438:(Code of Indigenous Status) promulgated for Algeria in 1881 and extended to French Equatorial Africa in 1910, nationals in the new colonies followed customary law. On 23 May 1912, a decree was issued specifically addressing the status of French Equatorial Africans. Under its terms, native persons born in Equatorial Africa were nationals of France but not citizens and were subject to the Indigenous Code. Upon reaching the age of twenty-one, they could be naturalized; however, the law was explicit that neither a wife nor the children of a naturalized Equatorial African automatically derived his French nationality. Only if the spouses were married under French law and the children registered in the Civil Registry could they acquire the status of the husband or father. To naturalize Equatorial Africans had to be able to both read and write French and had to have served in the French military service or have been decorated with the
462:
France to native-born French women married to foreigners to acquire their nationality from their mothers. When it was implemented it included
Guadeloupe, Martinique and RĂ©union but was extended to the remaining French possessions for French citizens only in 1928. Under Article 26 of the 1928 decree was the stipulation that it did not apply to natives of the French possessions except in Algeria, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and RĂ©union. A decade later, the legal incapacity of married women was finally invalidated for French citizens. In 1939, France determined that marriage and inheritance were too significant to continue being dealt with in native courts. That year, the
510:
adopted, establishing the definitions to acquire
Congolese nationality. Under its terms a child could derive nationality from either parent, or if the parent was unknown or stateless and they were born within the territory. Wives of Congolese nationals automatically obtained the nationality of their spouse upon marriage and foreigners were allowed to naturalize after a residency period of ten years. There were no provisions for the husband of a Congolese national woman to gain nationality through marriage. A new constitution was promulgated in 1963 to establish a parliamentary government with a presidential style system. In 1968 a
48:
526:
both adult and minor children to acquire nationality when an applicant was naturalized and for foreigners who had performed exceptional services to the nation. The
Constitution of 2002 allowed Congolese to acquire dual nationality. On 3 October 2011, the Nationality Code was amended (Loi N°. 32-2011), effective from 20 January 2002, repealing the requirement for applicants being naturalized to renounce other nationality. In 2016 a proposal was under consideration to merge the Nationality Code with the Family Code, but no proposals had been adopted by 2018.
236:. From the early fifteenth century, a political system evolved where in a single person was elected and began representing multiple kanda rather than his own kin to establish cooperation in trade and taxation, so that goods could safely pass among them. Marriage was used to create alliances among various groups and solidify cooperation. As the networks begin kanda grew and power accumulated, weaker groups were absorbed and became subjugated to the ruler. Governors ruled chiefdoms throughout the region extracting
493:. In 1945, a new Code of French Nationality was passed, which conferred once again automatic French nationality on foreign wives of French men, but allowed mothers who were French nationals to pass their nationality to children born outside of France. It expressly applied to Algeria, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and RĂ©union and was extended to the Overseas Territories in 1953, but in the case of the latter had distinctions for the rights of those who were naturalized.
434:. Under its terms, women who would become stateless by the rule to acquire their spouse's nationality were allowed to retain their French nationality upon marriage. The Nationality Law was modified in 1897 when it was extended to the remainder of the French colonies. Clarification in the 1897 decree included that bestowing nationality by birth in French territory only applied to children born in France, restoring descent requirements for the colonies. Under the
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501:. With the passage of the 1958 French Constitution, nationality provisions were standardized for France, Overseas Departments, and Overseas Territories. Article 86 excluded the possibility for independence of the colonies. The French Constitution was amended on 1960 to allow states to maintain membership in the Community even if they were independent republics. In July 1960, negotiations in Paris set terms for independence and a transfer of power.
387:(Society of Upper Ogooué) in Gabon, granting them a monopoly on trade in exchange for governing the region. De Brazza left the Congo in 1897, but his successors continued using corporate trade concessions to manage affairs in the French possessions licensing forty companies. On 29 December 1903, France issued a decree placing Gabon, Moyen-Congo (Middle Congo, the previous colony of French Congo), the newly established territories of
415:
children were barred from inheritance and nationality could only be transmitted through a father. Non-citizen nationals were governed by traditional laws concerning marriage and inheritance which placed the well-being of the community above individual rights. These laws prevented a wife from being treated as a slave, required her husband to support her, and entitled her kin to a
454:
obtained a university degree, having rendered service to the nation, having attained the rank of an officer or received a medal from the French army, who had married a
Frenchwoman and established a one-year residency; or who had resided for more than ten years in a colony other than their country of origin. A 14 January 1918 decree written for Equatorial Africa and
303:, which included Nsanga and Masinga, two copper producing towns which were aligned with the Tio Kingdom. Throughout his reign Afonso was involved in the slave trade with the Portuguese, who needed the labor for their Brazilian plantations. Upon Afonso's death, the kingdom weakened and saw a succession of short-lived monarchs reign between 1545 and 1568, when
180:
one or more years; have good mental and physical health; have sufficient means to sustain themselves economically; and have resided in the country for ten years. There are no provisions in the
Nationality Law for children who have been adopted by Congolese parents. Besides foreigners meeting the criteria, other persons who may be naturalized include:
379:. By 1885, the slave trade had been replaced by commerce in dye-making plants, ivory, and rubber. De Brazza was appointed commissioner general of France's possessions of French Congo and Gabon in 1886. In 1891, the two were incorporated into one entity and in 1894 de Brazza granted a large concession to the French trading house of
525:
in 1991, the country began a transformation to a multi-party democratic republic, restored its former name, and promulgated a new constitution in 1992, based upon the French model. On 30 September 1993, the
Nationality Code was amended (Loi N°. 2–93) waiving the residency requirement for the wife and
207:
their nationality pending approval by the state. Those who have previously lost their nationality may reacquire it if they are residing in the country, are not under arrest, and were not previously expelled from the country. Nationality may be lost in the
Republic of the Congo for failure to perform
509:
Full independence of the
Republic of the Congo was granted on 17 August 1960. The first constitution (Loi N° 22–61, 2 March 1961) since independence was approved by referendum in 1961. Under its terms, Congolese nationals were to be defined by law. On 20 June the Nationality Code (Loi N° 35–61) was
179:
Naturalization can be granted to persons who have resided in the territory for a sufficient period of time to confirm they understand the customs and traditions of the society. General provisions are that applicants have good character and conduct; have no convictions that resulted in a sentence of
496:
In 1951 the
Jacquinot Decree strengthened the provisions in French West and Equatorial Africa of the Mandel decree removing women who were twenty-one years old, or divorced, from control by a father or guardian and establishing specific rules for the payment and determining the amount of a bride
461:
In 1927, France passed a new
Nationality Law, which under Article 8, removed the requirement for married women to automatically derive the nationality of a husband and provided that her nationality could only be changed if she consented to change her nationality. It also allowed children born in
319:
was able to restore the unified kingdom in 1715, by proposing that succession shift through various kinship groups, the peace was insecure and war reignited in 1730. By the mid-eighteenth century British and French traders had developed ports in the region and diverted much of the trade to ports
310:
In the 1620s the Dutch began trading in the region at a time when the economic and political power were shifting from the centralized government to the provinces. Different factions of the kingdom established relationships with varying European powers throughout the early seventeenth century. A
453:
on 25 March 1915 that allowed subjects or protected persons who were non-citizen nationals and had established domicile in a French territory to acquire full citizenship, including the naturalization of their wives and minor children, by having received the cross of the Legion of Honor, having
414:
was extended to all of the French citizens in the colonies. Under the Civil Code, women were legally incapacitated and paternal authority was established over their children. Upon marriage, a woman married to a French man automatically acquired the same nationality as her spouse. Illegitimate
208:
military obligations; performing actions indicating one is a national of another state; serving in the government or military of another state; committing serious crimes, disloyal acts, or crimes against the state; or for fraud, misrepresentation, or concealment in a naturalization petition.
