392:, with 522 people competing for 25 delegate seats. The assembly, in session for four months from early April until late July 2011, drafted a new constitution and passed it unanimously with 25 votes and no abstentions. On 20 October 2012 the parliament put the bill to a national referendum, in which 67% of the voters supported the bill. Further, 67% of the voters supported equal voting rights (one person, one vote) and 83% supported national ownership of natural resources, two key provisions of the bill. Parliament has failed to ratify the bill, however, inviting accusations that the political class is trying to thwart the will of the people by disrespecting the result of the 2012 constitutional referendum.
936:
185:
27:
1027:
constitutional text and provisions from other states. They often used in their drafting and debates compact and pocket-sized compilations of all the existing
American constitutions, so that the constituent's assembly could draw upon the latest in constitutional design. The powers of these state constituent assemblies were also highly contested, with some claiming that they had unlimited legal power and others claiming that they must operate within the pre-existing legal landscape. In the end, a common law of constituent power emerged which held that elected constituent assemblies had limited powers.
69:, although members of the legislature may compose a significant number or all of its members. As the fundamental document constituting a state, a constitution cannot normally be modified or amended by the state's normal legislative procedures in some jurisdictions; instead a constitutional convention or a constituent assembly, the rules for which are normally laid down in the constitution, must be set up. A constituent assembly is usually set up for its specific purpose, which it carries out in a relatively short time, after which the assembly is dissolved. A constituent assembly is a form of
1022:"A legitimate constitution depended on whether the sovereign people authorized it, not whether a particular procedure was used or whether revolutionary conventions were free of other responsibilities, such as passing ordinary legislation. It was the people as the sovereign who authorized drafting those first constitutions that gave them their legitimacy, not whether they used procedures that matched what was later understood to be necessary to create fundamental law."
996:
482:
The
Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia was established to draw up a permanent constitution. Its membership was elected in November 1955, and it met for the first time in November 1956. After four sessions, it failed to agree on the fundamental basis for the state. It was dissolved in 1959, and the
3856:
The constitution of New
Zealand consists of a collection of statutes (Acts of Parliament), Treaties, Orders-in-Council, Letters Patent, decisions of the Courts and unwritten constitutional conventions. Because it is not supreme law, the constitution is comparatively easy to reform, requiring only a
1026:
American state constituent assemblies in the 19th and 20th centuries reflected many qualities of a citizen's movement. From the start of state
American constitution-making, delegates to constitutional conventions studied earlier state models of constitutions. They often self-consciously "borrow"
76:
Unlike forms of constitution-making in which a constitution is unilaterally imposed by a sovereign lawmaker, the constituent assembly creates a constitution through "internally imposed" actions, in that members of the constituent assembly are themselves citizens, but not necessarily the political
1108:
All 50 states have had at least one
Constitutional Convention, numbering over 233. 11 were illegal and defeated by arms (Confederacy and Dorr's Rebellion). 12 were illegal and won through arms (Revolutionary War, Republic of Texas, and Vermont Republic). 37 were made in accordance with a Federal
1098:
have included six unlimited meetings. Constitutions were promulgated by fiat in 1776, 1864 and 1901–02, and ratified by referendum in 1829–30, 1850, and 1868. Limited
Conventions and Constitutional Commissions resulting in revisions were held in 1927, 1945, 1956 and 1968. Subsequently, the state
1002:(George Catlin, ca. 1830). Many state constituent assemblies, like the 1830 Virginia Constitutional Convention, were highly formalized but the legitimacy of the constitution they drafted depended on whether it was authorized by the people, not whether a particular procedure was followed.
1013:
These early state constitutional conventions frequently did not use procedural steps like popular ratification that became commonplace in the mid-19th century. Yet they were considered to be constituent assemblies that exercised their authority as that of the people. As
629:, and enacted the Constituent Act of the Mexican Federation, by which the former Provinces of Mexico were transformed into free and sovereign States. After this, a Constituent Congress was formed with the participation of the States and it enacted the
146:. The assembly has gender parity (50% females and 50% males) and has 17 seats reserved for people belonging to indigenous peoples. The assembly is granted 12 months to draft a new constitution, which has to be ratified by referendum once written, with
1010:. In fact, constituent assemblies met in the states before the formation of the Federal Constitution in 1787 as well as after its ratification. Since 1776 nearly 150 state constitutional conventions have met to draft or revise state constitutions.
505:
about the adoption of
Republic or the continuation of monarchy. Voters chose Republic, and the new assembly had the task to approve the new republic governments, as well as to write a new constitution. This was approved on 22 December 1947.
1091:
into the United States in 1791 and its government continued to function under the 1786 constitution. Two years later in 1793 held another convention to bring some provisions of its constitution into line with the
Constitution of the United
1076:
has been amended, or re-established de novo, through nine
Constitutional Conventions: in 1776–1777, 1801, 1821, 1846, 1867–1868, 1894, 1915, 1938, and 1967; a Constitutional Commission in 1872–1873; and a Judicial Convention in
606:
as
Emperor. The relations between Emperor and Congress were always problematic, a situation that led to the dissolution of Congress by Iturbide on October 31, 1822, without a formal Constitution being enacted.
