Compulsory voting - Knowledge

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against their religion, the Electoral Act provides that this answer must be taken as conclusive, and no further action is to be taken. In Argentina, those who were ill on voting day are excused by requesting a doctor to prove their condition; those over 500 km (310 mi) away from their voting place are also excused by asking for a certificate at a police station near where they are. Belgian voters can vote in an embassy if they are abroad or can empower another voter to cast the vote in their name; the voter must give a "permission to vote" and carry a copy of the ID card and their own on the actual elections.

2144: 2464: 2364: 2422: 1297: 2240: 1915: 2010: 1363: 2313: 1685: 1107:, considering the threat of a non-voting fine of up to A$ 20, there was a turnout of 92%, of whom 6% lodged either informal or blank ballot papers. Systems in democratic countries, which have a secret ballot, allow for blank ballots, but voting systems could also add a 'none of the above' option to each race so as to provide multiple clear ways for voters to refrain from speaking/voting if, for some reason, a voter does not want to submit a partially or fully blank ballot. 1812: 1509: 1713: 681: 2262: 1977: 1264: 2194: 1851: 1654: 2385: 2041: 20: 1536: 1404: 2296: 2165: 2094: 1010:– also relying on the Gini index – shows that income inequality is lowest in the Scandinavian countries, where compulsory voting has never existed, while Australia, and to a lesser extent Belgium, which strictly enforce their compulsory voting legislation, have a higher income inequality level than a number of other Western countries, such as Canada, France, Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands, where compulsory voting does not exist. 2219: 2067: 2343: 1750: 1626: 925:

election, it does not pay to energize your base to the exclusion of all other voters. Since elections cannot be determined by turnout, they are decided by swing voters and won in the center... That is one reason Australia's version of the far right lacks anything like the power of its European or American counterparts. Australia has had some bad governments, but it hasn't had any truly extreme ones and it isn't nearly as vulnerable to

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composition) or electoral outcomes." A 2016 study finds that compulsory voting reduces the gender gap in electoral engagement in several ways. A 2016 study of the Netherlands found that the abolition of compulsory voting increased the vote share of Dutch social democratic parties while reducing the vote share of "minor and extreme parties." Research suggests that higher rates of voter turnout lead to higher top tax rates.

2279: 84: 2504:. In Brazil, people who fail to vote in an election are barred from obtaining a passport and subject to other restrictions until settling their situation before an electoral court or after they have voted in the two most recent elections. If a Bolivian voter fails to participate in an election, the person may be denied withdrawal of the salary from the bank for three months. 2334:

polled voters on whether they thought the compulsory voting laws at the time were "right" or "wrong"; 70 percent of those asked answered "right", 28 percent answered "wrong", and 2 percent gave no opinion. In January 1969, the Netherlands Institute of Public Opinion polled again, and found 53 percent

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Introduced in 1934, but not enforced until 1970. Registered voters who abstain from voting without justification are fined. Fines are doubled if the nonvoter is a public servant or a graduate professional. In cases of non-payment the person concerned is barred from dealing with public bodies (whether

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Other perceived advantages to compulsory voting are the stimulation of broader interest politics, as a sort of civil education and political stimulation, which creates a better informed population. For example, since far fewer campaign funds are needed to convince people to vote, they can be directed

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Introduced in 1894. Every citizen and registered non-Belgian voter, from the age of 18 must cast a vote at federal, provincial, local and European parliament elections. Before 2003, fines from 40 to €80, and up to €200 for reoffenders were levied, but If they fail to vote in at least four elections,

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aged 21 and in 1984 for Indigenous Australians. The compulsory voting age for federal elections was reduced to 18 in 1974. Australia has one of the highest electoral turnout rates in the world. For first-time offenders, a fine is issued for AU$ 20 with a maximum penalty of AU$ 180 which is regularly

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In Belgium, which has had compulsory voting since 1893, support for the abolition of compulsory voting is in progression. Results from a 2016 public opinion poll showed that 49% of respondents were in favor of abolition (46% in Wallonia, 49% in Brussels, 51% in Flanders) with 10% having no opinion.

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A 2024 study found that compulsory voting can reduce political polarization and push political parties towards the preferences of the median voter by eliminating the ability of extremist partisans to threaten to abstain from voting (which pressures parties to adopt policies to appease those voters).

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A study of a Swiss canton where compulsory voting was enforced found that compulsory voting significantly increased electoral support for leftist policy positions in referendums by up to 20 percentage points. Another study found that the effects of universal turnout in the United States would likely

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is designed to prevent interference with the votes actually cast, compelling voters to the polls for an election removes interference with accessing a polling place, reducing the impact that external factors such as the weather, transport, or restrictive employers might have. If everybody must vote,

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for European citizens only) may register to vote if resident in Luxembourg, with the previous five-year residency requirement lifted in 2023. Enrolment for foreign nationals on the electoral roll is a free choice, not a requirement; however, once an eligible foreign national has registered to vote,

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by 7 to 10 percentage points and led to greater pension spending at the national level. While weakly enforced compulsory voting in Austria increased overall turnout by roughly 10 percentage points, there is "no evidence that this change in turnout affected government spending patterns (in levels or

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Failure to vote may result in the removal of one's name from the electoral roll. A non-voter can restore one's name to the register by submitting an application to the Registration Officer with a valid excuse as to why they did not vote in the most recent election. Those who do not vote, without a

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States that sanction nonvoters with fines generally impose small or nominal penalties. This can be seen as reflecting the practical rationale for compulsory voting – that compulsion is aimed at making it more irksome not to vote than to vote, and therefore mild penalties are all that is required.

733:, is the requirement that registered voters participate in an election. As of January 2023, 21 countries have compulsory voting laws. Law enforcement in those countries varies considerably and the penalty for not casting a ballot without a proper justification ranges from severe to non-existent. 2487:

Although voting in a country may be compulsory, penalties for failing to vote are not always strictly enforced. In Australia and Brazil, providing a legitimate reason for not voting (such as illness) is accepted. In Australia, if a citizen is asked why they did not vote and they reply that it is

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eliminated the obligation to vote (and the up to $ 200 fines that discouraged many low-income citizens from registering) and established automatic registration for all citizens (Law 20,568). In 2022 mandatory voting was reintroduced while automatic registration into the voting registry was kept.

