1277:
722:, "absentee voting" means specifically a vote cast at a different polling station to one to which the voter has been allocated. "Early voting", "proxy voting" or "postal voting" are separate concepts in these countries. The history of absentee voting dates back to the 19th century, and modern-day procedures and availability vary by jurisdiction. Absentee voting may be available on demand, or limited to individuals meeting certain criteria, such as a proven inability to travel to a designated polling place. Many electors are required to apply for absentee voting, although some may receive a postal ballot by default. In some elections postal voting is the only voting method allowed and is referred to as all-postal voting. Typically, postal votes must be mailed back on or before the scheduled
1586:
address. You cannot vote anywhere else, except you are an election worker assigned to a different circuit than yours. To vote you need to go in person to the circuit and show election workers your physical voter ID. Else you need to remember the ID number. On both cases your data is compared with a copy of that ID in the circuit. If you do not even remember your ID, you can vote by fingerprint plus showing a national ID card. Every absentee ballot is manually controlled after election day to avoid the same voter casting more than one vote. The system is regarded as extremely difficult to tamper with, and accepted by all involved parties as safe and anonymous.
1154:
1485:. The absentee ballot can be cast within Thailand and in foreign countries, where Thailand has diplomatic missions. Voters can cast the absentee ballot in 2 cases: (1) those who have their household registration in their constituency but will not be at their constituency on the election day, and wish to cast their vote in advance; and (2) those who physically reside in other locations out of their constituency at least 90 days prior to the election day, and will not be able to travel back to their constituency on the election day.
1228:
953:
security question from the PVA. Voters are required to sign the envelope and provide the correct answer to the security question. They are also required to have a witness sign and date the envelope. As of 2016, postal votes were able to be received and entered into the count up to 13 days after election day. Following the 2016 election, it was observed that the strict scrutiny process afforded to postal votes was a "significant contributor" to delays in declaring the results of close elections.
1571:
rejected. Evidence of fraud is uncommon, though postal voting has a greater risk of fraud than in-person voting. Not all states have standards for signature review. There have been concerns that signatures are improperly rejected from young and minority voters at higher rates than others, with no or limited ability of voters to appeal the rejection. Processing large numbers of ballots and signature verifications accurately has numerous challenges other than fraud.
636:
39:
1410:(in that case, the AVC can be got by Polish or EU citizen, so the EU citizen can vote for Polish deputies at polling station in Poland and Polish embassies or consulates, or for deputies from the country of origin. Although, if the EU citizen registers himself in the Polish voters' register, the local officials informs appropriate office in the country of origin). In case of
1300:, liberalised proxy voting is available. Voters can authorise someone else to cast their ballot without having to go through a registration procedure. Voters can cast a maximum of 2 proxy votes along with their own ballot. Postal ballots and Internet voting are only available to Dutch citizens living abroad, or having occupational duties abroad on election day.
779:, the ballot papers are posted out to the voter – usually only on request – who must then fill them out and return them, often with the voter's signature and sometimes a witness signature to prove the voter's identity. Signature verification is an imperfect endeavor; the best academic researchers have 10-14% error rates. Some jurisdictions use special paper,
1402:(AVC), which is a piece of paper with the person's details and the local government's stamp. The person can vote with AVC at every polling station countrywide and worldwide (in Polish embassies and consulates; the polling stations abroad are created by the Minister of Foreign Affairs before every elections). An AVC is issued only for
2130:"The OSCE/ODIHR EAM was made aware of a program that could, if it was running on a voter's computer, change the vote without the possibility for the voter to detect it. The case was brought to the attention of the project manager who assessed this threat to be theoretically plausible but nearly impossible to implement in reality."
2006:"Electronic ballot return faces significant security risks to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of voted ballots. These risks can ultimately affect the tabulation and results and, can occur at scale... Even with ... technical security considerations, electronic ballot return remains a high-risk activity."
1585:
In
Uruguay there is no mail in voting, online voting, or proxy voting. Every citizen is required by law to register as voter at 18 years old, and is assigned a voter ID that contains a photo ("Credencial Cívica"). Each citizen is assigned a specific voting circuit that is close to his/her registered
1570:
Security of mailed ballots is controlled by using special paper in some areas, and, more often, by requiring signatures of voters and sometimes witnesses. Signature comparisons are imperfect; the best academic researchers have 10-14% error rates. Thousands of ballots fail the signature checks and are
1218:
does not have an absentee ballot system for all citizens. Absentee ballots are restricted to soldiers, prisoners, sailors, overseas diplomats, disabled persons and hospitalized people. The votes are not cast directly but placed in a double envelope with identifying information and counted directly by
979:
in 1917, giving all
Canadian soldiers and their spouses the right to vote. Public servants became eligible in 1970. The right was further extended to civilian support personnel on Canadian Forces bases in the 1977. In 1993, Bill C-114 extended the special ballot vote (Special Voting Rules) by mail to
1206:
requires a secret ballot and the courts have interpreted this quite narrowly. Postal votes are available to people who by reason of their occupation cannot vote normally. They are also available to students living away from home, to people with disabilities, to prisoners (since
January 2007), and to
766:
The reasons for allocating voters to specific polling stations are generally logistical. Absentee voting at a different polling station might be catered for by, for example, designating some larger polling stations as available for absentee voting, and equipping such polling stations with the ballot
1430:
In Spain, for
European, regional and municipal elections, voters who will be absent from their town on election day or are ill or disabled, may request a postal vote at a post office. The application must be submitted personally or through a representative in case of illness or disability certified
1140:
Section 20 of the RPA-1950 disqualified non-resident
Indians (NRI) from getting their names registered in the electoral rolls. Consequently, it also prevented non-residents from voting. In August 2010, Representation of the People (Amendment) Bill-2010 which allows voting rights to NRI's was passed
1051:
Absentee voting has existed in
Germany since 1957, originally in order to ensure that all German citizens, especially the old, sick, and disabled, and citizens living abroad, have the opportunity to participate in elections. At first, postal voters had to state why they could not cast their vote in
983:
Use of special voting rules including vote by mail has grown with each election. In the 42nd general election (2015), the number of voters increased by 117 percent over the previous election to roughly 619,000. This number grew to roughly 660,000 in the 43rd election (2019) representing 3.6 percent
864:
In
Australia the term "absentee ballot" refers specifically to the procedure used when a voter attends a voting place which is not in the electoral district in which they are registered to vote. Instead of marking the ballot paper and putting it in the ballot box, the voter's ballot paper is placed
794:
voting is the form of postal voting where all electors receive their ballot papers through the post, not just those who requested an absentee ballot. Depending on the system applied, electors may have to return their ballot papers by post, or there may be an opportunity to deliver them by hand to a
762:
Among countries where voters are allocated to one or several specific polling station(s) (such as the polling station closest to the voter's residential address, or polling stations within a particular district, province or state), some countries provide a mechanism by which voters can nevertheless
1525:
A 2016 government review said about postal voting, that "Evidence was presented of pressure being put on vulnerable members of some ethnic minority communities, particularly women and young people, to vote according to the will of the elders... the possibilities of undue influence, theft of postal
714:
overlaps with absentee voting. Early voting includes votes cast before the official election day(s), by mail, online or in-person at voting centers which are open for the purpose. Some places call early in-person voting a form of "absentee" voting, since voters are absent from the polling place on
1488:
In both cases, voters wishing to cast their absentee ballot must register with the election committee 30 days in advance prior to the general election date. Voters within
Thailand can cast their vote either at the designated district offices for absentee voting in their provinces or through mail.