577:. The 1814 Constitution entered into force in the territories dominated by the insurgents, but as the war continued and the first insurgent leaders (like Morelos) were defeated, it was largely forgotten.
1087:
was drafted by a convention that met in July 1777 and revised by a convention that met in 1786, both of these conventions occurring when Vermont was still independent of the United States. Vermont was
4147:
726:
failed to deliver a constitution, despite multiple extensions. It also served as the country's parliament. Finally Nepal had made constitution with 89% majority. Nepal has adopted Federalism since.
458:
drafted the Constitution of India in conjunction with the requisite deliberations and debates in the Constituent Assembly. The Assembly approved the Constitution on November 26, 1949 (celebrated as
260:. A key topic for discussion was the political system, and the rules governing elections. On 25 May 1849, the constituent assembly approved the new constitution, and on 5 June 1849 it was signed by
646:
dissolved the federation and created a unitary republic, but that ended in 1846 when the Constitutive and Reforms Act was enacted and the 1824 Constitution, and thus the federation, was restored.
3966:
960:
in 1787. Its delegates were appointed by the states, not directly elected, and not all states sent delegates; moreover, the convention was originally charged with drafting amendments to the
244:. The assembly consisted of members of which 114 were directly elected in October 1848, 38 were appointed by the king and the rest were government ministers. The constituent assembly met at
622:, which called for the establishment of a Federal Republic and for the restoration of the Constituent Congress. Iturbide was forced to abdicate and he reinstalled the Constituent Congress.
4310:(Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1997), 1–33; Christian G. Fritz, "Alternative Visions of American Constitutionalism: Popular Sovereignty and the Early American Constitutional Debate," 24
883:
1586:
1581:
976:
940:
1631:
3828:
are examples. In these countries there is no need to call constituent assemblies, and no provision to do so, as the legislature can effectively modify the constitution.
3364:
664:
979:
to propose amendments but it has never done so. While Congress has the option to submit both its own proposals for amendments and those of a national convention to
2172:
2167:
1062:
984:
2678:
4180:
2668:
1337:
4155:
1532:
3543:
2384:
1332:
4483:
1636:
825:
815:
615:
4206:
1435:
3959:
595:
173:
2673:
4055:
2847:
2177:
1066:
1058:
143:
2014:
1430:
1425:
3897:
3868:, laws which are entrenched legislation and will become part of a "future" constitution of Israel, as well as "regular" statutory legislation.
972:
602:
legislative assembly until February 24, 1822, when the Constituent Congress was gathered. On May 19, 1822, the Constituent Congress proclaimed
1537:
285:
3694:
4596:
1601:
1596:
1591:
840:
363:
297:
20:
3173:
2796:
2118:
2113:
1641:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1669:
814:. The constitution was also used in the 3rd Republic (1946) until the passage of the 1973 constitution. Members were elected through the
301:
2182:
4350:
3835:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3548:
3369:
2852:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2721:
2716:
3578:
3573:
3138:
3133:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2791:
2786:
2781:
1626:
1527:
930:
409:
348:
126:
3219:
3209:
3199:
2862:
2857:
2842:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1774:
1749:
559:
2867:
2776:
454:. On August 15, 1947, India became an independent nation, and the Constituent Assembly started functioning as India's Parliament.
77:
leaders, of the country for which they are creating a constitution. As described by Columbia University Social Sciences Professor
446:. The constituent assembly was elected indirectly by the members of the Provincial legislative assembly, which existed under the
4256:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2379:
2374:
3424:
2578:
1542:
1133:
327:
317:
3214:
3204:
4343:
4323:
4018:
3831:
Although it lacks a written constitution, the United Kingdom has had several conventions at the subnational level including:
2959:
2944:
121:
3654:
412:
on six specified issues and others it may consider; the government has separately promised amendments on five other issues.
2339:
2319:
1806:
477:
293:
2954:
2904:
2899:
2123:
1764:
1754:
667:, which was liberal in character. The Constitution was not well received by the church and Mexican conservatives, and the
3609:
3604:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1185:
2344:
2334:
1473:
828:. The system of government changed from presidential to parliamentary to presidential-parliamentary (in 1984 amendment).
3983:
3845:
3817:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
1035:
745:
281:
169:
159:
4387:
Marsha L. Baum and Christian G. Fritz, "American Constitution-Making: The Neglected State Constitutional Sources," 27
2726:
1914:
4505:
4346:
For more on the role of the requirement of complying with specific procedures and processes, see Christian G. Fritz,
4132:
4080:
3934:
3649:
3079:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2583:
2233:
2223:
2218:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
723:
719:
713:
558:(Feelings of the Nation), which was the first antecedent of the various Constitutions of Mexico. Being persecuted by
389:
137:
89:
31:
2329:
2324:
3849:
3037:
636:
Many disputes aroused between federalists and centralists, which resulted in political instability and in 1836 the
626:
3394:
2995:
2495:
2228:
2133:
2128:
1769:
1759:
1387:
1382:
1377:
468:
in India. Once the Constitution took effect, the Constituent Assembly became the Provisional Parliament of India.