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in particular debate to what extent voting is a civic duty and not just a civic right. Even in the case of the US where most Americans do see voting as a civic duty, most Americans in a 2020 poll did not like the idea of imposing a US$ 20 fine on those who did not cite an excuse for not voting

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Compulsory voting for national elections was introduced in Australia in 1924, with states and territories passing their own compulsory voting laws at various times. Voluntary voting in Australia before 1924 accounted between 47% and 78% turnout of eligible voters. Following the introduction of

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argues that whether compulsory voting favors the right or the left is beside the point, because the most beneficial aspect of compulsory voting is that it will improve the caliber of individuals who run for office and the quality of the decisions that they make. In his words, "In a compulsory

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situation arises under voluntary systems for marginalised citizens: it seems rational for them to abstain from voting, under the assumption that others in their situation are also doing so, to conserve their limited resources. However, since these are people who have a pronounced need for

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The Netherlands and Venezuela are among several countries that have moved from compulsory to voluntary voting, in 1967 and 1993 respectively. Turnout in the Netherlands decreased from 95% to around 80%. Venezuela saw turnout drop from 82% to 61% in 1993 once compulsion was removed.

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This notion is especially reinforced when both men and women are required to vote and further sustained by diligent enforcement of laws requiring registration of all eligible voters (deemed adult and without exclusion of any significant community within the population).

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they can lose the right to vote for 10 years and non-voters also might face difficulties getting a job in the public sector. In reality, since 2003, offenders are almost never prosecuted Penalties are immediate for absent appointed polling station staff. The key

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By the late 19th century, only a minority of offenders were prosecuted. Since 2003, they are almost never prosecuted and no one has actually been condemned. At the 2007 election, out of 690,000 registered citizens who did not vote, only a dozen were prosecuted.

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Concerns about fines landing harder on the poorest citizens can lead to reforms to ensure penalties are mild for the poorest citizens and that voting is accessible and seamless for all to help assure concerned voters that mandatory voting will not become a

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From the 19th century onward a relatively small number of democracies have introduced compulsory voting at one time or another. From 1862 to 1998, compulsory voting was enacted in 20 democracies, most of which were in Western Europe or Latin America.

1289:. Registered voters who abstain from voting without a verified justification, are liable to pay a fine. In case of non-payment, the person concerned is barred from dealing with public bodies for one year. Turnout peaked around 85% in the 1980s. 1424:

Since 1952. Voter are given a card after voting to prove participation. Otherwise they receive a fine and are unable to receive their salary from the bank if they cannot show proof of voting for the three months following the election.

2330:, reported that 66 percent of those asked favored repealing compulsory voting. In 1966, the public was polled again, this time by the Politics in the Netherlands survey, and responded 69 percent in favor of the policy. In 1967, the 4584: 2253:

which states: "Nobody can be obligated or coerced, under any pretext, in the exercise of their right of suffrage or to reveal their vote." In 2017, a proposal by an opposition party to establish compulsory voting was defeated.

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can make participation easier, where the voter can fulfil their obligation more at their own convenience prior to polling day, rather than trying to arrange release from their responsibilities on the nominated date of polling.

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introduced compulsory voting in Australia, believed compulsory voting was necessary to counteract "apathy and indolence" among voters and would bring "a wonderful improvement in the political knowledge of the people".

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The Act on the Exercise of Political Rights in National Affairs (1973) states that "Participation in elections and votes is a compulsory civic duty" with fines issued for those who do not qualify for an exemption.

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Ages 16, 17, and anyone over 70. The judges and their assistants who must provide services on election day. Those who are more than 500 km away on election day. Those who are sick or disabled due to force majeure.

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Compulsory voting has never existed at the national level in Switzerland. However, starting in the late 19th century, it was passed by several cantons, but by 1974 had been repealed everywhere but Schaffhausen.

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acting in a personal interest or as a legal representative), collecting fees or salaries, registering for exams in universities, purchasing registered property, or buying tickets for travel to another country.

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Between 1945 and 1993. (Possible arbitrary or social sanctions, called the "innocuous sanction", where it might, for example, be difficult to get a daycare place for the citizen's child or similar.)

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then voting becomes compulsory for them. Penalties for not voting range from €100-250 for a first offence to up to €1000 for a repeat offence. However, no fines have been imposed since 1963

773:) with a red-stained rope. Those with red on their clothes were fined. This usually happens if fewer than 6,000 people were in attendance, and more were needed for the assembly to continue. 2153:

Compulsory voting, which existed throughout the Communist period and produced official turnouts of 100%, was repealed with the new election law of November 1990 and January 1991 during the

5689: 5181: 909:. This view asserts that, by introducing an obligation to vote, all citizens governed by a democracy partake in the responsibility for the government appointed by democratic election. 1201:

found 71 and 74 percent support respectively. Both polls also found there was roughly equal support for compulsory voting among supporters of Australia's major political groups, the

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Supporters argue the democratic election of governing representatives is a citizen's responsibility as opposed to a right. Equating in kind to similar civil responsibilities such as

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of those asked were in favor of abolishing compulsory voting, while 29 percent wished to keep it. In 1999, support for compulsory voting in the Netherlands was just at 35 percent.

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Removed in 1993. Had been largely unenforced before then. Turnout since 1998 has averaged 62% compared with almost 90% on average between 1970 and 1993 during compulsory voting.

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may be available for those for whom it is difficult to attend a polling station. Pre-poll voting at nominated polling stations in Australia has been increasing in recent years.

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One perceived downside to compulsory voting is that by coercing politically apathetic people to vote in elections, they are vulnerable to manipulation through vote buying.

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Egyptian law provides for a fine and even a jail sentence for those who do not vote, but in practice the law is not applied, and turnouts are low, such as 47.5% at the

1168:, universal voting would change "very few election outcomes." Research on compulsory voting in Australia found that it increased the vote shares and seat shares of the 749:

held that it was every Athenian citizen's duty to participate in decision-making, but attendance at the assembly was voluntary. Sometimes there was some form of social

5892: 1193:, in Australia "polls taken over the years have consistently shown a community support of between 60 and 70 per cent" for compulsory voting. In 2005, polls taken by 998:

working paper purported to show that there was a correlation between compulsory voting, when enforced strictly, and improved income distribution, as measured by the

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https://web.archive.org/web/20140812070950/http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/radio/onairhighlights/fiji-to-drop-compulsory-voting-lower-age-for-2014

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Miller, Peter; Dassonneville, Ruth (2016-12-01). "High turnout in the Low Countries: Partisan effects of the abolition of compulsory voting in the Netherlands".