1449:
in all federal elections and referendums, and all cantons also allow it for cantonal ballot issues. All voters receive their personal ballot by mail and may either cast it at a polling station or mail it back. As of 2019, approximately 90% of Swiss voters cast ballots using Remote Postal Voting.
1421:
Postal voting and proxy voting are also possible. Postal voting is possible both in country and abroad, but proxy voting is possible only in Poland. The proxy must be registered at the same local voters' register as a voter. The mail with the voter's ballot in postal voting is free of charge in
952:
Eligible voters may make a postal vote application (PVA) prior to each election, or apply for status as a "general postal voter" and receive a postal ballot automatically. Postal voters receive their ballot(s) and a prepaid envelope containing their name and address, as well as a predetermined
1052:
person on
Election Day; but this requirement has been dropped in 2008, allowing everyone to use postal voting. Like in many other countries, in more recent years, voting by mail has become increasingly popular among younger and non-disabled citizens residing within the country; as such,
798:
There is some evidence that this method of voting leads to higher turnout than one where people vote in person or have to apply for a postal vote. Critics suggest that this is only a temporary impact, and that there are dangers in people using ballot papers intended for other electors.
3420:"GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE SPECIAL BOARD OF ELECTION INSPECTORS AND SPECIAL BALLOT RECEPTION AND CUSTODY GROUP ON THE VOTING, COUNTING, AND TRANSMISSION OF RESULTS FOR OVERSEAS ABSENTEE VOTING IN HONGKONG AND SINGAPORE IN CONNECTION WITH THE 10 MAY 2010 NATIONAL AND LOCAL ELECTIONS"
741:, such as special paper, or by requiring signatures of voters and sometimes witnesses, though signature comparisons have 10-14% error rates. Thousands of ballots fail these checks and are rejected. Evidence of fraud is uncommon, but Russia has been reported to use absentee voting for
1521:
that all-postal voting should be adopted as the normal method of voting at local elections in the UK. This reflected the positive impact on voter turnout at these elections (in some places, turnout doubled) and the fact that there was no evidence of an increase in electoral fraud.
1219:
the elections committee only after verifying that the voter has not voted at his or her official polling station. Most absentee ballots are cast the day of the elections in alternate polling stations. Early voting is limited to civil servants overseas. There is no postal voting.
1544:
Voters may vote early or get a mailed ballot to mail back or take to a secure box or office. Most areas do not require a reason. Five states and some counties have all-postal elections. Vote-by-mail has been implemented in both
Republican and Democratic states, but it became a
1097:
Only certain categories of people are eligible to register as postal voters. The Representation of the People Act-1950 (RPA) section 20(8) allows postal ballots for people on polling duty; members of the armed forces and state police as well as their spouses; employees of the
1004:, which is associated with a PINs unique to each voter: "all Estonians are issued a government ID with a scannable chip and a PIN number that gives them a unique online identity — they can use this identity to file their taxes or pay library fines or buy bus passes."
1268:, before 14,000 postal votes came in awarding the incumbent BN parliamentarian the seat with a majority of 8,000 votes. In Malaysia, only teachers, military personnel, and policemen based away from their constituencies are eligible to submit postal votes.
1136:
has alleged that postal ballots "will adversely effect the verifiability of a large number of voters, thus, transparency and integrity of the process", and expressed concerns with "instances of manipulation and malpractice" with postal ballots.
918:
introduced postal voting for seamen in 1890, and a further act in 1896 gave postal votes to any elector who would be more than 15 miles (24 km) from home on election day, as well as for any woman unable to travel "by reason of her health".
1472:
In 2019 the Swiss government invited researchers to test the security of online voting, and in early March 2019 researchers found back doors which let insiders, and hackers who accessed management systems, change results without detection.
1165:
Eligible Indonesians living abroad are able to vote by mail in national elections by registering at the Indonesian overseas election commission in their country of residence. Besides presidential elections, they are also able to vote in
1303:
Electronic voting was banned in the Netherlands in 2007, and in 2017 Dutch authorities also abandoned electronic vote counting, conducting an all-paper, all-manual vote count in an effort to block foreign interference in its elections.
1489:
Likewise, voters overseas can register to vote with the Thai missions in their country of residence or send the ballot to them by mail. The absentee voting date is normally designated a week ahead of the general election date.
1239:
Since 2001 Italian citizens living abroad have the right to vote by mail in all national elections and referendums being held in Italy (provided they had registered their residence abroad with their relevant consulate).
1125:, where ballot papers are distributed to the registered eligible voters and they return the votes by post. When the counting of votes commences, these postal votes are counted first before the counting of votes from the
737:. Voting at a distant polling place is subject to the same controls as voting locally, though distant staff are less likely to recognize an impersonator than local staff. Voting by mail is sometimes controlled by using
842:
Security experts have found security problems in every attempt at online voting, including systems in Australia, Estonia Switzerland, Russia, and the United States. More information is in the sections for each country
850:
Online voting is widely used privately for shareholder votes. The election management companies do not promise accuracy or privacy. In fact one company uses an individual's past votes for research, and to target ads.
1019:
Finland introduced vote by post in 2019, but only for the eligible voters living permanently abroad or staying abroad at the time of the elections. Vote by post is not available for voters residing in Finland.
1035:, French citizens living abroad were permitted to cast votes electronically in the parliamentary elections (but not in the presidential election). In 2017, however, the system was dropped after the French
1956:"Secure Internet voting will likely not be feasible in the near future... At the present time, the Internet (or any network connected to the Internet) should not be used for the return of marked ballots"
3591:
1383:
965:. Electors request an electoral card that can be completed in person or in private and sent via post. In the 2017 election, roughly 780,000 postal ballots were cast representing 15% of all ballots.
1511:, where postal voting is available only if it would be unreasonable to expect a voter to go to a polling station on polling day as a result of employment, disability or education restrictions.
828:
there is no way of verifying that they voted for the correct candidate. In an attempt to solve this, it is not uncommon for people to nominate an official of their chosen party as their proxy.
1577:
The number of people who voted early or with mail-in ballots set records in the 2020 election. This is because of the coronavirus pandemic and people choosing the option of absentee ballots.