4591:
3887:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
1707:
807:
189:
142:
As of May 2021 Chile is the most recently elected constitutional assembly. The 155 members of this assembly were
3516:
3476:
3471:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2272:
1811:
935:
3877:
2490:
2485:
1084:
905:
871:
757:
109:
65:, appointed, or some combination of these methods. Assemblies are typically considered distinct from a regular
1664:
909:
405:
340:
on June 20, 1789, promising that they would not adjourn until they had drafted a new constitution for France.
3864:
which, since 1949, serves as the country's ongoing constituent assembly. The Knesset has the power to create
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3466:
2949:
2588:
1483:
1478:
492:
421:
4454:
574:
336:) was formed when representatives assembled at the only location available – a tennis court – and swore the
1547:
1488:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1153:
913:
859:
853:
821:
611:
591:
530:
439:
554:
3821:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
2434:
2314:
1227:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1128:
980:
630:
534:
245:
202:
100:
for the sole task of writing a new constitution. And there are all sorts of intermediate arrangements."
569:
On October 22, 1814, the Congress enacted the Constitutional Decree for the Liberty of Mexican America (
2538:
2533:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1659:
957:
749:
269:
176:
in the same year. The Assembly successfully drafted and approved the current Costa Rican Constitution.
19:
This article is about the political meeting. For customs or traditions relating to a Constitution, see
4124:
741:) was held between 1788 and 1792. Its principal aim became to restore sovereignty to, and reform, the
92:, we may imagine a sovereign lawgiver laying down the constitution for all later generations. At the
4436:
4127:, Ch 7: Ways of constitution-making by Jon Elster (p. 123); Cambridge University Press, 1997. 431 pp
3882:
3699:
3538:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
2071:
2049:
961:
784:
761:
659:, decreed the formation of another Constituent Congress, which met in 1856. During the presidency of
184:
788:
2238:
1909:
1493:
1073:
983:
rather than the state legislatures for ratification; this process has been used only once (for the
811:
752:
that was designed to redress long-standing political defects of the Commonwealth and its system of
541:
459:
261:
252:
and first met on 23 October 1848. The assembly was overall split in three different groupings: the
70:
26:
967:
The US Constitution contains no provision for its own replacement (and because of the presence of
953:
945:
549:
241:
232:
218:
618:
on December 18, 1822. The dissolution of Congress had resulted in an armed revolution under the
1904:
1088:
701:
438:
as an independent nation. It was set up as a result of negotiations between the leaders of the
4423:
4405:
4098:
4070:
4048:
603:
501:'s defeat during World War II. It was elected with universal suffrage, simultaneously with a
431:
359:
165:
4347:
4336:
American Sovereigns: The People and America's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War
4316:
American Sovereigns: The People and America's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War
3865:
3825:
3739:
1095:
1016:
American Sovereigns: The People and America's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War
890:
780:
377:
3784:
State legislatures put restrictions on conventions that were not followed in these cases.
587:
8:
4243:
3553:
1899:
693:
510:
401:
341:
253:
4566:
4372:
The Remaking of State Constitutions: The Uses of Liberalism in Designing Electoral Laws
3813:
4547:
4036:
3892:
3263:
3258:
3253:
968:
867:
803:. After a lengthy debate in the latter part of 1898, it was enacted on 21 January 1899.
689:
97:
4284:(Edited by Max Farrand; revised edition in Four Volumes, Yale University Press, 1966).
787:, the first constitutional republic in Asia. The drafted constitution was written by
526:
376:, which drafted its own constitution in 1949 and would not accept the Basic Law until
4539:
4501:
4419:
4339:
4319:
4128:
4094:
4086:
4076:
4024:
4014:
3940:
3930:
1007:
796:
660:
368:
337:
323:
237:
194:
147:
3788:
Georgia 1789 proposed alternatives instead of accepting or rejecting a constitution.
916:. The constitution was prepared and approved by the voters in a referendum of 1961.
697:
677:, which the liberals won, then restoring the 1857 Constitution and adding to it the
4531:
4411:
3839:
1006:
A long tradition in the use of constituent assemblies exists at the state level of
832:
792:
668:
498:
305:
289:
85:
4308:
Between Authority and Liberty: State Constitution Making in Revolutionary America
548:
whilst the war of independence was still ongoing. During the opening of Congress,
4354:
443:
222:
206:
58:
4471:
650:
887:
836:
753:
655:
582:
455:
344:
recognized the validity of the National Constituent Assembly on June 27, 1789.
4028:
4585:
4543:
3944:
1054:
800:
3926:
Constitutionalism in Africa : creating opportunities, facing challenges
3902:
563:
4090:
580:
After independence was consummated on September 27, 1821, and based on the
545:
464:
373:
257:
54:
4415:
1034:
have held multiple conventions over the years to change their particular
772:
678:
638:
497:
The Constituent Assembly of Italy was established in 1946 in the wake of
447:
66:
1099:
legislature proposes amendments that are ratified in popular referendum.
125:
held four constitutional conventions, one each in 1891, 1897, 1973, and
4551:
4519:
4293:
Albert L. Sturm, "The Development of American State Constitutions," 12
1031:
742:
734:
685:
674:
502:
435:
249:
78:
4008:
791:
and Felipe Buencamino as an alternative to a pair of proposals to the
462:), and it took effect on January 26, 1950 — a day now commemorated as
3924:
894:
522:
93:
62:
16:
Body of representatives convened to draft or adopt a new constitution
4535:
4175:
4173:
3794:
New York 1867 worked past its deadline and submitted its work later.