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0.65 in August 2020). Proof of voting compliance (by having voted, justified the absence or paid the fine) is required for some transactions such as obtaining a

4503: 1229:, only Australia had forms of compulsory voting which were enforced in practice. Voting in Belgium, Greece, Luxembourg, Mexico and Turkey is compulsory, but is 2492:

However, penalties for failing to vote are not limited to fines and legal sanctions. Belgian voters who repeatedly fail to vote in elections may be subject to

1226: 4349: 4319: 1469:, admission to a public university, government employment, and loans from a government-owned bank. 56% of Brazilians were against the policy in a 2020 study. 1103:

urged Australians to lodge blank votes for the 2010 election. He stated the government should not force citizens to vote or threaten them with a fine. At the

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annulled the law the following year, declaring that the right to vote was a subjective right and not a public function that entailed an obligation to vote.

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Introduced in 1983 for parliamentary election and in 1984 for local elections. Registered voters who abstain from voting without justification are fined.

1843:). Dissenting votes are possible but are considered acts of treason that can have consequences for someone and their family since ballots are not secret. 5941: 5449: 4726: 1646:

There used to be punishments such as not being able to issue a passport, driving license and occupational license. These sanctions were lifted in 2000.

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Fowler Electronic Journal, Anthony (2011-04-23). "Electoral and Policy Consequences of Voter Turnout: Evidence from Compulsory Voting in Australia".

3292:, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 591, 601–603 (2007). Harvard is one of several law schools at which students may submit articles for publication in the school's 5972: 5838: 4146: 3191:. Cornell William Brooks, Allegra Chapman, Joshua A. Douglas, Amber Herrle, Cecily Hines, Janai Nelson, Brenda Wright, Heather C. McGhee. New York. 3018:. Cornell William Brooks, Allegra Chapman, Joshua A. Douglas, Amber Herrle, Cecily Hines, Janai Nelson, Brenda Wright, Heather C. McGhee. New York. 5635: 5218: 4307: 3604:

Citrin, Jack; Schickler, Eric; Sides, John (2003-01-01). "What if Everyone Voted? Simulating the Impact of Increased Turnout in Senate Elections".

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Widespread among the country's 26 cantons in the 19th century but progressively abandoned since then with only Schaffhausen still retaining it.

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along with universal suffrage, repealed it in 1967. In 1946, a survey conducted by the Netherlands Institute of Public Opinion (NIPO), in the

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All permanent residents over 18 years of age are required to vote. Those who do not vote, without a valid excuse, are subject to a fine up to

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High levels of participation decreases the risk of political instability created by crises or charismatic but sectionally focused demagogues.

873:" strengthens democracies and aligns the choices of its politicians with the preferences of its citizens. Since lower-turnout races are not 3747:

Córdova, Abby; Rangel, Gabriela (2016-06-20). "Addressing the Gender Gap The Effect of Compulsory Voting on Women's Electoral Engagement".

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compulsory federal voting in 1924 this figure increased to between 91% and 96%, with only 5% of eligible voters accounted as not enrolled.

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Hill, L 2002 'On the reasonableness of compelling citizens to 'vote': The Australian case', Political Studies, vol. 50, no. 1, pp.88–89

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ownership of their property, which they could administer as they wished. In practice, voting was conducted only in Rome, either in the

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European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR) Sessions of Workshops 2007, Workshop No.7: Compulsory Voting: Principle and Practice

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https://www.francetvinfo.fr/elections/departementales/desintox-belgique-les-abstentionnistes-doivent-ils-payer-une-amende_4687269.html

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La fin du vote obligatoire d'ici 5 ans? Les partis de droite y sont plutôt favorables alors que la gauche est farouchement contre!

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be small in national elections, but that universal turnout could matter in close elections, such as the presidential elections of

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to those not participating, particularly if they were engaging in other public activity at the time of the assembly. For example,

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would most likely fare better under universal voting (as nonvoters are generally more Democratic) but due to the rarity of close

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As of December 2021, 21 countries were recorded as having compulsory voting. Of these, only 10 countries (additionally one

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mentions that voting is a citizen's obligation (Art. 36), but the Electoral Code does not establish penalties for not voting.

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parties on the right wish to abolish compulsory voting, and did so in the case of Flemish local elections, starting with the

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representation, this decision is irrational. Hill argues that the introduction of compulsory voting removes this dilemma.

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Health incompatibility, being over 200 km away from voting poll and any justification accepted by local courthouse.

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Ages 16, 17, and anyone over 70, those far away from home on election day (must be pre-approved) or cannot read

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Travel, illness, religious objection, seasonal workers, anyone without a fixed address, not registered to vote

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Meguid, Bonnie M.; Helmke, Gretchen (2007). "Endogenous Institutions: The Origins of Compulsory Voting Laws".

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appears on the ballot. Voting is designed to track who is and is not in the country (including who may have

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aged between 18 and 75 who live in Luxembourg. Foreign nationals (in local elections for all foreigners and

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has the oldest extant compulsory voting system which was introduced in 1893 for men and in 1948 for women.

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which entrusted the powers of sovereignty to an elected aristocracy, was most evident in the Roman right to

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introduced compulsory voting in 2016 – the only European country to do so in more than 50 years – but the

4138: 3070: 1393: 314: 4784: 4414: 4365: 2858: 2822: 1832: 1689: 1003: 343: 280: 5143: 4857:"Act of 17 July 1973 on the Exercise of Political Rights in National Affairs (Democratic Rights, VRG)" 2635: 5162: 4637: 3314: 1528:

Absenteeism was consistently around 20 percent until the 1990s, when it jumped to nearly 30 percent.

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Another concern expressed about compulsory voting is that it would compel speech, which violates

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Penalties only need to be modest to boost turnout and achieve the goal of attaining a much more

3613: 3568: 3235: 2468: 2266: 1981: 1840: 1770: 1734: 1327: 1268: 1222: 1206: 1169: 1120: 971: 905:, voting in these democracies is regarded as one of the "duties to community" mentioned in the 551: 452: 333: 5937:

International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance – Compulsory voting information

4743:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Greece (look at the last 2–3 parliamentary elections)" 3670: 3842: 3678: 3075: 2672: 2520: 2389: 2198: 2045: 1855: 1658: 1202: 958: 878: 406: 391: 290: 2438: 2323: 2300: 2169: 2148: 2098: 1540: 1462: 1408: 938: 898: 702: 5879: 8: 5955: 3434:

Brusco, Valeria; Nazareno, Marcelo; Stokes, Susan C. (2004). "Vote Buying in Argentina".

