273:, is that, "They are generally in conflict with the legal rules which they postulate and the courts may be bound to enforce the legal rules." More precisely, the conventions make certain acts, which would be permissible under a straightforward reading of the law, impermissible in practice. The court ruled that this conflict between convention and law means that no convention, no matter how well-established or universally accepted, can "crystallize" into law, unless the relevant parliament or legislature enacts a law or constitutional amendment codifying that convention. This principle is regarded as authoritative in a number of other jurisdictions, including the UK.
1646:
would have suggested that vote was enough to trigger an election, because the change constituted a "money bill." But the
Liberals were in the process of selecting a new leader, and Pearson gambled that no one really wanted an election right away. Pearson went on television and told Canadians that his government would put a second vote before the House of Commons specifically asking whether or not his government continued to command the confidence of the House of Commons, rather than the merits or demerits of a tax change. His gamble worked: his party won the second, more specific vote and carried on governing.
1144:, constitutional conventions play a key role. They are rules that are observed by the various constituted parts though they are not written in any document having legal authority; there are often underlying enforcing principles that are themselves not formal and codified. Nonetheless it is very unlikely that there would be a departure of such conventions without good reason, even if an underlying enforcing principle has been overtaken by history, as these conventions also acquire the force of custom. Examples include:
222:] as the common law) are enforced by the courts. ... The other set of rules consist of conventions, understandings, habits, or practices that—though they may regulate the conduct of the several members of the sovereign power, the Ministry, or other officials—are not really laws, since they are not enforced by the courts. This portion of constitutional law may, for the sake of distinction, be termed the "conventions of the constitution", or constitutional morality.
32:
455:
Columbia and one from the prairie provinces, which rotate amongst themselves (although
Alberta is known to cause skips in the rotation); and one from the Atlantic provinces, almost always from Nova Scotia or New Brunswick. The appointment of the most senior puisne justice to chief justice is a convention that has recently fallen into disuse.
235:
lawyer. What conventions do is to prescribe the way in which legal powers shall be exercised. Some conventions have the effect of transferring effective power from the legal holder to another official or institution. Other conventions limit an apparently broad power, or even prescribe that a legal power shall not be exercised at all.
148:, most government functions are guided by constitutional convention rather than by a formal written constitution. In these states, actual distribution of power may be markedly different from those the formal constitutional documents describe. In particular, the formal constitution often confers wide discretionary powers on the
1102:
at all times, that is, they do not publicly criticise one another. They also publicly support all decisions of the collective, even against their own opinion or that of their political party. In the eye of many observers, this convention has become rather strained at the federal level, at least after
985:
Because of the 1814 written constitution's pivotal role in providing independence and establishing democracy in the 19th century, the
Norwegian parliament has been very reluctant to change it. Few of the developments in the political system that have been taking place since then have been codified as
454:
rather than the common law system used elsewhere in Canada; it is necessary to have a panel of at least three judges to hear civil law cases. By convention, the remaining six positions are divided in the following manner: three from
Ontario; two from the western provinces, typically one from British
1269:
The House of Lords should not reject a budget passed by the House of
Commons. This was broken controversially in 1909 by the House of Lords, which argued that the Convention was linked to another Convention that the Commons would not introduce a Bill that 'attacked' peers and their wealth. The Lords
1053:
According to the 1978 constitution, honours and titles of nobility, and civil and military decorations, are awarded by the King as head of state. However, in most cases since 1978, the King's appointments of titles of nobility have been countersigned by the
President of the Government of Spain, with
617:
or provisional money bills. However, although not provided for in the
Constitution, according to constitutional custom, the Parliamentary Budgetary Committee has the power to authorise provisional expenditure, regardless of the fact that such expenditure is not formally included in the budget (such
1392:
stands loosely in its stead). This practice was followed by George
Washington and John Adams but abandoned by Thomas Jefferson and not resumed until 1913, when Woodrow Wilson delivered his State of the Union address in person. The constitution requires the President give an update on the state of
1038:
The
Spanish public perception that the monarchy be politically non-partisan in its adherence to constitutional protocol and convention, yet while protecting the public expression of personal political views by members of the royal family. Expressions of personal political views expressed in public
1645:
In 1968, Lester
Pearson was prime minister, presiding over a minority Liberal government. Pearson governed largely with the support of the NDP, but in February the Liberals unexpectedly lost a final Commons vote over an amendment to the Income Tax Act. A strict reading of parliamentary convention
234:
Conventions are rules of the constitution which are not enforced by the law courts. Because they are not enforced by the law courts they are best regarded as non-legal rules, but because they do in fact regulate the working of the constitution they are an important concern of the constitutional
280:
requested a parliamentary dissolution from the monarch, with the Prime Minister conveying the request. Between 1918 and 2011, Prime Ministers requested dissolutions on their own initiative, and were not required to consult members of the Cabinet (although, at the very least, it would have been
550:, where the Governor-General is elected by Parliament and then formally appointed by the Monarch, and the United Kingdom, which has no vice-regal office). However, in Canada, provincial lieutenant-governors are appointed on the advice of the federal prime minister, not the provincial premier.
