60:
166:, a Canadian political scientist and professor at the University of Waterloo. The work of Homer-Dixon focuses on two different phenomena regarding the effect of resources on violent conflict: resource scarcity and resource abundance. Under the environmental security perspective, resource scarcity perpetuates conflict by inciting pressures on a society that is dealing with resource deprivation. According to Homer-Dixon, populations struggling with resource scarcity are also impacted by overpopulation and inequitable
151:
119:
with the exclusive purpose of addressing
American scarcity over guano. Under the Guano Islands Act, any piece of uninhabited land that harbors a guano deposit could be claimed as a territory of the United States to extract the resource. The legislation acted as a workaround for the United States to
110:
between Chile, Bolivia, and Peru. Although the primary inciting force of the conflict originated over possession of the nutrient-rich guano, Spain also attempted to exercise prior colonial control over Peru during its aggressions during this conflict. The
Chincha Islands guano became a resource of
173:
Conversely, countries with natural resource abundance are impacted in a different way. Countries that are wealthy in resources have been shown to have disproportionate economic growth, less democracy, and overall insufficient development outcomes. This permeates from an overdependence on their
137:
lens for interpreting resource wars, the main rationale behind resource conflict is strategic. It assumes that control over the resource provides a particular advantage to that nation and interprets hostile attempts to take over the resource as a means to acquire that advantage for themselves.
42:. In a resource war, there is typically a nation or group that controls the resource and an aggressor that wishes to seize control over said resource. This power dynamic between nations has been a significant underlying factor in conflicts since the late 19th century. Following the rise of
174:
resource from an economic standpoint, where authoritarian traits may begin to take effect. This creates pressure on the citizens as a whole due to undermined governance of the nation and volatile economic state if the resource fluctuates heavily in price. This phenomenon is known as the
87:. Soil that was nutrient rich allowed for higher crop yields, which subsequently translated to better sustenance of the population and overall improved economic performance. Known colloquially as "white gold", guano from the Chincha Islands began to catch the interest of
198:"). An unfortunate irony is that many countries rich in minerals are impoverished in terms of their capacity for governance. Conflict, corruption and bribery may be seen as the typical costs of doing business. The extraction and sale of
138:
Resources that are deemed strategic shift over time and pertain to what is required for economic expansion or success at the time. Examples of this include timber during the seventeenth century for naval development or
816:
p.8, Conflict and
Development: Peacebuilding and Post-conflict Resolution; Sixth Report of Session 2005–06, Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: International Development Committee, The Stationery Office,
929:: without blood diamonds, the war in Sierra Leone could not be financed... In the face of enormous suffering caused by the diamond-fuelled wars in Sierra Leone, Angola and the
945:
343:
In the 2020s, the concept of conflict minerals was extended to those mined to support conflicts in parts of the world other than where the mining takes place. The
158:
Also known as the environmental scarcity or political economy, the environmental security perspective interprets resource conflict as a response to resource
194:
and sold to perpetuate the fighting. There is both statistical and anecdotal evidence that the presence of precious commodities can prolong conflicts (a "
170:. Overpopulation and inequitable resource allocation can make resource scarcity even more pronounced, creating a cyclical instability in the society.
571:
977:
79:
are situated off of the southern coast of Peru, where many seabirds were known to roost and prey on fish brought there by the currents of the
379:
258:
1057:
953:
738:
835:
Michael Ross,"How Do
Natural Resources Influence Civil War? Evidence from Thirteen Cases", International Organization, 2004.
518:
120:
access
Peruvian seabird guano since direct trade was not an option because of a treaty between Peru and the United Kingdom.
59:
826:
Philippe Le Billon, "Fuelling War: Natural
Resources and Armed Conflicts", Adelphi Paper 373, IISS & Routledge, 2006.
111:
imperialism with foreign nations inciting conflict and establishing dominion over it. In 1856, United States
President
1014:
845:
493:
202:, also known as "conflict diamonds", is a better-known phenomenon which occurs under virtually identical conditions.
