War of the Pacific

1377: 1761:. In 1836 the Peruvian government tried to monopolize commerce in the South Pacific by rewarding ships that sailed directly to Callao, to the detriment of Valparaíso. Peru tried to impede the agreement that had been reached between Spain and Chile to free its new warships built and embargoed in Britain during the Chincha Islands War. Sater cites Germany's minister in Chile, who argued that the war with Peru and Bolivia would "have erupted sooner or later, on any pretext." He considered that Bolivia and Peru had developed a "bitter envy" against Chile and its material progress and good government. Frederik B. Pike states: "The fundamental cause for the eruption of hostilities was the mounting power and prestige and the economic and political stability of Chile, on one hand, and the weakness and the political and economic deterioration of Bolivia, on the other.... The war—and its outcome—was as inevitable as the 1846—1848 conflict between the United States and Mexico. In both instances, a relatively well-governed, energetic, and economically expanding nation had been irresistibly tempted by neighboring territories that were underdeveloped, malgoverned, and sparsely occupied." 1285: 4556:

Lima before the Chilean troops entered the city; and the Chilean destruction of locomotives, rails, printing machines, weapons, etc. The Chilean government tried to control it through the "Oficina Recaudadora de las Contribuciones de Guerra," whose tasks were to inventory and realize the confiscation and to record and to confirm transport to Chile, the destination, and the sender. Allegedly, the strategic purposes were to obtain the peace. There is no general list of the looted goods, but many of the shipments were registered in private and official letters, newspaper articles, manifests, etc. Also, looting of cultural assets of Peru by the Chileans and Peruvians occurred; the development of international law regarding the protection of cultural objects evolved over the 19th and 20th centuries, but the idea of protecting cultural assets first emerged in Europe in the 18th century.

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Iglesias's positions (Morro Solar to Santa Teresa), Sotomayor's men against Caceres's sector (Santa Teresa to San Juan) and Lagos's division charged Davila's sector (San Juan to Monterrico Chico). Chilean and Peruvian soldiers locked in hand-to-hand combat and attacked one another with rifles, bayonets, rocks and even their bare hands. At the beginning, Sotomayor was unable to deploy in time, and Lynch's advance was repulsed. Baquedano was forced to throw in reserve brigades to salvage Lynch's flank. At 8:00 a.m., the Peruvian defenders were forced to withdraw from San Juan and Santa Teresa to Morro Solar and Chorrillos (town). At noon, Morro Solar was captured and the battle continued into Chorrillos, which fell at 14:00 (2 p.m.). During the

1365: 4778:, there were deeper, more fundamental reasons for the outbreak of hostilities in 1879. On the one hand, there was the power, prestige, and relative stability of Chile compared to the economic deterioration and political discontinuity which characterised both Peru and Bolivia after independence. On the other, there was the ongoing competition for economic and political hegemony in the region, complicated by a deep antipathy between Peru and Chile. In this milieu, the vagueness of the boundaries between the three states, coupled with the discovery of valuable guano and nitrate deposits in the disputed territories, combined to produce a diplomatic conundrum of insurmountable proportions. 4319: 3770: 3469:, the abrogation of the treaty between Peru and Bolivia, and a formal commitment not to mount artillery batteries in Arica's harbor. Arica, as a settlement, was to be limited to commercial use. Chile planned to retain the territories of Moquegua, Tacna, and Arica until all peace treaty conditions were satisfied. Although willing to accept the negotiated settlement, Peru and Bolivia insisted for Chile to withdraw its forces from all occupied lands as a precondition for discussing peace. Having captured the territory at great expense, Chile declined, and the negotiations failed. Bruce St. John states in 2735: 3839: 1754:. A Santiago newspaper claimed that Melchor de Concha y Toro offered President Pinto 2,000,000 Chilean pesos to end the dispute and to return to the 1874 border. "In other words," writes W. Sater, "there were as many powerful interests opposed to helping the Compañía de Salitres as there were those seeking to aid the corporation." Also, B. Farcau objects to the argument: "On the other hand, the sorry state of the Chilean armed forces at the outbreak of the war, as will be discussed in the following chapter, hardly supports a theory of conscious, premeditated aggression." 372: 222: 38: 3827: 340: 4259:

a submarine cable. It must be emphasized that La Paz, Bolivia's capital, was not connected by telegraph to the rest of the world. News coming from Tacna, Arica, and Antofagasta to La Paz had to be brought by foot or horse. The alternative way was from Peruvian port Mollendo (Querejazu: Moliendo) by railroad to Puno and then by boat service to Chichilaya, at the Bolivian shore of Lake Titicaca. The last route to La Paz was by horse or foot. The only telegraph in Bolivia was in Tupiza, 606 kilometres (377 mi) south from La Paz,