995:
4500:
Dinan, John. "The Virginia State Constitution: a reference guide",
4181:"Den Grundlovgivende Rigsforsamling | Gyldendal – Den Store Danske"
3838:(1975–1976) – a failed attempt to find a solution to the status of
1048:
1042:
540:
The first Constituent Congress of independent Mexico, known as the
372:. This council was not recognized as legitimate by Soviet-occupied
4374:, 1820–1850 (Northern Illinois Univ. Press, 1999); John J. Dinan,
3816:, which can thus be amended by normal legislative procedures; the
748:
politically and economically. These attempts were made by writing
4568:
Constitutional conventions, their nature, powers, and limitations
4170:
3861:
3797:
Pennsylvania 1872 against restriction altered the Bill of Rights.
1080:
53:) is a body assembled for the purpose of drafting or revising a
4571:. Robarts - University of Toronto. Boston, Little. p. 111.
3807:
863:
820:
1971 – to draft a revised constitution to replace the old U.S.
625:
The Congress then created a provisional government, called the
509:
It was dissolved on 31 January 1948, to be replaced by the new
870:
of 1917 to form a new constitution after the overthrow of the
571:
Decreto Constitucional para la Libertad de la América Mexicana
172:
Government, the leaders of the victorious side called for the
4437:"MISSOURI STATE ARCHIVES - Missouri Constitutions, 1820-1945"
3791:
Illinois 1862 and 1869 disregarded a requirement for an oath.
941:
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States
839:
appointed members to draft the 1987 Constitution through the
451:
427:
4257:"Resolution on Constitutional Assembly passed in Parliament"
84:"Constitutions arise in a number of different ways. At the
4006:
3960:"The Role of Constituent Assemblies in Constitution Making"
756:. The constitution lasted for merely a year because of the
533:. By the time this Constitution was enacted, an insurgency
483:
original constitution imposed by presidential decree.(OTP)
296:. This constitution was abandoned after being rejected in
4484:"Michigan Legislature – CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN OF 1963"
4148:"Demokratiets etablering: Den Grundlovgivende Forsamling"
4142:
4140:
4207:"Danmarks Riges Grundlov, 5. juni 1849 (Junigrundloven)"
1045:
has held six, in 1820, 1845, 1865, 1875, 1922, and 1945.
831:
1986 – The ex-constitution lasted until the downfall of
806:
1935 – to draft a constitution to create the autonomous
610:
After the dissolution of Congress, Iturbide created the
3803:
Michigan 1908 submitted its work in November not April.
562:
troops, the Congress fled Chilpancingo and gathered in
4137:
3922:
3860:
The constitutional law of Israel is determined by the
975:
of the Constitution does permit Congress to appoint a
57:. Members of a constituent assembly may be elected by
3779:
882:
The Sri Lankan Parliament approved the creation of a
388:
On 27 November 2010, Iceland held an election for a
1103:
702:
Political Constitution of the United Mexican States
96:, we may imagine a constituent assembly elected by
4399:
4397:
826:1970 Philippine Constitutional Convention election
816:1934 Philippine Constitutional Convention election
673:called for its derogation. This events led to the
616:Provisional Political Bylaws of the Mexican Empire
4520:"The Development of American State Constitutions"
893:. The assembly will draft a new constitution for
4583:
4318:(Cambridge University Press, 2008) at pp. 31–35
4394:
3857:majority of Members of Parliament to amend it.
3800:Alabama 1901 increase delegate pay above limit.
108:For a full list of constituent assemblies, see
3898:National Constituent Assembly (disambiguation)
4282:The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787
362:(Parliamentary Council) (1948) – Drafted the
215:The Constitution giving Assembly of the Realm
4338:(Cambridge University Press, 2008) at p. 33
4068:
3808:Countries without an entrenched constitution
1051:has held four, in 1835, 1850, 1908 and 1963.
1000:The Virginia Constitutional Convention, 1830
971:it cannot be revoked through an amendment).
696:formed a Constituent Congress, which met in
331:
21:Constitutional convention (political custom)
4407:The American Tradition of Constituent Power
4376:The American State Constitutional Tradition
264:. For this reason, it is also known as the
3836:Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention
552:outlined its program in a document called
233:Constitutional Act of the Realm of Denmark
4348:"America's Unknown Constitutional World,"
4054:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
931:Constitutional Convention (United States)
596:Act of Independence of the Mexican Empire
594:was stablished. The Junta proclaimed the
349:1848 French Constituent Assembly election
4403:
994:
934:
183:
25:
722:, the last one being elected after its
663:, the Constituent Congress enacted the
450:. It first met on December 9, 1946, in
4584:
4404:Partlett, William (16 December 2014),
3905:, also called the Constituent Assembly
3848:(1989) – produced a plan for Scottish
318:National Constituent Assembly (France)
4517:
4389:Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly
4312:Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly
326:(from July 1789 to September 1791) a
236:) and formalized the transition from
4564:
4314:(1997), 322–29; Christian G. Fritz,
4007:Macfarlane, Emmett, editor. (2016).