163:. In others, notably the United Kingdom, which lack a single overarching constitutional document, unwritten conventions are still of vital importance in understanding how the state functions. In most states, however, many old conventions have been replaced or superseded by laws (called
244:
Constitutional conventions arise when the exercise of a certain type of power, which is not prohibited by law, arouses such opposition that it becomes impossible, on future occasions, to engage in further exercises of this power. For example, the constitutional convention that the
929:. By the 1950s, it had also become a convention that elections should be held on the last Saturday of November, or the closest date to this range as possible. There are several times when these conventions have been broken and an election has been held several months earlier:
1474:, that is, to break off debate on a bill and force a vote. The Senate could revise its rules at any time, and the rules for each session of the House and Senate are typically set at the beginning of each elected Congress. In the Senate, under the current rules, the
1248:
By 1963 this convention had evolved to the effect that no Prime Minister should come from the House of Lords, due to the Lords' lack of democratic legitimacy. When the last Prime Minister peer, the Earl of Home, took office he renounced his peerage, and as Sir
1030:
in the nominee and his agenda. The 1978 constitution allows the King to nominate anyone he sees fit to stand for the vote of confidence so long as the King has met with the political party leaders represented in the Congress beforehand. However, King
1050:. However, when a vacancy is observed the King's appointment has been customarily on the advice of the government of the day. Additionally, the King appoints the President of the Supreme Court on the advice of the General Council of the Judiciary.
1281:", justifying the Lords' rejection of the budget. The Commons disputed the existence of a linked convention. As a consequence, the Lords' powers over budgets were greatly lessened, including by removing their power to reject a bill, by the
976:, her coalition partners. Some critics argued that the government could still maintain confidence and supply and therefore the early election was not necessary. The Labour Party remained in power with two different coalition partners.
962:) were threatening to rebel against the government in an opposition-sponsored anti-nuclear bill. However, Waring and Minogue had not threatened to block confidence and supply. The election was a decisive defeat for the government.
1266:, since the cabinet is a committee of the council. Further, certain senior Loyal Opposition shadow cabinet members are also made Privy Counsellors, so that sensitive information may be shared with them "on Privy Council terms".
1256:
The Prime Minister can hold office temporarily whilst not a Member of Parliament, for example during a general election or, in the case of Douglas-Home, between resigning from the Lords and being elected to the Commons in a
1000:
According to the written constitution, the cabinet (council of ministers) are appointed by the King. The appointment of new cabinets by the King is a formality, and the king has not directly exercised executive powers since
1393:
the union "from time to time", but no specifics are outlined. Speeches have been broadcast on radio since 1923 and 1947; the last State of the Union message delivered only in writing was in 1981 by Jimmy Carter during his
788:
Laws passed by the Bundestag only enter into force once signed by the President. While this is usually only a formality, more than once the President refused to sign a law on constitutional grounds pending a review by the
296:
However, conventions are rarely ever broken. Unless there is general agreement on the breach, the person who breaches a convention is often heavily criticised, on occasions leading to a loss of respect or popular support.
3168:
3218:
3203:
3163:
3138:
3158:
3128:
1448:
is always the Representative who leads the majority party, even though the Constitution does not specify that the Speaker must be a member of the chamber. Also by custom the Speaker does not vote (except to break a
3153:
3143:
3133:
705:, the Basic Law formally grants the President powers to be exercised "on the advice of" Parliament or the government which are in practice never exercised by the President without clear direction from those bodies.
3113:
345:, the Governor of Tasmania rejected the advice of his Premier to appoint the leader of the opposition as Premier because he felt the advice was tendered in bad faith. The Premier went on to form a new government.
3118:
480:
between the top two candidates. A constitutional convention developed that Congress would always elect the candidate with the most popular votes at a contingent election. In a television interview ahead of the
1715:
Starck, Christian (2005). "BVerfG, 25. 8. 2005 – 2 BvE 4/05 und 7/05. Die Auflösung des Bundestages" [Federal Constitutional Court, 25 August 2005 – 2 BcE 4/05 and 7/05. Dissolution of the Bundestag].
426:
unexpectedly lost a money vote. All the parties in Parliament, who were not prepared for a snap election, agreed to pass a resolution retroactively declaring the lost money vote was not a matter of confidence.
214:
The one set of rules are in the strictest sense "laws", since they are rules which (whether written or unwritten, whether enacted by statute or derived from the mass of custom, tradition, or judge-made maxims
3060:
3035:
3005:
3000:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2950:
2925:
720:) all chancellors thus far have been members of the Bundestag, even though that is not a requirement for election or serving. Similarly the office of "candidate for chancellor" which is usually nominated by
1205:
Where no party or coalition has an absolute majority, the leader of the party with the most seats in the Commons is given the first opportunity to seek to form a government. This convention was asserted by
685:
is not required to renounce his political affiliation, but since the founding of the Federal Republic in 1949 all presidents have let their party membership "rest" for the duration of their time in office.
2910:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2880:
2870:
2865:
2855:
2850:
2845:
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2835:
1210:, leader of the Liberal Democrat party, to justify seeking a coalition with the Conservatives instead of Labour (who additionally would not have been able to form a majority without other parties) in the
542:
is appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister of the day, is a resident of the country he or she will represent, and can be dismissed immediately on the advice of the Prime Minister (exceptions are
1176:
320:
State Premiers tender advice to State Governors for Federal Senate elections, in response to the Prime Minister's advice to the Governor-General to call a Federal House of Representatives election.
317:
An incumbent Prime Minister who loses an election will advise the Governor-General to appoint the leader of the larger party as Prime Minister so the Governor-General does not need to act alone.
610:
as well, references to the King acting in a political capacity are understood to mean the Prime Minister, as the Constitution stipulates that the King exercises his powers through the Cabinet.