1036:
1145:
at the time of voting. Civic society organizations have urged the government to amend the RPA act to allow NRI's and people on the move to cast their vote through absentee ballot system.
1514:
Proxy voting is allowed for people who will be away, working, or medically disabled. Anyone eligible to vote in the election may be a proxy for close relatives and two unrelated people.
4001:
3059:
806:
for their elections, and in 2004 it was used for elections to the European Parliament and local authorities in four of the English regions (see below for more details). In 2016, the
3131:
3647:
3391:"REPUBLIC ACT No. 7166 - AN ACT PROVIDING FOR SYNCHRONIZED NATIONAL AND LOCAL ELECTIONS AND FOR ELECTORAL REFORMS, AUTHORIZING APPROPRIATIONS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES"
996:
has allowed voters to cast votes via the Internet (encrypted to protect voter anonymity); 2% of Estonians cast ballots via the Internet initially, and 44% did so in 2019. The
1332:
are an option for Filipinos in select countries. Local absentee voting as pursuant to Republic Act No. 7166 and Executive Order No. 157 is only available for members of the
1546:
3910:
2008:
2401:
1677:
2482:
1040:
3156:
3089:
2428:
868:
Postal voting and early voting are separate procedures also available to voters who would not be in their registered electoral districts on a voting day. At the
1909:
3509:
1028:
France allows voting by "procuration", which is literally proxy voting. It has been said access to it has been eased in regard to the coronavirus pandemic.
3619:
James, Toby S. (1 March 2011). "Fewer Costs, More Votes? United Kingdom Innovations in Election Administration 2000–2007 and the Effect on Voter Turnout".
942:
2032:
Halderman, J. Alex; Teague, Vanessa (2015-08-13). "The New South Wales iVote System: Security Failures and Verification Flaws in a Live Online Election".
1556:
3076:
2251:
2982:
3419:
2014:. Election Assistance Commission, National Institute of Standards and Technology, FBI, Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency. 2020-05-11
3535:
3977:
710:, though some countries require that a valid reason, such as infirmity or travel, be given before a voter can participate in an absentee ballot.
3484:
3033:
2855:
1574:
In the 2016 US Presidential election, approximately 33 million ballots were cast via mailed out ballots (about a quarter of all ballots cast).
4012:
1056:
3373:
3281:
2686:
2164:
726:. However, in some jurisdictions return methods may allow for dropping off the ballot in person via secure drop boxes or at voting centers.
3007:
1260:
coalition in securing seats in certain constituencies. He also said that in one particular constituency (Setiawangsa), he claimed that his
3726:
2801:
949:
responsibilities, reasonable fears for their safety, religious beliefs, imprisonment, status as a silent elector, or employment reasons.
356:
2958:
2734:
2661:
3678:
3390:
1710:
Hafemann, Luiz G.; Sabourin, Robert; Oliveira, Luiz S. (2017-10-16). "Offline handwritten signature verification — Literature review".
1552:
749:. While postal voting has a greater risk of fraud than in-person voting, on an absolute level cases of known fraud are extremely rare.
1559:(UOCAVA). Almost half the states require these ballots to be returned by mail. Other states allow mail along with some combination of
2301:
1284:
In Mexico, since the 2006 federal elections, postal voting for people living abroad has been permitted. A request can be made to the
1860:
1794:
Frye, Timothy; Reuter, Ora John; Szakonyi, David (2019). "Hitting Them With Carrots: Voter Intimidation and Vote Buying in Russia".
321:
2075:
Springall, Drew; Finkenauer, Travis; Durumeric, Zakir; Kitcat, Jason; Hursti, Harri; MacAlpine, Margaret; Halderman, Alex (2014),
1481:
Absentee balloting started in Thailand first time in the 2000 general election. It is promulgated according to a provision in the
923:
passed a similar law in 1899, and the first federal postal voting legislation was also modelled on the 1896 South Australian act.
4070:
1202:, both of which have restricted franchises. Otherwise, postal voting is only available in a restricted set of circumstances. The
351:
190:
903:
in 1918 and has not been challenged since, although the provisions and requirements have been amended on a number of occasions.
844:
1276:
293:
4037:
2059:
1977:
1737:
1647:
1555:
and members of the military and merchant marine even inside the country, and their families, may register and vote under the
1518:
1498:
1360:
1076:
807:
1885:
3921:
1141:
in both Lok Sabha with subsequent gazette notifications on Nov 24, 2010. With this NRI's could vote in Indian elections if
780:
4103:
2649:. San Domenico di Fiesole (FI), Italy: EUDO Citizenship Observatory Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. p. 7.
1833:
496:
2036:. International Conference on E-Voting and Identity. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 9269. pp. 35–53.
1517:
In May 2003, 35 local authorities trialled all-postal voting. The outcome of those pilots was a recommendation from the
3702:
2596:
2558:
1539:
1167:
1133:
945:
through travel, or who those are unable to attend a polling booth due to illness, infirmity, "approaching childbirth",
1075:
are allowed to vote by mail. They are only allowed to vote for party lists, but not for local representatives. In the
3232:
2621:
2101:
1375:
1121:
Postal voting in India is done only through the Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot Papers (ETPB) system of the
1008:
1959:
1848:
However, there is a bigger risk of voter fraud when it comes to absentee and mail-in ballots, McDonald pointed out.
1364:
1158:
1032:
896:
880:
869:
824:, by authorizing them to cast or secure their vote in their stead. The proxy must be trusted by the voter, as in a
664:
3513:
1457:
conducted electronic voting pilot programs. In three cantons, Swiss voters resident abroad voted electronically;
1333:
1265:
938:
933:
3949:
4146:
1079:, 267,233 votes (4.6% of all votes) were submitted via mail. 48% of all valid postal votes were submitted from
341:
3254:
3216:
1764:
3886:
3471:
1482:
1232:
1340:, and government personnel on duty on election day. The absentee voting in both overseas and local is still
865:
in an envelope and then it is sent by the voting official to the voter's home district to be counted there.
3787:
3060:"Postal ballots: Who can vote through ETPB, how to get registered and how the voting is done; an explainer"
1469:. The programs were closed in June and July 2019, and the plan is for new designs to be available by 2023.
1371:
1341:
1313:
1285:
1122:
997:
618:
278:
3427:
2189:
3542:
3331:
2824:
1317:
911:
269:
4151:
3107:
2710:
1356:
1337:
1126:
1092:
298:
235:
3754:
2277:"Maine system combined with shareholder-style voting could overcome false fraud fears, boost turnout"
1708:
These systems handle scanned ("offline") signatures from multiple people ("WI, writer-independent").
1379:
1321:
1195:
1063:
are being developed to help citizens, both domestic and abroad, more easily apply for postal voting.