299:, who took the name Afonso I, was also baptized that year. Afonso became a committed Christian and used Christianity to expand and consolidate his reign when he succeeded his father in 1506. In 1509, Afonso used Portuguese troops to assist in subduing the territories to the north of
473:
was enacted in French West Africa as well as French Equatorial Africa. Under its terms child marriage was discouraged. It established the minimum age at marriage as fourteen for women and sixteen for men, invalidated marriages wherein spouses did not consent, and nullified
419:, to compensate them for the loss of her fertility to their kinship group and secure the legality of the union. Having paid the price for the marriage contract, she and her offspring belonged to the kinship network of her husband and could be inherited if her husband died.
489:. The Constitution of 1946 granted French citizenship to all subjects of France's territories without having to renounce their personal status as natives. Under its terms, Moyen-Congo was classified as an Overseas Territory within the
546:, states that upon approval an applicant for naturalization must renounce any other nationality. However the amendment to the Nationality Code passed in 2011 and effective as of 20 January 2002, does not require renunciation.
126:, born abroad to parents with Congolese nationality. It can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country, or to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through naturalization.
2095:
339:, he explored the region for three years making contacts with the local people. In 1880, he began a second exploration with the goal of securing the area for France. After arriving at the confluence of the Ogooué and
2020:
Clist, Bernard; Cranshof, Els; de Schryver, Gilles-Maurice; Herremans, Davy; Karklins, Karlis; Matonda, Igor; Polet, Caroline; Sengeløv, Amanda; Steyaert, Fanny; Verhaeghe, Charlotte; Bostoen, Koen (September 2015).
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was aimed to provide naturalization for decorated veterans of the war and their families, providing they had not previously been denied their rights nor participated in actions against French rule.
3257:
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2090:[Report on the Study of the Constitutions of the Republic of the Congo — From Political Instability to Institutional Instability: Democracy under Strain]
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price. In 1958, French Equatorial Africa was dissolved under pressure for autonomy by the African colonies and the French Congo gained self-governance within the
4133:
2916:
2088:
Rapport sur l'étude des Constitutions de la République du Congo — De l'instabilité politique à l'instabilité institutionnelle: La démocratie mise à rude épreuve
485:, a statute issued on 7 March 1944 granted French citizenship to those who had performed services to the nation, such as serving as civil servants or receiving
2670:
3279:[Law No. 30-2011 of 3 October 2011 Modifying Certain Dispositions of the Law No. 35-61 of June 20, 1961 Regarding the Congolese Nationality Code].
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3241:
2294:
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380:
323:
Having established themselves on the coast and in the river estuaries, by 1875, the French embarked on a plan to explore the interior of the region.
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notes that at the time the law went into effect, there were no provisions to allow native Africans to register births in the European Civil Registry.
3472:
114:, formal legal membership in a nation, differ from the domestic relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as
30:
2835:
2661:
543:
463:
3277:"Loi n° 32-2011 du 3 octobre 2011 modifiant certaines dispositions de la loi n° 35–61 du 20 juin 1961 portant Code de la nationalité congolaise"
375:
De Brazza was entrusted with opening the area and secured the ratification of the agreement in 1882, which officially established the colony of
3778:
1867:
Bostoen, Koen; Brinkman, Inge (2018). "Introduction: Cross-Disciplinary Approaches to Kongo History". In Bostoen, Koen; Brinkman, Inge (eds.).
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in 1483 it was the most powerful kingdom in the region. Portuguese chroniclers noted other lesser kingdoms in the region including the
4784:
2220:
Military History of the colonies, Protectorate Countries and Countries under Mandate: 7. Military History of French Equatorial Africa
107:
17:
3191:
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Histoire militaire des colonies, pays de protectorat et pays sous mandat. 7, Histoire militaire de l'Afrique Equatoriale française
3284:
3253:
3244:[Law No. 2-93 of 30 September 1993 Amending Article 30 of Law No. 35-61 of June 20, 1961 Regarding the Nationality Code]
87:
55:
2567:[The Indigenous Status Regime Revisited: Genesis and Contradictions of the Repressive Principles in the French Empire].
291:. In 1491, they sent a fleet including priests, soldiers and builders, who after making their way to the capital, baptized king
284:. Each of these kingdoms had centralized governments and relied on trade networks with each other for their economic stability.
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Persons who have performed exceptional services to the nation can be naturalized without meeting a residency requirement.
3242:"Loi 2–93 du 30 septembre 1993 modifiant l'article 30 de la loi no 35-61 du 20 juin 1961 portant code de la nationalité"
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The wife of a Congolese national automatically acquires Congolese nationality upon marriage after five years residency;
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under their control. The chiefs of the Kongo became increasingly less important and their authority disintegrated.
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110:. It determine who is, or is eligible to be, a national of the Republic of the Congo. The legal means to acquire
2710:
3647:
3627:
3527:
3375:
2565:"Retour sur le régime de l'indigénat: Genèse et contradictions des principes répressifs dans l'empire français"
359:, de Brazza signed a treaty with their ruler Makoko securing a large tract of land along the right bank of the
3304:
1960:"Intermarriage, Independent Nationality, and the Individual Rights of French Women: The Law of 10 August 1927"
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2027:
1844:
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Nationality can be acquired in the Republic of the Congo at birth or later in life through naturalization.
2346:
A Collection of Nationality Laws of Various Countries as Contained in Constitutions, Statutes and Treaties
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The French Nationality Law of 1889 codified previous statutory laws, changing the French standard from
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2713:[The Application of the Civil Code to Guadeloupe in the Context of the Napoleonic Reaction]
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2023:"The Elusive Archaeology of Kongo Urbanism: the Caseof Kindoki, Mbanza Nsundi (Lower Congo, DRC)"
149:
Children born to foreigners in the Republic of the Congo, who are still residing in the Congo at
3339:[Yerri Urban (Martinique), Senior Lecturer (Maître de conférences, MCF) in Public Law].
