5227:"Hancock tells me the word "gypsy" itself is an "exonym" — a term imposed upon an ethnic group by outsiders. When the Roma people moved westward from India towards the European continent, they were mistaken to be Egyptian because of their features and dark skin. We see the same phenomenon across several languages, not only English. Victor Hugo, in his epic Hunchback of Notre Dame, noted that the Medieval French term for the Roma was egyptiens. In Spanish, the word for gypsy is "gitano," which comes from the word egipcio, meaning Egyptian — in Romanian: tigan, in Bulgarian: tsiganin, in Turkish: cingene — all of which are variations of slang words for "Egyptian" in those languages."
254:
703:
3688:
2670:
1260:
139:
3948:
77:
36:
2053:, exonyms can also arise from the "egocentric" tendency of in-groups to identify themselves with "mankind in general", producing an endonym that out groups would not use, while another source is the human tendency towards neighbours to "be pejorative rather than complimentary, especially where there is a real or fancied difference in cultural level between
4285:, in the early 17th century, both names were in use. They possibly referred to different villages which were fused into the new settlement. In any case, Madras became the exonym, while more recently, Chennai became the endonym. Madrasi, a term for a native of the city, has often been used derogatorily to refer to the people of
4069:, English speakers using either romanization will not pronounce the names correctly if standard English pronunciation is used. Nonetheless, many older English speakers still refer to the cities by their older English names, and even today they are often used in their traditional associations, such as
3669:
is most commonly used. The changes to Hanyu Pinyin were not only financially costly but were unpopular with the locals, who opined that the Hanyu Pinyin versions were too difficult for non-Chinese or non-Mandarin speakers to pronounce. The government eventually stopped the changes by the 1990s, which
2654:
Time has, however, shown that initial ambitious attempts to rapidly decrease the number of exonyms were over-optimistic and not possible to realise in an intended way. The reason would appear to be that many exonyms have become common words in a language and can be seen as part of the language's
2037:
Many exonyms result from adaptations of an endonym into another language, mediated by differences in phonetics, while others may result from translation of the endonym, or as a reflection of the specific relationship an outsider group has with a local place or geographical feature.
2820:
is available, either because the language itself is unwritten (even unanalysed) or because there are competing non-standard spellings. Use of a misspelled endonym is perhaps more problematic than the respectful use of an existing exonym. Finally, an endonym may be a
1112:: "Name used in a specific language for a geographical feature situated outside the area where that language is spoken, and differing in its form from the name used in an official or well-established language of that area where the geographical feature is located."
5086:
in
Italian. However, the Canadian city called London is not translated into French and Italian in this way. Thus, as Fourment-Berni Canani concludes, a place name can be translated if the place, as a unique referent, has already been renamed in the target
2738:, which is known for its linguistic tensions between Dutch- and French-speakers, a neutral name may be preferred so as to not offend anyone. Thus, an exonym such as Brussels in English could be used instead of favoring either one of the local names (
789:
name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language, or dialect, meaning that it is used primarily outside the particular place inhabited by the group or linguistic community. Exonyms exist not only for
3933:
Various Native-American autonyms are sometimes explained to
English readers as having literal translations of "original people" or "normal people", with implicit contrast to other first nations as not original or not normal.
4945:. 2/11 in the series Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft / Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science (HSK) (in German). Vol. 2. Halbband+Registerband. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 1012.
2769:. The endonym may include sounds and spellings that are highly unfamiliar to speakers of other languages, making appropriate usage difficult if not impossible for an outsider. Over the years, the endonym may have undergone
5150:
Matisoff, James (1986). "The languages and dialects of Tibeto-Burman: an alphabetic/genetic listing, with some prefatory remarks on ethnonymic and glossonymic complications". In McCoy, John; Light, Timothy (eds.).
4268:
Following independence from the UK in 1947, many regions and cities have been renamed in accordance with local languages, or to change the
English spelling to more closely match the indigenous local name. The name
2597:). People may also avoid exonyms for reasons of historical sensitivity, as in the case of German names for Polish and Czech places that, at one time, had been ethnically or politically German (e.g. Danzig/
4787:
2829:
usage in another language like
English, which has the propensity to use the adjectives for describing culture and language. The attempt to use the endonym thus has a bizarre-sounding result.
5196:
4941:
Harder, Kelsey B. (1996). "156. Names in
Language Contact: Exonyms (Namen im Sprachaustausch: Exonyme I Les noms dans des echanges de /angues: exonymes)". In Eichler, Ernst (ed.).
3649:
During the 1980s, the
Singapore Government encouraged the use of Hanyu Pinyin spelling for place names, especially those with Teochew, Hokkien or Cantonese names, as part of the
2365:
Some
European cities might be considered partial exceptions, in that whilst the spelling is the same across languages, the pronunciation can differ. For example, the city of
904:
4722:
3740:
Matisoff wrote, "A group's autonym is often egocentric, equating the name of the people with 'mankind in general,' or the name of the language with 'human speech'."
2861:
merged Thon Buri and Phra Nakhon, forming the new capital, Krungthep
Mahanakhon. However, outside of Thailand, the capital retained the old name and is still called
5443:
2566:
During the late 20th century, the use of exonyms often became controversial. Groups often prefer that outsiders avoid exonyms where they have come to be used in a
794:
reasons but also in consideration of difficulties when pronouncing foreign words, or from non-systematic attempts at transcribing into a different writing system.
2103:
As exonyms develop for places of significance for speakers of the language of the exonym, consequently, many
European capitals have English exonyms, for example:
3806:
peoples referred to their
Germanic neighbors as "mutes" because they could not speak the "language". The term survives to this day in the Slavic languages (e.g.
3661:(Hanyu Pinyin: Lín Yìshùn) became Yishun and the neighbourhood schools and places established following the change used the Hanyu Pinyin spelling. In contrast,
5126:
2620:
have sought to reduce the use of exonyms to avoid this kind of problem. For example, it is now common for Spanish speakers to refer to the Turkish capital as
4901:
4792:
3622:
and even Taipei itself are not spelled according to Hanyu Pinyin spelling rules. As a matter of fact, most names of Taiwanese cities are still spelled using
1096:
4843:
4370:
2395:
In earlier times, the name of the first tribe or village encountered became the exonym for the whole people beyond. Thus, the Romans used the tribal names
3603:–Pinyin spelling of the province. That is because if Pinyin were used to spell the province, it would be indistinguishable from its neighboring province
3786:
5211:
5034:. Goh, CL.: "The names of monarchs, popes, and non-contemporary authors as well as place names are commonly translated. Foreign names for geographic
4104:
respectively) also underwent changes in spelling due to changes in romanization, even though the Korean pronunciations have largely stayed the same.
4602:
882:
5186:
5038:
are called exonyms. Fourment-Berni Canani (1994) discusses the (im)possibility of translating proper names. He gives examples of the place names
4817:
4382:
4216:) in Greek, although the name was changed in Turkish to dissociate the city from its Greek past between 1923 and 1930 (the name Istanbul itself
5240:
4822:
4496:
3317:(a Lithuanianised version of the country's endonym). As a response, Georgia changed the name of Lithuania in Georgian from the Russian-derived
3236:
3796:
4365:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4360:
4312:
5740:
Jordan, Peter, Milan Orožen Adamič, and Paul Woodman, eds. 2007. "Exonyms and the International Standardisation of Geographical Names."
5786:
4807:
4427:
3475:
5361:
5331:
3845:
2372:
For places considered to be of lesser significance, attempts to reproduce local names have been made in English since the time of the
6318:
4317:
3461:
ordering the use of Türkiye (also rendered Turkiye in English) instead of exonyms in official communications, no matter the language.
4848:
1106:: "Name of a geographical feature in an official or well-established language occurring in that area where the feature is located."
6250:
4330:
3471:
2837:
Sometimes the government of a country tries to endorse the use of an endonym instead of traditional exonyms outside the country:
203:
4173:, not the Siege of St. Petersburg because at that time (1941–1944) the city was called Leningrad. Likewise, one would say that
3607:, where the pronunciations of the two provinces only differ by tones, which are usually not written down when used in English.
3285:
3168:
2773:
changes, either in the original language or the borrowing language, thus changing an endonym into an exonym, as in the case of
175:
5666:
5515:
5011:
4827:
730:
6776:
2369:
is spelled the same way in French and English, but the French pronunciation is different from the English pronunciation .
620:
182:
6255:
5842:
5451:
4812:
4537:
3705:
2691:
1281:
156:
49:
5729:
Jordan, Peter, Hubert Bergmann, Caroline Burgess, and Catherine Cheetham, eds. 2010 & 2011. "Trends in Exonym Use."
2986:
countries, however, the French version has not entered common parlance. For example, in German, the country is known as
6235:
6230:
6211:
6206:
6193:
5339:
5191:
4489:
3872:
3614:, most (but not all) street and district names shifted to Hanyu Pinyin. For example, the Sinyi District is now spelled
2647:
2609:); and Russian names for non-Russian locations that were subsequently renamed or had their spelling changed (e.g. Kiev/
2576:
2468:
as a generic name for speakers of Celtic and later (as Celts became increasingly romanised) Romance languages; thence:
3546:, etc.), Tsingtao (Qingdao), and Canton (Guangdong). In some cases the traditional English exonym is based on a local
6853:
5763:
5598:
5552:
5480:
5162:
4958:
4802:
3991:
3727:
2717:
1307:
240:
222:
120:
63:
17:
3973:
2699:
1289:
189:
102:
6304:
6260:
6240:
4417:
2518:
1758:
6299:
6219:
4692:
3488:, many Chinese endonyms have successfully replaced English exonyms, especially city and most provincial names in
2975:
580:
5473:
Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names Berlin, 27 August-5 September 2002
3778:
Exonyms often describe others as "foreign-speaking", "non-speaking", or "nonsense-speaking". One example is the
969:
933:
892:
6429:
6265:
3958:
3709:
3427:
2695:
1285:
640:
585:
358:
171:
160:
87:
5302:
6342:
6289:
6279:
6245:
4482:
3670:
has led to some place names within a locality having differing spellings. For example, Nee Soon Road and the
987:
615:
306:
5698:
5387:
5810:
5780:
3086:
should be used in all languages. The result has been rather successful in English, where the former exonym
897:
560:
426:
6394:
6294:
6089:
5969:
5804:
5263:
4447:
4263:
4042:
3623:
3039:
680:
386:
4981:
3538:). However, older English exonyms are sometimes used in certain contexts, for example: Peking (Beijing;
6312:
6284:
4966:
3653:
to promote Mandarin and discourage the use of dialects. For example, the area of Nee Soon, named after
6360:
6074:
5026:
Edelman, Loulou. 2009. "What's in a Name? Classification of proper names by language". Pp. 141–53 in
3894:
723:
670:
570:
396:
3345:). Ukrainian politicians have also suggested that Ukraine change the Ukrainian name of Georgia from
1775:
Exonyms can also be divided into native and borrowed, e.g., from a third language. For example, the
6863:
6449:
4637:
4532:
4462:
4452:
4377:
4085:(1937) uses the city's older name because that was the name of the city at the time of occurrence.