915:
491:
250:
3488:
3510:"วิธีการเลือกตั้งนอกราชอาณาจักร [The procedure of absentee ballot voting in foreign countries)"
2512:
2376:
1053:
837:
326:
1678:"'We've got to get going.' States under pressure to plan for the general election amid a pandemic"
1203:
1153:
962:
907:
312:
3077:
Maharashtra, Haryana Elections 2019: Can You Vote By Postal Ballot If You Aren't Living At Home?
973:
The ability to vote when in-person voting is not possible was first introduced with the federal
2880:
1712:
2017 Seventh International Conference on Image Processing Theory, Tools and Applications (IPTA)
1454:
1415:
876:
506:
407:
288:
1462:
746:
733:
of the submitted ballot to be maintained, and stipulate a series of checks to protect against
2965:
2775:
1440:
1261:
1080:
361:
346:
245:
3398:
3306:
2326:
1933:
3832:
2402:"Retail Shareholder Participation in the Proxy Process: Monitoring, Engagement, and Voting"
2216:. Financial Cryptography 2020 – via International Financial Cryptography Association.
1422:
Poland, but voter resides abroad must pay to send his ballot to the appropriate consulate.
1107:
657:
3541:. Parliament and Constitution Centre, House of Commons Library. SN/PC/3667. Archived from
3189:
702:. Increasing the ease of access to absentee ballots is seen by many as one way to improve
690:
to which the voter is normally allocated. Methods include voting at a different location,
8:
4002:"Signature Verification and Mail Ballots: Guaranteeing Access While Preserving Integrity"
3674:
3461:. Communication Systems Group CSG, Department of Informatics IfI, Universitat Zurich UZH.
1595:
1407:
1403:
1183:
1099:
975:
887:
in 1910, following claims that it was open to abuse and biased towards rural voters. The
742:
402:
3836:
4141:
3863:
3820:
3703:"Voting Outside the Polling Place: Absentee, All-Mail and other Voting at Home Options"
2529:
2132:
2107:
2037:
1983:
1743:
1715:
1612:
920:
892:
707:
613:
572:
162:
147:
101:
96:
69:
3567:
4111:
4078:
4045:
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3850:
3795:
3762:
3164:
2932:
2906:
2582:
2554:
2097:
2082:
Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security
2055:
1987:
1973:
1811:
1747:
1733:
1607:
1157:
Postal voting documents sent to an Indonesian voter in the United Kingdom during the
872:, there were 1.2 million postal votes cast, amounting to 8.5 percent of total votes.
738:
582:
562:
501:
450:
331:
283:
217:
142:
132:
111:
106:
23:
2080:
1910:"Democracy Live internet voting: unsurprisingly insecure, and surprisingly insecure"
1324:
or other migrants. Votes must be cast in person at select polling places, such as a
1191:
16:
Voting, election, ballot papers, voted other than at an assigned polling place, mail
4156:
3858:
3840:
3628:
2521:
2453:
2111:
2089:
2047:
1965:
1803:
1725:
1508:
1370:
Absentee voters can only vote for candidates elected by the entire electorate: the
1257:
1199:
1001:
516:
445:
397:
240:
226:
3819:
Thompson, Daniel M.; Wu, Jennifer A.; Yoder, Jesse; Hall, Andrew B. (2020-06-09).
3220:
2548:
1411:
1060:
687:
650:
640:
567:
550:
486:
412:
366:
3132:"Latest changes on postal ballots to favour ruling party: Sitaram Yechury to EC"
2351:
2252:"'Sloppy' Mobile Voting App Used in Four States Has 'Elementary' Security Flaws"
2051:
1207:
long term residents of hospitals, nursing homes and other similar institutions.
767:
papers (or the means to produce ballot papers) applicable to an absentee voter.
2228:
2133:"ESTONIA PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS OSCE/ODIHR Election Assessment Mission Report"
1414:
by-elections, AVC may be issued only for voters living and registered in given
1227:
803:
511:
455:
260:
255:
200:
195:
3978:"Exclusive: High Rate of Absentee Ballot Rejection Reeks of Voter Suppression"
3648:"Securing the ballot, Report of Sir Eric Pickles' review into electoral fraud"
1807:
1729:
4135:
4115:
4082:
4049:
4038:"Inside Wisconsin's Election Mess: Thousands of Missing or Nullified Ballots"
3854:
3799:
3766:
3485:"การเลือกตั้งนอกเขตจังหวัด [The procedure of absentee ballot voting]"
3168:
2208:
2076:
1815:
1627:
1617:
1458:
1446:
1329:
1253:
914:
introduced a form of postal voting in 1877 with strict eligibility criteria.
884:
825:
730:
703:
699:
691:
608:
526:
521:
181:
157:
152:
74:
3845:
2837:
2093:
1765:"Election Administration and Voting Survey (EAVS) 2018 Comprehensive report"
1503:
Absentee voting in the United Kingdom is allowed by proxy or post (known as
1102:
who are officially posted abroad; and the President;, these are also called
3872:
2825:
France drops electronic voting for citizens abroad over cybersecurity fears
1682:
1535:
1187:
900:
820:
723:
711:
695:
603:
587:
535:
426:
417:
392:
172:
137:
3786:
Hill, Charlotte; Grumbach, Jacob; Bonica, Adam; Jefferson, Hakeem (2020).
3632:
3090:"People over 80 years of age, disabled can now vote through postal ballot"
2276:
1507:) for any elector. Postal voting does not require a reason, apart from in
1622:
1466:
1297:
941:(AEC). Postal votes are available to those who will be absent from their
888:
776:
734:
577:
460:
440:
167:
3821:"Universal vote-by-mail has no impact on partisan turnout or vote share"
2533:
2510:; Morgan, Kim (1971). "Postal and Absent Voting: A Democratic Dilemma".
1071:
Hungarian citizens living abroad who do not have an official address in
635:
3157:"Postal ballots for voters over 64 gives ruling party an edge: Yechury"
2507:
2302:"Standing Voting Instructions: Empowering the Excluded Retail Investor"
1231:
Electoral package sent to an Italian voter in South America during the
435:
303:
127:
87:
3755:"Which Party Would Benefit Most From Voting by Mail? It's Complicated"
1526:
votes and tampering with them after completion were all still risks."
3592:"Application to vote by proxy at a particular election or referendum"
2751:
2525:
2009:"RISK MANAGEMENT FOR ELECTRONIC BALLOT DELIVERY, MARKING, AND RETURN"
1352:
1348:
1325:
719:
83:
3459:
The Swiss Postal Voting Process and its System and Security Analysis
1398:, each citizen registered in the local voters' register, can get an
961:
Austria enabled postal voting in 2007 by amending Article 26 of the
810:
was conducted via all-postal voting with a turnout of 79.5 percent.
3258:
3213:
2546:
2210:
Breaking the Encryption Scheme of the Moscow Internet Voting System
2042:
1969:
1720:
1249:
1115:
1111:
891:'s bill to restore postal voting was one of the "triggers" for the
763:
cast their ballots on election day at a different polling station.