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his officers refused to continue the march through the desert, but his shameful withdrawal accelerated his downfall, and he was succeeded by Narciso Campero. In the new government, there was a strong tendency to accept the Chilean offer of Tacna and Arica, but it was eventually refused. Bolivia signed the creation of the United States of Peru and Bolivia, a political fantasy without any practical consequences. Bolivia helped Peru with money and weapons, but the Bolivian army never again intervened in the war.

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knew that its army would be sent not to free the occupied region of Bolivia but to protect Peru. As Daza and his officers came to Tacna and Arica, they failed to see the expected Peruvian military strength and understood that their position of power in Bolivia was threatened by a defeat of the Allies. The Bolivian historian Querejazu suggests that Daza successfully used the Chilean offer of Tacna and Arica for Bolivia to exert pressure on Peru to get a more favorable Protocol of Subsidies.

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Chilean ships transported approximately 30,000 men, along with their mounts and equipment, 500 miles (800 km) in order to attack Lima. Chilean commanders were using purpose-built, flat-bottomed landing craft that would deliver troops in shallow water closer to the beach, possibly the first purpose-built amphibious landing craft in history: "These 36 shallow draft, flat-bottomed boats would be able to land three thousand men and twelve guns in a single wave."

3356: 2026: 3424:(including some survivors from Los Ángeles), Bolognesi's 7th and 8th Divisions at Arica, and at Tacna the 1st Army. These forces were under Campero's direct command. However, the numbers proved meaningless, as the Peruvians were unable to concentrate troops or even to move from their garrisons. After crossing 40 miles (64 km) of desert, on 26 May the Chilean army (14,147 men) destroyed the allied army of 5,150 Bolivians and 8,500 Peruvians in the 1772:, "Peru has its own reasons to enter the dispute. Rory Miller (1993) argues that the depletion of guano resources and poor management of the economy in Peru had provoked a crisis. This has caused Peru to default on its external debt in 1876.... In that year the Peruvian government decided to procure a loan of seven millions pounds of which four millions pounds were earmarked to purchase privately owned oficinas ... and Peru defaulted again in 1877." 1931:

cancel the tax would force Chile to declare null the 1874 treaty. In December 1878, Bolivia, counting on its military alliance with Peru, challenged Chile, stated the tax was unrelated to the treaty and that the claim of the CSFA should be addressed in Bolivian courts, and revived the tax. When the company refused to pay the tax, Bolivia confiscated its property on 11 February and threatened to sell it on 14 February to liquidate the company's debt.

3184: 1182:, considered this an internal issue subject to the jurisdiction of the Bolivian courts. Chile insisted that the breach of the treaty would mean that the territorial borders denoted in it were no longer settled. Despite this, Hilarión Daza rescinded the license of the Chilean company, seized its assets and put it up for auction. On the day of the auction, 14 February 1879, Chile's armed forces occupied without resistance the Bolivian port city of 3861:, calling for peace and in December 1882 convened a convention of representatives of the seven northern departments, where he was elected "Regenerating President" To support Iglesias against Montero, on 6 April 1883, Patricio Lynch started a new offensive to drive the guerrillas from central Peru and to destroy Caceres's army. The Chilean troops pursued Caceres northwest through narrow mountain passes until 10 July 1883, winning the definitive 3156: 1608: 1710: 210: 1973: 4392:

their respective consuls and ambassadors were the traders in nitrate and the holders of the growing stacks of debts of all the belligerents. They were all aware that the only way they could hope to receive payment on their loans and earn the profits from the nitrate business was to see the war ended and trade resumed on a normal footing without legal disputes over ownership of the resources of the region hanging over their heads."

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assume for himself the command of the army. Because of the Chilean blockade, Peru could not export revenuemaking goods via its ports. As a consequence, public revenue was half of what had been expected, and spending tripled. The Peruvian government in 1879 experienced several political crises and seven ministers of finance. General Buendía, who led the defeated allied troops in Iquique, and More, chief of the sunken warship

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failed to realize their situation and, despite the empty Bolivian treasury, on 16 June 1880, the Bolivian National Assembly voted to continue the war. On 11 June 1880, a document was signed in Peru declaring the creation of the United States of Peru-Bolivia, but Piérola continued the struggle. W. Sater states, "Had Piérola sued for peace in June 1880, he would have saved countless Peruvian lives and the nation's treasure."