537:from Spain was already established.
478:Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia
4597:American constitutional conventions
4232:The A to Z of the French Revolution
4072:Newar Bdair – The Constituent Power
824:. Members were elected through the
256:, the Friends of Peasants, and the
13:
4199:
4010:Constitutional Amendment in Canada
3846:Scottish Constitutional Convention
3780:Legislative restrictions surpassed
1069:, 1917–18, and most recently 2016.
977:national constitutional convention
908:was established in 1961 after the
692:was still being fought, President
211:Den Grundlovgivende Rigsforsamling
174:election of a Constituent Assembly
160:Constituent Assembly of Costa Rica
144:elected between 15 and 16 May 2021
14:
4608:
3984:"3.1.2 Constitutional assemblies"
884:Sri Lanka Constitutional Assembly
714:2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly
364:Basic Law of the Federal Republic
275:
138:Constitutional Convention (Chile)
32:Chilean constitutional convention
4244:Dáil debates Vol. 728 No. 3 p. 5
3972:from the original on 2021-03-28.
3957:
1104:State constitutional conventions
964:rather than a new constitution.
919:
406:government elected in March 2011
333:Assemblée nationale constituante
4558:
4511:
4494:
4476:
4465:
4447:
4429:
4381:
4364:
4328:
4300:
4287:
4274:
4249:
4237:
4224:
3923:Oloka-Onyango, Joseph. (2001).
3812:A few countries do not have an
808:Commonwealth of the Philippines
649:On October 16, 1854, President
642:(Seven Laws) were enacted. The
190:The Danish Constituent Assembly
4378:(Univ. Press of Kansas, 2006).
4125:Democracy's Victory and Crisis
4117:
4105:
4062:
4000:
3976:
3951:
3916:
3878:List of constituent assemblies
1018:by Christian G. Fritz notes:.
954:U.S. Constitutional Convention
906:Constituent Assembly of Turkey
886:on March 9, 2016, proposed by
872:Russian Provisional Government
767:
746:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
700:and enacted the still-current
408:has committed to establishing
110:List of constituent assemblies
1:
4472:19th Century Michigan History
3988:Constitution Making for Peace
3909:
775:has had several conventions:
493:Constituent Assembly of Italy
422:Constituent Assembly of India
328:National Constituent Assembly
153:
103:
4565:Hoar, Roger Sherman (1917).
877:
860:Russian Constituent Assembly
854:Russian Constituent Assembly
822:1935 Philippine constitution
471:
440:Indian independence movement
426:The Constituent Assembly of
268:. Today, 5 June is known as
115:
30:Opening session of the 2021
7:
4361:, Vol. 9, No. 1 (Oct. 2008)
4154:(in Danish). Archived from
3871:
1120:Constitutional conventions
592:Provisional Governing Junta
442:and members of the British
203:Danish Constituent Assembly
10:
4613:
4455:"CONSTITUTION OF MICHIGAN"
1119:
958:United States Constitution
956:drafted the still-current
928:
924:
851:
758:Polish-Russian War of 1792
750:Constitution of 3 May 1791
711:
575:Constitution of Apatzingán
490:
475:
434:, and served as its first
419:
395:
383:
354:
315:
304:, and was replaced by the
217:) of 1848 established the
179:
166:1948 Costa Rican Civil War
157:
135:
107:
18:
4518:Sturm, Albert L. (1982).
3883:Constitutional Commission
990:
962:Articles of Confederation
900:
847:
785:First Philippine Republic
762:Third Partition of Poland
729:
612:National Instituent Junta
555:Sentimientos de la Nación
535:fighting for independence
516:
430:was elected to write the
410:constitutional amendments
311:
43:constitutional convention
1074:Constitution of New York
912:to prepare a democratic
910:1960 Turkish coup d'état
779:1898 – drafted the 1898
707:
544:, was first gathered in
523:Viceroyalty of New Spain
486:
415:
366:for ratification by the
292:and ratification by the
131:
71:representative democracy
4441:Missouri State Archives
4075:. Fountain Publishers.
3929:. Fountain Publishers.
3814:entrenched constitution
946:Howard Chandler Christy
783:, the basic law of the
390:constitutional assembly
286:Constitution for Europe
242:constitutional monarchy
227:Danmarks Riges Grundlov
219:Constitution of Denmark
51:constitutional assembly
47:constitutional congress
4592:Constituent assemblies
4488:www.legislature.mi.gov
4459:www.legislature.mi.gov
1024:
1003:
985:Twenty-first Amendment
949:
789:Felipe Calderón y Roca
720:Constituent assemblies
332:
226:
210:
198:
164:Immediately after the
86:non-democratic extreme
34:
4069:Newar Bdair. (2001).