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says voting is compulsory, the Electoral Code does not mention penalties for not voting.

1630: 1437: 1286: 1194: 447: 4415:"Compulsory for Whom? Mandatory Voting and Electoral Participation in Brazil, 1986–2006" 3939: 2549: 2174:

At the national level, introduced in 1924. Repealed in 1992. At the provincial level in

5988: 5371:"Mahalli İdareler ile Mahalle Muhtarlıkları ve İhtiyar Heyetleri Seçimi Hakkında Kanun" 5370: 5353: 4436: 3830: 3819:"Turning Out for Redistribution: The Effect of Voter Turnout on Top Marginal Tax Rates" 3772: 3729: 3658: 3467: 3459: 3412: 3214: 3041: 2724: 2716: 2660: 2493: 2409: 2283: 2239: 1950: 1935: 1785: 1568: 1481: 1466: 1454: 746: 658: 617: 207: 192: 146: 141: 114: 5554: 5182:

First country in the world to grant suffrage to women celebrates its 175th anniversary

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Samoa adopted compulsory voting in 2018. It was implemented for the first time in the

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Everyone over age 17 is required to vote. However, only one candidate from the ruling

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towards discussing proposed policies with a wider range of voters. Australian senator

750: 5915: 3888: 3776: 3764: 3733: 3666: 3631: 3586: 3582: 3534: 3471: 3451: 3354: 3269: 3202: 3192: 3029: 3019: 2990: 2728: 2569: 2452:. This provision was omitted from the revised Georgia constitution adopted after the 1891: 1603: 1385: 1343: 1186: 1092: 1080: 950: 917: 870: 866: 798: 627: 607: 546: 495: 376: 328: 262: 187: 156: 151: 68: 5668: 5572: 5075: 4440: 3834: 3803: 2664: 5387: 4426: 3878: 3822: 3799: 3756: 3721: 3650: 3623: 3578: 3526: 3443: 2755: 2708: 2525: 2374: 1999: 1919: 1914: 1801: 1351: 1331: 1116: 999: 902: 561: 490: 442: 285: 271: 5736: 5407: 5329: 5305: 5256: 5194: 5120: 5096: 5047: 4969: 4945: 4884: 4832: 3725: 3662: 2249:

Compulsory voting, which was not enforced in practice, was repealed with the 2010

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Parliamentary Elections (COVID-19 Special Arrangements) Act 2020 2020 (

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Health issues, absence on election day, force majeure, citizenship suspension.

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more difficult. This major step towards the universal democratic principle of "

810: 777: 556: 500: 305: 300: 245: 240: 36: 4320:Élections 2019: risquez-vous vraiment des sanctions si vous n'allez pas voter? 4257:"Désintox. Belgique: Les abstentionnistes doivent-ils payer une amende ?" 3883: 3206: 3033: 5982: 3892: 3826: 3768: 3760: 3635: 3590: 3552: 3538: 3455: 2994: 2353: 2179: 1684: 1049: 1035: 1019: 975: 818: 653: 571: 566: 226: 202: 197: 119: 16:

Practice of requiring all eligible citizens to register and vote in elections

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Australian Electoral Commission – Electoral Backgrounder – Compulsory Voting

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From Secret Ballot to Democracy Sausage: How Australia Got Compulsory Voting

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https://www.centreavec.be/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Obligation-de-voter.pdf

3707:"Compulsory voting, turnout, and government spending: Evidence from Austria" 3627: 3265:

From Secret Ballot to Democracy Sausage: How Australia Got Compulsory Voting

3107:"On Compulsory Voting and Income Inequality in a Cross-Section of Countries" 763:

17–22, in the 5th century BC, shows public slaves herding citizens from the

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restrictions on voting are identified and steps are taken to remove them.

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and the bottom income quintiles of the population. However, a more recent

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The 1991 Elections in Albania: Report of the Election Observer Delegation

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to be implemented, though it is unclear if this was an exceptional case.

814: 782: 622: 505: 485: 212: 5184:, Seventh-day Adventist Church Inter-European Division, 1 December 2013. 4242: 3871:"Moving toward the Median: Compulsory Voting and Political Polarization" 3706: 3559:(2008-09-01). "If Everyone Had Voted, Would Bubba and Dubya Have Won?". 2356:

do not mention any sanctions and do not specify the obligation to vote.

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Bechtel, Michael M.; Hangartner, Dominik; Schmid, Lukas (2015-10-01).

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in 1960. Repealed in 2017, after having been inactive for many years.

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Early Voting in Australian Federal Elections: Causes and Consequences

5839:"Of 31 countries with compulsory voting, a dozen actually enforce it" 5555:"IPU PARLINE database: ITALY (Camera dei Deputati), Electoral system" 5466: 4519:

Know what may happen to whoever fails to vote and does not justify it

3958:"¿Quienes están exentos de la obligación de votar? : Elecciones" 3821:. Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. 2530: 2463: 2261: 1976: 1296: 1263: 949:

Supporters of compulsory voting also argue that voting addresses the

926: 894: 128: 5895:, Australian Political Studies Association 2014 Conference – Sydney. 4568:"The Origins and Consequences of Compulsory Voting in Latin America" 3705:

Hoffman, Mitchell; León, Gianmarco; Lombardi, María (January 2017).

19: 2384: 2193: 2040: 1850: 1653: 1339: 1076: 789: 381: 5950: 5792: 5624:/Foreign Area Studies, The American University (1984), pp. 195–196 5455:(Report). National Republican Institute for International Affairs. 2701:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

3296:

but only anonymously in the form of "Notes" (with a capital "N").

2295: 2164: 2093: 1535: 1403: 1362: 1225:) enforce it. As of January 2020, of the 36 member states of the 837: 4767:"European Election Database – Parliamentary elections in Greece" 4504:

TSE approves automatic recognition of payment of electoral fine

3917:. No. 6. Department of Parliamentary Services. p. 22. 2501: 2342: 2218: 2175: 2066: 1749: 1625: 1432: 932: 794: 100: 75: 5281:"ELD | What Should I Do If I Did Not Vote in a Past Election?" 3132:"Why more and more Australians are voting before election day" 970:

The idea that compulsory voting results in a higher degree of

5485:"Bulgaria's Constitutional Court Abolishes Compulsory Voting" 3869:

Oprea, Alexandra; Martin, Lucy; Brennan, Geoffrey H. (2024).

3512:"Does Compulsory Voting Increase Support for Leftist Policy?" 2699:

Nerincx, A. (28 March 2018). "Compulsory Voting in Belgium".