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2711:"L'application du Code civil à la Guadeloupe dans le contexte dela réaction napoléonienne"
2094:(Report) (in French). Pointe-Noire, Republic of the Congo: National Democratic Institute.
468:
187:
Minor children can be automatically naturalized when their parent acquires nationality; or
8:
4676:
4595:
4138:
3169:
3127:
The Kongolese Saint Anthony: Dona Beatriz Kimpa Vita and the Antonian Movement, 1684–1706
2203:
287:
Initially the Portuguese were interested in mineral resources, but quickly turned to the
146:
Children born anywhere who have at least one parent who is a Congolese national by birth;
2988:"'Evolution Revolution' and the Journey from African Colonial Subject to French Citizen"
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The Kongo Kingdom: The Origins, Dynamics and Cosmopolitan Culture of an African Polity
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3061:"The Kingdom of Kongo, ca. 1390–1678: The Development of an African Social Formation"
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2001:
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Verfassung und Recht in Ăśbersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America
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3343:(in French). Schœlcher, Martinique: Caribbean Laboratory of Social Sciences. 2021.
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1977:
1915:
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498:
245:
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3130:(11th printing ed.). Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press.
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Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Africa: From Slavery Days to Rwandan Genocide
1840:
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237:
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328:
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1981:
1973:
1792:(1). Translated by Tomlinson, Helen. Toulouse, France: Éditions Belin: 95–117.
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led to adoption of a socialist constitution and the country was renamed as the
265:
232:
In the region, inhabitants were typically arranged in lineage groups, known as
3187:
3033:
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2852:
2821:
2610:
2189:
2173:
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2070:
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1914:(4). London: British Institute of International and Comparative Law: 596–605.
1813:
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2005:
1989:
1927:
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332:
200:
157:
123:
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United States Office of Personnel Management Investigation Services (2001).
4638:
3153:. Washington, D. C.: American Immigration Lawyers Association. p. 56.
2546:
Around the Rupture: History and Challenges of a Concept with Multiple Faces
2541:
Autour de la rupture: histoire et enjeux d'un concept aux visages multiples
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to oversee its administration. In 1910, these colonies were federated into
388:
376:
348:
340:
304:
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Empire's Children: Race, Filiation, and Citizenship in the French Colonies
2262:
2222:]. Les armées françaises d’outre-mer (in French). Vol. 1. Paris:
1882:
1770:
1626:
1624:
435:
241:
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2912:
2299:(2nd ed.). Irvington-on-Hudson, New York: Transnational Publishers.
446:
416:
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360:
356:
352:
344:
295:, who took the name JoĂŁo, and five of his leading chieftains. JoĂŁo's son
269:
261:
115:
111:
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3025:
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2813:
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2564:
2154:"Gender and Republican Citizenship in the French West Indies, 1848–1945"
1997:
1959:
1805:
1779:
1738:
1696:
1684:
3335:
3316:. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2019.
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3060:
2482:"5. African Civilians in the Era of the Second World War, c. 1935–1950"
2362:
1621:
1352:
400:
66:
3125:
2868:
2830:
2730:
2460:
1935:
1901:
1868:
2627:"Angola in the Sixteenth Century: Um Mundo que o PortuguĂŞs Encontrou"
2165:
118:. Congolese nationality is typically obtained under the principle of
2917:"Nationality and Citizenship in a Changing European and World Order"
2394:
2116:"6. Western Equatorial Africa: A - French Congo and Gabon 1886–1905"
1116:
1114:
1086:
1084:
410:
In 1848, slavery was abolished throughout the French Empire and the
4664:
4630:
3360:
1780:"Algerian Women in France: What Kind of Citizenship? (1930s–1960s)"
726:
724:
556:
119:
2341:"French Colonies (Other than Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Reunion)"
2241:"Colonialism and the Legal Status of Women in Francophonic Africa"
1466:
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2019:
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1111:
1081:
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840:
838:
249:
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Empire in Transition: The Portuguese World in the Time of Camões
721:
3171:
Race et nationalité dans le droit colonial français (1865-1955)
1609:
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937:
300:
281:
75:
Code de la nationalité congolaise Loi No. 3561 du 20 juin 1961
891:
889:
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is typically allowed in the Republic of the Congo since 2002.
2125:. Vol. 6. From 1870 to 1905. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire:
1708:
1568:
1454:
1227:
486:
257:
2548:] (in French). Saint-Denis, France: Éditions Publibook.
1758:
West Africa: The French Speaking Nations Yesterday and Today
1101:
1099:
862:
244:, a Portuguese explorer, first established contact with the
3312:
2413:
International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies
1679:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2019
1009:
886:
874:
581:
392:
2790:(2). Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH: 139–153.
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Mankessi, Michel Émile; Dessinga, Giscard Kevin (2019).
2516:(3rd ed.). Cape Town, South Africa: African Minds.
2212:
Denis, Maurice Eugène; Viraud, René André Marie (1931).
1587:
1585:
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1430:
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1305:
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in exchange for protection against the British explorer
3176:
Race and Nationality in French Colonial Law (1865–1955)
2967:. Translated by Goldhammer, Arthur. Chicago, Illinois:
1660:
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1505:
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1332:
1317:
1256:
1254:
913:
813:
811:
2671:
American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
1541:
1281:
1266:
1167:
1138:
615:
613:
240:, passing a portion on to the main ruler. By the time
170:
discovered in the territory whose parents are unknown.
3004:
for the American Society for Legal History: 267–307.
1580:
1394:
1215:
1191:
1155:
1033:
1021:
901:
699:
697:
695:
693:
656:
654:
652:
600:
598:
596:
370:
311:
succession dispute in 1665, plunged the kingdom into
2923:. Turku, Finland: Turku Law School. pp. 30–60.
2629:. In Hower, Alfred; Preto-Rodas, Richard A. (eds.).
2395:"The Exception and the Rule: On French Colonial Law"
2339:
Flournoy, Richard W. Jr.; Hudson, Manley O. (1929).
1636:
1597:
1517:
1502:
1418:
1406:
1329:
1251:
961:
850:
823:
808:
772:
625:
1902:"How the Natives of Algeria Became French Citizens"
1720:
1203:
1179:
748:
736:
709:
610:
504:
2719:Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire de la Guadeloupe
2296:The Regulation of Nationality in International Law
2113:
1120:
1090:
690:
678:
649:
637:
593:
335:, volunteered for the project. Traveling down the
3283:(in French). Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo:
3252:(in French). Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo:
666:
122:, i.e. by birth in the Republic of the Congo, or
4771:
3275:
3240:
2721:(in French) (146–147). Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe:
2662:Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing
2537:
1714:
1615:
730:
156:Children born in the country to parents who are
142:Those who acquire nationality at birth include:
31:Democratic Republic of the Congo nationality law
3208:"31st Session of the Universal Periodic Review"
2836:The International and Comparative Law Quarterly
1866:
868:
844:
227:
2897:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
2654:"Grids & Datums: Central African Republic"
2338:
2238:
2121:. In Oliver, Roland; Sanderson, G. N. (eds.).