882:; and likewise a Chief Minister, the leader of the party with an absolute majority of seats in a State Legislature and therefore most likely to command the support of such State Legislature.
1026:, sometimes known in English as 'prime minister'. The nominee then stands before the Congress of Deputies and presents his political agenda for the upcoming legislative term, followed by a
774:
is a method of resolving potential conflicts within a governing coalition that has been criticized as "circumventing" parliament and the cabinet as means to discuss and resolve such issues.
678:
by the chancellor deliberately losing a vote of confidence and then asking the president to dissolve the Bundestag – a request which was granted in each case but was controversial in 2005.
1622:
1159:
The monarch will accept and act on the advice of their ministers, who are responsible to Parliament for that advice; the monarch does not ignore that advice, except when exercising
1797:
1168:
777:
Elections to the Bundestag are usually held in autumn with over half (12 out of 20) of those to date held in September. Only the very first election in 1949 (held in August), the
1411:
are only required to live in the state they represent, it has generally been expected that they live in the district they represent as well, though there are some exceptions;
994:
Parliamentarism has evolved since 1884 and entails that the cabinet must maintain the support of parliament (an absence of mistrust) but it need not have its express support.
592:'s request that they advise the Queen to appoint Hannah to a second term as Governor (in 1975, Australian State Governors were still appointed on the advice of UK ministers).
1238:
to all legislation – sometimes characterised as all legislation passed in good faith. It is possible that ministers could advise against giving consent, as happens with the
1467:
are pledged to vote for a particular Presidential candidate, and are chosen by popular vote with the name of the candidate, and not necessarily the elector, on the ballot.
1441:
Cabinet officials and other major executive officers resign and are replaced when a new President takes office, unless explicitly asked to stay on by the new President.
793:– this mechanism is based on precedent and custom more than the letter of the law, which allows the President to withhold their signature without any reason whatsoever
311:
Whoever can command a majority in the House of Representatives is entitled to be asked by the Governor-General to form a government, and take the title Prime Minister.
2144:
159:
Some constitutional conventions operate separately from or alongside written constitutions, such as in Canada since the country was formed with the enactment of the
2349:
800:
is a member of the biggest faction, even if that faction is otherwise in opposition. This is one of few constitutional conventions already in place during the
2313:
1847:
1445:
758:
3213:
2267:
1018:, the government, and the legislature. However, the constitution invests the monarch as the "arbitrator and moderator of the institutions" of government.
3208:
249:
cannot remain in office without the support of a majority of members of the House of Commons is derived from an unsuccessful attempt by the ministry of
3178:
1744:"www.bundespraesident.de: Der Bundespräsident / Reden / Auflösung des 15. Deutschen Bundestages - Fernseh- ansprache von Bundespräsident Horst Köhler"
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Neither the Monarch nor a Governor-General will participate in the political process unless there is an extreme circumstance that merits the use of
3188:
1293:
1128:
1067:. They hold true at the federal level and mostly so at the cantonal and communal level. Mostly, they aim to reconcile the democratic principle of
3148:
3108:
1309:
997:
All new laws are passed and all new cabinets are therefore formed in a de jure fashion by the King, although not necessarily in a de facto sense.
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amendments. This reluctance has been labelled constitutional conservatism. The two most important examples of constitutional conventions in the
3103:
3093:
1389:
397:
393:
382:
355:
314:
Governors-General always act on the advice of their Prime Minister or other relevant minister in regard to particular powers they may exercise.
1827:
210:. Dicey wrote that in Britain, the actions of political actors and institutions are governed by two parallel and complementary sets of rules:
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389:
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49:
822:. However, due to the country's delicate ethnic balance, the Parliament's various factions usually try to agree on a consensus candidate.
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to call an election upon the defeat of the government in a confidence or money vote. This convention was broken in 1968 when the ruling
96:
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in person, before a joint session of Congress, and will do so every year except the first year of a new term (in which the President's
1321:
68:
2343:
1743:
1175:
The principle that the advice must not frustrate Parliament's role in holding the Prime Minister to account is also a matter of law:
658:
does not provide for a formal mechanism of parliamentary self-dissolution. The chancellor can only be forced out of office through a
2303:
2272:
2262:
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2247:
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for presidents who had been members or their parties even though their party rules and bylaws do not provide for such a mechanism.
3253:
1572:
75:
2211:
1697:
1408:
973:
954:'s government held a narrow four-seat majority in Parliament. Muldoon hoped to strengthen his leadership, as two backbenchers (
401:
375:
178:
was codified comparatively late in its development and relied for its functioning on traditions and a shared moral code called
2165:
2339:
2334:
2113:
2022:
1777:
1457:
867:'s advice, except on certain cases. At the state level, the respective ruler or governor acts on his Chief Minister's advice.
400:
should be notified of any such intent, especially if there is a document that should be signed between parties, although the
335:
334:
No convention is absolute; all but one (the second) of the above conventions were disregarded in the leadup to or during the
755:
are based on convention rather than formal rules. Some are even in apparent conflict with the text of the constitution. The
640:
is unconstitutional, the President of the Republic does not sign the law and instead waits for a petition to be sent to the
385:
should be of different nationality in every new term (establishing the "rotation"), although this is not formally regulated.
265:
Constitutional conventions are not, and cannot be, enforced by courts of law. The primary reason for this, according to the
2354:
1215:
1191:
246:
82:
1071:
with the need to achieve consensus in a nation that is much more heterogeneous in many respects than other nation-states.
