699:
935:
business practices and b) untrue or misleading advertising. The
Uniform Act contains a private remedy with attorneys fees for prevailing parties where the losing party "willfully engaged in the trade practice knowing it to be deceptive". Uniform Act §3(b). Missouri has a similar statute called the Merchandising Practices Act. This statute allows local prosecutors or the Attorney General to press charges against people who knowingly use deceptive business practices in a consumer transaction and authorizes consumers to hire a private attorney to bring an action seeking their actual damages, punitive damages, and attorney's fees.
638:. Brazilian law mandates "The offer and presentation of products or services must ensure correct, clear, accurate and conspicuous information in the Portuguese language about their characteristics, qualities, quantity, composition, price, guarantee, validity and origin, among other data, as well as the risks they pose to the health and safety of consumers." In Brazil, the consumer does not have to bring forward evidence that the defender is guilty. Instead, the defense has to bring forward evidence that they are innocent. In the case of Brazil, they narrowly
710:
725:. Under this law, Separate Consumer Dispute Redress Forums have been set up throughout India in every district in which a consumer can file their complaint on a simple paper with nominal court fees and their complaint will be decided by the Presiding Officer of the District Level. The complaint can be filed by both the consumer of a goods as well as of the services. An appeal could be filed to the State Consumer Disputes Redress Commissions and after that to the National Consumer Disputes RedresaRedressalsion (NCDRC). The procedures in these
987:" techniques. A court will award the plaintiff the damages if they can prove the (1) defendant knowingly and intentionally violated the MGL 93A agreement or (2) the defendant would not "grant relief in bad faith" knowing that the actions violated the MGL 93A agreement. Additionally, failure to disclose refund/ return policy, warranties, and critical information about the product/service are all in violation of the legislation, and can result in triple damages and lawyer fees.
763:, whose aim is to protect and enhance consumers' interest through information, education, and enforcement of the rights of consumers was established by an Act of Parliament o promote and protect the interest of consumers over all products and services. In a nutshell, it is empowered to eliminate hazardous & substandard goods from the market. Provide speedy redress to consumer complaints and petition arisen from fraud, unfair practice, and exploitation of the consumer.
876:
51:
1977:
787:, as promulgated on 11 January 1994, and effective on 13 January 1993, specifically protects the interests and safety of customers using the products or services provided by business operators. The Consumer Protection Commission of Executive Yuan serves as an ombudsman supervising, coordinating, reporting any unsafe products/services, and periodically reviewing the legislation.
962:
Considering the state of
Massachusetts, the Massachusetts Consumer Protection Law, MGL 93A, clearly highlights the rights and violations of consumer protection law in the state. The chapter explains what actions are considered illegal under the law for which a party can seek monetary damages from the
958:
Other states have been the leaders in specific aspects of consumer protection. For example, Florida, Delaware, and
Minnesota have legislated requirements that contracts be written at reasonable readability levels as a large proportion of contracts cannot be understood by most consumers who sign them.
790:
According to the
Pacific Rim Law & Policy Association and the American Chamber of Commerce, in a 1997 critical study, the law has been criticized by stating that "although many agree that the intent of the CPL is fair, the CPL's various problems, such as ambiguous terminology, favoritism towards
770:
The long title of the Act reads: "This Act establishes the
Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission and the Competition and Consumer Protection Tribunal for the promotion of competition in the Nigerian market at all levels by eliminating monopolies, prohibiting abuse of dominant market
746:
The
Agriculture Produce Act of 1937 act provides grade standards for agricultural commodities and livestock products. It specifies the conditions which govern the use of standards and lays down the procedure for grading, marking, and packaging of agricultural produce. The quality mark provided under
934:
At the state level, many states have adopted the
Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act including, but not limited to, Delaware, Illinois, Maine, and Nebraska. The deceptive trade practices prohibited by the Uniform Act can be roughly subdivided into conduct involving either a) unfair or fraudulent
472:
to gain an advantage over competitors or to mislead consumers. They may also provide additional protection for the general public which may be impacted by a product (or its production) even when they are not the direct purchaser or consumer of that product. For example, government regulations may
779:
Modern
Taiwanese law has been heavily influenced by the European civil law systems, particularly German and Swiss law. The Civil Code in Taiwan contains five books: General Principles, Obligations, Rights over Things, Family, and Succession. The second book of the Code, the Book of Obligations,
511:
A consumer is defined as someone who acquires goods or services for direct use or ownership rather than for resale or use in production and manufacturing. Consumer interests can also serve consumers, consistent with economic efficiency, but this topic is treated in competition law. Consumer
766:
On 5 February 2019, the
President of Nigeria, Muhammadu Buhari, assented to the new Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission Bill, 2018. Thus, the bill became a law of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and binding on entities and organizations so specified in the Act.
