027:
1026:
908:Succeeded by
907:
902:
887:Internet TLD
876:Calling code
728:Proclamation
658:Karel Kramář
616:Gustáv Husák
550:Václav Havel
538:Gustáv Husák
466:Edvard Beneš
457:
419:(1989–1992)
410:(1969–1989)
405:single-party
395:(1948–1969)
390:single-party
380:(1939–1945)
303:Czechoslovak
255:
248:Czechoslovak
134:
120:, 1990–1992)
114:, 1918–1990)
101:Motto:
100:
91:Coat of arms
46:
36:
6795:Switzerland
6735:Netherlands
6363:Lajtabánság
6279:Short-lived
6222:Sudetenland
6138:Pichon Line
5926:Health care
5833:Agriculture
5807:Sudetenland
5745:LGBT rights
5738:enforcement
5048:13 February
4970:12 February
4887:Prague Post
4743:22 February
4101:Milan Baroš
3954:, 30% were
3854:paved roads
3676:from 1990).
3555:Warsaw Pact
3465:Federative
3326:Annexed by
3148:Sudetenland
3113:1993–
3003:nationalist
2990:papal visit
2943:Warsaw Pact
2844:Czech lands
2801:Macedonians
2776:Sudetenland
2747:citizenship
2559:Appeasement
2555:Sudetenland
2545:(1938–1939)
2497:in power .
2446:14,726,158
2348:10,066,000
2316:13,607,385
2180:principle.
2170:Sudetenland
2102:, parts of
2088:World War I
2020:World War I
2013:Josef Kaizl
1968:Romanticism
1953:World War I
1797:Coup d'état
1671:History of
1627:1990–1992:
1611:1960–1990:
1602:1945–1960:
1593:1938–1939:
1584:1918–1938:
1540:until 1991)
1536:1991–1992 (
1432:. It was a
1357:region was
1343:Sudetenland
1274:Warsaw Pact
1219:Czech Lands
1191:Sudetenland
903:Preceded by
870:(Post 1939)
819:Dissolution
780:Coup d'état
772:10 May 1945
708:(1969–1992)
703:(1948–1969)
698:(1946–1948)
693:(1945–1946)
688:(1920–1939)
680:Legislature
670:Jan Stráský
628:Miloš Jakeš
231: /
6902:Categories
6765:San Marino
6730:Montenegro
6710:Luxembourg
6605:Azerbaijan
5797:Parliament
5723:Government
5135:24 October
4920:2 December
4680:27 January
4655:27 January
4623:27 January
4589:27 January
4406:References
4222:Ivan Lendl
4175:Petr Klíma
4089:Jan Koller
4050:See also:
4032:mass media
4012:Mass media
3874:Tomáš Baťa
3793:brown coal
3741:Industry:
3670:Bratislava
3628:, Slovak:
3513:See also:
3384:Oblast of
3369:(ČSR) and
2953:After 1989
2910:capitalism
2846:, and the
2828:Spartakiad
2717:Socialist
2432:Foreigners
2383:Hungarians
2370:Ruthenians
2302:Foreigners
2255:Ruthenians
2242:Hungarians
2220:8,759,701
2162:Hungarians
2125:See also:
1575:Hyphen War
1573:See also:
1545:Topography
1489:Neighbours
1355:Trans-Olza
1018:ISO 3166-3
478:Emil Hácha
372:rump state
310:Government
298:Demonym(s)
56:1939–1945
6819:Observers
6705:Lithuania
6385:to Poland
6116:Diplomacy
5931:Languages
5921:Education
5873:Transport
5843:Companies
5787:President
5770:Air Force
5713:Elections
5667:Mountains
5657:Districts
5641:Geography
5175:249083197
4831:146969818
4815:0003-0554
4351:Hungarian
4226:Jan Kodeš
4201:athletics
4129:Ján Mucha
4113:Petr Čech
4002:hospitals
3910:Education
3899:Education
3789:crude oil
3674:Socialist
3615:(veľ)župy
3446:in Prague
3357:1948 coup
3055:statehood
2420:Romanians
2361:3,229,000
2233:3,123,305
2164:(5%) and
2132:Ethnicity
2070:Formation
1996:Reichsrat
1857:1990–1992
1847:1989–1992
1811:1948–1989
1790:1945–1948
1780:1939–1945
1770:1939–1945
1759:1939–1945
1748:1938–1945
1738:1938–1939
1718:1918–1938
1530:1945–1991
1524:1918–1938
1405:communist
1290:communism
1142:-oh-sloh-
864:Drives on
846:very high
754:Partition
428:President
343:(1990–92)
337:(1948–89)
331:(1945–48)
325:(1938–39)
319:(1918–38)
278:Hungarian
61:1945–1992
54:1918–1939
6831:Holy See
6780:Slovenia
6775:Slovakia
6755:Portugal
6620:Bulgaria
6537:Congress
6404:to China
6398:to Italy
6389:Bukovina
6376:Cessions
6148:Vix Note
6065:Treaties
6016:Category
5936:Religion
5858:Taxation
5755:Military
5696:Politics
5563:Timeline
5457:Archived
5424:(eds.),
4914:Archived
4912:. 2011.