3758:
Many millennia earlier, the Greeks thought that all non-Greeks were uncultured and so called them "
3176:
2680:
1270:
575:
518:
333:
5568:
2979:
951:
6331:
6323:
6168:
5835:
4687:
4307:
3969:
3698:
3650:
3485:
3218:
2684:
2465:
2236:
2146:
1862:
1274:
675:
513:
490:
149:
98:
55:
3454:
196:
6569:
6469:
5912:
4797:
4775:
4607:
4154:
has a Dutch etymology, it was never a Dutch exonym for the city between 1914 and 1991, just as
3671:
3615:
3184:
2384:
because it was an Italian port essential to English merchants and, by the 18th century, to the
2054:
1079:
625:
592:
545:
461:
441:
421:
323:
301:
296:
4217:
6594:
6379:
6273:
5880:
5588:
4876:
4657:
4113:
2964:
requested that the country's French name be used in all languages instead of exonyms such as
2921:
2120:
1224:, for example, are English-language exonyms for the languages that are endonymously known as
401:
3965:
3595:. One exception of Pinyin standardization in mainland China is the spelling of the province
2630:. Another example, it is now common for Italian speakers to refer to some African states as
94:
6858:
6807:
6731:
6639:
6464:
6347:
6099:
6069:
6064:
5902:
5897:
5890:
4838:
3146:
2854:
2850:
2846:
1092:
791:
716:
645:
555:
436:
381:
278:
3863:
are describing Germanic people as "mutes"—in contrast to themselves, "the speaking ones".
8:
6868:
6771:
6674:
6669:
6556:
6474:
6094:
5885:
5573:
3919:
3031:
3008:
2781:
was formerly pronounced in French. Another example is the endonym for the German city of
2213:
1957:
1738:
1607:
1413:
799:
486:
416:
391:
363:
5787:
Jacek Wesołowski's Place Names in Europe, featuring endonyms and exonyms for many cities
5687:"The Names of Kōnstantinoúpolis". Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi. 5. Ciltli. 1994.
4165:
Old place names that have become outdated after renaming may afterward still be used as
3610:
In Taiwan, however, the standardization of Hanyu Pinyin has only seen mixed results. In
3138:
2961:
6873:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6654:
6614:
6609:
6514:
6454:
6084:
5979:
5932:
5907:
5875:
5828:
5544:
4732:
4677:
4652:
4467:
4402:
4170:
3819:
3807:
2359:
1842:
1547:
1479:
706:
685:
655:
610:
565:
533:
523:
411:
406:
3260:
3154:
3098:, has virtually died out; in other languages, exonyms are still much more common than
1320:
By their relation to endonyms, all exonyms can be divided into three main categories:
6878:
6833:
6736:
6649:
6634:
6619:
6579:
6574:
6564:
6499:
6384:
6374:
6104:
5798:
5759:
5594:
5548:
5521:
5511:
5486:
5476:
5395:
5168:
5158:
5106:
5007:
4954:
4833:
4727:
4707:
4672:
4667:
4622:
4617:
4547:
4517:
4437:
4407:
4286:
4078:
3823:
3294:
3122:
2817:
2163:
2042:
1879:
1748:
1647:
1495:
1471:
1409:
1401:
1014:
831:
702:
550:
528:
471:
3755:
is used for speakers of any language other than Basque (usually Spanish or French).
3244:
1535:
1361:
825:
811:
6828:
6706:
6701:
6584:
6143:
6126:
6116:
6012:
4946:
4592:
4567:
4522:
4117:
4082:
4062:
4022:
4018:
3815:
3811:
3779:
3584:
3551:
3274:
3190:
3133:
3095:
2826:
2743:
2453:
2438:
2331:
2267:
2227:
2137:
2080:
2064:
2021:
2007:
1971:
1949:
1921:
1907:
1853:
1814:
1776:
1718:
1708:
1665:
1625:
1595:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1417:
1397:
1365:
1208:
1184:
836:
820:
816:
771:
650:
481:
476:
451:
446:
431:
267:
5674:
5134:. New York: United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, Second session.
2314:
do not have English exonyms, but do have exonyms in languages spoken nearby, e.g.
253:
6741:
6687:
6659:
6599:
6534:
6489:
6424:
6158:
6153:
6131:
6059:
5792:
5753:
4717:
4712:
4697:
4682:
4662:
4647:
4632:
4597:
4587:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4457:
4422:
4412:
4397:
4387:
4066:
4054:
4046:
4030:
4026:
3923:
3827:
3744:
3619:
3600:
3570:
3547:
3407:
3108:
3103:
2929:
2881:
2858:
2753:
2731:
2315:
2295:
2281:
2199:
2177:
2072:
1979:
1935:
1893:
1698:
1688:
1571:
1523:
1511:
1405:
1214:
1147:
850:
840:
262:
5615:
3297:
has been working to have the country renamed from the Russian-derived exonym of
2970:, so that Côte d'Ivoire is now the official English name of that country in the
1767:
is singular, while all the aforementioned translations except Irish are plural.
6766:
6756:
6726:
6664:
6644:
6589:
6178:
6148:
6007:
5974:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5703:
4702:
4577:
4542:
4527:
4442:
4325:
4243:
4235:
3654:
3489:
3268:
3252:
3203:
3195:
3116:
3024:
2971:
2885:
2766:
2739:
2409:
2253:
2185:
2111:
1993:
1728:
1583:
1559:
1507:
1447:
1435:
1380:
1357:
1220:
1175:
1161:
845:
774:
to identify or designate themselves, their place of origin, or their language.
495:
5636:
Sapir, Edward (1992). "Southern Paiute Dictionary". In Bright, William (ed.).
5332:"Ninth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names"
2765:
Other difficulties with endonyms have to do with pronunciation, spelling, and
1360:
into an exonym because of the corresponding language's lack of common sounds.
6822:
6746:
6711:
6504:
6444:
6419:
6414:
6183:
6138:
6032:
5959:
5939:
5569:
Erased Place Names" and Nation-building: A Case Study of Singaporean Toponyms
5525:
5399:
5110:
4760:
4737:
4642:
4627:
4612:
4582:
4572:
4392:
4302:
4282:
4174:
4159:
4155:
3880:
3767:
3763:
3674:
base Nee Soon Camp are both located in Yishun but retained the old spelling.
2925:
2902:
2602:
2571:
2068:
1800:
1338:
1072:
5490:
5172:
4065:
in the 1970s. Since the Mandarin pronunciation does not perfectly map to an
6781:
6721:
6604:
6546:
6539:
6494:
6434:
6365:
6173:
6163:
6111:
6049:
6037:
6027:
6017:
6002:
5954:
5870:
5035:
4278:
4166:
4074:
4058:
3909:
3658:
3635:
3543:
3481:
3127:
3072:
2877:
2876:
rather than Persia in official correspondence. The name of the country had
2606:
2457:
2385:
2076:
1060:
1056:
538:
328:
5505:
4950:
2730:
In some situations, the use of exonyms can be preferred. For instance, in
1190:, respectively. There are also typonyms of specific features, for example
1037:
6716:
6524:
6509:
6484:
6409:
6079:
6054:
6044:
6022:
5949:
5152:
4788:
List of countries and dependencies and their capitals in native languages
4290:
4178:
4070:
3539:
3377:
2983:
2966:
2587:
2531:
2522:
2505:
2097:
2050:
1678:
1342:
690:
665:
286:
3573:
pronunciation, with the result that many English speakers actualize the
3380:
national government officially changed the Chinese name of its capital,
1041:
6791:
6786:
6761:
6696:
6629:
6519:
5964:
5055:
4765:
4474:
4009:
Although the pronunciation for several names of Chinese cities such as
3712: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2954:
2940:
2635:
2617:
2567:
2195:
1018:
660:
343:
5504:
Lima, Susan D. (1994). Corrigan, Roberta; Iverson, Gregory K. (eds.).
1356:
Sometimes, a place name may be unable to use many of the letters when
6751:
6624:
6529:
6121:
5994:
5851:
5031:
4229:
3927:
3837:
One of the more prominent theories regarding the origin of the term "
3759:
3643:
3569:, the adoption of the exonym by media outlets quickly gave rise to a
3523:
3308:
2950:
2869:
2770:
2631:
2472:
2355:
2307:
2159:
1875:
1451:
1203:
980:
962:
944:
926:
885:
635:
630:
466:
456:
348:
338:
257:
A map demonstrating the wide diversity of exonyms for the country of
5291:, Istituto Geografico Militare, Florence 2005, p. 88-89, n. 170-171.
5241:"Why I Will Never Again Refer to the Ukrainian Capital City as Kiev"
3976:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
3687:
2669:
2598:
1259:
138:
105:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
6439:
6404:
5105:. Slovenia: United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names.