2329:
2067:
1317:
1263:
941:
136:) is an informal and uncodified tradition that is followed by the institutions of a state. In some states, notably those
396:
of its intention to establish special parallel relationships with neighboring states, including negotiations. Also, the
2206:
725:
695:
690:
was not a member of any party even prior to taking office. This "resting" party membership was tacitly approved by the
659:
490:
482:
171:
145:
64:
2191:
1998:
1959:
1936:
1909:
1782:
1464:
965:
947:
933:
115:
2015:
1047:
733:
641:
1844:
1576:
585:
581:
1035:
consistently nominated the political party leader who commands a plurality of seats in the Congress of Deputies.
1979:
1419:
1381:
1148:
The texts of most international treaties are laid before Parliament at least 21 days before ratification (the '
1088:
53:
1362:
The House of Lords shall not oppose legislation from the House of Commons that was a part of the government's
1054:
civil awards having been nominated by the President and military awards having been nominated by the military.
944:. The government was returned to power with an increased majority; by this time the dispute had been resolved.
514:
513:
gave its support to Allende. Although Allende was eventually elected at the contingent election, he was later
501:, won the most votes; thus, the contingent election became a battleground between the two major powers of the
362:, should be chosen in a way as to establish the national balance, of "constituent peoples", in the Court (two
2181:
2108:
1700:[Action by two Members of Parliament against dissolution of the Bundestag unsuccessful] (in German).
1332:
922:
785:
held in December 1990 plus the election of 1987 (held in January) were held neither in September nor October.
342:
1478:
is available as a tool for a large-enough minority to indefinitely block any measure it finds objectionable.
1701:
1431:
1301:
1166:
The principle that this advice must itself serve a legitimate purpose has been held to be a matter of law:
1133:
While the United Kingdom does not have a written constitution that is a single document, the collection of
1111:
1011:
745:
737:
675:
671:
667:
3243:
2298:
1271:
1245:
The Prime Minister should be a member of either House of Parliament (between the 18th century and 1963).
897:
790:
2359:
1385:
1348:
886:
871:
864:
797:
473:
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was elected by an absolute majority of the popular vote; if no candidate won an absolute majority, the
415:
89:
1404:
operates is dictated by convention; its operations are only vaguely alluded to in the US constitution.
1137:
that have developed into a body of law known as constitutional law has existed for hundreds of years.
606:
makes reference to the King in great detail. Apart from the fact that this is understood to include a
2293:
2038:
834:
522:
465:
1242:(convention since the early 18th century – previously monarchs did refuse or withhold royal assent).
429:
Though it is mentioned in various constitutional documents, the precise nature of the office of the
2237:
2221:
1864:
1758:
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1228:
1199:
629:
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430:
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unusual for the Cabinet not to be aware of the Prime Minister's intention). In 2024 Prime Minister
1087:. For most of the post-war era, the composition of the Federal Council was fixed by the so-called
2201:
2129:
2052:
1671:
1412:
1313:
1023:
437:
266:
137:
42:
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1427:
1328:
901:
763:
741:
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359:
160:
1901:
1895:
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include when the Prince of Asturias and his sisters protested against terrorism following the
2103:
1928:
1401:
1104:
1095:
926:
819:
589:
486:
662:, which simultaneously opposes the current chancellor and nominates a replacement. However,
2088:
1394:
1367:
1040:
815:
782:
771:
717:
682:
561:
277:
270:
20:
8:
3248:
1423:
1340:
1289:
1282:
1043:, or when the Queen gave controversial political viewpoints during an informal interview.
752:
613:
According to the Constitution, any public expenditure must be provided for in the annual
603:
477:
419:
254:
191:
748:) has no legal relevance and is not legally a precondition for being elected chancellor.
170:
Historical entities often had strong emphasis on constitutional convention. For example
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1239:
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830:
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573:
469:
324:
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141:
1551:
2390:
2134:
2072:
1994:
1975:
1968:
1955:
1932:
1921:
1905:
1297:
1250:
1027:
1015:
442:
423:
187:
183:
1296:. This convention was not respected during the 1987 general election, when both the
1114:
of a collective body, particularly a government, rotates yearly; the president is a
1607:
1134:
878:(House of Representatives) and therefore most likely to command the support of the
860:
655:
543:
539:
526:
518:
494:
341:
Ignoring constitutional conventions does not always result in a crisis. After the
276:
Some conventions evolve or change over time. For example, before 1918 the British
1946:
1851:
1435:
1211:
1195:
1084:
801:
547:
450:
and six from anywhere in Canada (including Quebec). This is because Quebec uses
1800:[Questions for Stefan Marx on his edition about the Kressbronn Circle].
618:
grants are however then marked for adoption in the next forthcoming money bill).
1356:
1160:
955:
951:
937:
846:
781:
of 1972 (held in November) and 1983 (held in March) and the election following
554:
175:
1780:[Informal governance: coalition management of the Merkel government].
1659:
The Gathering Storm: Eduardo Frei’s Revolution in Liberty and Chile’s Cold War
1415:
was elected in 2010 representing a district adjacent to the one he resided in.
1063:
The following constitutional conventions are part of the political culture of
3237:
2216:
1698:"Klage der beiden Bundestagsabgeordneten gegen Bundestagsauflösung erfolglos"
1149:
1068:
1032:
826:
778:
687:
663:
633:
607:
506:
286:
149:
2007:
194:
and remained subject to a certain degree of interpretation well afterwards.