4874:cite web
4711:29 March
4529:Archived
4458:12 April
4452:Archived
4431:Archived
4344:German:
4306:See also
4040:reviewed
3972:Slovakia
3936:Religion
3914:literate
3878:motorway
3858:railways
3590:Ruthenia
3424:de facto
3251:Slovakia
3229:Slovakia
3071:Pre-1918
3013:and the
2790:. These
2578:occupied
2191:and the
2112:Slovakia
1822:Invasion
1662:a series
1660:Part of
1476:and the
1449:and the
1370:and the
1314:Slovakia
1207:Slovakia
1173:) was a
1016:Current
988:Slovakia
955:Slovakia
853:Currency
193:Cold War
191:and the
164:(Slovak)
6805:Ukraine
6760:Romania
6720:Moldova
6685:Ireland
6680:Iceland
6675:Hungary
6665:Germany
6660:Georgia
6650:Finland
6645:Estonia
6640:Denmark
6625:Croatia
6610:Belgium
6600:Austria
6595:Armenia
6590:Andorra
6585:Albania
6577:Members
6383:Galicia
6248:Hungary
6205:Austria
5979:Museums
5946:Culture
5887:Society
5868:Tourism
5838:Banking
5821:Economy
5555:History
5442:(1990).
5435:(1969).
5408:(1989).
5401:(1943).
5394:(1989).
5387:(1990).
5355:(1989).
5348:(1973).
5341:(1988).
5334:(1986).
5327:(1975).
5320:(2009).
5287:Sources
5216:8 April
5109:8 April
4965:HISTORY
4864:30 June
4823:1945847
4618:uca.edu
4538:5 April
4384:Yiddish
4260:Culture
4026:During
3956:Atheist
3888:Society
3862:bridges
3797:nuclear
3692:Economy
3630:krajiny
3586:Silesia
3582:Moravia
3578:Bohemia
3551:Comecon
3386:Ukraine
3378:of the
3343:Hungary
3339:Annexed
3130:Silesia
3126:Moravia
3122:Bohemia
2988:made a
2831:in 1960
2780:Jesenik
2674:Moravia
2670:Bohemia
2635:Terezín
2619:Siberia
2561:at the
2435:239,000
2398:354,000
2387:653,000
2374:745,000
2364:21.93%
2357:Germans
2351:68.35%
2344:Slovaks
2305:238,784
2270:180,534
2259:461,449
2246:744,621
2236:22.95%
2229:Germans
2223:64.37%
2216:Slovaks
2193:Slovaks
2160:(22%),
2158:Germans
2156:(16%),
2154:Slovaks
2152:(51%),
2118:called
2116:Ukraine
2104:Silesia
2100:Moravia
2096:Bohemia
2018:During
1907:Origins
1638:History
1561:Climate
1557:basin.
1534:Ukraine
1522:Romania
1512:Hungary
1495:Austria
1422:with a
1308:of the
1270:Comecon
1264:with a
1252:). The
1229:formed
1211:Hungary
1199:Hungary
1146:-ee-ə,
817:•
804:•
791:•
778:•
765:•
752:•
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726:•
713:History
454:•
414:Federal
399:Federal
384:Unitary
364:Federal
355:Unitary
349:Details
219:14°25′E
216:50°05′N
200:Capital
149:(Czech)
135:Anthem:
6846:Mexico
6836:Israel
6826:Canada
6800:Turkey
6790:Sweden
6770:Serbia
6750:Poland
6745:Norway
6725:Monaco
6695:Latvia
6670:Greece
6655:France
6630:Cyprus
5959:Cinema
5853:Mining
5848:Energy
5677:States
5672:Rivers
5652:Cities
5485:, in:
5380:online
5362:(1997)
5173:
4993:
4943:
4829:
4821:
4813:
4779:(1976)
4762:
4505:
4481:
4360:Polish
4214:tennis
4139:, and
4046:Sports
4030:, the
3988:After
3966:; see
3870:Ruzyně
3866:Prague
3795:, and
3666:Prague
3655:okresy
3634:okresy
3619:okresy
3607:okresy
3376:Oblast
3373:(SSR).
3201:Second
2805:Vlachs
2792:Greeks
2737:. The
2707:, and
2689:Prague
2685:Pilsen
2651:Ležáky
2647:Lidice
2438:1.62%
2427:0.10%
2424:14,000
2414:0.52%
2411:76,000
2401:2.40%
2390:4.43%
2377:5.06%
2340:Czechs
2308:1.75%
2297:0.17%
2294:23,139
2291:Others
2286:0.56%
2283:75,852
2273:1.33%
2262:3.39%
2249:5.47%
2212:Czechs
2189:Czechs
2166:Rusyns
2150:Czechs
2028:Allies
1664:on the
1650:, and
1624:(ČSFR)
1620:1990:
1517:Poland
1418:under
1382:Allies
1235:Allies
1203:Poland
1189:, the
1163:Slovak
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288:Polish
274:German
260:Slovak
256:·
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207:Prague
162:
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124:French
112:Slovak
6841:Japan
6785:Spain
6715:Malta
6690:Italy
5999:Sport
5984:Music
5974:Media
5899:Crime
5662:Lakes
5171:S2CID
4827:S2CID
4819:JSTOR
4532:(PDF)
4525:(PDF)
4434:(PDF)
4423:(PDF)
4369:Rusyn
4328:Notes
3720:Škoda
3708:Tatra
3704:Škoda
3662:kraje
3651:kraje
3598:kraje
2908:with
2813:Urums
2768:NSDAP
2407:Poles
2279:Poles
1569:Names
1403:with
1292:were
1159:Czech
1127:
842:0.897
283:Rusyn
258:
252:Czech
118:Latin
5969:Flag
5760:Army
5420:and
5218:2020
5137:2022
5111:2020
5076:2015
5050:2014
4991:ISBN
4972:2020
4941:ISBN
4922:2014
4880:link
4866:2008
4811:ISSN
4760:ISBN
4745:2012
4713:2009
4682:2021
4657:2021
4625:2021
4591:2021
4540:2010
4503:ISBN
4479:ISBN
4460:2011
4252:and
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