623:
17:
351:
in return for securing the continuity of the government. This "blood gold" is then sold to support Russia in the
720:
1031:
254:
has since referred to conflict resources in several resolutions, particularly resolutions 1533 and I698.97.
1117:
930:
1112:
83:. The guano of these seabirds is incredibly dense in nutrients and became a sought-after resource as a
1122:
46:, the amount of raw materials an industrialized nation uses to sustain its activities is heightened.
974:
348:
666:
Homer-Dixon, Thomas (1994). "Environmental
Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases".
67:
One of the most prolific examples of resource war in history is the conflict over
Chincha Island
1102:
546:
102:
The international interest for that resource resulting in a number of conflicts including the
332:
310:
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can also be a conflict resource. Other commodities are also involved in financing conflict.
775:
635:
8:
352:
251:
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during the twentieth century onward for enabling military technology and transportation.
103:
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195:
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860:"Between Corruption and Development: The Political Economy of State Robbery in Nigeria"
799:
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as a way to reduce incentives for armed groups to extract and fight over the minerals.
163:
107:
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have designated tantalum, tin, tungsten, and gold connected to conflict in the DRC as
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Dr. Thomas Homer-Dixon at an NDP convention in
British Columbia, circa 2007
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730:
421:
270:
844:
James Fearon and David lotinakin "Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War"
430:
405:
949:
925:
697:
298:
282:
274:
162:. A notable proponent of the environmental security perspective is Dr.
84:
688:
999:
Handbook of Research on Marketing and Corporate Social Responsibility
333:
legally require companies to report trade or use of conflict minerals
215:
203:
150:
1055:
679:
469:"The Hard Workers of the Peruvian Guano (The Chincha Islands), 2014"
1035:
910:
455:
The Economic Causes of Modern War: A Study of the Period: 1878-1918
231:
159:
39:
494:"Holy Crap! A Trip to the World's Largest Guano-Producing Islands"
404:
Acemoglu, D.; Golosov, M.; Tsyvinski, A.; Yared, P. (2012-01-06).
1058:"How 'blood gold' from Africa is funding Russia's war on Ukraine"
364:
235:
764:"Rule of Law and the Resource Curse: Abundance Versus Intensity"
1075:
933:, we have a duty to ensure that we are doing as much as we can.
294:
290:
223:
1056:
Scott Detrow; Emma Klein; Tinbete Ermyas (December 27, 2023).
995:"What can ants tell us about corporate social responsibility?"
403:
355:. Wagner also has gold-related operations in Mali and Sudan.
88:
68:
324:
286:
218:" emerged in the late 1990s, initially in relation to the "
76:
1061:
139:
35:
468:
519:"How an Old Bird Poop Law Can Help You Claim an Island"
63:
Illustration of the Chincha Islands of Peru, circa 1859
624:"Geographies of War: Perspectives on 'Resource Wars'"
315:Several countries and organizations, including the
246:The concept was first officially discussed by the
230:. Then "conflict timber" financed hostilities in
214:The concept of "conflict resource", or "conflict
1094:
338:
719:Smith, Benjamin; Waldner, David (2021-04-30).
602:
273:, metals, diamonds, and timber it tracks the
946:"Liberian 'conflict' timber faces trade ban"
718:
665:
380:Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
250:in the context of 'conflict diamonds': The
99:, and other industrial powers at the time.
725:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
687:
621:
569:
429:
145:
452:
259:Bonn International Center for Conversion
149:
58:
992:
857:
605:"48 U.S. COde Chapter 8- GUANO ISLANDS"
544:
516:
14:
1095:
858:Agbiboa, Daniel Egiegba (2011-11-03).
761:
491:
457:. New York: Moffat, Yard, and Company.
347:has been granted mining rights in the
281:that might fund conflicts, including:
54:
661:
659:
657:
181:
1032:"the BICC Resource Conflict Monitor"
768:Environmental and Resource Economics
540:
538:
222:" that were financing rebellions in
406:"A Dynamic Theory of Resource Wars"
304:
24:
654:
410:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
25:
1134:
906:"'Blood diamonds' crackdown deal"
846:American Political Science Review
615:
535:
648:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2007.00010.x
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570:Underhill, Kevin (2014-07-08).