3888:Convention parliament
1036:state's constitutions
1020:
998:
938:
525:sent deputies to the
432:Constitution of India
360:Parlamentarischer Rat
246:Christiansborg Palace
187:
170:Rafael Angel Calderón
29:
4416:10.2139/ssrn.2538970
4211:danmarkshistorien.dk
4158:on 24 September 2020
4152:danmarkshistorien.dk
4123:Axel Hadenius, ed.,
3866:Basic Laws of Israel
1096:Virginia Conventions
891:Ranil Wickramasinghe
812:Tydings–McDuffie Act
781:Malolos Constitution
614:, which enacted the
529:, which enacted the
378:German reunification
288:for approval by the
284:(2001) drafted the
39:constituent assembly
1113:
866:in the wake of the
862:was established in
694:Venustiano Carranza
604:Agustín de Iturbide
542:Congress of Anahuac
511:Parliament of Italy
282:European Convention
168:that overthrew the
4353:2011-05-11 at the
4047:has generic name (
3893:Constituent Cortes
1112:
1085:first constitution
1004:
969:entrenched clauses
950:
868:October Revolution
690:Mexican Revolution
550:José María Morelos
262:King Frederick VII
199:
98:universal suffrage
94:democratic extreme
35:
4508:, 2006, pp. 8–24.
4443:. April 15, 2024.
4370:Laura J. Scalia,
4344:978-0-521-88188-3
4324:978-0-521-88188-3
4185:denstoredanske.dk
4020:978-1-4426-1900-5
3777:
3776:
1057:has held six, in
1008:Constitutionalism
981:state conventions
797:Apolinario Mabini
688:, and whilst the
665:1857 Constitution
661:Ignacio Comonfort
631:1824 Constitution
620:Plan de Casa Mata
588:Treaty of Córdoba
531:1812 Constitution
338:Tennis Court Oath
324:French Revolution
302:Dutch referendums
266:June constitution
254:National liberals
238:absolute monarchy
195:Constantin Hansen
148:compulsory voting
41:(also known as a
4604:
4573:
4572:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4515:
4509:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4480:
4474:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4401:
4392:
4391:(2000), 199–242.
4385:
4379:
4368:
4362:
4332:
4326:
4306:Marc W. Kruman,
4304:
4298:
4291:
4285:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4261:www.adaderana.lk
4253:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4230:Paul R. Hanson,
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4177:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4144:
4135:
4121:
4115:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4052:
4046:
4042:
4040:
4032:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3964:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3920:
3840:Northern Ireland
1114:
1111:
833:Ferdinand Marcos
793:Malolos Congress
754:Golden Liberties
670:Plan de Tacubaya
573:), known as the
460:Constitution Day
335:
306:Treaty of Lisbon
290:European Council
270:Constitution Day
4612:
4611:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4563:
4559:
4536:10.2307/3329673
4516:
4512:
4499:
4495:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4470:
4466:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4435:
4434:
4430:
4402:
4395:
4386:
4382:
4369:
4365:
4357:Bonus Article,
4355:Wayback Machine
4333:
4329:
4305:
4301:
4292:
4288:
4279:
4275:
4265:
4263:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4242:
4238:
4234:(2013) pp 85–86
4229:
4225:
4216:
4214:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4190:
4188:
4179:
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4171:
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4138:
4122:
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4110:
4106:
4083:
4067:
4063:
4053:
4044:
4043:
4034:
4033:
4021:
4005:
4001:
3992:
3990:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3969:
3962:
3956:
3952:
3937:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3874:
3810:
3782:
3196:South Carolina
2839:North Carolina
1106:
993:
933:
927:
922:
903:
880:
856:
850:
841:1986 Commission
810:under the U.S.
773:The Philippines
770:
737:(also known as
732:
716:
710:
598:and acted as a
527:Cortes of Cadiz
519:
495:
489:
480:
474:
444:Cabinet Mission
424:
418:
398:
386:
357:
320:
314:
278:
182:
162:
156:
140:
134:
118:
113:
106:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4610:
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4510:
4493:
4475:
4464:
4446:
4428:
4393:
4380:
4363:
4327:
4299:
4297:(1982), 57–98.
4286:
4273:
4248:
4246:March 22, 2011
4236:
4223:
4198:
4169:
4136:
4116:
4104:
4081:
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4019:
3999:
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3914:
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3907:
3906:
3900:
3895:
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3885:
3880:
3873:
3870:
3854:
3853:
3843:
3818:United Kingdom
3809:
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3798:
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3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3646:West Virginia
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3624:
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3437:
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3433:
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3427:
3422:
3418:
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3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3358:
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3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3295:
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3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
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3280:
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3268:
3266:
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3256:
3251:
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3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
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3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
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3188:
3186:
3184:
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3180:
3178:
3176:
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3161:
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3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3127:
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3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
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3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
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3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2989:
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2978:
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2972:
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2897:
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2836:
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2827:
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2823:
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2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
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2699:
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2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2575:New Hampshire
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
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2500:
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2397:
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2312:
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2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
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2279:
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2270:
2266:
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2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2164:Massachusetts
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
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1866:
1864:
1859:
1854:
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1832:
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1816:
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1809:
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1800:
1799:
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1789:
1787:
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1779:
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1757:
1752:
1747:
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1742:
1740:
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1700:
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1662:
1657:
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1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
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1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
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1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
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1342:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
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1311:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
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1248:
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1242:
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1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1109:enabling law.