954:
State and federal laws provide for "cooling off" periods giving consumers the right to cancel contracts within a certain time period for several specified types of transactions, potentially including transactions entered into at home, and warranty and repair services contracts.
639:
739:
lays down the conditions in which promises made by parties to a contract will be legally binding on each other. It also lays down the remedies available to the aggregate party if the other party fails to honor their promise.
938:
Also, the majority of states have a
Department of Consumer Affairs devoted to regulating certain industries and protecting consumers who use goods and services from those industries. For example, in California, the
169:
771:
position and penalizing other restrictive trade and business practices." The Act further repealed the hitherto Nigerian Consumer Protection Council Act and transferred its core mandate to the new Commission.
586:, and other consumer/business interactions. It is a way of preventing frauds and scams from service and sales contracts, eligible fraud, bill collector regulation, pricing, utility turnoffs, consolidation,
484:, which help consumers make better choices in the marketplace and pursue complaints against businesses. Entities that promote consumer protection include government organizations (such as the
566:
relationships between individual consumers and the businesses that sell those goods and services. Consumer protection covers a wide range of topics, including but not necessarily limited to
680:
When issuing public warnings about products and services, the issuing authority has to take into account that this affects the supplier's constitutionally protected economic liberty, see
791:
consumer protection groups, and the compensation liability defense, must be addressed before the CPL becomes a truly effective piece of legislation that will protect consumers"
729:
are relatively less formal and more people-friendly and they also take less time to decide upon a consumer dispute when compared to the years-long time taken by the traditional
943:
regulates about 2.3 million professionals in over 230 different professions, through its forty regulatory entities. In addition, California encourages its consumers to act as
760:
473:
require businesses to disclose detailed information about their products—particularly in areas where public health or safety is an issue, such as with food or automobiles.
618:
has responsibility for consumer protection regulation of financial services and products. However, in practice, it does so through privately run EDR schemes such as the
1993:
759:
The Nigerian government must protect its people from any form of harm to human health through the use and purchase of items to meet daily needs. In light of this, the
1828:
1008:
661:
of the European Union; residents may be directly bound by EU regulations. A minister of the federal cabinet is responsible for consumer rights and protection (
743:
The Sale of Goods Act of 1930 provides some safeguards to buyers of goods if goods purchased do not fulfill the express or implied conditions and warranties.
642:
are, so that they can protect consumers from international channels trade laws and protect them from negligence and misconduct from international suppliers.
243:
1181:
1051:
828:
of the European Union. Specifics of the division of roles between the EU and the UK are detailed here. Domestic (UK) laws originated within the ambit of
2168:
1642:
615:
1536:
1724:
611:
840:, it is emerging as an independent area of law. In many circumstances, where domestic law is in question, the matter is judicially treated as
508:
that advocate for consumer protection laws and help to ensure their enforcement (such as consumer protection agencies and watchdog groups).
1581:
1946:
1754:
1092:
2222:
1674:
940:
800:
619:
1549:
1036:
2010:
258:
1028:
1594:
1200:
2044:
1481:
1174:
1166:
1041:
1222:
Division 2 of Part 2 of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001 about financial services and products.
1981:
1288:
1018:
920:
892:
103:
631:
414:
199:
1147:
1067:
896:
1347:
1322:
1126:
1109:
1085:
864:
594:. There have been some arguments that consumer law is also a better way to engage in large-scale redistribution than
108:
1616:
2263:
1919:
1204:
1194:
440:
2004:
1894:
1869:
780:
provided the basis from which consumers could bring product liability actions prior to the enactment of the CPL.
75:
65:
464:
protection measures are often established by law. Such laws are intended to prevent businesses from engaging in
2215:
2013:, a portal for consumers to report complaints concerning online and related transactions with foreign companies
1841:
1046:
912:
551:
1784:
456:
is the practice of safeguarding buyers of goods and services, and the public, against unfair practices in the
1688:
722:
693:
513:
505:
978:
A business fails to tell you relevant information regarding your product or service misleads you in any way.
2258:
1073:
948:
924:
806:
80:
17:
598:
because it does not necessitate legislation and can be more efficient, given the complexities of tax law.