2565:

The History of Compulsory Voting in Europe: Democracy's Duty?

2404: 2278: 1945: 1780: 1563: 1476: 1350:

in 1942. It was introduced for federal elections in 1924 for

1198: 1042: 764: 5172:, Laws of Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands, 2019. 5153:, Laws of Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands, 2019. 4536:"Datafolha: Majority of Brazilians Oppose Compulsory Voting" 1018:

Supporters of compulsory voting also argue that just as the

861:

A system with higher turnout helps make the electorate more

83: 2497: 1886: 1598: 769: 5243: 5219:"Voting in Samoa Parliamentary elections to be compulsory" 4994:"The Economist explains: How North Korea's elections work" 4052:"Cuánto se paga de multa por no votar y cómo justificarlo" 3109:, Inter-American Development Bank Working Paper, May 2005. 2612:"Elections in the late Roman Republic: how did they work?" 60:

Historical: the country had compulsory voting in the past.

5962: 5121:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Pitcairn Islands" 4078:"Voto obligatorio en la Argentina: ¿podría ser optativo?" 3648: 890: 4243:"Le vote est-il obligatoire ? | IBZ Elections" 3932: 3337:"Revealed: The fine for failing to vote in the election" 881:), they distort the wishes and power of the electorate. 3509: 3334: 3090:"Unequal Participation: Democracy's Unresolved Dilemma" 4833:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Liechtenstein" 4465:[Voting in Brazil: democracy or obligation?]. 1227:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

3486:"Could compulsory voting save democracies in crisis?" 3335:

Eldridge, Stacey; 2022 – 12:05 pm (2022-05-20).

3096:

91(1): 8–11, (Subscription required for full access.)

1871:

Citizens between 18 and 75 years old. Turnout at the

3908:"Compulsory voting in Australian national elections" 3603: 3551: 3433: 3240:

The Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate

2636:"This Is How the Romans Voted in the Roman Republic" 1216: 978:

and the more representative electorate that brings.

907:

United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights

780:, the legitimacy of the form of government known as 4885:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Luxembourg" 4611:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Costa Rica" 4169:"What can happen if you don't vote in an election?" 3789: 3704: 3290:

The Case for Compulsory Voting in the United States

3118:Income Inequality, mid-1990s and late 2000s table. 2305:Repealed at least since the electoral law of 1996. 1545:Ages 16, 17, and anyone over 65 or who cannot read 5975:– academic conference papers on compulsory voting. 5737:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Venezuela" 5573:"IPU PARLINE database: LEBANON (Majlis Al-Nuwwab)" 5257:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Singapore" 4727:Fiji to drop compulsory voting, lower age for 2014 4104:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Australia" 3982:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Argentina" 3868: 5306:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Thailand" 5048:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Paraguay" 5023:"North Korea elections: What is decided and how?" 4809:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Honduras" 2798:"Who voted in previous referendums and elections" 5980: 5408:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Uruguay" 4656:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Ecuador" 4585:"Chile's congress reintroduces mandatory voting" 4463:"Voto no Brasil: democracia ou obrigatoriedade?" 4390:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Bolivia" 4194:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Belgium" 2126:Countries where voting is no longer compulsory: 1346:in 1936 (excluding Indigenous Australians), and 1083:if someone prefers to spend time but not money. 5831: 5633: 5436:Corte Electoral, República Oriental del Uruguay 5330:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Turkey" 4946:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Mexico" 4481:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Brazil" 2482: 2002:50 before they are restored on electoral roll. 1837:Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea 1413:Over 70, absent on Election Day, force majeure 1079:, and that there is an option to do an hour of 5713: 5636:"Le dernier canton où le vote est obligatoire" 5195:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Samoa" 4970:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Nauru" 4680:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Egypt" 3186: 3013: 2454:ratification of the United States Constitution 1099:to speak. Former Australian opposition leader 5690:"Georgia Constitution of 1789 – Founding.com" 5097:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Peru" 4704:"IFES Election Guide | Country Profile: Fiji" 3746: 3189:100% Democracy: The Case for Universal Voting 3016:100% Democracy: The Case for Universal Voting 2823:"2016 federal election Key facts and figures" 2373:Compulsory and enforced during the regime of 1013: 981: 703: 4912:"Is voting in Luxembourg really compulsory?" 2658: 2550:The World Factbook – Field Listing: Suffrage 933:Mild penalties provide big boosts in turnout 912: 856: 5761:"Electoral Backgrounder: Compulsory Voting" 4935:Loi électorale du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg 3359:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3236:"PAYNE, Herbert James Mockford (1866–1944)" 3187:Dionne, E. J. Jr.; Rapoport, Miles (2022). 3014:Dionne, E. J. Jr.; Rapoport, Miles (2022). 2748:International Journal of Constitutional Law 2741: 2561: 989: 412:Parallel voting (Mixed member majoritarian) 53:Compulsory voting, not enforced (only men). 5661:"Constitution of Georgia, 5 February 1777" 5608:European Consortium for Political Research 4120: 3219:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3046:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2203:Due to the low turnouts at elections, the 1875:was 68.5%, then went down to 61.2% at the 1043:Stimulate political interest and education 710: 696: 377:Mixed single vote (positive vote transfer) 315:Proportional and semi-proportional systems 5815:"Le vote par procuration | IBZ Elections" 4565: 4430: 4049: 3882: 3617: 3572: 2759: 2562:Malkopoulou, Anthoula (5 December 2014). 2395:1933 Portuguese constitutional referendum 1589:parliamentary election the following year 5634:Leybold-Johnson, Isobel (4 April 2014). 5511:"Government abolishes compulsory voting" 4785:"Compulsory Voting | International IDEA" 4460: 4366:"Compulsory Voting | International IDEA" 2859:"Compulsory Voting – International IDEA" 1800:Introduced in 1965 when it was still an 18: 5074:(in Spanish). Tc.gob.pe. Archived from 4638:"Costa Rica's elections 2018: a primer" 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4461:Madrigal, Alexis Gabriel (2017-07-05). 4269: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3905: 2698: 1998:valid excuse, are subject to a fine of 1110: 965: 884: 797:argues that the right to vote provided 46:Compulsory voting, enforced (only men). 5981: 5789:"Elecciones 2015: toda la información" 5594: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5529:"Should Dominicans be Forced to Vote?" 5432:"Ley N° 16.017 de 13 de enero de 1989" 4906: 4904: 4866:(50). 23 November 1973. Archived from 4729:radioaustralia.net. 8 September 2010. 4566:Maldonado, Arturo (24 November 2015). 4050:Cannataro, Micaela (26 October 2019). 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3129: 3105:Chong, Alberto and Olivera, Mauricio, 2251:Constitution of the Dominican Republic 1334:introduced compulsory voting in 1926, 1065: 5909: 4632: 4630: 4412: 4360: 4358: 3816: 3606:American Journal of Political Science 3519:American Journal of Political Science 3258: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3130:Reader, Nathaniel (5 February 2015). 3094:The American Political Science Review 3082: 2932: 2904: 2902: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 1135:including a conscientious objection. 1115:Religious objection is one that many 5863:"Compulsory voting around the world" 4552: 4533: 4419:Journal of Politics in Latin America 4272:"Compulsory voting around the world" 3998: 2606: 2604: 2230:independence from the British Empire 1060: 944: 5583: 5236: 4901: 4450:– via hup.sub.uni-hamburg.de. 4413:Power, Timothy J. (22 April 2009). 3233: 3227: 3007: 2980: 1086: 1030:A growing voter preference towards 13: 5902: 4648: 4627: 4355: 4333:"Geen sanctie voor wie niet stemt" 3906:Bennett, Scott (31 October 2005). 3145: 2974: 2899: 2883:"Netherlands | International IDEA" 2840: 2742:Rubio-Marin, R. (1 January 2014). 1126: 272:Plurality and majoritarian systems 14: 6005: 5930: 5718:. London: Politics.guardian.co.uk 5598: 4296:Niet-stemmers riskeren geen straf 3875:American Political Science Review 2940:. Australian Electoral Commission 2778:. Australian Electoral Commission 2601: 1722:Under 18 or over 75, live abroad 1217:Current and past use by countries 1180: 767:into the assembly meeting place ( 382:Scorporo (negative vote transfer) 5886: 5872: 5856: 5807: 5781: 5753: 5729: 5707: 5682: 5653: 5627: 5614: 5601:"May we have the votes, please?" 5565: 5547: 5521: 5503: 5477: 5459: 5442: 5424: 5400: 5380: 5363: 5346: 5322: 5298: 5273: 5249: 5211: 5187: 5175: 5156: 5137: 5072:"Political Constitution of Peru" 4506:, Agência Brasil, 2 April 2020. 4308:Vers la fin du vote obligatoire? 4027:. 21 August 2014. Archived from 3583:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2008.02659.x 3313:. 12 August 2010. Archived from 3268:. Text Publishing. p. 136. 