336:
2780:
service-public.fr "le site officiel de l'administration française"
2165:"Researchers Find Critical Backdoor in Swiss Online Voting System"
2074:
1320:
elections is only available in certain circumstances, such as for
686:
cast by someone who is unable or unwilling to attend the official
3527:
3034:"Pranab to become first president to cast vote via postal ballot"
2400:
Brav, Alon; Cain, Matthew D.; Zytnick, Jonathon (November 2019).
1174:
2nd constituency, which also contains Central and South Jakarta.
1171:
1072:
1039:
assessed an "extremely high risk" of cyberattacks in the wake of
1007:
The security of the Estonian I-voting system remains a matter of
993:
802:
It has been tested by a large number of local authorities in the
3374:
Netherlands Abandons Electronic Vote Counting Amid Hacking Fears
2802:"What It's Like to Hold an Election in the Middle of a Pandemic"
2838:"Wahlrecht – News – Briefwahl nun ohne Hinderungsgrund möglich"
2580:
Schedule 2—Grounds of application for postal or pre‑poll vote:
1395:
1215:
55:
30:
3447:
Federal Statute on Political Rights , SR/RS 161.1 , art. 8
3008:"Election Commission to ensure postal votes don't get invalid"
1957:
1170:
elections. All overseas Indonesian voters are included in the
1564:
1114:
and those above the age of 65 years old can use postal vote.
946:
3679:"What's the difference between absentee and mail-in voting?"
38:
3785:
3352:
2451:
683:
2077:"Security Analysis of the Estonian Internet Voting System"
3282:"Luar Negeri Tetap Dapil DKI 2, Jaksel Masuk Dapil DKI 1"
2687:"Report on the 43rd General Election of October 21, 2019"
2662:"Report on the 42nd General Election of October 19, 2015"
1886:"Trump's Shaky Warning About Counterfeit Mail-In Ballots"
1560:
818:
To cast a proxy vote, the user appoints someone as their
4071:"Voting by Mail in November? States Need to Prepare Now"
2547:
Sawer, Marian; Norman Abjorensen; Philip Larkin (2009).
1709:
1406:
elections, parliamentary elections and elections to the
1041:
Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
757:
718:
In the electoral terminology of some countries, such as
1256:
alleged that postal votes have been used by the ruling
2454:"Voting within Australia – Frequently Asked Questions"
4102:
Gamio, Lazaro; Keefe, John; Lu, Denise (2020-09-22).
1252:, opposition leader and former deputy prime minister
729:
Electoral laws typically allow for the integrity and
2207:
Gaudry, Pierrick; Golovnev, Alexander (2020-02-10).
1280:
Postal ballot paper for Mexico federal election 2012
931:
Postal voting at a federal level is governed by the
3818:
3673:
2429:"Proxy Services for Mutual Funds and ETF Providers"
1557:
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
1549:. Availability of postal voting increases turnout.
1793:
1288:which then sends the ballots outside the country.
3621:Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy
3307:"Malaysian oppn accuse govt of postal vote fraud"
3190:"Govt. issues notification for NRI voting rights"
2190:"Russia's Blockchain Voting Turned Into A Fiasco"
4133:
4036:Corasaniti, Nick; Saul, Stephanie (2020-04-09).
3727:"VOPP: Table 18: States With All-Mail Elections"
3255:"Welcome nrivotingrights.info - Hostmonster.com"
3214:Petition for Absentee Voting in Indian Elections
1961:Securing the Vote: Protecting American Democracy
3825:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2735:Estonia gets to vote online. Why can't America?
2585:. Federal Register of Legislation. 27 May 2020.
2399:
2031:
1834:"A Complete Guide To Early And Absentee Voting"
1594:Absentee ballots have been reportedly used for
899:. Postal voting was eventually restored by the
4104:"Tracking Absentee Votes in the 2020 Election"
4069:Corse, Alexa; McMillan, Robert (23 May 2020).
4035:
3788:"We Should Never Have to Vote in Person Again"
3697:
3695:
3082:
3070:
3052:
2206:
2158:
2156:
875:Postal voting in Australia was introduced for
4068:
3457:Killer, Christian; Stiller, Burkhard (2019).
3456:
1958:National Academies of Sciences (2018-09-06).
658:
4101:
3911:"Vote at Home Policy Actions: 1 and 2 Stars"
3687:The two terms are often used interchangeably
3584:
2506:
2421:
2220:
3692:
2343:
2153:
1903:
1901:
367:Parallel voting (Mixed member majoritarian)
1553:Americans living outside the United States
783:, or printing to minimize forged ballots.
665:
651:
332:Mixed single vote (positive vote transfer)
270:Proportional and semi-proportional systems
3862:
3844:
2597:"How to vote by mail: easy to read guide"
2502:
2500:
2476:
2474:
2268:
2041:
1719:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1093:Elections in India § Absentee voting
926:
3903:
3719:
2243:
2226:
2124:
2000:
1898:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1275:
1226:
1152:
3943:
3941:
3879:
3645:
3639:
2959:"Representation of the People Act-1950"
2409:European Corporate Governance Institute
2377:"Online Service Terms & Conditions"
1950:
1853:
1827:
1825:
1759:
1757:
4134:
4029:
3975:
3950:"Vote-By-Mail Ballots Cast in Florida"
3748:
3746:
2799:
2727:
2685:Canada, Elections (18 February 2020).
2684:
2659:
2553:. Federation Press. pp. 107–114.
2497:
2480:
2471:
2368:
2249:
2239:(59) – via Newcastle University.
2200:
2162:
1926:
1883:
1789:
1787:
1697:
1640:
1177:
838:Electronic voting § Online voting
3947:
3752:
3618:
3560:
3536:"Postal Voting & Electoral Fraud"
3533:
3279:
3079:, Huffington Post, 26 September 2019.
2540:
2299:
2293:
2068:
1907:
1877:
1831:
1665:
1499:Absentee voting in the United Kingdom
1453:In Switzerland, starting in 2004, 15
808:Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey
758:Voting at a different polling station
3994:
3938:
3887:"Electronic Transmission of Ballots"
3334:. The Sun (Malaysia). March 27, 2008
2660:Canada, Elections (27 August 2018).
2644:
2393:
2274:
2025:
1822:
1796:British Journal of Political Science
1754:
786:
3969:
3779:
3743:
3353:"Homepage Parlement & Politiek"
3187:
2352:"Terms of Use & Linking Policy"
2327:"Terms of Use & Privacy Policy"
2318:
1784:
1648:"State Laws Governing Early Voting"
1077:last parliamentary election in 2018
13:
2856:"Home country elections - Hungary"
2485:. Australian Parliamentary Library
1861:"Verification of Absentee Ballots"
1567:; four states allow a web portal.
1540:Postal voting in the United States
1134:Communist Party of India (Marxist)
831:
227:Plurality and majoritarian systems
14:
4168:
3534:White, Isobel (19 January 2010).