4770:
4193:
3905:
3856:
3852:
3631:
3049:
government maintains that the capital of Ukraine should be spelled
2913:
2735:
2497:
2488:
2373:
2173:
2133:
1903:
1849:
1841:
A substantial proportion of English-language exonyms for places in
1191:
1064:
1049:
763:
759:
5419:
1324:
those derived from different roots, as in the case of Germany for
6459:
6389:
4274:
4101:
4093:
4038:
4034:
4014:
4010:
3859:" for example), meaning 'word' or 'speech'. In this context, the
3831:
3662:
3639:
3596:
3559:
3507:
3493:
3079:
3046:
3012:
2862:
2782:
2594:
2527:
2509:
2492:
2485:
the Slavic term Vlah for "Romanian", dialectally "Italian, Latin"
2476:
2389:
2377:
2094:; 'wild men', ' savage', ' rustic people'
2017:
1967:
1889:
1334:
1068:
805:
803:
is the endonym for the country that is also known by the exonyms
767:
258:
2063:"an opprobrious term indicating mixed race or parentage" is the
27:
Name variations of ethnic groups, languages, persons, and places
5944:
5731:
Proceedings of the 10th UNGEGN Working Group on Exonyms Meeting
5071:
5039:
5003:
4505:
4270:
4050:
3876:
3627:
3611:
3604:
3555:
3458:
3399:
3225:
3035:
2936:
2901:), referring to a single province which is officially known as
2842:
2822:
2621:
2514:
2480:
2433:
2420:
2347:
2343:
2311:
2291:
2277:
2249:
2223:
2209:
2107:
1989:
1945:
1931:
1796:
1786:
1376:
1349:
1138:
are the English-language exonyms corresponding to the endonyms
915:
878:
353:
5742:
Approaches towards the Resolution of an Apparent Contradiction
5510:. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co. p. 80.
4112:
Exonyms and endonyms must not be confused with the results of
3587:
6479:
5984:
5590:
Mother-tongue and Fatherland: Language and Politics in German
5098:
4755:
4251:
4097:
4089:
3884:
3860:
3417:
3403:
3381:
2786:
2581:
2547:
2539:
2501:
2461:
2415:
2366:
1917:
1130:
1124:
1118:
5820:
3898:
5865:
3838:
3803:
3665:
is the Hanyu Pinyin spelling but the Hokkien pronunciation
2909:
2873:
2610:
2428:
2351:
2263:
2003:
1629:
755:
5212:"Why Being 'Gypped' Hurts The Roma More Than It Hurts You"
2392:, a minor port on the same sea, never received an exonym.
2306:
In contrast, historically less-prominent capitals such as
5215:
5058:
is also called Venice, but this name is not changed into
2442:
5815:
5793:"Does Juliet's Rose, by Any Other Name, Smell as Sweet?"
3842:
3793:
3783:
2953:, although the name Ceylon was retained as the name for
5805:
European geographical names infrastructure and services
770:, meaning that it is used inside a particular group or
5758:. Lanham and London: The Scarecrow Press. p. 14.
5303:"Start reading The Discovery of Iran | Ali Mirsepassi"
5264:"EXONYMS IN SPANISH Criteria and usage in cartography"
3307:. Most countries have adopted this change, except for
1677:
An example of a translated exonym is the name for the
1635:
5755:
An Alphabetical Guide to the Language of Name Studies
4909:
United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names
4793:
List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names
3453:
In December 2021, a circular was issued by President
2884:(224–651), whereas the name Persia is descended from
2464:" to foreigners they encountered and this evolved in
2241:
2151:
1867:
1653:
1613:
1565:
1197:
1097:
United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names
5132:(Provisional agenda item 13 - submission by Austria)
4987:. London: Hutchinson university library. p. 17.
4844:
Names of places in Finland in Finnish and in Swedish
3450:). This use has now been made official within China.
3431:
1845:
are borrowed (or adapted) from French; for example:
901:
5444:"Why Turkey is now 'Turkiye', and why that matters"
5362:"Myanmar, Burma and why the different names matter"
4428:
Welsh names for other places in Britain and Ireland
4169:. For example, even today one would talk about the
2916:, although the former name's adjective in English (
2125:
1423:
1086:
163:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5616:"Native American Indian Studies - A Note on Names"
4980:
4081:. As for Nanjing, the historical event called the
3053:in English because the traditional English exonym
3011:requested that the English name of the country be
2504:, the Celtic-speaking regions located West of the
2407:(Germanic), the Russians used the village name of
1249:
918:added to these terms are also derived from Greek:
5448:Why Turkey is now 'Turkiye', and why that matters
4922:
3926:word meaning "ancient enemies", and contemporary
3875:tribes derive from pejorative exonyms. The name "
3034:officially changed the English name of Bombay to
2441:invaders were equated with the 500-years-earlier
2032:
1387:), for example, is known by the cognate exonyms:
6820:
3312:
3258:
2944:
2808:
2801:in German, while the Italian and Spanish exonym
2445:invaders in the same territory, and were called
1742:
1601:
1348:those that are fully or partially translated (a
4818:List of European regions with alternative names
4383:Names of European cities in different languages
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3182:
3174:
2545:
1541:
1003:also have different applications, thus leaving
5733:. Tainach (28–30 April 2010). Hamburg (2011).
5650:
5269:. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE OF SPAIN (IGN)
5262:Luxán, Marga Azcárate; Tagle, Bárbara Alonso.
5030:, edited by E. Shohamy and D. Gorter. London:
4823:List of European rivers with alternative names
4434:African/Asian/Middle-Eastern/Eurasian exonyms
3913:
3841:" suggests that it comes from the Slavic root
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3125:
1770:
1752:
1641:
1489:
5836:
5541:Toponymics: A Study of Singapore Street Names
5081:
5043:
4972:
4490:
4197:
4183:
4145:
4138:
4130:
4122:
4017:has not changed for quite some time while in
3802:("mute"); standard etymology has it that the
3444:
3437:
3393:
3386:
3298:
3283:
3277:
3266:
3250:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3193:
3144:
3136:
3065:
3058:
2999:
2993:
2802:
2625:
2084:
2058:
1833:
1817:
1790:
1780:
1722:
1712:
1659:
1619:
1589:
1457:
1391:
1231:
1225:
1159:
1153:
724:
5722:
5613:
5075:
5065:
5059:
5049:
4943:Namenforschung/Name Studies/Les noms propres
3888:
3749:
3421:
3411:
3242:
3241:) (all literally 'White Russia'), or French
3234:
3228:
3152:
3106:
2987:
2872:requested that foreign nations use the name
2825:noun and may not naturally extend itself to
2796:
2757:
2585:
2537:
2325:
2319:
1827:
1702:
1692:
1517:
1325:
1237:
1182:
1173:
1167:
5699:"It's time to end the 'Madrasi' stereotype"
5593:. Manchester University Press. p. 78.
5539:Savage, Victor R.; Yeoh, Brenda S. (2013).
5028:Linguistic landscape: expanding the scenery
4227:
4221:
4210:
4203:
4033:during the 19th century), they were called
3830:(in which case it referred specifically to
3166:
3160:
3114:
2895:
2888:
2790:
2747:
2698:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2659:
2402:
2396:
1762:
1732:
1682:
1577:
1553:
1529:
1501:
1441:
1429:
1288:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1145:
1139:
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5843:
5829:
5807:on EuroGeoNames (archived 15 January 2009)
5538:
5420:"Turkiye - The latest news from TRT World"
5238:
4978:
4808:List of country names in various languages
4497:
4483:
3937:
3476:Chinese language romanisation in Singapore
2574:often prefer that term to exonyms such as
2536:the Polish and Hungarian names for Italy,
2530:, the German name for the french-speaking
2413:, medieval Europeans took the tribal name
1804:
758:for a group of people, individual person,
731:
717:
5811:UN document describing EuroGeoNames (PDF)
4934:
3992:Learn how and when to remove this message
3728:Learn how and when to remove this message
3677:
2718:Learn how and when to remove this message
2423:confederation (and then confused it with
1308:Learn how and when to remove this message
1044:can be divided in three main categories:
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
121:Learn how and when to remove this message
5651:Cordell, Linda; McBrinn, Maxine (2012).
5424:Turkiye - The latest news from TRT World
5149:
5128:Exonyms as part of the cultural heritage
5054:in French. A city in the American state
4849:List of renamed Indian cities and states
4504:
4371:German exonyms for places in Switzerland
1078:endonyms and exonyms of language names (
252:
5586:
5070:in French. Similarly, the English city
5048:has been renamed Venice in English and
4893:
4331:German names for Central European towns
4177:was born in Königsberg in 1724, not in
4136:) in 1924, and again Saint Petersburg (
3558:, where the name Amoy is closer to the
3472:Chinese language romanization in Taiwan
3038:in November 1995, following a trend of
2832:
1202:In the case of endonyms and exonyms of
856:
14:
6821:
5261:
5124:
5096:
4997:
4940:
3040:renaming of cities and states in India
2561:
5824:
5635:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5154:Contributions to Sino-Tibetan studies
5145:
5143:
5141:
4828:List of traditional Greek place names
4478:
4366:German exonyms for places in Slovakia
4250:), named after its mythical founder,
4189:), as it has been called since 1946.
4162:until 1664, is not its Dutch exonym.
3042:that has occurred since independence.
2813:closely reflects the Latin original.
2358:, with identical names in most major
1672:
1055:endonyms and exonyms of human names (
1048:endonyms and exonyms of place names (
5751:
5659:
5503:
5385:
5187:""UNGEGN-ICA webcourse on Toponymy""
4928:
4899:
4871:
4869:
4356:German exonyms for places in Hungary
4351:German exonyms for places in Estonia
4346:German exonyms for places in Denmark
4341:German exonyms for places in Croatia
4336:German exonyms for places in Belgium
4218:derives from a Medieval Greek phrase
3941:
3710:adding citations to reliable sources
3681:
3023:as the name of the inhabitants (see
3019:as the adjective of the country and
2696:adding citations to reliable sources
2663:
2638:rather than use the Italian exonyms
1286:adding citations to reliable sources
1253:
621:Conservative and innovative language
161:adding citations to reliable sources
132:
70:
29:
5781:2006 UN document discussing exonyms
5696:
5638:The Collected Works of Edward Sapir
5199:from the original on 11 March 2024.