1105:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1078:
1070:
1052:
1046:
992:
989:
929:Main article:
926:
923:
921:
918:
902:
899:
888:Prime Minister
879:
876:
852:Main article:
849:
846:
845:
844:
837:Corazon Aquino
829:
818:
804:
769:
766:
739:Four-Year Sejm
735:The Great Sejm
731:
728:
718:Nepal had two
712:Main article:
709:
706:
656:Plan de Ayutla
583:Plan de Iguala
518:
515:
491:Main article:
488:
485:
476:Main article:
473:
470:
456:B. R. Ambedkar
420:Main article:
417:
414:
397:
394:
385:
382:
356:
353:
316:Main article:
313:
310:
277:
276:European Union
274:
193:. Painting by
181:
178:
158:Main article:
155:
152:
136:Main article:
133:
130:
117:
114:
105:
102:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4609:
4598:
4595:
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3130:Rhode Island
3129:
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3119:
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3076:Pennsylvania
3075:
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2896:North Dakota
2895:
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2240:
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2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
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1887:
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1523:
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1451:
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1421:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
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1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
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1336:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
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1273:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:Massachusetts
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1001:
997:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
947:
943:
942:
937:
932:
920:United States
917:
915:
911:
907:
898:
896:
892:
889:
885:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
855:
842:
838:
834:
830:
827:
823:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
802:
801:Pedro Paterno
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
777:
776:
774:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
744:
740:
736:
727:
725:
721:
715:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
676:
672:
671:
666:
662:
658:
657:
652:
647:
645:
641:
640:
634:
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
608:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:
578:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
556:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
514:
512:
507:
504:
500:
499:Fascist Italy
494:
484:
479:
469:
467:
466:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
423:
413:
411:
407:
403:
393:
391:
381:
379:
375:
371:
370:
365:
361:
352:
350:
345:
343:
339:
334:
329:
325:
319:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
294:member states
291:
287:
283:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:Conservatives
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
196:
192:
191:
186:
177:
175:
171:
167:
161:
151:
149:
145:
139:
129:
128:
124:
123:
111:
101:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
22:
4578:
4567:
4560:
4530:(1): 57–98.
4527:
4523:
4513:
4496:
4487:
4478:
4467:
4458:
4449:
4440:
4431:
4406:
4388:
4383:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4359:Common-Place
4358:
4335:
4330:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4302:
4294:
4289:
4281:
4276:
4264:. Retrieved
4260:
4251:
4239:
4231:
4226:
4215:. Retrieved
4210:
4201:
4189:. Retrieved
4184:
4160:. Retrieved
4156:the original
4151:
4119:
4111:
4107:
4071:
4064:
4009:
4002:
3991:. Retrieved
3987:
3978:
3958:Ghai, Yash.
3953:
3925:
3918:
3859:
3855:
3830:
3811:
3783:
2311:Mississippi
1422:Connecticut
1107:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1005:
999:
966:
951:
939:
914:constitution
904:
881:
857:
835:in 1986 and
771:
738:
733:
717:
683:
669:
654:
653:, under the
651:Juan Álvarez
648:
643:
637:
635:
624:
619:
609:
599:
581:
579:
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568:
553:
546:Chilpancingo
539:
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508:
496:
481:
465:Republic Day
463:
425:
399:
387:
374:East Germany
367:
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346:
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279:
272:in Denmark.
265:
230:
214:
200:
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163:
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120:
119:
83:
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59:popular vote
55:constitution
50:
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42:
38:
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4213:(in Danish)
4187:(in Danish)
4045:|last=
3822:New Zealand
3601:Washington
2713:New Mexico
2665:New Jersey
1329:California
1065:, 1820–21,
1032:U.S. states
768:Philippines
724:predecessor
679:Reform Laws
644:Siete Leyes
639:Siete Leyes
627:Triumvirate
448:British Raj
322:During the
67:legislature
61:, drawn by
4586:Categories
4217:2018-12-10
4191:8 February
4162:8 February
4029:1046612703
3993:2021-10-31
3910:References
3903:Third Dáil
3850:devolution
3691:Wisconsin
3298:Tennessee
2269:Minnesota
1996:Louisiana
743:federative
686:Porfiriato
684:After the
675:Reform War
564:Apatzingán
503:referendum
436:Parliament
250:Copenhagen
154:Costa Rica
104:By country
79:Jon Elster
4544:0048-5950
4037:cite book
3945:849441803
3535:Virginia
2992:Oklahoma
2773:New York
2482:Nebraska
2371:Missouri
2215:Michigan
2110:Maryland
1947:Kentucky
1746:Illinois
1470:Delaware
1374:Colorado
1266:Arkansas
973:Article V
895:Sri Lanka
878:Sri Lanka
704:of 1917.
698:Querétaro
472:Indonesia
380:in 1990.