2647:Access to Electoral Rights Canada
2602:. Australian Electoral Commission
2583:"Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918"
2550:Australia: The State of Democracy
2452:Australian Electoral Commission.
2187:
1772:US Election Assistance Commission
1492:
337:Scorporo (negative vote transfer)
2983:"Who can vote by postal ballot?"
1529:
1159:2019 Indonesian general election
1033:2012 French legislative election
870:2016 Australian federal election
770:
634:
37:
4095:
4062:
3918:National Vote at Home Institute
3812:
3667:
3612:
3502:
3477:
3465:
3450:
3441:
3412:
3383:
3366:
3345:
3324:
3299:
3273:
3247:
3225:
3207:
3181:
3149:
3124:
3100:
3026:
3000:
2975:
2951:
2925:
2899:
2873:
2848:
2830:
2818:
2800:Patino, Marie (13 March 2020).
2793:
2768:
2744:
2703:
2678:
2653:
2638:
2614:
2589:
2574:
2445:
2181:
1334:Armed Forces of the Philippines
1002:Estonian national identity card
998:Estonian Internet-voting system
939:Australian Electoral Commission
934:Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918
879:in 1902, and first used at the
813:
1434:
1307:
1291:
342:Mixed ballot transferable vote
1:
3976:Wilkie, Jordan (2018-10-12).
3753:Wines, Michael (2020-05-25).
3599:Cabinet Office, UK Government
2227:Anderson, Ross (2020-02-21).
1884:Farley, Robert (2020-06-25).
1633:
1547:political controversy in 2020
1347:Recently, absentee voting in
1233:2013 Italian general election
1037:National Cybersecurity Agency
854:
4011:. 2020-04-15. Archived from
3948:Smith, Daniel (2018-09-18).
3646:Pickles, Eric (2016-08-11).
2933:"Levélszavazás jegyzőkönyve"
1908:Appel, Andrew (2020-06-08).
1832:Young, Ashley (2016-09-23).
1400:absentee voter's certificate
1314:Overseas Absentee Voting Act
1286:National Electoral Institute
1264:had actually won during the
1148:
1123:Election Commission of India
859:
619:End-to-end verifiable voting
279:Single non-transferable vote
7:
3280:Fauzi, Intan (2017-06-03).
2483:"The 2016 federal election"
2275:Weil, Gordon (2020-07-04).
2229:"Electronic voting systems"
2052:10.1007/978-3-319-22270-7_3
1838:National Public Radio (USA)
1601:
1476:
1363:Resolution No. 8806 in the
1342:manual vote counting system
1243:
477:Voting patterns and effects
10:
4173:
3920:. May 2020. Archived from
2987:timesofindia-economictimes
2881:"Kékcédulás levélszavazás"
2827:, Reuters (March 6, 2017).
2711:"Voting results in detail"
2331:www.electionservicesco.com
2250:Zetter, Kim (2020-02-13).
2163:Zetter, Kim (2019-03-12).
1580:
1533:
1496:
1438:
1431:by a medical certificate.
1416:single-member constituency
1384:party-list representatives
1338:Philippine National Police
1127:electronic voting machines
1106:. Additionally, people in
1090:
1066:
1046:
1014:
987:
956:
883:. It was abolished by the
835:
752:
299:Single transferable voting
236:First-past-the-post voting
3655:United Kingdom Government
1808:10.1017/S0007123416000752
1730:10.1109/IPTA.2017.8310112
1589:
1445:Swiss federal law allows
1389:
1322:Overseas Filipino Workers
1271:
1210:
1196:university constituencies
1023:
968:
492:Voting advice application
322:Mixed-member proportional
251:Plurality-at-large voting
3188:PTI (24 November 2010).
2937:Nemzeti Választási Iroda
2911:Nemzeti Választási Iroda
2513:The Australian Quarterly
1425:
1222:
1086:
937:and administered by the
357:Rural–urban proportional
352:Dual-member proportional
327:Additional member system
3846:10.1073/pnas.2007249117
3424:Commission on Elections
3395:Commission on Elections
3219:April 16, 2009, at the
2622:"Nationalratswahl 2017"
2094:10.1145/2660267.2660315
1519:UK Electoral Commission
1505:postal voting on demand
980:all Canadian citizens.
963:Constitution of Austria
3474:, Swiss Confederation.
3332:"One foot in the door"
2776:"Vote par procuration"
2481:Muller, Damon (2016).
2324:Election Services Co.
1365:2010 general elections
1281:
1236:
1162:
927:Procedure in Australia
507:Passive electioneering
408:Straight-ticket voting
4147:Political terminology
3633:10.1089/elj.2009.0059
3233:"THE CITY OF BRIDGES"
2971:on February 26, 2009.
2645:Maas, Willem (2015).
2381:www.computershare.com
2034:E-Voting and Identity
1534:Further information:
1441:Voting in Switzerland
1355:was done through the
1316:, absentee voting in
1279:
1262:Parti Keadilan Rakyat
1230:
1156:
1129:of all other voters.
1118:can not vote at all.
362:Majority bonus system
347:Alternative Vote Plus
246:Instant-runoff voting
3516:on December 10, 2019
2306:Minnesota Law Review
2300:Fisch, Jill (2017).
2088:, pp. 703–715,
1914:Princeton University
1108:preventive detention
795:specified location.
313:Mixed-member systems
4075:Wall Street Journal
4009:Stanford University
3837:2020PNAS..11714052T
3831:(25): 14052–14056.
3677:(August 18, 2020),
3675:Michelle Ye Hee Lee
2741:(November 6, 2012).
2715:rk2019.valimised.ee
2281:Penobscot Bay Pilot
1463:Canton of Neuchâtel
1408:European Parliament
1404:President of Poland
1357:optical scan voting
1312:As provided by the
1184:Republic of Ireland
1178:Republic of Ireland
1100:Government of India
976:Military Voters Act
641:Politics portal
403:Split-ticket voting
4108:The New York Times
4042:The New York Times
3792:The New York Times
3759:The New York Times
3683:Washingtonpost.com
3286:mediaindonesia.com
3112:mobile.twitter.com
3096:. 29 October 2019.
2433:www.broadridge.com
2356:www.broadridge.com
1613:Provisional ballot
1282:
1237:
1204:Irish constitution
1194:elections for the
1163:
1143:physically present
1059:2021-03-10 at the
943:electoral division
893:double dissolution
747:voter intimidation
708:convenience voting
614:Voter registration
573:Voter intimidation
97:Write-in candidate
70:Provisional ballot
4152:Expatriate voting
3472:Electronic voting
3235:. 8 December 2008
3014:. 7 November 2013
2907:"Országos listák"
2061:978-3-319-22269-1
1979:978-0-309-47647-8
1934:"Internet Voting"
1739:978-1-5386-1842-4
1608:Electronic voting
1483:1997 constitution
1200:vocational panels
912:Western Australia
901:Hughes government
885:Fisher government
877:federal elections
787:All-postal voting
739:security printing
675:
674:
626:
625:
583:Voter suppression
563:Ballot harvesting
541:
540:
502:Paradox of voting
468:
467:
451:None of the above
383:Voting strategies
374:
373:
284:Cumulative voting
218:Electoral systems
208:
207:
143:Electronic voting
133:Compulsory voting
4164:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4017:
4006:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3954:
3945:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3926:
3915:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3866:
3848:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3750:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3699:
3690:
3689:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3652:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3596:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3548:on 23 April 2010
3547:
3540:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3512:. Archived from
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3487:. Archived from
3481:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3426:. Archived from
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3397:. Archived from
3387:
3381:
3380:(March 6, 2017).