1811:"Consumer's Rights to Cancel Home Solicitation Contracts K-9 - California Department of Consumer Affairs"
1649:
1063:
733:. In recent years, many effective judgments have been passed by some state and National Consumer Forums.
226:
221:
70:
1706:
963:
other party at fault. Some examples of practices that constitute a Chapter 93A violation would be when:
1122:
928:
469:
154:
98:
1829:"A Solution to the Problem of Consumer Contracts That Cannot be Understood by Consumers Who Sign Them"
2163:
2112:
2037:
1141:
900:
891:
a variety of laws at both the federal and state levels regulate consumer affairs. Among them are the
879:
Consumer protection laws often mandate the posting of notices, such as this one which appears in all
736:
575:
389:
1732:
1518:
983:
The laws under MGL 93A prohibit activities that relate to overpricing to a consumer and the use of "
1312:
1077:
1013:
944:
916:
810:
698:
681:
485:
1528:
2143:
1283:
1217:
908:
1197:– prohibits production or sale of devices or services intended to circumvent copyright measures.
2227:
1248:
1105:
860:
635:
493:
309:
1762:
1667:"Title 6 - Chapter 25. Prohibited Trade Practices - Subchapter III. Deceptive Trade Practices"
2210:
1810:
1352:
1278:
1268:
481:
394:
334:
194:
189:
124:
1169:(RESPA) – prohibits kickbacks and requires lenders to provide a good faith estimate of costs
2030:
1666:
1337:
1153:
904:
433:
369:
253:
164:
149:
144:
134:
8:
2117:
2107:
2092:
1755:"Missouri Revisor of Statutes - Revised Statutes of Missouri, RSMo, Missouri Law, MO Law"
1563:
1406:
1327:
1307:
1156:(TILA) – requires clear disclosure of key terms of the lending arrangement and all costs.
1023:
384:
364:
304:
238:
1144:(FRCA) – regulates the collection, dissemination, and use of consumer credit information
2153:
2148:
1357:
1273:
1263:
1238:
825:
658:
562:
Consumer protection law or consumer law is considered as an area of law that regulates
545:
404:
399:
329:
273:
231:
204:
1456:
1431:
1129:(FCC) to regulate all radio and interstate cable, phone, and satellite communications.
973:
The refund policy is not clearly posted where it can be readily noticed and understood
709:
2158:
2138:
2122:
1582:"The Taiwan Consumer Protection Law: Attempt to Protect Consumers Proves Ineffective"
1302:
583:
567:
409:
374:
359:
278:
263:
211:
184:
2097:
2087:
1293:
730:
354:
1485:
2237:
1532:
1370:
1253:
1134:
996:
984:
824:, but during the transition period (until end of 2020) the UK was still bound by
426:
379:
349:
319:
314:
216:
31:
2194:
1385:
1342:
821:
817:
666:
654:
587:
571:
344:
324:
268:
2252:
2184:
888:
880:
489:
339:
129:
630:
In Brazil, consumer protection is regulated by the Consumer's Defense Code (
1380:
1258:
853:
674:
288:
283:
248:
179:
174:
159:
89:
875:
2232:
2077:
2053:
1595:"EU law and the balance of competences: A short guide and glossary, 2012"
1525:
1375:
1317:
1080:(FTC) to prevent unfair competition, deceptive acts, regulate trade, etc.
849:
670:
563:
524:
457:
1988:
519:
Efforts made for the protection of consumer's rights and interests are:
1526:"Consumer Protection and National Consumer Disputes Redress Commission"
1150:(FDCPA) – eliminates abusive consumer practices, ensures fairness, etc.
591:
2189:
1332:
1243:
1070:
the power to develop safety standards and pursue recalls for products
607:
1407:"Broadening Consumer Law: Competition, Protection, and Distribution"
2082:
845:
829:
726:
461:
50:
2017:
International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN)
1725:"Nebraska State Statutes - Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act"
650:
595:
501:
1095:– allows US consumers to limit telemarketing calls they receive.
968:
A Business charges a consumer higher rates than the marked price
30:"Consumer Affairs" redirects here. For the dot-com company, see
1998:
1976:
837:
784:
748:
703:
684:(Federal Administrative Court) Case 3 C 34.84, 71 BVerwGE 183.
497:
42:
2022:
915:. Federal consumer protection laws are mainly enforced by the
761:
Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (FCCPC)
1184:(HIPAA) – provides consumer protection for health information
718:
579:
465:
1846:
The 191st general court of the commonwealth of Massachusetts
1817:. California Department of Consumer Affairs. September 2010.