1970:
Constitutional Conventions: The Rules and Forms of Political Accountability
1951:
Constitutional Conventions and the Headship of State: Australian Experience
1488:
1352:
1344:
1235:
1141:
1099:
959:
909:
905:
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510:
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and therefore most likely to command the support of the House of Commons.
1014:, which formalizes the relationship between an independent constitutional
1224:
1064:
969:
842:
770:("coalition committee") which was first acknowledged to exist during the
721:
509:
launching a campaign to prevent Allende's election by Congress while the
282:
250:
203:
179:
1729:
1539:
Attorney General of Manitoba et al. v. Attorney General of Canada et al.
925:
should not ask for an early election unless they are unable to maintain
433:
operates mostly according to understood, uncodified British conventions.
1475:
1207:
1080:
614:
227:
489:
upheld this convention. However, this convention was nearly broken in
293:
without even informing most of his cabinet prior to the announcement.
1830:[Austria's proportional representation – a model for Bonn?].
1363:
874:
is the leader of the party with an absolute majority of seats in the
1798:"Fragen an Stefan Marx zu seiner Edition ĂĽber den KreĂźbronner Kreis"
1552:"Manuel v Attorney General [1982] EWCA Civ 4 (30 July 1982)"
1198:(or coalition of parties) with an absolute majority of seats in the
557:, or when the advice tendered is contrary to established convention.
327:
to administer the Commonwealth if the Governor-General is unable to.
31:
1627:
1336:
525:
was adopted in 1980, which replaced the contingent election with a
502:
363:
1778:"Informelles Regieren – Koalitionsmanagement der Regierung Merkel"
564:
or state partisan opinions. This convention was broken in 1975 by
1575:
power of the Crown to dissolve Parliament was abolished with the
1471:
729:
691:
637:
498:
1590:"How Sunak's Small Circle Forged Vote Plan That Shocked Cabinet"
1169:
Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service
447:
367:
1304:
fielded candidates against the formerly Conservative Speaker,
1046:
Constitutionally, the King appoints the twenty members to the
1759:"Steinmeier und seine SPD-Mitgliedschaft: In himmlischer Ruh"
253:
to govern without the support of a majority in the House, in
16:
Uncodified traditions followed by the institutions of a state
1608:"How Rishi Sunak sprung general election surprise on Tories"
2058:
Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia: The Legislature
371:
2094:
Chapter II of the Constitution of Australia: The Executive
1331:
will only legislate with respect to Scotland or Wales on
990:
are parliamentarism and the declining power of the King.
217:
1988:
1513:
Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution
404:
does not have this requirement (also for first example).
208:
Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution
1010:
Much of Spain's political framework is codified in the
636:
or 60 deputies or 60 senators claim that a just-passed
1470:
Senate rules require a majority of 60 votes to invoke
1316:(SNP) does stand against the Speaker who represents a
152:
that, in practice, are used only on the advice of the
2314:
Australian Constitution (Public Record Copy) Act 1990
560:
Neither the Monarch nor a Governor-General will make
330:
Vice-regal officers act in a politically neutral way.
2135:
Chapter III of the constitution of Australia: Courts
1292:, no major party shall put up an opponent against a
940:
called the election to get a mandate to face down a
358:, that are chosen by the Parliaments of entities of
2350:
2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis
1339:matters') without first seeking the consent of the
751:Virtually all customs and informal rules regarding
576:. The Queen, on Whitlam's advice, revoked Hannah's
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1967:
1920:
1335:. It will not legislate on non-reserved matters ('
1270:claimed that the Commons broke this Convention in
1454:President pro tempore of the United States Senate
701:Similar to the provisions about monarchs in many
202:The term was first used by British legal scholar
3235:
1918:
1152:' of 1924). This convention was codified by the
1129:Constitutional conventions of the United Kingdom
1022:The King nominates a candidate to stand for the
1945:
1075:The government is a body of equals composed in
485:, presidential candidate (and eventual winner)
260:
972:called the election after the collapse of the
582:Administrator of the Commonwealth of Australia
383:Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina
356:Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina
2037:
2023:
1154:Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010
1965:
1094:Members of a collective body, including the
756:
2140:Section 75 of the Constitution of Australia
2099:Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia
2063:Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia
1262:All Cabinet members must be members of the
285:reportedly announced his intention to hold
3139:(xviii) Copyrights, patents and trademarks
2207:Implied freedom of political communication
2030:
2016:
1845:Parliamentary briefing – the Privy Council
1804:(in German). 23 March 2014. Archived from
1623:"Feeling confident about the budget vote?"
814:The Lebanese constitution states that the
1900:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1994. p.
1079:to the weight of the various factions in
348:
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
2304:Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942
1828:"Ă–sterreichs Proporz - Modell fĂĽr Bonn?"
1620:
144:and whose political systems derive from
1661:. Cornell University Press. pp. 36
818:is elected by a simple majority of the
3236:
3104:(v) Post and telegraph (communication)
1775:
1714:
1409:United States House of Representatives
1182:Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland
532:
2365:Separatist movements within Australia
2212:Implied immunity of instrumentalities
2011:
1756:
1424:consent of both Senators from a state
1024:Presidency of the Government of Spain
529:, rendering the convention obsolete.
2416:VIII: Alteration of the Constitution
2355:List of proposed states of Australia
414:The Prime Minister will request the
394:government of Bosnia and Herzegovina
247:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
190:were entirely uncodified before the
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
3199:(xxxv) Conciliation and arbitration
2330:Constitutional history of Australia
1989:Marshall, G.; Moodie, G.C. (1971).