347:See also
342:Louis XVI
221:in 1849 (
122:Australia
116:Australia
63:sortition
4351:Archived
4266:19 March
4114:. at 125
3967:Archived
3872:See also
3736:Wyoming
3463:Vermont
2431:Montana
1803:Indiana
1578:Georgia
1524:Florida
1224:Arizona
1125:Alabama
1089:admitted
1049:Michigan
1043:Missouri
1030:Several
760:and the
600:de facto
586:and the
560:royalist
308:in 2007
90:spectrum
4552:3329673
4524:Publius
4424:2538970
4334:Fritz,
4295:Publius
4099:3286293
4091:3286293
3862:Knesset
3700:1847–48
3650:1861–63
3569:1901–02
3564:1867–68
3549:1850–51
3544:1829–30
3385:1868–69
3164:1964–69
3100:1967–68
3095:1872–73
3090:1837–38
3085:1789–90
3034:Oregon
2996:1906–07
2950:1850–51
2905:1971–72
2858:1865–66
2853:1861–62
2777:1776–77
2732:1889–90
2644:1956–59
2634:1938–41
2624:1918–23
2599:1850–51
2594:1791–92
2589:1781–83
2584:1778–79
2530:Nevada
2496:1919–20
2450:1971–72
2405:1943–44
2400:1922–23
2385:1861–63
2239:1961–62
2234:1907–08
2183:1917–19
2168:1779–80
2134:1967–68
2119:1850–51
2050:1973–74
1966:1890–91
1961:1849–50
1896:Kansas
1812:1850–51
1775:1969–70
1770:1920–22
1765:1869–70
1656:Hawaii
1528:1838–39
1388:1875–76
1338:1878–79
1305:1978–80
1300:1969–70
1295:1917–18
1186:1955–56
1182:Alaska
1092:States.
1081:Vermont
1063:1779–80
925:Federal
402:Ireland
396:Ireland
384:Iceland
355:Germany
229:; lit.
213:; lit.
197:(1864).
180:Denmark
88:of the
4550:
4542:
4504:
4422:
4342:
4322:
4131:
4097:
4089:
4079:
4027:
4017:
3943:
3933:
3826:Israel
3361:Texas
2380:1845-6
2068:Maine
1704:Idaho
1117:State
991:States
948:(1940)
901:Turkey
864:Russia
848:Russia
730:Poland
590:, the
517:Mexico
404:, the
369:Länder
312:France
298:French
223:Danish
207:Danish
4548:JSTOR
3970:(PDF)
3963:(PDF)
3421:Utah
2941:Ohio
1848:Iowa
1077:1921.
944:, by
708:Nepal
487:Italy
452:Delhi
428:India
416:India
132:Chile
49:, or
4540:ISSN
4502:ISBN
4420:SSRN
4340:ISBN
4320:ISBN
4280:See
4268:2018
4193:2019
4164:2019
4129:ISBN
4095:SSRN
4087:OCLC
4077:ISBN
4056:link
4049:help
4025:OCLC
4015:ISBN
3941:OCLC
3931:ISBN
3824:and
3740:1889
3695:1846
3655:1872
3610:1889
3605:1878
3579:1956
3574:1945
3559:1864
3554:1861
3539:1776
3517:1870
3512:1857
3507:1850
3502:1843
3497:1836
3492:1828
3487:1822
3482:1814
3477:1793
3472:1786
3467:1777
3425:1895
3395:1974
3390:1876
3380:1866
3375:1861
3370:1845
3365:1836
3337:1977
3332:1971
3327:1965
3322:1959
3317:1953
3312:1870
3307:1834
3302:1796
3264:1889
3259:1885
3254:1883
3220:1895
3215:1868
3210:1865
3205:1861
3200:1790
3174:1986
3169:1973
3159:1958
3154:1955
3149:1951
3144:1944
3139:1842
3134:1841
3080:1776
3038:1857
2960:1912
2955:1873
2945:1802
2900:1889
2868:1875
2863:1868
2848:1835
2843:1776
2817:1967
2812:1938
2807:1915
2802:1894
2797:1867
2792:1846
2787:1821
2782:1801
2747:1969
2742:1910
2737:1907
2727:1850
2722:1849
2717:1848
2679:1966
2674:1947
2669:1844
2659:1984
2654:1974
2649:1964
2639:1948
2629:1930
2619:1912
2614:1902
2609:1889
2604:1876
2579:1776
2539:1864
2534:1863
2491:1875
2486:1871
2445:1889
2440:1884
2435:1866
2395:1875
2390:1865
2375:1820
2345:1890
2340:1868
2335:1865
2330:1861
2325:1851
2320:1832
2315:1817
2273:1857
2229:1867
2224:1850
2219:1835
2178:1853
2173:1820
2129:1867
2124:1864
2114:1776
2072:1819
2045:1921
2040:1913
2035:1898
2030:1879
2025:1868
2020:1864
2015:1861
2010:1852
2005:1845
2000:1812
1956:1799
1951:1792
1915:1859
1910:1858
1905:1857
1900:1855
1862:1857
1857:1846
1852:1844
1807:1815
1760:1862
1755:1847
1750:1818
1708:1889
1670:1978
1665:1968
1660:1950
1642:1877
1637:1868
1632:1865
1627:1861
1622:1839
1617:1833
1612:1798
1607:1795
1602:1789
1597:1789
1592:1789
1587:1788
1582:1777
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1533:1861
1494:1897
1489:1853
1484:1831
1479:1792
1474:1776
1436:1965
1431:1902
1426:1818
1383:1865
1378:1864
1333:1849
1290:1874
1285:1868
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1275:1861
1270:1836
1228:1910
1154:1901
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1134:1861
1129:1819
1072:The
1067:1853
1059:1778
952:The
858:The
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300:and
280:The
231:The
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