1297:
1033:
Sale and Supply of Goods to Consumers Regulations 2002/3045
841:
833:
1564:"Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China"
1921:
Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 2001
1507:
1009:
Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000
640:
define what a consumer, supplier, product, and services
614:
or the individual State Consumer Affairs agencies. The
492:), self-regulating business organizations (such as the
1785:"Buyer's Remorse: The FTC's Cooling-Off Rule May Help"
2016:
1994:
Role of Regulators in Consumer Protection: Discussion
1689:"815 ILCS 510/ Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act"
805:
The main consumer protection laws in the UK are the
516:
organizations and individuals as consumer activism.
1182:
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
1052:
Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999
1597:. Foreign & Commonwealth Office. 21 March 2013
859:Consumer protection issues were dealt with by the
2169:United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection
1508:"National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission"
2250:
1617:"New competition authority comes into existence"
616:Australian Securities and Investments Commission
1643:"Revised Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act"
1584:Pacific Rim Law & Policy Association, 1997.
1537:National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
612:Australian Competition and Consumer Commission
2038:
476:Consumer protection is linked to the idea of
434:
1707:"Title 10, §1212: Deceptive trade practices"
1895:"The Massachusetts Consumer Protection Law"
1870:"The Massachusetts Consumer Protection Law"
1864:
1862:
1093:United States National Do Not Call Registry
2045:
2031:
1482:"DFR - BVerwGE 71, 183 - Transparenzliste"
721:, consumer protection is specified in The
702:Sign showing Code of Buyers. Fuel outlet,
441:
427:
27:Protect consumers against unfair practices
1112:(FDA) to regulate foods, drugs, and more.
941:California Department of Consumer Affairs
801:Consumer protection in the United Kingdom
620:Australian Financial Complaints Authority
1859:
1037:Supply of Goods (Implied Terms) Act 1973
874:
708:
697:
1655:on 21 August 2010 – via Penn Law.
1404:
1029:General Product Safety Regulations 2005
14:
2251:
947:through the liberal provisions of its
657:, is bound by the consumer protection
2026:
1677:from the original on 26 January 2021.
1167:Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act
1042:Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982
783:The Consumer Protection Law (CPL) in
1956:. Library of the European Parliament
1947:"The notion of 'consumer' in EU law"
1426:
1424:
1019:Electronic Commerce Regulations 2002
921:Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
893:Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
512:protection can also be asserted via
2062:the philosophy of and activism for
2005:OECD Consumer Policy Toolkit Report
1201:Digital Media Consumers' Rights Act
1002:
713:Code of Seller. Fuel outlet, Jaipur
24:
1938:
1550:"(TAIWAN) CONSUMER PROTECTION LAW"
1231:
1148:Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
1068:Consumer Product Safety Commission
1057:
897:Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
610:, the corresponding agency is the
25:
2275:
1969:
1944:
1449:
1421:
1405:Van Loo, Rory (1 November 2019).
1348:Telephone Consumer Protection Act
1323:List of food labeling regulations
1127:Federal Communications Commission
1110:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
865:Competition and Markets Authority
794:
1975:
1205:Digital Millennium Copyright Act
1195:Digital Millennium Copyright Act
870:
49:
2052:
1912:
1887:
1834:
1821:
1803:
1777:
1747:
1717:
1699:
1681:
1659:
1635:
1609:
1587:
557:
76:Natural rights and legal rights
66:Claim rights and liberty rights
1574:
1556:
1542:
1500:
1474:
1398:
1210:
1203:(proposed) – would repeal the
1047:Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977
632:CĂłdigo de Defesa do Consumidor
552:right to a healthy environment
506:non-governmental organizations
13:
1:
1391:
1108:– led to the creation of the
863:before 2014. Since then, the
723:Consumer Protection Act, 2019
694:Consumer Protection Act, 1986
523:The right to satisfaction of
104:Economic, social and cultural
1074:Federal Trade Commission Act
949:Consumers Legal Remedies Act
925:Food and Drug Administration
807:Consumer Protection Act 1987
601:
400:Self-determination of people
81:Negative and positive rights
7:
1226:
1064:Consumer Product Safety Act
836:but, with the influence of
653:, as a member state of the
636:1988 Constitution of Brazil
71:Individual and group rights
10:
2280:
1123:Communications Act of 1934
929:U.S. Department of Justice
798:
754:
691:
645:
29:
2203:
2177:
2164:Collaborative consumption
2131:
2113:Consumer welfare standard
2070:
2060:
2001:Consumer Safety in the EU
1364:
1142:Fair Credit Reporting Act
945:private attorneys general
901:Fair Credit Reporting Act
774:
737:Indian Contract Act, 1872
663:Verbraucherschutzminister
625:
576:unfair business practices
1729:www.nebraskaautobody.com
1711:www.mainelegislature.org
1539:. Accessed 25 June 2013.