4983:The Rendering of Geographical Names
4813:List of Latin place names in Europe
4361:German exonyms for places in Latvia
4313:English exonyms for German toponyms
4296:
3922:are also known as the "Anasazi", a
3866:
3792:, possibly deriving from plural of
3094:, still used with reference to the
3082:government argues that the endonym
2920:) was retained as the name for the
2624:rather than use the Spanish exonym
1620:
1174:
1027:The Rendering of Geographical Names
24:
5475:. New York: United Nations. 2003.
5340:United Nations Statistics Division
5319:
5209:
5192:United Nations Statistics Division
5138:
4150:) in 1991. In this case, although
4088:Likewise, many Korean cities like
3930:discourage the use of the exonym.
3480:Following the 1979 declaration of
3057:was derived from the Russian name
2648:United Nations Statistics Division
1371:
1198:Endonyms and exonyms of glossonyms
25:
6890:
5774:
5300:
5289:I perché e i nomi della geografia
5157:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 6.
4866:
4803:List of alternative country names
4318:English-translated personal names
4226:, the city was known in Greek as
4045:convention, based largely on the
3871:The most common names of several
1687:in Dutch) used, respectively, in
45:This article has multiple issues.
5386:Beam, Christopher (2006-07-12).
4418:Slavic toponyms for Greek places
3946:
3883:word meaning "enemy". The name "
3818:Nemčija), and was borrowed into
3773:
3686:
3583:
2668:
2491:, the french-speaking region of
2057:." For example, Matisoff notes,
1258:
1087:Endonyms and exonyms of toponyms
701:
137:
75:
34:
5697:Bag, Ahana (October 19, 2021).
5690:
5681:
5671:University of Northern Colorado
5644:
5629:
5607:
5580:
5561:
5532:
5507:The Reality of Linguistic Rules
5497:
5465:
5436:
5412:
5379:
5354:
5294:
5281:
5255:
5232:
5203:
5179:
5103:UNGEGN Working Group on Exonyms
4004:
3918:meaning "enemy, stranger". The
3904:('foreign-speaking). The name "
3697:needs additional citations for
3465:
2976:International Olympic Committee
2849:moved the government seat from
1250:Exonyms in relation to endonyms
148:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
5125:Jordan, Peter (3–7 May 2021).
5118:
5090:
5020:
5000:African ethnonyms and toponyms
4991:
4781:
3533:
3517:
3502:
3422:
3412:
2033:Typical development of exonyms
1368:, is an example of this here.
877:are formed by adding specific
13:
1:
5850:
5816:World map of country endonyms
5618:. University of Massachusetts
5042:and London. The Italian city
4854:
4107:
3893:, most likely derived from a
3879:" most likely derives from a
2330:(the latter being obsolete);
5653:Archaeology of the Southwest
5388:"Mumbai? What About Bombay?"
5301:Press, Stanford University.
4859:
4041:in English due to the older
3914:
2419:as emblematic for the whole
2055:the ingroup and the outgroup
981:
963:
945:
927:
886:
561:Functional discourse grammar
427:Ethnography of communication
7:
5640:. Berlin: Mouton deGruyter.
4979:Aurousseau, Marcel (1957).
4749:
4264:Renaming of cities in India
4257:
4228:
4222:
4204:
4146:
4043:Chinese postal romanization
3972:the claims made and adding
3624:Chinese postal romanization
3438:
3432:
3394:
3361:
3347:
3333:
3319:
3299:
3278:
3229:
3210:
3161:
3059:
2960:In 1985, the government of
2935:In 1972, the government of
2908:In 1949, the government of
2889:
2517:, a mostly French-speaking
2242:
2152:
2126:
2085:
2059:
1868:
1832:, which comes from Italian
1826:), which comes from Polish
1771:Native and borrowed exonyms
1654:
1636:
1614:
1424:
1352:) from the native language.
1226:
1168:
1154:
1140:
1032:
681:Second-language acquisition
101:the claims made and adding
10:
6895:
6212:Countries by ethnic groups
6207:Contemporary ethnic groups
4281:. When the city was first
4261:
4120:, which became Petrograd (
3887:", an abbreviated form of
3794:
3784:
3618:. However, districts like
3469:
2045:, who introduced the term
1067:), localised populations (
986:
968:
950:
932:
902:
891:
359:Syntax–semantics interface
6800:
6683:
6555:
6358:
6192:
5993:
5858:
5789:(archived 23 August 2000)
5723:General and cited sources
5082:
5076:
5066:
5060:
5050:
5044:
4513:
4283:settled by English people
4239:
4211:
4184:
4139:
4131:
4123:
3528:
3512:
3497:
3484:spelling as the standard
3445:
3387:
3368:
3354:
3340:
3326:
3284:
3235:
3217:
3167:
3066:
2896:
2231:
2141:
2115:
2091:
1857:
1818:
1805:
1660:
1642:
1430:
1232:
1160:
1146:
671:Philosophy of linguistics
571:Interactional linguistics
6854:Geopolitical terminology
5614:d'Errico, Peter (2005).
5239:Van der Meulen, Martin.
5097:Geršič, M., ed. (2020).
4902:"Exonyms in Cartography"
4378:List of European exonyms
4291:southern states of India
3303:in foreign languages to
2660:In preference of exonyms
2556:
1761:". However, the endonym
1337:words, diverged only in
1011:as the preferred forms.
6324:Torres Strait Islanders
6169:Ethnopsychopharmacology
5913:In-group and out-groups
5746:Wiener Osteuropastudien
5567:Yeh, Yun-Tsui. (2013) "
4308:List of English exonyms
4053:, based largely on the
3938:Confusion with renaming
3900:
3843:
3657:-Peranakan businessman
3651:Speak Mandarin Campaign
3522:), and the Province of
3486:romanisation of Chinese
2584:), and the French term
2475:, the historic name of
2466:West Germanic languages
1961:
6570:Cultural appropriation
6470:Lineage-bonded society
4798:List of language names
4776:Linguistic imperialism
4247:
4198:
4128:) in 1914, Leningrad (
4057:, became the official
3889:
3844:
3795:
3785:
3782:term for the Germans,
3750:
3678:Exonyms as pejoratives
3672:Singapore Armed Forces
3313:
3267:
3259:
3251:
3243:
3202:
3194:
3183:
3175:
3153:
3145:
3137:
3126:
3115:
3107:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2949:) changed the name to
2945:
2880:since the time of the
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2758:
2748:
2657:
2626:
2586:
2546:
2538:
2403:
2397:
2326:
2320:
2299:
2285:
2271:
2257:
2217:
2203:
2189:
2181:
2167:
2079:; both the Jingpo and
2025:
2011:
1997:
1983:
1975:
1953:
1939:
1925:
1911:
1897:
1883:
1834:
1828:
1799:) are native, but the
1791:
1781:
1763:
1757:), all of which mean "
1753:
1743:
1733:
1723:
1713:
1703:
1693:
1683:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1502:
1490:
1458:
1442:
1392:
1384:
1326:
1238:
1183:
1059:), including names of
1021:, first used the term
903:
844:
830:
824:
810:
798:
792:historico-geographical
508:Theoretical frameworks
462:Philosophy of language
442:History of linguistics
271:
6595:Ethnic interest group
6430:Ethnicity in censuses
6380:Cultural assimilation
5881:Ethnolinguistic group
5752:Room, Adrian (1996).
4951:10.1515/9783110203431
4114:geographical renaming
3599:, which is the mixed
2980:name of Côte d'Ivoire
2818:standardised spelling
2652:
2083:use the Chinese word
1194:for bodies of water.
1093:geographical features
785:) is an established,
402:Conversation analysis
256:
6808:Minzu (anthropology)
6777:Separatist movements
6640:Ethnographic village
6465:Legendary progenitor
6100:Transidioethnography
5903:Hyphenated ethnicity
5898:Ethnographic realism
5891:Ethnoreligious group
4877:"Exonym and Endonym"
4839:Place names in Irish
4158:, the Dutch name of
3762:", which eventually
3706:improve this article
3455:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
2912:changed the name to
2878:internally been Iran
2855:Phra Nakhon Province
2833:Official preferences
2692:improve this section
2380:, for instance, was
1282:improve this section
1071:), and individuals (
857:Naming and etymology
843:, respectively, and
772:linguistic community
646:Internet linguistics
556:Construction grammar
172:"Endonym and exonym"
157:improve this article
6675:Multinational state
6670:Model minority myth
6557:Multiethnic society
6475:Linguistic homeland
5886:Ethnonational group
5744:. Wien and Berlin.
5243:. The Low Countries
4448:Azerbaijani exonyms
3920:Ancestral Puebloans
3873:Indigenous American
3398:) derived from the
3032:Government of India
3009:government of Burma
2943:form of Portuguese
2843:King Yotfa Chulalok
2646:. According to the
2562:In avoiding exonyms
1813:) is borrowed from
898:Proto-Indo-European
581:Systemic functional
376:Applied linguistics
318:General linguistics
6655:Middleman minority
6615:Ethnic pornography
6610:Ethnic nationalism
6515:Pantribal sodality
6455:Imagined community
5980:Symbolic ethnicity
5908:Indigenous peoples
5876:Ethnographic group
5801:in exonym database
5795:by Verónica Albin.
5667:"Puebloan Culture"
5545:Marshall Cavendish
4900:Ormeling, Ferjan.
4468:Vietnamese exonyms
4403:Portuguese exonyms
4202:) is still called
4171:Siege of Leningrad
4116:as in the case of
3957:possibly contains
3384:, from the exonym
3293:The government of
3102:, for instance in
2998:and in Italian as
2989:die Elfenbeinküste
2851:Thon Buri Province
2816:In some cases, no
2807:or the Portuguese
2655:cultural heritage.
2593:(from the name of
2580:(from the name of
2570:way. For example,
2460:applied the word "
2362:, are exceptions.