1574:
1496:
1472:
1460:
1245:
1233:
203:, if they were born in the territory, but can
3376:
3337:"Urban Yerri (Martinique), MCF, Droit public"
3305:"Social Institutions and Gender Index: Congo"
2374:(3rd ed.). Haywards Heath, West Sussex:
1739:Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion 2018
399:. Gabon was granted a lieutenant-governor in
395:under French Congo's commissioner general at
129:
4523:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
3075:École des hautes études en sciences sociales
2780:"Traditional Law Under French Colonial Rule"
2752:
2255:École des hautes études en sciences sociales
1353:Caribbean Laboratory of Social Sciences 2021
955:
943:
895:
880:
153:may obtain nationality of origin by request;
2392:
2211:
1907:International and Comparative Law Quarterly
1299:
1105:
1075:
1063:
1051:
3383:
3369:
3281:Journal officiel de la RĂ©publique du Congo
2479:
2322:(7th ed.). Harmondsworth, Middlesex:
1957:
1535:
1484:
1448:
1436:
315:eventually fracturing the kingdom. Though
46:
2795:
2086:Commission justice et paix (April 2020).
2052:
108:Constitution of the Republic of the Congo
3219:Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion
3178:] (PhD) (in French). Dijon, France:
3120:
3055:
2948:] (in French). Paris: Émile Larose.
2894:Dahomey: Between Tradition and Modernity
2753:Oliver, Roland; Atmore, Anthony (2001).
2369:
1899:
1827:
1376:
1221:
1015:
919:
631:
3285:Government of the Republic of the Congo
3254:Government of the Republic of the Congo
2941:L'expansion Coloniale au Congo français
2828:
2651:
2313:
2151:
1591:
1562:
1550:
1287:
1275:
1173:
1149:
88:Government of the Republic of the Congo
56:Parliament of the Republic of the Congo
14:
4772:
2985:
2946:Colonial Expansion in the French Congo
2937:
2624:
2570:French Politics, Culture & Society
2458:
2292:
2114:Coquery-Vidrovitch, Catherine (1985).
1965:French Politics, Culture & Society
1958:Camiscioli, Elisa (Summer–Fall 1999).
1754:
1400:
1388:
1197:
1161:
1132:
1039:
1027:
1003:
991:
979:
967:
907:
856:
829:
817:
367:, who had made enemies in the region.
355:. When he arrived in the lands of the
194:
3364:
3167:
3144:
2960:
2911:
2890:
2777:
2708:
2562:
2506:
2393:Grandmaison, Olivier Le Cour (2006).
1854:from the original on 12 November 2020
1777:
1726:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1603:
1523:
1511:
1424:
1412:
1364:
1340:
1323:
1311:
1260:
1209:
1185:
802:
790:
778:
766:
754:
742:
715:
703:
684:
672:
660:
643:
619:
604:
587:
3390:
3263:from the original on 5 February 2018
3194:from the original on 9 February 2021
2709:Niort, Jean-François (August 2007).
174:
106:is a legal statute regulated by the
2723:Société d'histoire de la Guadeloupe
2652:Mugnier, Clifford J. (March 2012).
1830:"Report on Citizenship Law: France"
1828:Bertossi, Christophe (April 2010).
211:
24:
3323:from the original on 3 August 2021
3291:from the original on 3 August 2021
3228:from the original on 3 August 2021
2533:from the original on 26 June 2021.
2372:Fransman's British Nationality Law
2101:from the original on 3 August 2021
371:French colonial period (1880–1960)
25:
4796:
3347:from the original on 26 July 2021
2829:Plender, Richard (October 1974).
2696:from the original on 19 July 2021
561:University of the French Antilles
4785:Law of the Republic of the Congo
4752:
4751:
3473:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2843:(4). Cambridge, Cambridgeshire:
2831:"The New French Nationality Law"
2239:Dobkin de Rios, Marlène (1968).
1900:Bousquet, G. H. (October 1953).
505:Post-independence (1960–present)
327:, who had been a student at the
4618:Birth aboard aircraft and ships
2986:Semley, Lorelle D. (May 2014).
2563:Merle, Isabelle (Summer 2002).
2152:Cottias, Myriam (August 2005).
2123:The Cambridge History of Africa
1747:
1703:Commission justice et paix 2020
1691:Commission justice et paix 2020
1631:Commission justice et paix 2020
549:
536:
478:without approval of the woman.
4455:Federated States of Micronesia
3819:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
2921:Law Under Exogenous Influences
516:People's Republic of the Congo
268:on the coast near present-day
199:Congolese nationals cannot be
13:
1:
3168:Urban, Yerri (19 June 2009).
3151:Citizenship Laws of the World
2759:. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire:
2669:(3). Falls Church, Virginia:
2028:African Archaeological Review
1873:. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire:
1845:European University Institute
570:
521:After the dissolution of the
329:French Naval Academy of Borda
280:in the south, in what is now
260:Kingdoms to the north of the
4736:British Overseas Territories
2797:10.5771/0506-7286-1974-2-139
1785:Clio. Women, Gender, History
1616:Mankessi & Dessinga 2019
994:, pp. 144–145, 150–151.
575:
228:African kingdoms (1400–1880)
7:
4606:Renunciation of citizenship
3066:Cahiers d'Études Africaines
2969:University of Chicago Press
2635:University Press of Florida
2465:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2246:Cahiers d'Études Africaines
1972:(3–4). New York, New York:
869:Bostoen & Brinkman 2018
845:Bostoen & Brinkman 2018
137:
10:
4801:
3002:Cambridge University Press
2961:Saada, Emmanuelle (2012).
2919:. In Suksi, Markku (ed.).
2845:Cambridge University Press
2761:Cambridge University Press
2756:Medieval Africa, 1250–1800
2625:Miller, Joseph C. (1985).
2587:10.3167/153763702782369803
2490:Greenwood Publishing Group
2480:Killingray, David (2007).
2314:Elliott, Florence (1973).
2127:Cambridge University Press
1982:10.3167/153763799782378320
1875:Cambridge University Press
1763:Holt, Rinehart and Winston
1473:Flournoy & Hudson 1929
1461:Flournoy & Hudson 1929
555:Yerri Urban, a public law
325:Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza
222:
130:Acquisition of nationality
41:Congolese Nationality Code
28:
4731:
4705:
4647:
4588:
4541:
4442:
4332:
4159:
4152:
3921:
3846:
3703:
3696:
3405:
3398:
3010:10.1017/S0738248014000157
3000:(2). New York, New York:
2577:(2). New York, New York:
2510:Citizenship Law in Africa
2488:. Westport, Connecticut:
2484:. In Laband, John (ed.).