2960:"Compulsory voting in Australia" 2935:"Compulsory Voting in Australia" 2910:"Venezuela | International IDEA" 2776:"Compulsory voting in Australia" 2462: 2437: 2420: 2403: 2383: 2362: 2341: 2311: 2294: 2277: 2260: 2238: 2217: 2209:Constitutional Court of Bulgaria 2192: 2163: 2142: 2092: 2065: 2039: 2008: 1975: 1944: 1913: 1885: 1849: 1810: 1779: 1748: 1711: 1683: 1652: 1624: 1597: 1562: 1534: 1507: 1475: 1431: 1402: 1361: 1295: 1262: 851: 679: 82: 5968:Australian Electoral Commission 5964:Australian Electoral Commission 5766:Australian Electoral Commission 5388:"Article 6 of the Election Law" 5113: 5089: 5064: 5040: 5015: 4986: 4962: 4938: 4929: 4877: 4864:Liechtenstein State Law Gazette 4849: 4825: 4801: 4777: 4759: 4735: 4720: 4696: 4672: 4603: 4577: 4527: 4512: 4497: 4473: 4454: 4406: 4382: 4343: 4325: 4313: 4301: 4298:(in Dutch) De Morgen 06/06/2009 4289: 4270:Frankal, Elliot (4 July 2005). 4263: 4249: 4235: 4223: 4210: 4186: 4161: 4149:from the original on 2020-11-04 4131: 4127:Commonwealth Electoral Act 1924 4096: 4070: 4043: 3974: 3950: 3940:"Suffrage – The World Factbook" 3921: 3899: 3862: 3810: 3804:10.1016/j.electstud.2016.07.009 3783: 3740: 3698: 3642: 3597: 3545: 3503: 3478: 3427: 3409:Australian Electoral Commission 3397: 3379:Australian Electoral Commission 3367: 3328: 3299: 3282: 3252: 3123: 3112: 3099: 3063: 3054: 2964:Australian Electoral Commission 2952: 2926: 2875: 2827:Australian Electoral Commission 2815: 2802:Australian Electoral Commission 2790: 1618:Not enforced starting in 2014. 1453:Since 1932. Compulsory for all 996:Inter-American Development Bank 55: 48: 41: 30: 23: 3561:Presidential Studies Quarterly 3436:Latin American Research Review 3071:The Case for Compulsory Voting 2933:Evans, Tim (16 January 2006). 2768: 2735: 2692: 2652: 2628: 2589: 2555: 2543: 1166:elections in the United States 1138: 387:Mixed ballot transferable vote 1: 5714:Elliot Frankal (2005-07-04). 4084:(in Spanish). 27 October 2019 3749:Comparative Political Studies 3726:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2016.10.002 2536: 2414:1907–1923, but not enforced. 2205:National Assembly of Bulgaria 1496:In 2012, an amendment of the 1185:According to a 1997 paper by 828: 805:, thereby guaranteeing their 5880:"How to vote while overseas" 5622:Philippines, a country study 5354:"Milletvekili Seçimi Kanunu" 4534:Mann, Richard (2020-12-28). 4352:SudInfo.be, 30 October 2019. 2983:"Voting Should Be Mandatory" 2483:Measures to encourage voting 2332:Free University of Amsterdam 2155:fall of Communism in Albania 1967:2021 Samoan general election 1587:, then down to 28.3% at the 1498:Chilean Constitution of 1980 1285:Introduced in 1912 with the 741: 664:End-to-end verifiable voting 324:Single non-transferable vote 28:Compulsory voting, enforced. 7: 5620:Bunge, Frederica M. (ed.), 3714:Journal of Public Economics 2514: 2448:By Article XII of the 1777 2121: 1394:French Community of Belgium 1095:which includes the freedom 877:of an electorate (unlike a 727:universal civic duty voting 522:Voting patterns and effects 10: 6010: 5163:Summary Offences Ordinance 5144:Local Government Ordinance 4432:10.1177/1866802X0900100105 4322:, Le Soir.be, 24 May 2019. 4230: Belgian constitution 2981:Aly, Waleed (2017-01-19). 2713:10.1177/000271620101800204 1986:Travel, illness, under 21 1585:2014 presidential election 1203:Liberal–National Coalition 1014:Remove voting restrictions 1004:Conference Board of Canada 982:Protect against demagogues 736: 344:Single transferable voting 281:First-past-the-post voting 4642:The Tico Times Costa Rica 4521:, G1, 16 September 2016. 4339:(in Dutch). May 14, 2019. 3884:10.1017/S0003055423001399 3405:"Informal Votes by State" 2585:– via Google Books. 1146: 939:representative electorate 913:Improve candidate choices 857:Capture voter preferences 801:with a certain degree of 537:Voting advice application 367:Mixed-member proportional 296:Plurality-at-large voting 5663:. The Avalon Project at 3761:10.1177/0010414016655537 1675:Constitution of Honduras 1160:. In the United States, 1077:weighted based on income 990:Reduce income inequality 821:, requiring a temporary 402:Rural–urban proportional 397:Dual-member proportional 372:Additional member system 5011:(subscription required) 3628:10.1111/1540-5907.00006 3088:Lijphart, Arend (1997) 2450:Constitution of Georgia 1835:or its partners in the 1833:Workers' Party of Korea 1372:Not registered to vote 1008:World income inequality 803:political participation 5951:Compulsory Voting, Not 5946:The CIA World Factbook 5914:. Text Publishing Co. 5910:Brett, Judith (2019). 5467:"Elections in Austria" 3850:Cite journal requires 3827:10.5282/ubm/epub.29636 3686:Cite journal requires 2680:Cite journal requires 1873:2013 general elections 1771:Constitution of Mexico 1328:Indigenous Australians 1207:Australian Labor Party 1170:Australian Labor Party 552:Passive electioneering 453:Straight-ticket voting 61: 5741:www.electionguide.org 5412:www.electionguide.org 5334:www.electionguide.org 5310:www.electionguide.org 5261:www.electionguide.org 5199:www.electionguide.org 5125:www.electionguide.org 5101:www.electionguide.org 5052:www.electionguide.org 4974:www.electionguide.org 4950:www.electionguide.org 4889:www.electionguide.org 4837:www.electionguide.org 4813:www.electionguide.org 4747:www.electionguide.org 4708:www.electionguide.org 4684:www.electionguide.org 4660:www.electionguide.org 4615:www.electionguide.org 4485:www.electionguide.org 4394:www.electionguide.org 4310:7sur7.be. 15/02/2010. 4198:www.electionguide.org 4108:www.electionguide.org 3986:www.electionguide.org 3817:Sabet, Navid (2016). 3448:10.1353/lar.2004.0022 3234:Roe, Michael (2004). 3076:The National Interest 2970:on February 17, 2011. 2322:Introduced under the 1802:Australian possession 1105:2013 federal election 1054:private member's bill 407:Majority bonus system 392:Alternative Vote Plus 291:Instant-runoff voting 22: 3655:10.2139/ssrn.1816649 3415:on 14 September 2016 2324:Pacification of 1917 2186:, repealed in 1992. 1907:Introduced in 1933. 1556:Introduced in 1936. 1111:Religious objections 972:political legitimacy 966:Political legitimacy 957:, has argued that a 920:political scientist 899:compulsory education 885:Civil responsibility 871:one person, one vote 358:Mixed-member systems 5671:on 13 December 2007 5244:No. 21 of 2020 4644:. 19 December 2017. 4021:"Compulsory Voting" 3555:; Schickler, Eric; 2761:10.1093/icon/mot067 2130: 1735:Luxembourg citizens 1326:in 1915, excluding 1237: 1195:Roy Morgan Research 1121:Jehovah's Witnesses 1066:Regressive taxation 974:is based on higher 686:Politics portal 448:Split-ticket voting 35:Compulsory voting, 5843:www.thenews.com.pk 5491:. 23 February 2017 5168:2021-04-20 at the 5149:2021-04-22 at the 4591:. 20 December 2022 4139:"Turnout by state" 3962:www.mendoza.gov.ar 3531:10.1111/ajps.12224 3385:on 18 October 2015 3375:"Turnout by State" 2987:The New York Times 2521:Citizens' assembly 2494:disenfranchisement 2271:Repealed in 1990. 2245:Dominican Republic 2129: 1739:European elections 1467:Brazilian passport 1455:Brazilian citizens 1236: 959:prisoner's dilemma 879:citizens' assembly 875:randomized samples 747:Athenian democracy 659:Voter registration 618:Voter intimidation 142:Write-in candidate 115:Provisional ballot 62: 5921:978-1-925603-84-2 5819:elections.fgov.be 3792:Electoral Studies 3307:"Latham at Large" 3275:978-1-925603-84-2 3198:978-1-62097-677-7 3069:Levine, Jonathan 3025:978-1-62097-677-7 2575:978-1-317-69333-8 2477: 2476: 2228:Introduced after 2119: 2118: 1386:Flemish Community 1344:Western Australia 1187:Malcolm Mackerras 1093:freedom of speech 1081:community service 1061:Arguments against 951:paradox of voting 945:Paradox of voting 918:Monash University 867:voter suppression 723:Compulsory voting 720: 719: 671: 670: 628:Voter suppression 608:Ballot harvesting 586: 585: 547:Paradox of voting 513: 512: 496:None of the above 428:Voting strategies 419: 418: 329:Cumulative voting 263:Electoral systems 253: 252: 188:Electronic voting 178:Compulsory voting 6001: 5925: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5876: 5870: 5860: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5769:. 