2360:European languages
2096:) as the name for
1843:continental Europe
1673:Translated exonyms
1364:, having only one
1091:As it pertains to
760:geographical place
686:Theory of language
656:Origin of language
611:Autonomy of syntax
566:Grammaticalization
412:Discourse analysis
407:Corpus linguistics
272:
261:, compared to the
86:possibly contains
6816:
6815:
6737:Ethnic stereotype
6650:Indigenous rights
6635:Ethnographic film
6620:Ethnic theme park
6580:Dominant minority
6575:Diaspora politics
6565:Consociationalism
6500:National language
6385:Cultural identity
6375:Cross-race effect
6319:Aboriginal groups
5517:978-90-272-8203-3
5074:has been renamed
5013:978-92-3-101944-9
4834:Coptic placenames
4746:
4745:
4438:Afrikaans exonyms
4408:Icelandic exonyms
4079:Peking University
4002:
4001:
3994:
3959:original research
3908:" comes from the
3738:
3737:
3730:
3554:, in the case of
3331:) to the endonym
2939:(the word is the
2795:has evolved into
2728:
2727:
2720:
2616:In recent years,
2479:inhabited by the
2240:
2150:
2124:
1866:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1015:Marcel Aurousseau
741:
740:
529:Distributionalism
472:Psycholinguistics
251:
250:
243:
233:
232:
225:
207:
131:
130:
123:
88:original research
68:
18:Conventional name
16:(Redirected from
6886:
6707:Ethnic cleansing
6702:Ethnic bioweapon
6585:Ethnic democracy
6194:Groups by region
6144:Ethnomethodology
6127:Ethnomathematics
6117:Ethnolinguistics
6013:Ethnoarchaeology
5845:
5838:
5831:
5822:
5821:
5769:
5735:Name & Place
5716:
5715:
5713:
5711:
5694:
5688:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5673:. Archived from
5663:
5657:
5656:
5648:
5642:
5641:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5587:Townson (1992).
5584:
5578:
5565:
5559:
5558:
5543:(3rd ed.).
5536:
5530:
5529:
5501:
5495:
5494:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5450:. Archived from
5440:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5358:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5336:
5328:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5298:
5292:
5287:Sandro Toniolo,
5285:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5268:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5222:
5210:Challa, Janaki.
5207:
5201:
5200:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5147:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5122:
5116:
5114:
5094:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5078:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5062:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5046:
5024:
5018:
5017:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4976:
4970:
4964:
4938:
4932:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4906:
4897:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4873:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4476:
4475:
4463:Japanese exonyms
4453:Armenian exonyms
4297:Lists of exonyms
4289:origin from the
4241:
4233:
4225:
4214:
4213:
4212:Κωνσταντινούπολη
4207:
4201:
4187:
4186:
4152:Saint Petersburg
4149:
4142:
4141:
4134:
4133:
4126:
4125:
4118:Saint Petersburg
4083:Nanking Massacre
4023:prestige dialect
4019:Mandarin Chinese
3997:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3977:
3974:inline citations
3950:
3949:
3942:
3917:
3903:
3895:Proto-Algonquian
3892:
3867:Native Americans
3850:
3814:немцы (nemtsy),
3810:німці (nimtsi);
3801:
3800:
3791:
3790:
3753:
3733:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3713:
3690:
3682:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3571:hyperforeignised
3535:
3530:
3519:
3514:
3504:
3499:
3448:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3425:
3424:
3415:
3414:
3397:
3390:
3389:
3371:
3370:
3364:
3357:
3356:
3350:
3343:
3342:
3336:
3329:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3311:, which adopted
3302:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3272:
3264:
3256:
3248:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3222:
3221:
3213:
3207:
3199:
3188:
3180:
3177:Fehéroroszország
3172:
3171:
3164:
3158:
3150:
3142:
3131:
3120:
3112:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3003:
2997:
2992:, in Spanish as
2991:
2955:that type of tea
2948:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2761:
2751:
2723:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2672:
2664:
2629:
2592:
2551:
2543:
2456:invaders of the
2406:
2400:
2388:; not far away,
2329:
2323:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2093:
2088:
2062:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1837:
1831:
1821:
1820:
1808:
1807:
1794:
1784:
1766:
1756:
1746:
1736:
1726:
1716:
1706:
1696:
1686:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1521:
1505:
1493:
1461:
1445:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1395:
1366:liquid consonant
1329:
1313:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1293:
1262:
1254:
1246:, respectively.
1241:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1017:, an Australian
990:
984:
972:
966:
954:
948:
936:
930:
909:
908:
896:, 'name'), from
895:
889:
823:, respectively,
733:
726:
719:
705:
651:LGBT linguistics
641:Internationalism
616:Compositionality
477:Sociolinguistics
452:Neurolinguistics
447:Interlinguistics
432:Ethnomethodology
274:
273:
246:
239:
228:
221:
217:
214:
208:
206:
165:
141:
133:
126:
119:
115:
112:
106:
103:inline citations
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
6894:
6893:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6884:
6883:
6864:Language naming
6819:
6818:
6817:
6812:
6796:
6742:Ethnic violence
6690:
6688:ethnic conflict
6686:
6679:
6660:Minority rights
6600:Ethnic majority
6551:
6535:Detribalization
6490:Nation-building
6425:Ethnic religion
6368:
6364:
6354:
6261:Central America
6188:
6159:Ethnophilosophy
6154:Ethnomusicology
6132:Ethnostatistics
6090:Person-centered
6060:Autoethnography
5989:
5854:
5849:
5777:
5772:
5766:
5725:
5720:
5719:
5709:
5707:
5695:
5691:
5686:
5682:
5665:
5664:
5660:
5649:
5645:
5634:
5630:
5621:
5619:
5612:
5608:
5601:
5585:
5581:
5566:
5562:
5555:
5537:
5533:
5518:
5502:
5498:
5483:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5457:
5455:
5442:
5441:
5437:
5428:
5426:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5404:
5402:
5384:
5380:
5371:
5369:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5345:
5343:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5320:
5311:
5309:
5299:
5295:
5286:
5282:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5260:
5256:
5246:
5244:
5237:
5233:
5220:
5218:
5208:
5204:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5165:
5148:
5139:
5131:
5123:
5119:
5095:
5091:
5064:in Italian and
5025:
5021:
5014:
4998:UNESCO (1984).
4996:
4992:
4977:
4973:
4961:
4939:
4935:
4927:
4923:
4913:
4911:
4904:
4898:
4894:
4885:
4883:
4875:
4874:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4784:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4693:Scottish Gaelic
4509:
4503:
4458:Chinese exonyms
4423:Swedish exonyms
4413:Russian exonyms
4398:Italian exonyms
4388:Finnish exonyms
4299:
4266:
4260:
4156:Nieuw Amsterdam
4147:Sankt-Peterbúrg
4140:Санкт-Петербург
4110:
4067:English phoneme
4055:Beijing dialect
4047:Nanjing dialect
4031:Beijing dialect
4027:Nanjing dialect
4007:
3998:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3963:
3951:
3947:
3940:
3869:
3828:Ottoman Turkish
3776:
3766:to the exonym "
3734:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3703:
3691:
3680:
3601:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
3586:
3582:
3565:In the case of
3562:pronunciation.
3548:Chinese variety
3492:, for example:
3478:
3468:
3096:Soviet Republic
2995:Costa de Marfil
2982:). In most non-
2930:conjoined twins
2882:Sassanid Empire
2859:Thai government
2835:
2734:cities such as
2724:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2689:
2673:
2662:
2564:
2559:
2035:
1803:name of Paris,
1773:
1675:
1572:Scottish Gaelic
1374:
1372:Cognate exonyms
1333:those that are
1314:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1279:
1263:
1252:
1200:
1089:
1035:
883:Greek root word
859:
781:(also known as
751:) is a common,
747:(also known as
737:
696:
695:
606:
598:
597:
509:
501:
500:
496:Writing systems
387:Anthropological
377:
369:
368:
319:
311:
263:German language
247:
236:
235:
234:
229:
218:
212:
209:
166:
164:
154:
142:
127:
116:
110:
107:
92:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6892:
6882:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6810:
6804:
6802:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6767:Indigenization
6764:
6759:
6757:Ethnosymbolism
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6727:Ethnic penalty
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6693:
6691:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6665:Model minority
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6645:Ethnopluralism
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6590:Ethnic enclave
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6561:
6559:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6543:
6542:
6537:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6371:
6369:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6335:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6321:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6302:
6300:Southeast Asia
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6223:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6209:
6198:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6181:
6179:Ethnosemiotics
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6149:Ethnomuseology
6146:
6141:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6041:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6015:
6010:
6008:Ethnic studies
6005:
5999:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5975:Supraethnicity
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5928:Minority group
5925:
5923:Metroethnicity
5920:
5918:Meta-ethnicity
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5868:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5855:
5848:
5847:
5840:
5833:
5825:
5819:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5802:
5796:
5790:
5784:
5776:
5775:External links
5773:
5771:
5770:
5764:
5749:
5738:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5704:Madras Courier
5689:
5680:
5677:on 2010-07-09.
5658:
5643:
5628:
5606:
5599:
5579:
5560:
5553:
5531:
5516:
5496:
5481:
5464:
5435:
5411:
5378:
5353:
5318:
5293:
5280:
5254:
5231:
5202:
5178:
5163:
5137:
5117:
5099:"Introduction"
5089:
5080:in French and
5019:
5012:
5006:. p. 67.