1313:Federal Trade Commission
1078:Federal Trade Commission
1014:Consumer Rights Act 2015
917:Federal Trade Commission
867:has taken on this role.
811:Consumer Rights Act 2015
751:-Agriculture Marketing.
687:
682:Bundesverwaltungsgericht
532:The right to be informed
486:Federal Trade Commission
480:and to the formation of
58:Theoretical distinctions
2264:Consumer protection law
2144:Consumer Bill of Rights
1989:Consumers International
1284:Consumers International
1218:Australian Consumer Law
990:
909:Fair Credit Billing Act
494:Better Business Bureaus
2228:Ellen Swallow Richards
2223:Consumers' Association
2211:Consumer organizations
1524:V. Balakrishna Eradi,
1249:Better Business Bureau
1106:Pure Food and Drug Act
913:Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
884:
861:Office of Fair Trading
714:
706:
634:), as mandated by the
482:consumer organizations
297:Other groups of rights
1984:at Wikimedia Commons
1411:Notre Dame Law Review
1353:Transparency (market)
1279:Consumer organization
1269:Competition regulator
878:
712:
701:
538:The right to be heard
117:Rights by beneficiary
1671:Delaware Code Online
1531:21 July 2011 at the
1338:Planned obsolescence
1154:Truth in Lending Act
905:Truth in Lending Act
883:shops in California.
747:the act is known as
541:The right to redress
415:Water and sanitation
2259:Consumer protection
2118:Ethical consumerism
2108:Consumer revolution
2103:Consumer protection
2093:Consumer capitalism
2064:consumer protection
1982:Consumer protection
1831:, Scriptamus, 2009.
1765:on 13 February 2015
1488:on 19 February 2007
1461:www.planalto.gov.br
1436:www.planalto.gov.br
1328:Mandatory labelling
1308:Fairtrade labelling
1024:Enterprise Act 2002
535:The right to choose
529:The right to safety
454:Consumer protection
99:Civil and political
2154:Consumer education
2149:Consumer complaint
1735:on 17 January 2012
1358:Unfair competition
1289:Cooling-off period
1274:Consumer complaint
1264:Competition policy
1239:Airline complaints
885:
715:
707:
546:consumer education
2246:
2245:
2159:Consumer movement
2139:Consumer activism
2123:Informed consumer
1980:Media related to
1303:Extended warranty
881:automotive repair
590:that may lead to
584:misrepresentation
568:product liability
451:
450:
109:Three generations
16:(Redirected from
2271:
2098:Consumer privacy
2088:Anti-consumerism
2047:
2040:
2033:
2024:
2023:
1999:Health-EU Portal
1979:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1954:Library Briefing
1951:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1838:
1832:
1827:Lewis D. Eigen,
1825:
1819:
1818:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1761:. Archived from
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1731:. Archived from
1721:
1715:
1714:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1648:. Archived from
1647:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1623:. 1 October 2013
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1591:
1585:
1580:Carol T. Juang,
1578:
1572:
1571:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1540:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1484:. Archived from
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1402:
1175:Health insurance
731:Indian judiciary
470:unfair practices
443:
436:
429:
390:Rest and leisure
53:
39:
38:
21:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2238:Esther Peterson
2199:
2178:Fields of study
2173:
2127:
2066:
2056:
2051:
1972:
1959:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1939:Further reading
1936:
1935:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1826:
1822:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1789:Consumer Advice
1783:
1782:
1778:
1768:
1766:
1759:www.moga.mo.gov
1753:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1533:Wayback Machine
1523:
1519:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1371:Florence Kelley
1367:
1362:
1254:Cannabis rights
1234:
1232:Consumer issues
1229:
1213:
1060:
1005:
997:Competition law
993:
985:Bait and Switch
873:
803:
797:
777:
757:
696:
690:
667:current cabinet
648:
628:
604:
560:
478:consumer rights
447:
320:Civil liberties
35:
32:ConsumerAffairs
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1769:13 February
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564:private law
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360:Linguistic
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315:Asylum
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259:Robots
249:Plants
180:Humans
165:Family
160:Elders
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1960:6 May
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279:Women
195:Kings
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1962:2013
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1906:2020
1881:2020
1853:2020
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