1974:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1702:German Federal Constitutional Court
1140:As part of this uncodified British
712:a chancellor is to be elected, not
572:, who called for the defeat of the
446:), composed of three justices from
186:such important issues as who could
13:
1757:Hinck, Gunnar (26 December 2017).
1657:Hurtado-Torres, Sebastian (2020).
660:constructive vote of no confidence
515:overthrown by the military in 1973
483:1964 Chilean presidential election
226:A century later, Canadian scholar
14:
3265:
3094:(i) Interstate trade and commerce
1991:Some Problems of the Constitution
1776:Rudzio, Wolfgang (3 April 2008).
1621:McGregor, Janyce (11 June 2012).
1122:
829:, the president must always be a
716:is eligible. With one exception (
1886:Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly
1438:with jurisdiction in that state.
1374:
1048:General Council of the Judiciary
904:, where the King addresses both
493:, where the Socialist candidate
156:, and in some cases not at all.
65:"Convention" political norm
30:
3144:(xix) Naturalization and aliens
1878:
1857:
1838:
1820:
1790:
1769:
1750:
1736:
1708:
1690:
1664:
1577:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
1178:R (Miller) v The Prime Minister
921:There is a convention that the
586:Foreign and Commonwealth Office
517:; under the military regime of
378:does not have this requirement.
41:needs additional citations for
3254:Legal doctrines and principles
3194:(xxxi) Acquisition of property
1927:. Stevens & Sons. p.
1865:"Election 2005 – Election Map"
1783:Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte
1651:
1614:
1600:
1582:
1565:
1544:
1531:
1518:
1505:
1460:Senator of the majority party.
1420:President of the United States
1382:President of the United States
1058:
916:
841:; the speaker of Parliament a
197:
1:
2182:Australian Constitutional Law
1993:. Hutchinson. pp. 22–3.
1499:
923:Prime Minister of New Zealand
708:The Basic Law only specifies
521:, which succeeded Allende, a
343:2010 Tasmanian state election
336:constitutional crisis of 1975
2386:II: The Executive Government
1953:. Connor Court. p. 228.
1526:Constitutional Law of Canada
1324:, Speaker from 2000 to 2009.
1012:Spanish Constitution of 1978
900:chairs the Joint Session of
323:State Governors are given a
305:
261:Enforceability in the courts
7:
2299:Statute of Westminster 1931
2278:Retirement of judges (1977)
1834:(in German). 11 April 1961.
1482:
1349:legislative consent motions
1294:Speaker seeking re-election
1272:Chancellor of the Exchequer
1083:; this creates a permanent
898:Speaker of the Dewan Rakyat
853:
791:German Constitutional Court
300:
10:
3270:
2360:Republicanism in Australia
2340:Constitutional Conventions
2197:Constitutional conventions
1515:, 10th edition, pp. 23-24.
1386:State of the Union address
1126:
1103:the 2003 elections to the
988:Norwegian political system
889:should be a member of the
870:At the federal level, the
859:At the federal level, the
808:
798:President of the Bundestag
648:
596:
239:
146:British constitutional law
18:
3079:
2431:
2424:
2373:
2322:
2294:Constitution of Australia
2286:
2230:
2217:Reserve power (sovereign)
2174:
2153:
2122:
2114:Federal Executive Council
2081:
2045:
2039:Constitution of Australia
1919:Mackintosh, J.P. (1977).
1537:Supreme Court of Canada,
980:
845:; and the deputy speaker
804:and still followed today.
622:
466:1925 Chilean Constitution
408:
134:constitutional convention
3169:(xxiiiA) Social security
2068:House of Representatives
1672:"Constitution Act, 1867"
1005:
703:parliamentary monarchies
628:If the president of the
459:
19:Not to be confused with
3184:(xxix) External affairs
2268:Casual vacancies (1977)
2243:Senate elections (1906)
1897:Constitutional Practice
1854:, accessed 20 June 2012
1320:, as was the case with
1314:Scottish National Party
1302:Social Democratic Party
632:, the president of the
438:Supreme Court of Canada
354:The six members of the
267:Supreme Court of Canada
140:states that follow the
138:Commonwealth of Nations
3081:Enumerated legislative
2258:Social services (1946)
2253:2nd State debts (1928)
2248:1st State debts (1910)
2187:Responsible government
2161:Inter-State Commission
1432:federal district judge
1428:United States Attorney
1329:Westminster Parliament
1227:must originate in the
757:
642:Constitutional Council
570:Governor of Queensland
527:runoff by popular vote
360:Bosnia and Herzegovina
349:Bosnia and Herzegovina
237:
224:
161:Constitution Act, 1867
3189:(xxx) Pacific islands
2396:IV: Finance and Trade
2222:Reserved State powers
1966:Marshall, G. (1987).