4990:
4971:
4959:
4933:
4921:
4892:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4751:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4502:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4443:Arabic exonyms
4440:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4326:German exonyms
4322:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4305:
4298:
4295:
4279:a special case
4262:Main article:
4259:
4256:
4223:Constantinople
4205:Constantinople
4109:
4106:
4021:(although the
4006:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3954:
3952:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3868:
3865:
3775:
3772:
3736:
3735:
3694:
3692:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3490:mainland China
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3451:
3374:
3291:
3230:rusia albayda'
3185:Hvíta-Rússland
3076:
3043:
3028:
3025:names of Burma
3005:
3001:Costa d'Avorio
2972:United Nations
2958:
2933:
2906:
2866:
2857:. In 1972 the
2834:
2831:
2726:
2725:
2676:
2674:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2534:
2525:
2512:
2495:
2486:
2483:
2304:
2303:
2289:
2275:
2261:
2247:
2221:
2207:
2193:
2171:
2157:
2131:
2043:James Matisoff
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2015:
2001:
1987:
1965:
1943:
1929:
1915:
1901:
1887:
1873:
1772:
1769:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1651:
1633:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1499:
1487:
1455:
1439:
1421:
1373:
1370:
1358:transliterated
1354:
1353:
1346:
1331:
1316:
1315:
1266:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1206:(glossonyms),
1204:language names
1199:
1196:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1073:personal names
1053:
1034:
1031:
993:
992:
974:
973:, 'self'); and
956:
938:
858:
855:
797:For instance,
754:
739:
738:
736:
735:
728:
721:
713:
710:
709:
698:
697:
694:
693:
688:
683:
678:
676:Prescriptivism
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
607:
604:
603:
600:
599:
596:
595:
590:
589:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
543:
542:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
510:
507:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
493:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
378:
375:
374:
371:
370:
367:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
310:
309:
304:
299:
293:
290:
289:
283:
282:
249:
248:
231:
230:
145:
143:
136:
129:
128:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6891:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6799:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6747:Ethnocentrism
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6712:Ethnic hatred
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6682:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6558:
6554:
6548:
6545:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6505:National myth
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6445:Folk religion
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6420:Ethnic origin
6418:
6416:
6415:Ethnic option
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6290:Northern Asia
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6266:South America
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6251:United States
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6185:
6184:Ethnotaxonomy
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6139:Ethnomedicine
6137:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6075:Institutional
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6033:Ethnomycology
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5960:Polyethnicity
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5940:Monoethnicity
5938:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5846:
5841:
5839:
5834:
5832:
5827:
5826:
5823:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5806:
5803:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5767:
5765:9780810831698
5761:
5757:
5756:
5750:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5727:
5706:
5705:
5700:
5693:
5684:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5662:
5655:(3 ed.).
5654:
5647:
5639:
5632:
5617:
5610:
5602:
5600:9780719034398
5596:
5592:
5591:
5583:
5576:
5575:
5570:
5564:
5556:
5554:9789814408356
5550:
5546:
5542:
5535:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5513:
5509:
5508:
5500:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5482:92-1-100915-4
5478:
5474:
5468:
5454:on 2023-02-09
5453:
5449:
5445:
5439:
5425:
5421:
5415:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5382:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5342:
5341:
5333:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5308:
5304:
5297:
5290:
5284:
5265:
5258:
5242:
5235:
5228:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5198:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5182:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5164:90-04-07850-9
5160:
5156:
5155:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5130:
5129:
5121:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5093:
5073:
5057:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5015:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4994:
4985:
4984:
4975:
4968:
4962:
4960:9783110148794
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4931:, p. 14.
4930:
4925:
4910:
4903:
4896:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4870:
4865:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4761:Emic and etic
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4658:Luxembourgish
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4507:
4500:
4495:
4493:
4488:
4486:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4393:Greek exonyms
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4303:Latin exonyms
4301:
4300:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4265:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4237:
4232:
4231:
4224:
4219:
4215:
4206:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4188:
4180:
4176:
4175:Immanuel Kant
4172:
4168:
4163:
4161:
4160:New York City
4157:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4135:
4127:
4119:
4115:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4025:shifted from
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
3996:
3993:
3985:
3982:December 2022
3975:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3955:This section
3953:
3944:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3840:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3789:
3788:
3781:
3774:Slavic people
3771:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3751:erdara/erdera
3746:
3741:
3732:
3729:
3721:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3695:This section
3693:
3689:
3684:
3683:
3675:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3509:
3505:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3473:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3440:
3434:
3429:
3419:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3383:
3379:
3376:In 2006, the
3375:
3372:
3363:
3358:
3349:
3344:
3335:
3330:
3321:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3270:
3263:
3262:
3257:, Portuguese
3255:
3254:
3247:
3246:
3238:
3237:روسيا البيضاء
3231:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3179:
3178:
3173:), Hungarian
3170:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3140:
3139:Hvítarussland
3135:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3007:In 1989, the
3006:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2962:Côte d'Ivoire
2959:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2903:Fars Province
2900:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2767:word category
2763:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2722:
2719:
2711:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2677:This section
2675:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2605:and Karlsbad/
2604:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2572:Romani people
2569:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2431:, to produce
2430:
2427:, a word for
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:Jingpo people
2066:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2041:According to
2039:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1825:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1759:Low Countries
1755:
1754:Țările de Jos
1750:
1745:
1744:Países Baixos
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1667:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1339:pronunciation
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1312:
1309:
1301:
1298:November 2023
1291:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1267:This section
1265:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1177:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1116:For example,
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:ethnic groups
1058:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
991:, 'foreign').
989:
983:
978:
975:
971:
965:
960:
957:
955:, 'outside');
953:
947:
942:
939:
935:
929:
924:
921:
920:
919:
917:
912:
910:
907:
906:
899:
894:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
854:
852:
848:
847:
842:
838:
834:
833:
828:
827:
822:
818:
814:
813:
808:
807:
802:
801:
795:
793:
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
750:
746:
734:
729:
727:
722:
720:
715:
714:
712:
711:
708:
704:
700:
699:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
626:Descriptivism
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
602:
601:
594:
593:Structuralism
591:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
576:Prague circle
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
548:
547:
544:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
515:
512:
511:
505:
504:
497:
494:
492:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
422:Documentation
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
397:Computational
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
373:
372:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
321:
315:
314:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
294:
292:
291:
288:
285:
284:
280:
276:
275:
270:
269:
264:
260:
255:
245:
242:
227:
224:
216:
213:December 2022
205:
202:
198:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174: –
173:
169:
168:Find sources:
162:
158:
152:
151:
146:This article
144:
140:
135:
134:
125:
122:
114:
111:December 2022
104:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
6782:Xenocentrism
6732:Ethnic slurs
6722:Ethnic party
6685:Ideology and
6605:Ethnic media
6547:White ethnic
6540:Neotribalism
6495:Nation state
6435:Ethnofiction
6399:
6366:ethnogenesis
6337:
6330:
6311:
6280:Central Asia
6272:
6225:
6218:
6201:
6174:Ethnoscience
6164:Ethnopoetics
6112:Ethnohistory
6050:Ethnogeology
6038:Ethnozoology
6028:Ethnoecology
6018:Ethnobiology
6003:Anthropology
5955:Panethnicity
5871:Ethnic group
5754:
5745:
5741:
5734:
5730:
5708:. Retrieved
5702:
5692:
5683:
5675:the original
5670:
5661:
5652:
5646:
5637:
5631:
5620:. Retrieved
5609:
5589:
5582:
5572:
5563:
5540:
5534:
5506:
5499:
5472:
5467:
5456:. Retrieved
5452:the original
5447:
5438:
5427:. Retrieved
5423:
5414:
5403:. Retrieved
5391:
5381:
5370:. Retrieved
5368:. 2021-02-02
5365:
5356:
5344:. Retrieved
5338:
5310:. Retrieved
5306:
5296:
5288:
5283:
5273:18 September
5271:. Retrieved
5257:
5247:18 September
5245:. Retrieved
5234:
5226:
5221:18 September
5219:. Retrieved
5205:
5190:
5181:
5153:
5127:
5120:
5102:
5092:
5036:proper names
5027:
5022:
4999:
4993:
4982:
4974:
4942:
4936:
4924:
4912:. Retrieved
4908:
4895:
4884:. Retrieved
4880:
4508:per language
4267:
4220:). Prior to
4209:
4191:
4182:
4167:historicisms
4164:
4151:
4137:
4129:
4121:
4111:
4087:
4075:Peking opera
4059:romanization
4008:
4005:In East Asia
3988:
3979:
3956:
3932:
3890:Nadouessioux
3870:
3836:
3777:
3757:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3724:
3715:
3704:Please help
3699:verification
3696:
3666:
3659:Lim Nee Soon
3648:
3626:, including
3609:
3578:
3574:
3566:
3564:
3532:
3527:
3516:
3511:
3501:
3482:Hanyu Pinyin
3479:
3466:Hanyu Pinyin
3443:
3385:
3378:South Korean
3366:
3352:
3338:
3324:
3304:
3261:Bielorrússia
3215:
3181:, Icelandic
3155:Weißrussland
3147:Valko-Venäjä
3109:Hviderusland
3099:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3073:Name of Kyiv
3064:
3054:
3050:
3020:
3016:
2965:
2917:
2894:
2836:
2815:
2789:original of
2785:, where the
2778:
2777:, where the
2774:
2764:
2732:multilingual
2729:
2714:
2705:
2690:Please help
2678:
2653:
2643:
2639:
2615:
2607:Karlovy Vary
2601:, Auschwitz/
2575:
2565:
2552:respectively
2458:Roman Empire
2451:
2446:
2432:
2424:
2414:
2408:
2401:(Greek) and
2394:
2386:British Navy
2381:
2371:
2364:
2339:
2335:
2305:
2102:
2090:
2046:
2040:
2036:
1840:
1823:
1810:
1774:
1724:Países Bajos
1676:
1379:(originally
1375:
1355:
1319:
1304:
1295:
1280:Please help
1268:
1243:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1181:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1090:
1057:anthroponyms
1036:
1026:
1025:in his work
1022:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
994:
976:
958:
940:
937:, 'within');
922:
913:
900:
874:
870:
866:
862:
860:
804:
796:
786:
782:
778:
776:
748:
744:
742:
539:Glossematics
519:Constituency
491:interpreting
329:Lexicography
266:
237:
219:
210:
200:
193:
186:
179:
167:
155:Please help
150:verification
147:
117:
108:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
6859:Human names
6717:Ethnic joke
6525:Tribal name
6510:Origin myth
6485:Mythomoteur
6410:Ethnic flag
6395:Development
6080:Netnography
6055:Ethnography
6045:Ethnocinema
6023:Ethnobotany
5950:Nationality
5307:www.sup.org
4914:27 February
4782:Other lists
4538:Azerbaijani
4185:Калининград
4179:Kaliningrad
4071:Peking duck
4061:method for
3747:, the term
3550:instead of
3430::
3420::
3410::
3314:Sakartvelas
3269:Bielorrusia
3253:Bielorussia
3245:Biélorussie
3204:Beyaz Rusya
3196:Vitryssland
3117:Wit-Rusland
3088:Byelorussia
2984:Francophone
2967:Ivory Coast
2618:geographers
2548:Olaszország
2532:Switzerland
2523:Switzerland
2508:-dominated
2506:Anglo-Saxon
2437:), and the
2098:Lisu people
2077:Chin people
2051:linguistics
1714:Paesi Bassi
1694:Niederlande
1679:Netherlands
1343:orthography
1327:Deutschland
1185:Deutschland
800:Deutschland
691:Terminology
666:Orthography
586:Usage-based
487:Translating
382:Acquisition
287:Linguistics
268:Deutschland
265:endonym of
6869:Onomastics
6823:Categories
6792:Xenophobia
6787:Xenophilia
6762:Indigenism
6697:Allophilia
6630:Ethnocracy
6520:Statistext
6450:Historical
6343:Indigenous
6295:South Asia
6231:Indigenous
5965:Population
5799:Looking up
5622:2020-10-07
5458:2022-01-02
5429:2022-01-02
5405:2024-03-11
5372:2024-03-11
5312:2024-03-11
5087:language."