2370:Fransman, Laurie (2011).
2174:10.1080/01440390500176400
2135:10.1017/CHOL9780521228039
2045:10.1007/s10437-015-9199-2
2035:(3). New York, New York:
1920:10.1017/S0020589300100028
1778:André, Marc (June 2016).
104:Congolese nationality law
93:
83:
61:
54:
45:
40:
18:Congolese nationality law
3453:Central African Republic
2938:Rouget, Fernand (1906).
2633:. Gainesville, Florida:
2421:10.1177/0392192106070346
2320:A Dictionary of Politics
1755:Adloff, Richard (1964).
956:Oliver & Atmore 2001
944:Oliver & Atmore 2001
896:Oliver & Atmore 2001
881:Oliver & Atmore 2001
529:
430:and was extended to the
405:French Equatorial Africa
29:Not to be confused with
4551:Commonwealth of Nations
2853:10.1093/iclqaj/23.4.709
2507:Manby, Bronwyn (2016).
2376:Bloomsbury Professional
2351:Oxford University Press
2207:(subscription required)
2158:Slavery & Abolition
1121:Coquery-Vidrovitch 1985
1106:Denis & Viraud 1931
1091:Coquery-Vidrovitch 1985
1076:Denis & Viraud 1931
1064:Denis & Viraud 1931
1052:Denis & Viraud 1931
590:, pp. 24, 37, 134.
347:and proceeded down the
4365:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3217:. New York, New York:
3180:University of Burgundy
2993:Law and History Review
2349:. New York, New York:
2202: – via
1761:. New York, New York:
385:Societe du Haut Ogooué
4748:Partially recognized.
3613:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3256:. 30 September 1993.
3083:10.3406/cea.1982.3380
2778:Opoku, Kwame (1974).
2459:Hilton, Anne (1985).
2316:"Congo (Brazzaville)"
2293:Donner, Ruth (1994).
2263:10.3406/cea.1968.3134
1883:10.1017/9781108564823
1715:Nationality Code 1993
805:, pp. 74–75, 78.
731:Nationality Code 2011
449:France passed a law,
445:Following the end of
307:invaded the kingdom.
4687:Second-class citizen
4660:Multiple citizenship
4129:United Arab Emirates
3763:(Kingdom of Denmark)
2637:. pp. 118–134.
2492:. pp. 139–168.
2462:The Kingdom of Kongo
2353:. pp. 257–268.
2224:Imprimerie nationale
2204:Taylor & Francis
2129:. pp. 298–315.
1475:, pp. 257, 268.
1391:, pp. 268, 282.
982:, pp. 113, 119.
793:, pp. 107, 109.
769:, pp. 104, 112.
365:Henry Morton Stanley
256:(later Loango), and
4677:Permanent residency
4596:Loss of citizenship
4571:Caribbean Community
3824:Trinidad and Tobago
3809:St. Kitts and Nevis
3711:Antigua and Barbuda
3250:African Child Forum
2891:Ronen, Dov (1975).
1575:Dobkin de Rios 1968
1565:, pp. 717–718.
1499:, pp. 395–396.
1497:Dobkin de Rios 1968
1367:, pp. 215–216.
1314:, pp. 103–104.
1248:, pp. 392–393.
1246:Dobkin de Rios 1968
1234:Dobkin de Rios 1968
1135:, pp. 432–434.
1018:, pp. 202–203.
1006:, pp. 199–202.
958:, pp. 172–173.
946:, pp. 171–172.
436:Code de l'indigénat
195:Loss of nationality
97:Current legislation
3751:Dominican Republic
3287:. 6 October 2011.
2326:. pp. 96–97.
1669:, pp. 65, 88.
1657:, pp. 48, 51.
1326:, pp. 91, 93.
542:British academic,
456:French West Africa
432:French West Indies
164:Abandoned children
4767:
4766:
4741:Open border with
4584:
4583:
4438:
4437:
3917:
3916:
3837:US Virgin Islands
3764:
3488:Equatorial Guinea
3160:978-1-57370-110-5
3137:978-0-521-59370-0
3122:Thornton, John K.
3057:Thornton, John K.
2978:978-0-226-73307-4
2930:978-951-29-0284-2
2731:10.7202/1040648ar
2555:978-2-342-16685-9
2523:978-1-928331-08-7
2499:978-0-313-33540-2
2472:978-0-19-822719-9
2409:SAGE Publications
2385:978-1-84592-095-1
2306:978-0-941320-77-1
2144:978-1-139-05460-7
1892:978-1-108-47418-4
1877:. pp. 1–16.
932:Clist et al. 2015
476:levirate marriage
317:Pedro IV of Kongo
175:By naturalization
101:
100:
16:(Redirected from
4792:
4755:
4754:
4601:Denaturalization
4490:Papua New Guinea
4475:Marshall Islands
4157:
4156:
3762:
3701:
3700:
3403:
3402:
3392:Nationality laws
3385:
3378:
3371:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3309:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3262:
3247:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3227:
3212:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3164:
3147:"Congo Republic"
3141:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3073:(87–88). Paris:
3052:
3050:
3048:
2982:
2957:
2934:
2908:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2825:
2799:
2774:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2716:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2658:
2648:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2559:
2534:
2532:
2515:
2503:
2476:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2389:
2366:
2335:
2310:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2235:
2208:
2201:
2148:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2093:
2082:
2056:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1896:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1853:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1774:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1300:Grandmaison 2006
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1264:
1258:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1109:
1103:
1094:
1088:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
884:
878:
872:
866:
860:
854:
848:
842:
833:
827:
821:
815:
806:
800:
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
719:
713:
707:
701:
688:
682:
676:
670:
664:
658:
647:
641:
635:
629:
623:
617:
608:
602:
591:
585:
564:
553:
547:
540:
499:French Community
472:
246:Kingdom of Kongo
217:Dual nationality
212:Dual nationality
50:
38:
37:
21:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4780:Nationality law
4770:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4727:
4701:
4682:Right of return
4643:
4580:
4543:
4537:
4500:Solomon Islands
4434:
4400:Northern Cyprus
4395:North Macedonia
4328:
4163:
4148:
3913:
3842:
3692:
3394:
3389:
3359:
3350:
3348:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3307:
3294:
3292:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3245:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3215:institutesi.org
3210:
3197:
3195:
3161:
3138:
3111:
3109:
3046:
3044:
2979:
2931:
2905:
2881:
2879:
2771:
2743:
2741:
2714:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2656:
2645:
2615:
2613:
2556:
2530:
2524:
2513:
2500:
2473:
2449:
2447:
2386:
2307:
2283:
2281:
2206:
2164:(2). Abingdon:
2145:
2118:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2054:1854/LU-5708593
2010:
2008:
1948:
1946:
1893:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1841:Badia Fiesolana
1832:
1818:
1816:
1750:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1542:
1536:Killingray 2007
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1485:Camiscioli 1999
1483:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1449:Camiscioli 1999
1447:
1443:
1437:Camiscioli 1999
1435:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1267:
1259:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1002:
998:
990:
986:
978:
974:
966:
962:
954:
950:
942:
938:
930:
926:
918:
914:
906:
902:
894:
887:
879:
875:
867:
863:
855:
851:
847:, pp. 1–2.