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3257:. Archived from
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3229:
3223:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3038:www.oneindia.com
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2964:. Archived from
2963:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2842:www.wahlrecht.de
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2748:
2742:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2691:www.elections.ca
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2666:www.elections.ca
2657:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2601:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2526:10.2307/20634455
2504:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2406:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2233:The RISKS Digest
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2087:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2045:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2013:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1769:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1723:
1714:. pp. 1–8.
1706:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1674:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1644:
1509:Northern Ireland
1326:consulate office
1258:Barisan Nasional
667:
660:
653:
639:
638:
557:
556:
517:Political apathy
481:
480:
446:Election boycott
387:
386:
241:Two-round system
223:
222:
52:
51:
41:
19:
18:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4120:
4118:
4100:
4096:
4087:
4085:
4067:
4063:
4054:
4052:
4034:
4030:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3986:
3984:
3974:
3970:
3961:
3959:
3952:
3946:
3939:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3895:
3893:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3817:
3813:
3804:
3802:
3784:
3780:
3771:
3769:
3751:
3744:
3735:
3733:
3725:
3724:
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3672:
3668:
3659:
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3650:
3644:
3640:
3617:
3613:
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3576:
3574:
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3565:
3561:
3551:
3549:
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3538:
3532:
3528:
3519:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3494:
3492:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3433:
3431:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3404:
3402:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3337:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3316:
3314:
3313:. March 3, 2008
3305:
3304:
3300:
3291:
3289:
3288:(in Indonesian)
3278:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3261:on 5 April 2011
3253:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3221:Wayback Machine
3212:
3208:
3198:
3196:
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3182:
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3171:
3155:
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3141:
3139:
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3116:
3114:
3106:
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3101:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3066:. 2 April 2019.
3058:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3040:. 29 April 2014
3032:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3006:
3005:
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2991:
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2810:
2808:
2798:
2794:
2785:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2760:
2758:
2752:"Postal voting"
2750:
2749:
2745:
2739:Washington Post
2732:
2728:
2719:
2717:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2695:
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2683:
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2670:
2668:
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2620:
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2488:
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2472:
2462:
2460:
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2427:
2426:
2422:
2413:
2411:
2404:
2398:
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2383:
2375:
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2325:
2323:
2319:
2310:
2308:
2298:
2294:
2285:
2283:
2273:
2269:
2260:
2258:
2248:
2244:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2188:Gupta, Manhar.
2186:
2182:
2173:
2171:
2161:
2154:
2145:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2104:
2085:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2030:
2026:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1980:
1955:
1951:
1942:
1940:
1938:Verified Voting
1932:
1931:
1927:
1918:
1916:
1906:
1899:
1890:
1888:
1882:
1878:
1869:
1867:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1842:
1840:
1830:
1823:
1792:
1785:
1776:
1774:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1740:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1687:
1676:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1604:
1596:vote monitoring
1592:
1583:
1542:
1532:
1501:
1495:
1479:
1443:
1437:
1428:
1392:
1330:mail-in ballots
1310:
1294:
1274:
1246:
1225:
1213:
1180:
1151:
1095:
1089:
1069:
1061:Wayback Machine
1049:
1026:
1017:
990:
971:
959:
929:
916:South Australia
889:Cook government
862:
857:
840:
834:
832:Internet voting
816:
789:
781:ballot tracking
773:
760:
755:
743:vote monitoring
688:polling station
680:absentee ballot
677:
671:
633:
628:
627:
568:Ballot stuffing
554:
551:Electoral fraud
543:
542:
487:Coattail effect
478:
470:
469:
413:Tactical voting
384:
376:
375:
289:Binomial system
220:
210:
209:
88:Ballot measures
65:Absentee ballot
49:
24:Politics series
17:
12:
11:
5:
4170:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4128:
4127:
4094:
4061:
4028:
3993:
3968:
3937:
3902:
3878:
3811:
3778:
3742:
3718:
3691:
3666:
3638:
3611:
3583:
3559:
3526:
3501:
3476:
3464:
3449:
3440:
3430:on 29 May 2010
3411:
3401:on 26 May 2010
3382:
3365:
3344:
3323:
3298:
3272:
3246:
3224:
3206:
3180:
3163:. 2020-06-29.
3148:
3123:
3099:
3081:
3069:
3051:
3025:
2999:
2974:
2950:
2939:(in Hungarian)
2924:
2913:(in Hungarian)
2898:
2887:(in Hungarian)
2872:
2847:
2829:
2817:
2792:
2767:
2743:
2726:
2702:
2677:
2652:
2637:
2613:
2588:
2573:
2560:978-1862877252
2559:
2539:
2496:
2470:
2444:
2420:
2392:
2367:
2342:
2317:
2292:
2267:
2242:
2219:
2199:
2180:
2152:
2142:. 6 March 2011
2123:
2102:
2067:
2060:
2024:
1999:
1978:
1970:10.17226/25120
1949:
1925:
1897:
1876:
1852:
1821:
1802:(3): 857–881.
1783:
1753:
1738:
1696:
1664:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1531:
1528:
1497:Main article:
1494:
1493:United Kingdom
1491:
1478:
1475:
1439:Main article:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1391:
1388:
1376:Vice President
1309:
1306:
1293:
1290:
1273:
1270:
1266:2008 elections
1245:
1242:
1224:
1221:
1212:
1209:
1192:Seanad Éireann
1179:
1176:
1150:
1147:
1104:service voters
1091:Main article:
1088:
1085:
1068:
1065:
1048:
1045:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1013:
989:
986:
970:
967:
958:
955:
928:
925:
861:
858:
856:
853:
836:Main article:
833:
830:
815:
812:
804:United Kingdom
788:
785:
772:
769:
759:
756:
754:
751:
715:election day.