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Archived from 2956: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2939: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2920: 2906: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2893: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2869: 2855: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2683: 2678: 2676: 2668: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2646: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2622: 2608: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2526:Get out the vote 2467: 2466: 2442: 2441: 2425: 2424: 2408: 2407: 2397:, not enforced. 2388: 2387: 2375:Ferdinand Marcos 2367: 2366: 2346: 2345: 2316: 2315: 2299: 2298: 2282: 2281: 2265: 2264: 2243: 2242: 2222: 2221: 2197: 2196: 2168: 2167: 2147: 2146: 2131: 2128: 2097: 2096: 2070: 2069: 2044: 2043: 2013: 2012: 2011: 1980: 1979: 1949: 1948: 1920:Pitcairn Islands 1918: 1917: 1890: 1889: 1854: 1853: 1815: 1814: 1784: 1783: 1753: 1752: 1716: 1715: 1688: 1687: 1657: 1656: 1629: 1628: 1602: 1601: 1567: 1566: 1539: 1538: 1512: 1511: 1480: 1479: 1436: 1435: 1407: 1406: 1366: 1365: 1352:British subjects 1300: 1299: 1267: 1266: 1238: 1235: 1117:Christadelphians 1087:Compelled speech 1000:Gini coefficient 903:military service 731:mandatory voting 712: 705: 698: 684: 683: 602: 601: 562:Political apathy 526: 525: 491:Election boycott 432: 431: 286:Two-round system 268: 267: 97: 96: 86: 64: 63: 59: 58: 52: 51: 45: 44: 34: 33: 27: 26: 6009: 6008: 6004: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5998: 5979: 5978: 5933: 5928: 5922: 5905: 5903:Further reading 5900: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5861: 5857: 5847: 5845: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5823: 5821: 5813: 5812: 5808: 5798: 5796: 5795:. 11 March 2015 5787: 5786: 5782: 5772: 5770: 5759: 5758: 5754: 5745: 5743: 5735: 5734: 5730: 5721: 5719: 5712: 5708: 5698: 5696: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5674: 5672: 5665:Yale Law School 5659: 5658: 5654: 5644: 5642: 5632: 5628: 5619: 5615: 5603: 5597: 5584: 5577:archive.ipu.org 5571: 5570: 5566: 5559:archive.ipu.org 5553: 5552: 5548: 5538: 5536: 5533:Dominican Today 5527: 5526: 5522: 5517:. May 31, 2017. 5509: 5508: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5483: 5482: 5478: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5443: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5416: 5414: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5351: 5347: 5338: 5336: 5328: 5327: 5323: 5314: 5312: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5289: 5287: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5265: 5263: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5241: 5237: 5228: 5226: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5203: 5201: 5193: 5192: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5170:Wayback Machine 5161: 5157: 5151:Wayback Machine 5142: 5138: 5129: 5127: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5105: 5103: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5081: 5079: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5056: 5054: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5032: 5030: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5003: 5001: 4992: 4991: 4987: 4978: 4976: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4954: 4952: 4944: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4921: 4919: 4910: 4909: 4902: 4893: 4891: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4870: 4859: 4855: 4854: 4850: 4841: 4839: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4817: 4815: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4793: 4791: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4751: 4749: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4725: 4721: 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3687: 3685: 3676: 3675: 3647: 3643: 3619:10.1.1.591.3016 3602: 3598: 3574:10.1.1.489.5858 3550: 3546: 3514: 3508: 3504: 3495: 3493: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3403: 3402: 3398: 3388: 3386: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3352: 3351: 3345: 3343: 3333: 3329: 3320: 3318: 3317:on 6 March 2012 3305: 3304: 3300: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3257: 3253: 3244: 3242: 3232: 3228: 3212: 3211: 3199: 3185: 3146: 3136: 3134: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3113: 3104: 3100: 3087: 3083: 3079:2 November 2012 3068: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3039: 3038: 3026: 3012: 3008: 2999: 2997: 2979: 2975: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2927: 2918: 2916: 2908: 2907: 2900: 2891: 2889: 2881: 2880: 2876: 2867: 2865: 2857: 2856: 2841: 2831: 2829: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2740: 2736: 2697: 2693: 2681: 2679: 2670: 2669: 2657: 2653: 2644: 2642: 2634: 2633: 2629: 2620: 2618: 2610: 2609: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2517: 2485: 2479: 2461: 2436: 2419: 2402: 2382: 2361: 2340: 2310: 2293: 2276: 2259: 2237: 2216: 2191: 2162: 2141: 2124: 2091: 2064: 2038: 2009: 2007: 1974: 1943: 1912: 1884: 1848: 1809: 1778: 1747: 1733:Compulsory for 1710: 1682: 1651: 1623: 1596: 1561: 1533: 1506: 1474: 1430: 1401: 1360: 1348:South Australia 1336:New South Wales 1320:state elections 1318:Introduced for 1294: 1261: 1219: 1183: 1149: 1141: 1129: 1127:Civil liberties 1113: 1089: 1068: 1063: 1045: 1016: 992: 984: 968: 947: 935: 915: 887: 859: 854: 831: 744: 739: 716: 678: 673: 672: 613:Ballot stuffing 599: 596:Electoral fraud 588: 587: 532:Coattail effect 523: 515: 514: 458:Tactical voting 429: 421: 420: 334:Binomial system 265: 255: 254: 133:Ballot measures 110:Absentee ballot 94: 69:Politics series 56: 54: 49: 47: 42: 40: 31: 29: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6007: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5977: 5976: 5970: 5960: 5953: 5948: 5939: 5932: 5931:External links 5929: 5927: 5926: 5920: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5885: 5871: 5855: 5830: 5806: 5791:(in Spanish). 5780: 5752: 5728: 5706: 5681: 5652: 5626: 5613: 5599:Irwin, Galen. 5582: 5564: 5546: 5520: 5502: 5476: 5458: 5441: 5423: 5399: 5379: 5362: 5345: 5321: 5297: 5285:www.eld.gov.sg 5272: 5248: 5235: 5210: 5186: 5174: 5155: 5136: 5112: 5088: 5063: 5039: 5014: 4985: 4961: 4937: 4928: 4900: 4876: 4873:on 2021-10-29. 4848: 4824: 4800: 4776: 4758: 4734: 4719: 4695: 4671: 4647: 4626: 4602: 4576: 4551: 4526: 4511: 4496: 4472: 4453: 4405: 4381: 4354: 4342: 4324: 4312: 4300: 4288: 4262: 4259:. 2 July 2021. 4248: 4234: 4222: 4209: 4185: 4160: 4143:AEC Tally Room 4130: 4119: 4095: 4069: 4042: 3997: 3973: 3949: 3931: 3920: 3915:Research Brief 3898: 3861: 3852:|journal= 3809: 3782: 3755:(2): 264–290. 3739: 3697: 3688:|journal= 3641: 3596: 3567:(3): 521–539. 3544: 3525:(3): 752–767. 3502: 3477: 3426: 3396: 3366: 3327: 3298: 3281: 3274: 3251: 3226: 3197: 3144: 3122: 3111: 3098: 3081: 3062: 3053: 3024: 3006: 2973: 2951: 2925: 2898: 2874: 2839: 2814: 2789: 2767: 2734: 2691: 2682:|journal= 2651: 2627: 2600: 2588: 2574: 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