843:
836:
828:
824:
816:
809:
801:
797:
789:
785:
777:
773:
765:
761:
753:
749:
741:
737:
733:, p. 1091.
729:
722:
714:
710:
702:
691:
683:
679:
671:
667:
659:
650:
642:
638:
630:
626:
622:, pp. 4–6.
618:
611:
603:
594:
586:
582:
578:
573:
568:
567:
554:
550:
541:
537:
532:
507:
466:
440:Legion of Honor
373:
278:Ndongo Kingdoms
230:
225:
214:
197:
177:
140:
132:
84:Enacted by
79:
76:
71:
70:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4798:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4749:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4613:Naturalization
4610:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4566:Nordic Council
4563:
4558:
4556:European Union
4553:
4547:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4519:American Samoa
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4430:United Kingdom
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4336:
4334:
4333:Rest of Europe
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4199:Czech Republic
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4161:European Union
4154:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3698:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3678:Western Sahara
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3468:Congo Republic
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3388:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3365:
3358:
3357:
3333:
3301:
3273:
3238:
3204:
3165:
3159:
3142:
3136:
3118:
3053:
2983:
2977:
2958:
2935:
2929:
2909:
2903:
2888:
2826:
2775:
2769:
2750:
2706:
2649:
2643:
2622:
2579:Berghahn Books
2560:
2554:
2535:
2522:
2504:
2498:
2477:
2471:
2456:
2390:
2384:
2367:
2336:
2311:
2305:
2290:
2236:
2209:
2149:
2143:
2111:
2083:
2017:
1974:Berghahn Books
1955:
1897:
1891:
1864:
1825:
1775:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1731:
1719:
1707:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1645:, p. 134.
1635:
1620:
1618:, p. 137.
1608:
1606:, p. 109.
1596:
1579:
1577:, p. 396.
1567:
1555:
1553:, p. 713.
1540:
1538:, p. 161.
1528:
1526:, p. 151.
1516:
1514:, p. 101.
1501:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1463:, p. 257.
1453:
1441:
1429:
1427:, p. 432.
1417:
1415:, p. 143.
1405:
1403:, p. 284.
1393:
1381:
1379:, p. 602.
1369:
1357:
1345:
1343:, p. 206.
1328:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1290:, p. 717.
1280:
1278:, p. 711.
1265:
1263:, p. 101.
1250:
1238:
1236:, p. 392.
1226:
1214:
1202:
1200:, p. 207.
1190:
1178:
1176:, p. 236.
1166:
1164:, p. 125.
1154:
1152:, p. 192.
1137:
1125:
1123:, p. 305.
1110:
1095:
1093:, p. 298.
1080:
1068:
1056:
1044:
1042:, p. 223.
1032:
1030:, p. 210.
1020:
1008:
996:
984:
972:
960:
948:
936:
934:, p. 374.
924:
922:, p. 334.
912:
910:, p. 123.
900:
898:, p. 170.
885:
883:, p. 168.
873:
861:
849:
834:
822:
807:
795:
783:
781:, p. 113.
771:
759:
747:
735:
720:
708:
689:
677:
665:
648:
636:
624:
609:
592:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
566:
565:
548:
534:
533:
531:
528:
506:
503:
481:At the end of
451:"Décret N°. 24
372:
369:
293:Nzinga a Nkuwu
229:
226:
224:
221:
213:
210:
196:
193:
192:
191:
188:
185:
176:
173:
172:
171:
161:
154:
147:
139:
136:
131:
128:
99:
98:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
78:
77:
74:
64:
63:
62:
59:
58:
52:
51:
43:
42:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4797:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4760:
4759:
4750:
4747:
4744:
4743:Schengen Area
4740:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4692:Statelessness
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4640:
4637:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4624:Ius sanguinis
4621:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4577:
4576:African Union
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:organizations
4542:International
4540:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4515:United States
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4259:Liechtenstein
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4166:Schengen Area
4162:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3829:United States
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3528:Guinea-Bissau
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3381:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3306:
3302:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3239:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3205:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2904:0-8014-0927-6
2900:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2770:0-521-79024-7
2766:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2751:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2707:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2644:0-8130-0790-9
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2573:(in French).
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2536:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2512:
2511:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2407:(4). London:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2324:Penguin Books
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2253:(31). Paris:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2210:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2112:
2097:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1837:cadmus.eui.eu
1831:
1826:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1740:
1735:
1729:, p. 78.
1728:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1705:, p. 11.
1704:
1699:
1693:, p. 10.
1692:
1687:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1656:
1651:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1617:
1612:
1605:
1600:
1594:, p. 97.
1593:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1571:
1564:
1559:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1498:
1493:
1487:, p. 56.
1486:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1451:, p. 57.
1450:
1445:
1439:, p. 53.
1438:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1377:Bousquet 1953
1373:
1366:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1302:, p. 42.
1301:
1296:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1222:Bertossi 2010
1218:
1212:, p. 32.
1211:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1188:, p. 31.
1187:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1134:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1108:, p. 30.
1107:
1102:
1100:
1092:
1087:
1085:
1078:, p. 28.
1077:
1072:
1066:, p. 27.
1065:
1060:
1054:, p. 26.
1053:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1017:
1016:Thornton 2009
1012:
1005:
1000:
993:
988:
981:
976:
970:, p. 73.
969:
964:
957:
952:
945:
940:
933:
928:
921:
920:Thornton 1982
916:
909:
904:
897:
892:
890:
882:
877:
870:
865:
859:, p. 50.
858:
853:
846:
841:
839:
832:, p. 33.
831:
826:
820:, p. 32.
819:
814:
812:
804:
799:
792:
787:
780:
775:
768:
763:
757:, p. 65.
756:
751:
745:, p. 87.
744:
739:
732:
727:
725:
718:, p. 57.
717:
712:
706:, p. 88.
705:
700:
698:
696:
694:
687:, p. 51.
686:
681:
674:
669:
663:, p. 48.
662:
657:
655:
653:
646:, p. 34.
645:
640:
633:
632:Fransman 2011
628:
621:
616:
614:
607:, p. 56.