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106:between Spain and Peru and the
952:UK. 7 May 2003. Archived from
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563:
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485:
461:
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397:
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71:in the late 19th century. The
13:
1:
762:Norman, Catherine S. (2009).
722:Rethinking the Resource Curse
390:
339:Supporting external conflicts
975:UNGA Resolution 55/56 (2001)
931:Democratic Republic of Congo
622:Le Billon, Philippe (2007).
545:Brazeau, Mark (2018-04-04).
517:Mancini, Mark (2015-08-12).
209:
7:
1007:10.4337/9781783476091.00023
609:Legal Information Institute
492:Durfee, Nell (2018-04-27).
358:
10:
1139:
864:Journal of Business Ethics
551:The Breakthrough Institute
308:
49:
993:Cassill, Deby L. (2014).
876:10.1007/s10551-011-1093-5
788:10.1007/s10640-008-9231-y
547:"Remember the Guano Wars"
27:War fought over resources
349:Central African Republic
38:caused by conflict over
1076:"The Blood Gold Report"
572:"The Guano Islands Act"
453:Bakeless, John (1921).
269:by country. Aside from
186:Conflict resources are
668:International Security
155:
146:Environmental security
64:
731:10.1017/9781108776837
311:Conflict minerals law
153:
62:
603:Cornell Law School.
1118:Resource extraction
1029:Accessible through
780:2009EnREc..43..183N
640:2007GComp...1..163L
353:Russo-Ukrainian War
263:resource governance
252:UN Security Council
248:UN General Assembly
168:resource allocation
104:Chincha Islands War
55:Chincha Islands War
1113:Resource economics
980:2006-11-08 at the
650:– via Wiley.
422:10.1093/qje/qjr048
267:conflict intensity
182:Conflict resources
164:Thomas Homer-Dixon
156:
108:War of the Pacific
65:
740:978-1-108-77683-7
628:Geography Compass
329:conflict minerals
293:(Côte d'Ivoire),
188:natural resources
117:Guano Islands Act
44:industrialization
16:(Redirected from
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1123:Economic warfare
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18:Conflict mineral
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289:(Afghanistan),
257:Since 1996 the
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73:Chincha Islands
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956:on 20 May 2011
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914:. 28 June 2000
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375:Resource curse
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1038:on 2011-01-22
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523:Mental Floss
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431:1721.1/70960
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271:fossil fuels
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228:Sierra Leone
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135:geopolitical
132:
129:Geopolitical
124:Perspectives
101:
66:
32:resource war
31:
29:
1001:: 269–287.
674:(1): 5–40.
283:poppy seeds
242:Conventions
115:passed the
1097:Categories
1042:2010-06-05
950:Greenpeace
926:Peter Hain
689:10535/2855
589:2022-07-02
556:2022-07-02
528:2022-07-02
503:2022-07-02
478:2022-07-02
473:Agence VU'
391:References
275:governance
133:Under the
85:fertilizer
1108:Resources
960:8 October
918:8 October
892:154968679
884:0167-4544
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584:0190-8286
440:0033-5533
277:of other
216:commodity
204:Petroleum
40:resources
1081:March 2,
978:Archived
911:BBC News
804:59417490
359:See also
232:Cambodia
160:scarcity
848:, 2003.
776:Bibcode
698:2539147
636:Bibcode
498:Audubon
365:Oil war
236:Liberia
210:History
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291:rubber
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800:S2CID
745:S2CID
702:S2CID
694:JSTOR
299:cocoa
89:Spain
69:guano
1083:2024
1011:ISBN
962:2020
920:2020
880:ISSN
817:2006
792:ISSN
735:ISBN
580:ISSN
436:ISSN
331:and
325:OECD
287:talc
285:and
265:and
234:and
226:and
77:Peru
1062:NPR
1003:doi
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