5056:California
5002:. France:
4886:2022-11-16
4855:References
4766:Shibboleth
4733:Vietnamese
4678:Portuguese
4653:Lithuanian
4196:(Turkish:
4192:Likewise,
4108:In Eurasia
4096:(formerly
3966:improve it
3760:barbarians
3470:See also:
3369:Сакартвело
3362:Sakartvelo
3286:Белорусија
3279:Belorusija
3265:, Spanish
3249:, Italian
3211:Bái'èluósī
3208:, Chinese
3200:, Turkish
3169:Λευκορωσία
3162:Lefkorosía
3143:, Finnish
3092:Belorussia
3080:Belarusian
2941:anglicized
2827:adjectival
2636:Seychelles
2568:pejorative
2528:Welschland
2447:Hungarians
2214:Portuguese
2196:Copenhagen
1958:Neapolitan
1739:Portuguese
1734:An Ísiltír
1608:Vietnamese
1414:Portuguese
1244:Nederlands
1080:glossonyms
1029:(1957).
1019:geographer
995:The terms
861:The terms
787:non-native
661:Orismology
546:Functional
534:Generative
524:Dependency
344:Pragmatics
334:Morphology
324:Diachronic
183:newspapers
95:improve it
50:improve it
6874:Semantics
6849:Etymology
6844:Ethnonyms
6839:Ethnicity
6752:Ethnocide
6625:Ethnoburb
6530:Tribalism
6313:Australia
6305:West Asia
6285:East Asia
6256:Caribbean
6241:Greenland
6122:Ethnology
5995:Ethnology
5933:Influence
5852:Ethnicity
5574:Sociology
5526:746747262
5400:1091-2339
5111:2536-1732
5032:Routledge
4929:Room 1996
4881:ThoughtCo
4860:Citations
4728:Ukrainian
4708:Slovenian
4673:Norwegian
4668:Old Norse
4623:Icelandic
4618:Hungarian
4548:Bulgarian
4518:Afrikaans
4287:Dravidian
4277:, may be
4248:Byzantium
4240:Βυζάντιον
4230:Byzantion
4132:Ленинград
4124:Петроград
3970:verifying
3928:Puebloans
3820:Hungarian
3808:Ukrainian
3764:gave rise
3718:July 2020
3644:Kaohsiung
3534:Guǎngdōng
3524:Guangdong
3309:Lithuania
3151:, German
3128:Valgevene
3047:Ukrainian
2951:Sri Lanka
2870:Reza Shah
2868:In 1935,
2841:In 1782,
2759:Bruxelles
2708:July 2020
2679:does not
2632:Mauritius
2473:Wallachia
2356:Amsterdam
2308:Ljubljana
2237:romanized
2204:København
2182:Bruxelles
2168:București
2160:Bucharest
2147:romanized
2121:romanized
2075:name for
2067:name for
1884:București
1876:Bucharest
1863:romanized
1764:Nederland
1684:Nederland
1548:Icelandic
1480:Sardinian
1452:Afrikaans
1385:Londinium
1269:does not
1192:hydronyms
1099:defines:
1065:ethnonyms
832:Allemagne
636:Iconicity
631:Etymology
551:Cognitive
514:Formalist
467:Phonetics
457:Philology
349:Semantics
339:Phonology
99:verifying
56:talk page
6879:Toponymy
6834:Demonyms
6772:Nativism
6440:Ethnonym
6405:Ethnarch
6361:Identity
6348:European
6226:Americas
6070:Critical
6065:Clinical
5859:Concepts
5491:52095159
5346:11 March
5197:Archived
5173:15093829
4832:List of
4771:Metonymy
4750:See also
4638:Japanese
4593:Estonian
4568:Croatian
4533:Armenian
4523:Albanian
4324:List of
4258:In India
4199:İstanbul
4194:Istanbul
4063:Mandarin
3915:kɨmantsi
3906:Comanche
3901:-a·towe·
3857:Slovenia
3853:Slovakia
3851:(hence "
3824:Romanian
3632:Taichung
3552:Mandarin
3433:Hanseong
3395:Hànchéng
3334:Liet’uva
3159:, Greek
3123:Estonian
3113:, Dutch
2974:and the
2914:Thailand
2771:phonetic
2736:Brussels
2644:Seicelle
2640:Maurizio
2603:Oświęcim
2590:, bohème
2588:bohémien
2498:Cornwall
2489:Wallonia
2454:Germanic
2425:Tartarus
2421:Mongolic
2404:Germanus
2374:Crusades
2340:Zagabria
2300:Warszawa
2174:Brussels
2164:Romanian
2134:Belgrade
2071:and the
1984:Nafarroa
1904:Florence
1880:Romanian
1850:Belgrade
1779:exonyms
1749:Romanian
1704:Pays-Bas
1648:Armenian
1603:Luân Đôn
1579:Llundain
1567:Lunnainn
1543:Lundúnir
1496:Albanian
1472:Romanian
1410:Galician
1402:Filipino
1227:Zhōngwén
1155:Zhōngguó
1069:demonyms
1050:toponyms
1038:Endonyms
1033:Typology
916:prefixes
905:*h₃nómn̥
879:prefixes
826:Alemania
812:Germania
764:language
437:Forensic
417:Distance
364:Typology
279:a series
277:Part of
6829:Exonyms
6801:Related
6460:Kinship
6400:Endonym
6390:Demonym
6338:Oceania
6095:Salvage
5710:25 July
5366:AP News
5077:Londres
5061:Venezia
5045:Venezia
4723:Turkish
4718:Swedish
4713:Spanish
4698:Serbian
4688:Russian
4683:Romansh
4663:Maltese
4648:Latvian
4633:Italian
4598:Finnish
4588:English
4563:Cornish
4558:Chinese
4553:Catalan
4506:Exonyms
4275:Chennai
4094:Incheon
4039:Nanking
4015:Nanjing
4011:Beijing
3964:Please
3855:" and "
3832:Austria
3816:Slovene
3812:Russian
3667:au-kang
3663:Hougang
3655:Teochew
3640:Keelung
3636:Taitung
3597:Shaanxi
3579:Beijing
3567:Beijing
3560:Hokkien
3518:Qīngdǎo
3508:Qingdao
3503:Běijīng
3494:Beijing
3439:Shŏu'ér
3341:ლიეტუვა
3305:Georgia
3295:Georgia
3275:Serbian
3191:Swedish
3134:Faroese
3100:Belarus
3084:Belarus
3071:) (see
3015:, with
3013:Myanmar
2918:Siamese
2863:Bangkok
2810:Colónia
2804:Colonia
2792:Colonia
2783:Cologne
2749:Brussel
2744:Flemish
2700:removed
2685:sources
2595:Bohemia
2510:England
2493:Belgium
2477:Romania
2443:Hunnish
2410:Chechen
2398:Graecus
2390:Rapallo
2382:Leghorn
2378:Livorno
2336:Lubiana
2332:Italian
2321:Laibach
2268:Italian
2239::
2228:Russian
2190:Brussel
2153:Beograd
2149::
2142:Београд
2138:Serbian
2123::
2081:Burmese
2065:Palaung
2047:autonym
2026:Sevilla
2022:Spanish
2018:Seville
2008:Italian
1976:Navarra
1972:Spanish
1968:Navarre
1950:Italian
1940:München
1922:Italian
1912:Firenze
1908:Italian
1890:Cologne
1869:Beograd
1865::
1858:Београд
1854:Serbian
1815:Russian
1792:Benetke
1777:Slovene
1719:Spanish
1709:Italian
1666:Chinese
1626:Persian
1596:Finnish
1555:Londain
1484:Turkish
1476:Romansh
1468:Maltese
1464:Italian
1431:Λονδίνο
1425:Londino
1418:Spanish
1398:Catalan
1393:Londres
1335:cognate
1290:removed
1275:sources
1239:Deutsch
1209:Chinese
1180:), and
1136:Germany
1104:Endonym
1042:exonyms
1005:endonym
1001:xenonym
997:autonym
977:xenonym
959:autonym
923:endonym
881:to the
875:xenonym
867:endonym
863:autonym
837:Spanish
821:Italian
817:English
806:Germany
783:xenonym
768:dialect
749:autonym
745:endonym
392:Applied
302:History
297:Outline
259:Germany
197:scholar
93:Please
6332:Europe
6246:Mexico
6236:Canada
6220:Africa
6085:Online
5945:Nation
5762:
5597:
5551:
5524:
5514:
5489:
5479:
5398:
5171:
5161:
5109:
5083:Londra
5072:London
5067:Venise
5051:Venise
5040:Venice
5010:
5004:UNESCO
4957:
4703:Slovak
4608:German
4603:French
4578:Danish
4543:Basque
4528:Arabic
4273:, now
4271:Madras
4102:Inchǒn