606:
601:
599:
597:
589:
584:
580:
562:
558:
552:
545:
544:Bronwyn Manby
539:
535:
527:
524:
519:
517:
513:
502:
500:
494:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
470:
465:
464:Mandel Decree
459:
457:
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:jus sanguinis
420:
418:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:Daumas BĂ©raud
378:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
343:, he founded
342:
341:Mpassa Rivers
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
318:
314:
308:
306:
305:Jaga warriors
302:
298:
297:Nzinga Mbemba
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
220:
218:
209:
206:
202:
201:denaturalized
189:
186:
183:
182:
181:
169:
165:
162:
159:
155:
152:
148:
145:
144:
143:
135:
127:
125:
124:jus sanguinis
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
73:
72:
69:
68:
60:
57:
53:
49:
44:
39:
36:
32:
27:
19:
4757:
4723:Soviet Union
4718:Ancient Rome
4713:Nazi Germany
4639:Repatriation
4629:
4622:
4589:By procedure
4124:Turkmenistan
4079:Saudi Arabia
3643:South Africa
3628:Sierra Leone
3433:Burkina Faso
3399:By continent
3349:. Retrieved
3341:lc2s.cnrs.fr
3340:
3325:. Retrieved
3311:
3293:. Retrieved
3280:
3265:. Retrieved
3249:
3230:. Retrieved
3214:
3196:. Retrieved
3175:
3170:
3150:
3126:
3110:. Retrieved
3070:
3064:
3045:. Retrieved
2997:
2991:
2963:
2945:
2940:
2920:
2913:Rosas, Allan
2893:
2880:. Retrieved
2840:
2834:
2787:
2783:
2755:
2742:. Retrieved
2718:
2698:. Retrieved
2666:
2660:
2630:
2614:. Retrieved
2574:
2568:
2545:
2540:
2509:
2485:
2461:
2448:. Retrieved
2404:
2398:
2371:
2361:– via
2345:
2319:
2295:
2282:. Retrieved
2250:
2244:
2219:
2214:
2161:
2157:
2122:
2103:. Retrieved
2032:
2026:
2009:. Retrieved
1969:
1963:
1947:. Retrieved
1911:
1905:
1869:
1856:. Retrieved
1836:
1817:. Retrieved
1789:
1783:
1757:
1748:Bibliography
1741:, p. 2.
1734:
1722:
1717:, p. 1.
1710:
1698:
1686:
1681:, p. 9.
1674:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1633:, p. 9.
1611:
1599:
1592:Elliott 1973
1570:
1563:Plender 1974
1558:
1551:Plender 1974
1531:
1519:
1492:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1432:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1348:
1319:
1307:
1295:
1288:Plender 1974
1283:
1276:Plender 1974
1241:
1229:
1224:, p. 3.
1217:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1174:Cottias 2005
1169:
1157:
1150:Mugnier 2012
1128:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:
999:
987:
975:
963:
951:
939:
927:
915:
903:
876:
871:, p. 3.
864:
852:
825:
798:
786:
774:
762:
750:
738:
711:
680:
675:, p. 6.
668:
639:
634:, p. 4.
627:
583:
551:
538:
523:Soviet Union
520:
508:
495:
491:French Union
487:recognitions
483:World War II
480:
460:
450:
444:
427:
423:
421:
409:
389:Ubangi-Shari
377:French Congo
374:
361:Stanley Pool
349:Lefini River
337:Ogooué River
322:
309:
286:
231:
215:
198:
178:
141:
133:
103:
102:
94:
65:
35:
26:
4697:Travel visa
4655:Citizenship
4480:New Zealand
4324:Switzerland
4279:Netherlands
4089:South Korea
4069:Philippines
4049:North Korea
3929:Afghanistan
3833:Puerto Rico
3756:El Salvador
3648:South Sudan
3533:Ivory Coast
3077:: 325–342.
2847:: 709–747.
2673:: 192–194.
2257:: 390–405.
2168:: 233–245.
2039:: 369–412.
1401:Semley 2014
1389:Semley 2014
1198:Donner 1994
1162:Adloff 1964
1133:Rouget 1906
1040:Hilton 1985
1028:Hilton 1985
1004:Hilton 1985
992:Hilton 1985
980:Hilton 1985
968:Hilton 1985
908:Miller 1985
857:Hilton 1985
830:Hilton 1985
818:Hilton 1985
512:coup d'Ă©tat
467: [
447:World War I
417:bride price
397:Brazzaville
357:Teke people
353:Congo River
345:Franceville
289:slave trade
270:Brazzaville
266:Tio Kingdom
262:Congo River
116:citizenship
112:nationality
4774:Categories
4410:San Marino
4390:Montenegro
4355:Azerbaijan
4269:Luxembourg
4134:Uzbekistan
4104:Tajikistan
4009:Kyrgyzstan
4004:Kazakhstan
3964:East Timor
3939:Bangladesh
3761:Greenland
3736:Costa Rica
3638:Somaliland
3623:Seychelles
3588:Mozambique
3573:Mauritania
3558:Madagascar
3513:The Gambia
3448:Cape Verde
3188:1136505756
3034:7781124851
2822:7831297523
2611:5792451223
2363:HeinOnline
2190:6895438010
2071:7973291475
1944:8271467775
1814:7290793879
1727:Manby 2016
1667:Manby 2016
1655:Manby 2016
1643:Manby 2016
1604:Ronen 1975
1524:Opoku 1974
1512:André 2016
1425:Urban 2009
1413:Opoku 1974
1365:Urban 2009
1341:Urban 2009
1324:Merle 2002
1312:Saada 2012
1261:Saada 2012
1210:Niort 2007
1186:Niort 2007
803:Manby 2016
791:Manby 2016
779:Manby 2016
767:Manby 2016
755:Manby 2016
743:Manby 2016
716:Manby 2016
704:Manby 2016
685:Manby 2016
673:Manby 2016
661:Manby 2016
644:Rosas 1994
620:Manby 2016
605:USOPM 2001
588:Manby 2016
571:References
412:Civil Code
401:Libreville
272:; and the
67:Long title
4648:By result
4450:Australia
4264:Lithuania
4094:Sri Lanka
4084:Singapore
4064:Palestine
3974:Indonesia
3909:Venezuela
3854:Argentina
3814:St. Lucia
3799:Nicaragua
3774:Guatemala
3578:Mauritius
3107:772502432
3091:0008-0055
3042:145771594
3018:0738-2480
2954:470077218
2877:769971121
2861:0020-5893
2806:0506-7286
2739:0583-8266
2725:: 19–45.
2687:780462390
2679:0099-1112
2595:1537-6370
2581:: 77–97.
2445:220709847
2437:437606336
2429:0392-1921
2415:: 34–53.
2359:875321407
2332:901728472
2279:772667063
2271:0008-0055
2232:763734109
2198:144630105
2182:0144-039X
2166:Routledge
2063:0263-0338
2011:3 January
2006:205909023
1990:1537-6370
1976:: 52–74.