1763:Die Tageszeitung: Taz
1678:. V.58. 29 March 1867
1676:The Solon Law Archive
1494:Gentleman's agreement
1407:While members of the
1402:United States Cabinet
1318:Scottish constituency
1216:2010 general election
1105:Swiss Federal Council
966:2002 general election
948:1984 general election
934:1951 general election
927:confidence and supply
820:Parliament of Lebanon
590:Premier of Queensland
487:Eduardo Frei Montalva
388:The government of an
232:
212:
2287:Constitutional texts
2192:Separation of powers
1541:(September 28, 1981)
1446:Speaker of the House
1426:before appointing a
1368:Salisbury convention
1077:political proportion
1041:2004 Madrid bombings
825:Under the unwritten
816:President of Lebanon
783:German reunification
772:First Erhard cabinet
753:coalition agreements
718:Kurt Georg Kiesinger
683:President of Germany
497:, a self-proclaimed
440:is, by statute (the
381:The Chairman of the
271:Patriation Reference
50:improve this article
21:Constituent assembly
3179:(xxvii) Immigration
3083:powers (Section 51)
2391:III: The Judicature
1923:The British Cabinet
1884:Brazier, R. (1992)
1347:, later renamed to
1341:Scottish Parliament
1283:Parliament Act 1911
1234:The monarch grants
759:Koalitionsausschuss
604:Danish Constitution
533:Commonwealth Realms
478:contingent election
420:minority government
398:High Representative
192:Golden Bull of 1356
3244:Constitutional law
3214:(xxxviii) Imperial
3204:(xxxvi) Transition
2411:VII: Miscellaneous
2309:Australia Act 1986
2273:Referendums (1977)
2263:Aboriginals (1967)
2238:Referendum process
2154:Other institutions
2145:Boilermakers' Case
1850:2010-06-15 at the
1808:on 19 October 2021
1310:Croydon North East
1306:Bernard Weatherill
1275:David Lloyd George
1240:Crown dependencies
1116:primus inter pares
1096:federal government
1028:vote of confidence
942:dock works dispute
831:Maronite Christian
588:later refused the
578:dormant commission
574:Whitlam government
392:should inform the
325:dormant commission
206:in his 1883 book,
154:head of government
142:Westminster system
3231:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3209:(xxxvii) Referral
3149:(xx) Corporations
2381:I: The Parliament
2046:Legislative power
1724:(21): 1049–1056.
1635:on April 17, 2013
1465:Electoral College
1390:inaugural address
1343:(since 1999, the
1308:, who was MP for
1251:Alec Douglas-Home
1194:is leader of the
1135:legal instruments
630:National Assembly
562:partisan speeches
474:National Congress
443:Supreme Court Act
424:Lester B. Pearson
287:an early election
188:elect the emperor
184:Holy Roman Empire
132:(also known as a
126:
125:
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3261:
3219:(xxxix) Incident
3164:(xxiii) Pensions
2429:
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2109:Governor-General
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2018:
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1400:Much of how the
1395:lame duck period
1345:Sewel convention
1333:reserved matters
1290:general election
1229:House of Commons
1200:House of Commons
769:
767:
656:German Basic Law
566:Sir Colin Hannah
544:Papua New Guinea
540:Governor-General
523:new constitution
519:Augusto Pinochet
495:Salvador Allende
416:Governor General
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1947:Donald Markwell
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887:Prime Minister
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3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
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2952:
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2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
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2464:
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2434:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2401:V: The States
2399:
2397:
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2392:
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2379:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:The Dismissal
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
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2279:
2276:
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2269:
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2259:
2256:
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2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2166:Privy Council
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2002:
2000:0-09-109941-2
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1960:9781925501155
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1938:9780420446701
1934:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1913:
1911:0-19-876360-3
1907:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1745:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1660:
1654:
1647:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1617:
1609:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1553:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1527:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1375:United States
1369:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1264:Privy Council
1261:
1255:
1253:became an MP.
1252:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1150:Ponsonby Rule
1147:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1130:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1089:magic formula
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:majority rule
1066:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1033:Juan Carlos I
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1013:
999:
996:
993:
992:
991:
989:
975:
971:
967:
964:
961:
957:
953:
949:
946:
943:
939:
935:
932:
931:
930:
928:
924:
911:
908:(Senate) and
907:
903:
899:
895:
892:
888:
884:
881:
877:
873:
869:
866:
862:
858:
857:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:National Pact
824:
821:
817:
813:
812:
803:
799:
795:
792:
787:
784:
780:
776:
773:
768:
765:
760:
754:
750:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:major parties
719:
715:
711:
707:
704:
700:
697:
693:
689:
688:Joachim Gauck
684:
680:
677:
673:
669:
666:were held in
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
626:
616:
612:
609:
608:Queen regnant
605:
601:
600:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
556:
552:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
507:United States
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
476:would hold a
475:
471:
467:
453:
449:
445:
444:
439:
435:
432:
428:
425:
421:
417:
413:
412:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
384:
380:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:
346:
344:
339:
337:
329:
326:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
309:
298:
294:
292:
288:
284:
279:
274:
272:
268:
258:
256:
252:
248:
236:
231:
229:
223:
221:
219:
211:
209:
205:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
150:head of state
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
3109:(vi) Defence
2323:Other topics
1990:
1969:
1950:
1922:
1896:
1888:
1885:
1879:Bibliography
1868:
1859:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1810:. Retrieved
1806:the original
1801:
1792:
1786:(in German).
1781:
1771:
1762:
1752:
1738:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1692:
1680:. Retrieved
1675:
1666:
1658:
1653:
1644:
1637:. Retrieved
1633:the original
1626:
1616:
1602:
1593:
1584:
1567:
1556:. Retrieved
1554:. Bailii.org
1546:
1538:
1533:
1525:
1524:Peter Hogg,
1520:
1512:
1507:
1489:Lapsed power
1353:Senedd Cymru
1298:Labour Party
1257:by-election.