673:
672:
670:
669:
662:
655:
647:
644:
643:
630:
629:
624:
623:
622:
621:
616:
611:
606:
598:
597:
593:
592:
591:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
555:
553:and prevention
549:
548:
545:
544:
539:
538:
532:
531:
530:
529:
524:
519:
514:
512:Vote splitting
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
466:
465:
464:
463:
458:
456:Refused ballot
453:
448:
443:
438:
430:
429:
423:
422:
421:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
372:
371:
370:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
316:
315:
309:
308:
307:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
273:
272:
266:
265:
264:
263:
261:Usual judgment
258:
256:General ticket
253:
248:
243:
238:
230:
229:
221:
216:
215:
212:
211:
206:
205:
204:
203:
201:Voting machine
198:
193:
185:
184:
178:
177:
176:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
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122:
121:
117:
116:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
91:
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80:
79:
78:
77:
72:
67:
59:
58:
50:
47:
46:
43:
42:
34:
33:
27:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4169:
4158:
4155:
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4150:
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4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4032:
4018:on 2020-04-18
4014:
4010:
4003:
3997:
3983:
3979:
3972:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3942:
3927:on 2020-06-06
3923:
3919:
3912:
3906:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3874:
3870:
3865:
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3856:
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3793:
3789:
3782:
3768:
3764:
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3756:
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3722:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3600:
3593:
3587:
3573:
3569:
3568:"How to vote"
3563:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3491:on 2011-05-26
3490:
3486:
3480:
3473:
3468:
3460:
3453:
3444:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3400:
3396:
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3379:
3375:
3369:
3354:
3348:
3333:
3327:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3210:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3137:
3136:Deccan Herald
3133:
3127:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3078:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2967:
2960:
2954:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2826:
2821:
2807:
2806:Bloomberg.com
2803:
2796:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2740:
2736:
2733:Brad Plumer,
2730:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2648:
2641:
2627:
2626:www.bmi.gv.at
2623:
2617:
2598:
2592:
2584:
2577:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2484:
2477:
2475:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2212:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2157:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2103:9781450329576
2099:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2010:
2003:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1953:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1902:
1887:
1880:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1849:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1788:
1773:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1628:Vote counting
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1618:Secret ballot
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1587:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1541:
1537:
1530:United States
1527:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1459:Geneva Canton
1456:
1451:
1448:
1447:postal voting
1442:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:Anwar Ibrahim
1251:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1220:
1217:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1160:
1155:
1146:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1054:various tools
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
985:
984:of electors.
981:
978:
977:
966:
964:
954:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
935:
924:
922:
917:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
897:1914 election
895:prior to the
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:1903 election
878:
873:
871:
866:
852:
848:
846:
839:
829:
827:
826:secret ballot
823:
822:
811:
809:
805:
800:
796:
793:
784:
782:
778:
771:Postal voting
768:
764:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
716:
713:
709:
705:
704:voter turnout
701:
700:online voting
697:
693:
692:postal voting
689:
685:
681:
668:
663:
661:
656:
654:
649:
648:
646:
645:
642:
637:
632:
631:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
609:Secret ballot
607:
605:
602:
601:
600:
599:
595:
594:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
559:
558:
552:
547:
546:
537:
536:Protest votes
534:
533:
528:
527:Voter turnout
525:
523:
522:Voter fatigue
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
483:
482:
474:
473:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
432:
431:
428:
427:Protest votes
425:
424:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
398:Fusion voting
396:
394:
391:
390:
389:
388:
380:
379:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
318:
317:
314:
311:
310:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
275:
274:
271:
268:
267:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
232:
231:
228:
225:
224:
219:
214:
213:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
187:
186:
183:
180:
179:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
158:Postal voting
156:
154:
153:Polling place
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
125:
124:
123:
119:
118:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
93:
92:
89:
85:
82:
81:
76:
75:Sample ballot
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
61:
60:
57:
54:
53:
45:
44:
40:
36:
35:
32:
29:
28:
25:
21:
20:
4119:. Retrieved
4107:
4097:
4086:. Retrieved
4074:
4064:
4053:. Retrieved
4041:
4031:
4020:. Retrieved
4013:the original
4008:
3996:
3985:. Retrieved
3982:Who What Why
3981:
3971:
3960:. Retrieved
3957:ACLU-Florida
3956:
3929:. Retrieved
3922:the original
3917:
3905:
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1686:. 2020-05-04
1683:PBS NewsHour
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1654:. 2019-08-02
1652:www.ncsl.org
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712:Early voting
696:proxy voting
679:
676:
604:Election ink
588:Voter caging
497:Likely voter
418:Vote pairing
393:Issue voting
191:Popular vote
173:Voting booth
138:Early voting
64:
22:Part of the
3372:Josh Lowe,
2782:(in French)
2508:Aitkin, Don
1623:Vote center
1598:in Russia.
1467:Basel-Stadt
1435:Switzerland
1308:Philippines
1298:Netherlands
1292:Netherlands
777:postal vote
735:voter fraud
578:Vote buying
461:Spoilt vote
441:Donkey vote
168:Vote center
148:Open ballot
4136:Categories
4121:2020-09-23
4088:2020-06-02
4055:2020-06-12
4022:2020-06-01
3987:2020-06-18
3962:2020-06-01
3931:2020-06-18
3896:2020-07-02
3805:2020-05-17
3772:2020-05-28
3736:2020-07-02
3712:2020-07-02
3660:2020-06-15
3605:2020-07-31
3577:2020-07-31
3520:2011-01-15
3495:2011-01-15
3434:2010-05-29
3405:2010-05-29
3338:2008-04-24
3317:2008-04-24
3292:2024-06-14
3174:2020-06-30
3142:2020-06-30
3117:2020-06-30
3064:First Post
2811:2020-05-17
2786:2020-08-13
2761:2020-08-06
2720:2020-11-05
2696:2020-08-06
2671:2020-08-06
2631:2020-08-06
2438:2020-07-29
2414:2020-07-29
2386:2020-07-29
2361:2020-07-29
2349:ProxyVote
2336:2020-07-29
2311:2020-07-29
2286:2020-07-29
2261:2020-06-23
2174:2020-06-20
2146:2020-06-20
2117:3 December
2043:1504.05646
2018:2020-06-23
1993:2020-06-23
1943:2020-06-20
1919:2020-06-23
1891:2020-07-25
1870:2020-07-02
1843:2020-06-15
1777:2020-06-12
1721:1507.07909
1690:2020-07-25
1658:2020-07-31
1634:References
1318:Philippine
908:Federation
855:By country
792:All-postal
596:Prevention
436:Abstention
304:Spare vote
294:Party-list
128:Ballot box
120:Collection
102:Electorate
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4142:Elections
4116:0362-4331
4083:0099-9660
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3855:0027-8424
3800:0362-4331
3767:0362-4331
3194:The Hindu
3169:0971-751X
3161:The Hindu
3108:"Twitter"
2860:europa.eu
1988:158434942
1816:0007-1234
1748:206932295
1372:President
1353:Singapore
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1116:Prisoners
1000:uses the
910:in 1901,
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720:Australia
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3873:32518108
3378:Newsweek
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3217:Archived
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1067:Hungary
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1024:France
1009:debate
969:Canada
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112:Ticket
31:Voting
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