4077:, and
4051:Pinyin
4035:Peking
3924:Navajo
3897:term,
3877:Apache
3826:, and
3804:Slavic
3787:nemtsi
3780:Slavic
3768:Berber
3745:Basque
3642:, and
3628:Taipei
3620:Tamsui
3612:Taipei
3605:Shanxi
3556:Xiamen
3459:Turkey
3426:;
3416:;
3408:Korean
3406:name (
3400:Joseon
3355:Грузія
3348:Hruzia
3320:Lit’va
3300:Gruzia
3273:, and
3226:Arabic
3104:Danish
3036:Mumbai
3017:Myanma
2946:Ceilão
2937:Ceylon
2897:Περσίς
2890:Persis
2823:plural
2754:French
2627:Angora
2622:Ankara
2599:Gdańsk
2540:Włochy
2519:canton
2515:Wallis
2481:Vlachs
2439:Magyar
2434:Tartar
2354:, and
2348:Berlin
2344:Madrid
2316:German
2312:Zagreb
2296:Polish
2292:Warsaw
2288:); and
2282:German
2278:Vienna
2250:Prague
2243:Moskva
2232:Москва
2224:Moscow
2218:Lisboa
2210:Lisbon
2200:Danish
2178:French
2127:Athína
2108:Athens
2073:Jingpo
2014:); and
1990:Prague
1980:Basque
1962:Napule
1954:Napoli
1946:Naples
1936:German
1932:Munich
1926:Milano
1894:German
1835:Parigi
1824:Parizh
1811:Parizh
1797:Venice
1789:) and
1787:Vienna
1747:) and
1699:French
1689:German
1655:Lúndūn
1643:Լոնդոն
1637:London
1628:, and
1615:Landan
1591:Lontoo
1531:Rānana
1524:Polish
1519:Londyn
1512:Slovak
1503:Londýn
1491:Londër
1459:Londra
1443:Londen
1416:, and
1406:French
1377:London
1350:calque
1242:, and
1218:, and
1215:German
1141:Bhārat
1134:, and
1110:Exonym
1095:, the
1023:exonym
1009:exonym
941:exonym
871:exonym
851:Polish
846:Niemcy
841:French
779:exonym
753:native
707:Portal
605:Topics
354:Syntax
199:
192:
185:
178:
170:
6480:Mores
6202:World
6105:Video
5985:Tribe
5783:(PDF)
5392:Slate
5335:(PDF)
5267:(PDF)
4905:(PDF)
4756:-onym
4738:Welsh
4643:Latin
4628:Irish
4613:Greek
4583:Dutch
4573:Czech
4252:Byzas
4244:Latin
4236:Greek
4098:Pusan
4090:Busan
3912:word
3899:*
3885:Sioux
3861:Slavs
3846:slovo
3616:Xinyi
3544:opera
3446:首爾/首尔
3436:) to
3418:Hanja
3404:Hanja
3388:漢城/汉城
3382:Seoul
3359:) to
3327:ლიტვა
3060:Kiyev
3021:Bamar
2978:(see
2886:Greek
2787:Latin
2775:Paris
2740:Dutch
2582:Egypt
2577:Gypsy
2557:Usage
2502:Wales
2462:Walha
2416:Tatar
2367:Paris
2327:Agram
2258:Praha
2254:Czech
2186:Dutch
2116:Αθήνα
2112:Greek
2086:yeren
2060:Khang
2049:into
1998:Praha
1994:Czech
1918:Milan
1829:Paryż
1819:Париж
1806:Париж
1782:Dunaj
1729:Irish
1664:) in
1646:) in
1624:) in
1584:Welsh
1560:Irish
1536:Māori
1508:Czech
1448:Dutch
1436:Greek
1434:) in
1381:Latin
1362:Māori
1221:Dutch
1131:Egypt
1125:China
1119:India
988:ξένος
982:xénos
970:αὐτός
964:autós
934:ἔνδον
928:éndon
893:ὄνομα
887:ónoma
766:, or
307:Index
204:JSTOR
190:books
6274:Asia
5970:Race
5866:Clan
5760:ISBN
5712:2024
5595:ISBN
5549:ISBN
5522:OCLC
5512:ISBN
5487:OCLC
5477:ISBN
5396:ISSN
5348:2024
5275:2023
5249:2023
5223:2023
5169:OCLC
5159:ISBN
5107:ISSN
5008:ISBN
4955:ISBN
4916:2023
4100:and
4092:and
4037:and
4013:and
3881:Zuni
3839:Slav
3797:nemy
3540:duck
3474:and
3402:era
3219:白俄罗斯
3078:The
3067:Киев
3055:Kiev
3051:Kyiv
3045:The
3030:The
2928:and
2922:fish
2910:Siam
2874:Iran
2847:Siam
2798:Köln
2683:any
2681:cite
2642:and
2634:and
2611:Kyiv
2544:and
2500:and
2452:The
2429:Hell
2352:Oslo
2338:and
2324:and
2310:and
2286:Wien
2272:Roma
2264:Rome
2012:Roma
2004:Rome
1898:Köln
1801:Avar
1630:Urdu
1621:لندن
1510:and
1482:and
1450:and
1273:any
1271:cite
1176:مَصر
1169:Masr
1148:भारत
1040:and
1007:and
999:and
914:The
873:and
839:and
829:and
819:and
809:and
756:name
489:and
482:Text
176:news
6363:and
5748:24.
5571:".
5216:NPR
4967:TOC
4947:doi
4029:to
3968:by
3910:Ute
3834:).
3770:".
3743:In
3708:by
3581:as
3577:in
3506:),
3457:of
3224:),
2926:cat
2853:to
2845:of
2762:).
2694:by
2613:).
2521:in
1737:),
1727:),
1717:),
1707:),
1697:),
1606:in
1594:in
1582:in
1570:in
1558:in
1546:in
1534:in
1522:in
1506:in
1494:in
1462:in
1446:in
1396:in
1341:or
1284:by
1236:),
1166:),
1152:),
952:ἔξω
946:éxō
849:in
835:in
815:in
777:An
743:An
159:by
97:by
6825::
5737:1.
5701:.
5669:.
5547:.
5520:.
5485:.
5446:.
5422:.
5394:.
5390:.
5364:.
5337:.
5321:^
5305:.
5225:.
5214:.
5195:.
5189:.
5167:.
5140:^
5101:.
4953:.
4907:.
4879:.
4868:^
4293:.
4254:.
4246::
4242:,
4238::
4144:,
4073:,
4049:.
3822:,
3646:.
3638:,
3634:,
3630:,
3542:,
3531:;
3529:广东
3515:;
3513:青岛
3500:;
3498:北京
3428:RR
3423:漢城
3413:한성
3373:).
3290:).
3189:,
3132:,
3121:,
3075:).
3027:).
2924:,
2756::
2752:;
2746::
2650::
2449:.
2376:.
2350:,
2346:,
2342:.
2334::
2318::
2302:).
2298::
2284::
2274:);
2270::
2260:);
2256::
2246:);
2234:,
2230::
2220:);
2216::
2206:);
2202::
2192:);
2188::
2184:,
2180::
2170:);
2166::
2156:);
2144:,
2140::
2130:);
2118:,
2114::
2100:.
2092:野人
2028:).
2024::
2010::
2000:);
1996::
1986:);
1982::
1978:/
1974::
1964:);
1960::
1956:/
1952::
1942:);
1938::
1928:);
1924::
1914:);
1910::
1900:);
1896::
1886:);
1882::
1872:);
1860:,
1856::
1838:.
1661:伦敦
1478:,
1474:,
1470:,
1466:,
1412:,
1408:,
1404:,
1400:,
1383::
1233:中文
1162:中国
1128:,
1122:,
1082:).
1075:),
1052:),
979::
961::
943::
925::
911:.
869:,
865:,
853:.
762:,
281:on
59:.
5844:e
5837:t
5830:v
5768:.
5714:.
5625:.
5603:.
5577:.
5557:.
5528:.
5493:.
5461:.
5432:.
5408:.
5375:.
5350:.
5315:.
5277:.
5251:.
5175:.
5115:.
5113:.
5016:.
4969:)
4965:(
4963:.
4949::
4918:.
4889:.
4498:e
4491:t
4484:v
4234:(
4208:(
4181:(
3995:)
3989:(
3984:)
3980:(
3962:.
3731:)
3725:(
3720:)
3716:(
3702:.
3591:/
3588:ʒ
3585:/
3575:j
3526:(
3510:(
3496:(
3442:(
3392:(
3365:(
3351:(
3337:(
3323:(
3282:(
3233:(
3214:(
3165:(
3090:/
3063:(
3004:.
2957:.
2932:.
2905:.
2893:(
2865:.
2779:s
2742:/
2721:)
2715:(
2710:)
2706:(
2702:.
2688:.
2294:(
2280:(
2266:(
2252:(
2226:(
2212:(
2198:(
2176:(
2162:(
2136:(
2110:(
2089:(
2020:(
2006:(
1992:(
1970:(
1948:(
1934:(
1920:(
1906:(
1892:(
1878:(
1852:(
1822:(
1809:(
1795:(
1785:(
1751:(
1741:(
1731:(
1721:(
1711:(
1701:(
1691:(
1681:(
1668:.
1658:(
1650:;
1640:(
1632:;
1618:(
1610:;
1598:;
1586:;
1574:;
1562:;
1550:;
1538:;
1526:;
1514:;
1498:;
1486:;
1454:;
1438:;
1428:(
1420:;
1345:;
1330:;
1311:)
1305:(
1300:)
1296:(
1292:.
1278:.
1230:(
1211:,
1172:(
1158:(
1144:(
1063:(
985:(
967:(
949:(
931:(
890:(
732:e
725:t
718:v
244:)
238:(
226:)
220:(
215:)
211:(
201:·
194:·
187:·
180:·
153:.
124:)
118:(
113:)
109:(
91:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