1236:royal assent
1181:
1177:
1167:
1142:constitution
1139:
1132:
1100:collegiality
1062:
1009:
984:
960:Mike Minogue
920:
910:Dewan Rakyat
906:Dewan Negara
891:Dewan Rakyat
880:Dewan Rakyat
876:Dewan Rakyat
863:acts on the
839:Sunni Muslim
713:
709:
511:Soviet Union
463:
441:
402:Constitution
376:Constitution
340:
333:
295:
275:
269:in its 1981
264:
243:
233:
225:
216:
213:
207:
201:
169:
165:codification
158:
133:
129:
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
3174:(xxvi) Race
1832:Der Spiegel
1573:prerogative
1355:(since the
1225:money bills
1065:Switzerland
1059:Switzerland
970:Helen Clark
917:New Zealand
843:Shia Muslim
762: [
505:, with the
283:Rishi Sunak
251:Robert Peel
204:A. V. Dicey
198:Definitions
180:mos maiorum
3249:Traditions
3238:Categories
2425:By section
2374:By chapter
2231:Amendments
2202:Federalism
2130:High Court
2053:Parliament
1981:019876202X
1812:28 October
1682:15 January
1558:2022-09-07
1511:AV Dicey,
1500:References
1476:filibuster
1458:seniormost
1413:Allen West
1208:Nick Clegg
1112:presidency
1098:, observe
1081:Parliament
902:Parliament
742:the Greens
615:money bill
580:to act as
464:Under the
228:Peter Hogg
130:convention
76:newspapers
3090:Powers of
2175:Doctrines
1594:Bloomberg
1364:manifesto
1288:During a
732:but also
470:president
452:civil law
368:Croatians
306:Australia
291:July 2024
255:1834–1835
182:. In the
2104:Monarchy
1949:(2016).
1869:BBC News
1848:Archived
1730:20827991
1628:CBC News
1483:See also
1337:devolved
1300:and the
1016:monarchy
974:Alliance
854:Malaysia
584:and the
546:and the
503:Cold War
370:and two
364:Bosniaks
301:Examples
2089:Cabinet
1528:, p. 7.
1472:cloture
1456:is the
809:Lebanon
730:CDU/CSU
692:CDU/CSU
649:Germany
638:statute
597:Denmark
499:Marxist
278:Cabinet
240:Origins
230:wrote:
174:of the
90:scholar
2073:Senate
1997:
1978:
1958:
1935:
1908:
1728:
1639:12 May
1312:. The
981:Norway
833:; the
634:Senate
623:France
568:, the
468:, the
448:Quebec
409:Canada
390:entity
366:, two
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
1891:, 262
1726:JSTOR
1449:tie).
1434:, or
1366:(the
1351:) or
1196:party
1006:Spain
1001:1905.
766:]
460:Chile
372:Serbs
97:JSTOR
83:books
2956:105A
2344:1998
1995:ISBN
1976:ISBN
1956:ISBN
1933:ISBN
1906:ISBN
1814:2021
1684:2009
1641:2013
1571:The
1452:The
1444:The
1418:The
1380:The
1327:The
1277:'s "
1223:All
1190:The
1180:and
1110:The
958:and
896:The
885:The
861:King
796:The
746:2021
740:and
738:2002
728:and
694:and
681:The
676:2005
674:and
672:1983
668:1972
654:The
602:The
538:The
491:1970
436:The
69:news
3071:128
3066:127
3061:126
3056:125
3051:124
3046:123
3041:122
3036:121
3031:120
3026:119
3021:118
3016:117
3011:116
3006:115
3001:114
2996:113
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2966:107
2961:106
2951:105
2946:104
2941:103
2936:102
2931:101
2926:100
744:in
736:in
734:FDP
726:SPD
714:who
710:how
696:SPD
422:of
289:in
218:sic
167:).
52:by
3240::
2921:99
2916:98
2911:97
2906:96
2901:95
2896:94
2891:93
2886:92
2881:91
2876:90
2871:89
2866:88
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2856:86
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2846:84
2841:83
2836:82
2831:81
2826:80
2821:79
2816:78
2811:77
2806:76
2801:75
2796:74
2791:73
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2781:71
2776:70
2771:69
2766:68
2761:67
2756:66
2751:65
2746:64
2741:63
2736:62
2731:61
2726:60
2721:59
2716:58
2711:57
2706:56
2701:55
2696:54
2691:53
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2681:50
2676:49
2671:48
2666:47
2661:46
2656:45
2651:44
2646:43
2641:42
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2631:40
2626:39
2621:38
2616:37
2611:36
2606:35
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2556:25
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2546:23
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2536:21
2531:20
2526:19
2521:18
2516:17
2511:16
2506:15
2501:14
2496:13
2491:12
2486:11
2481:10
1931:.
1929:13
1904:.
1889:43
1867:.
1761:.
1722:60
1720:.
1674:.
1643:.
1625:.
1592:.
1430:,
1370:).
1359:).
1163:.
968::
950::
936::
837:a
764:de
670:,
338:.
257:.
128:A
2476:9
2471:8
2466:7
2461:6
2456:5
2451:4
2446:3
2441:2
2436:1
2346:)
2342:(
2031:e
2024:t
2017:v
2003:.
1984:.
1962:.
1941:.
1914:.
1902:3
1871:.
1816:.
1765:.
1746:.
1732:.
1704:.
1686:.
1579:.
1561:.
1397:.
1285:.
1231:.
1218:.
1185:.
1172:.
1156:.
1118:.
1107:.
1091:.
912:.
893:.
849:.
724:(
644:.
220:?
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