1928:0020-5893
1798:1252-7017
576:Citations
518:in 1969.
313:civil war
242:Diogo CĂŁo
158:stateless
4758:Category
4670:Internal
4665:Passport
4631:Ius soli
4561:Mercosur
4470:Kiribati
4309:Slovenia
4304:Slovakia
4294:Portugal
4184:Bulgaria
4114:Thailand
4059:Pakistan
4034:Mongolia
4029:Malaysia
3954:Cambodia
3899:Suriname
3889:Paraguay
3874:Colombia
3784:Honduras
3746:Dominica
3721:Barbados
3697:Americas
3688:Zimbabwe
3658:Tanzania
3503:Ethiopia
3498:Eswatini
3478:Djibouti
3443:Cameroon
3428:Botswana
3345:Archived
3327:3 August
3318:Archived
3295:3 August
3289:Archived
3267:3 August
3258:Archived
3232:3 August
3223:Archived
3221:. 2018.
3192:Archived
3124:(2009).
3059:(1982).
3026:43670704
2915:(1994).
2882:23 April
2814:43108378
2744:23 April
2691:Archived
2603:42843233
2528:Archived
2411:for the
2400:Diogenes
2105:3 August
2096:Archived
2079:56151988
2037:Springer
1998:42843081
1849:Archived
1806:26242544
557:lecturer
428:jus soli
383:and the
238:tributes
205:renounce
151:majority
138:By birth
120:jus soli
4706:Defunct
4533:Vanuatu
4443:Oceania
4425:Ukraine
4380:Moldova
4370:Georgia
4360:Belarus
4350:Andorra
4345:Armenia
4340:Albania
4299:Romania
4244:Ireland
4239:Iceland
4234:Hungary
4224:Germany
4214:Finland
4209:Estonia
4204:Denmark
4189:Croatia
4179:Belgium
4174:Austria
4139:Vietnam
4039:Myanmar
4024:Lebanon
3934:Bahrain
3904:Uruguay
3879:Ecuador
3859:Bolivia
3789:Jamaica
3769:Grenada
3716:Bahamas
3668:Tunisia
3633:Somalia
3618:Senegal
3603:Nigeria
3593:Namibia
3583:Morocco
3548:Liberia
3543:Lesotho
3493:Eritrea
3463:Comoros
3438:Burundi
3413:Algeria
3351:26 July
3198:26 July
3099:4391812
2700:26 July
2616:25 June
2450:25 June
2284:29 June
1949:29 June
1858:9 April
1819:29 June
559:at the
351:to the
274:Matamba
250:Kakongo
223:History
168:orphans
95:Status:
4510:Tuvalu
4420:Turkey
4415:Serbia
4405:Russia
4385:Monaco
4375:Kosovo
4319:Sweden
4289:Poland
4284:Norway
4254:Latvia
4229:Greece
4219:France
4194:Cyprus
4153:Europe
4119:Turkey
4109:Taiwan
4014:Kuwait
3999:Jordan
3989:Israel
3949:Brunei
3944:Bhutan
3884:Guyana
3864:Brazil
3804:Panama
3794:Mexico
3731:Canada
3726:Belize
3683:Zambia
3673:Uganda
3608:Rwanda
3563:Malawi
3523:Guinea
3418:Angola
3406:Africa
3186:
3157:
3134:
3112:3 July
3105:
3097:
3089:
3047:6 July
3040:
3032:
3024:
3016:
2975:
2952:
2927:
2901:
2875:
2869:758412
2867:
2859:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2767:
2737:
2685:
2677:
2641:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2552:
2520:
2496:
2469:
2443:
2435:
2427:
2382:
2357:
2330:
2303:
2277:
2269:
2230:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2141:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1942:
1936:755346
1934:
1926:
1889:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1771:467154
1769:
301:Nsundi
282:Angola
264:; the
4505:Tonga
4495:Samoa
4485:Palau
4465:Nauru
4314:Spain
4274:Malta
4249:Italy
4144:Yemen
4099:Syria
4074:Qatar
4044:Nepal
3994:Japan
3969:India
3959:China
3869:Chile
3847:South
3779:Haiti
3704:North
3653:Sudan
3598:Niger
3553:Libya
3538:Kenya
3518:Ghana
3508:Gabon
3483:Egypt
3423:Benin
3321:(PDF)
3308:(PDF)
3261:(PDF)
3246:(PDF)
3226:(PDF)
3211:(PDF)
3174:[
3095:JSTOR
3038:S2CID
3022:JSTOR
2944:[
2865:JSTOR
2810:JSTOR
2715:(PDF)
2694:(PDF)
2657:(PDF)
2599:JSTOR
2544:[
2531:(PDF)
2514:(PDF)
2441:S2CID
2218:[
2194:S2CID
2119:(PDF)
2099:(PDF)
2092:(PDF)
2075:S2CID
1994:JSTOR
1932:JSTOR
1852:(PDF)
1833:(PDF)
1802:JSTOR
530:Notes
471:]
333:Brest
258:Vungu
254:Ngoyo
234:kanda
4527:Guam
4460:Fiji
4164:and
4054:Oman
4019:Laos
3984:Iraq
3979:Iran
3922:Asia
3894:Peru
3741:Cuba
3663:Togo
3568:Mali
3458:Chad
3353:2021
3329:2021
3313:OECD
3297:2021
3269:2021
3234:2021
3200:2021
3184:OCLC
3155:ISBN
3132:ISBN
3114:2021
3103:OCLC
3087:ISSN
3049:2021
3030:OCLC
3014:ISSN
2973:ISBN
2950:OCLC
2925:ISBN
2899:ISBN
2884:2021
2873:OCLC
2857:ISSN
2818:OCLC
2802:ISSN
2765:ISBN
2746:2021
2735:ISSN
2702:2021
2683:OCLC
2675:ISSN
2639:ISBN
2618:2021
2607:OCLC
2591:ISSN
2550:ISBN
2518:ISBN
2494:ISBN
2467:ISBN
2452:2021
2433:OCLC
2425:ISSN
2380:ISBN
2355:OCLC
2328:OCLC
2301:ISBN
2286:2021
2275:OCLC
2267:ISSN
2228:OCLC
2186:OCLC
2178:ISSN
2139:ISBN
2107:2021
2067:OCLC
2059:ISSN
2013:2021
2002:OCLC
1986:ISSN
1951:2021
1940:OCLC
1924:ISSN
1887:ISBN
1860:2021
1821:2021
1810:OCLC
1794:ISSN
1767:OCLC
393:Chad
391:and
276:and
160:; or
3079:doi
3006:doi
2849:doi
2792:doi
2727:doi
2583:doi
2417:doi
2259:doi
2170:doi
2131:doi
2049:hdl
2041:doi
1978:doi
1916:doi
1879:doi
426:to
331:in
166:or
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