1653: 1784:). However, the CSFA was too expensive to be purchased. As Peruvian historian Alejandro Reyes states, the Bolivian salitreras needed to be controlled, which resulted in the internationalization of the conflict since they were owned by Chilean and European merchants. As the Chilean company was to be auctioned on 14 February 1879, in Antofagasta, it was considered that the Peruvian consul would be the highest bidder. 4578:, and 45,000 books were seized, but some of the books were sold in Lima by Peruvians, and so it is contested how much of the booty was taken by the Chilean forces. In any case, in late March 1881, some of the books arrived to Chile, and the press began to inform and discuss about the legitimacy of looting oil paintings, books, statues, etc., or "international robbery", as a journalist of "La Epoca" described it. 3127: 4239: 1738:

self-seeking capitalists to bring their country out of the business stagnation that had begun in 1878 since the war provided Chile with the economic means to come of age. Sater states that that interpretation overlooks certain important facts. The Chilean investors in Bolivia correctly feared that Daza, the Bolivian dictator, would use the war as an excuse to expropriate their investments. Among them were

1878:, which limited the saltpeter production and authorized the government to purchase the whole production to a fixed price. However, the plan failed, and the law was repealed. In 1875, the Peruvian government expropriated the salitreras of Tarapacá to create a monopoly in guano and nitrate, and in 1876, Antony Gibbs & Sons became the consignee of the nitrate trade for the Peruvian government. President 4540: 4136:, offensive action, and combined arms. It was the first to mobilize and deploy its forces and took the war immediately to Bolivian and Peruvian territories. It adopted combined arms strategy that used naval and ground forces to rout its allied foes and capture enemy territory. It landed ground forces in enemy territory to raid in strength to split and to drive out defenders, and it then 2727: 3148:

After the loss of its naval capabilities, Peru had the option to withdraw to central Peru to strengthen its army around Lima until the re-establishment of a naval balance or to build up new alliances, as hinted by the Chilean historian Wilhelm Ekdahl. However, Jorge Basadre assumes that it would have been "striking and humiliating" to abandon Tarapacá, the source of Peru's wealth.

3553:, artillery, covering forts and trenches located along the top of the steeply natural hills (280 m in Morro Solar, 170 m in Sta. Teresa and San Juan) and minefields around the roads to Lima crossing the hamlets of San Juan and Santa Teresa, settlements that the Peruvians anticipated would be important targets of the Chilean attack, all of which were used by the Peruvian military. 3293:, which had been nationalized by Peru, to the owner of the certificate of debt. The alternative of a Chilean State Company of Salpeter was discarded as too onerous for a government waging war and lacking experienced personnel, and the creditors pressed the issue. In 1879, Chile began to exact a tax of 40 cents per "quintal métrico" (100 kg), increasing to $ 1.60 in 1880. 3537:, a town only 45 kilometres (28 mi) from Lima. All other Chilean forces would be re-embarked in Pisco for naval transport to Chilca. The Chilean troops disembarked in Curayaco, slightly north of Chilca, on 22 December 1880. The artillery was later disembarked at Lurín, on the southern outskirts of Lima, as the Chilean army was able to advance quickly after landing. 1788:

political capital out of jealousy for the national honor, and His Excellency may be forced to give way to the popular sentiment." Chilean President Pinto was under similar pressures. Bruce Farcau considers that to be the main cause for the war outbreak: "The argument that the attitude of the peoples of the region was just ripe for war seems best to fit the bill."

3219:, and the Peruvians fell back to Tiliviche. The Chilean army captured Iquique (80 km/50 mi south of Pisagua) without resistance. Some of the Peruvian forces that had been defeated at San Francisco retreated on Tarapacá, a little town with same name as the province, where they combined with Peruvian troops who withdrew to Tarapacá directly from Iquique. 3341:, frivolous investment, bombastic decrees, and lack of control in the budget, but it must be said that he put forth an enormous effort to obtain new funds and to mobilize the country for the war. Basadre considered his work an act of heroism, abnegation in a country invaded, politically divided, militarily battered, and economically bloodless. 3112:. The presence of the torpedo boat prevented communications through this route and its use for military purposes, and the Peruvian vessels that had taken refuge in the vicinity surrendered to the Chileans. The deployment of the torpedo boat also induced the Bolivian government to agree to a peace treaty with Chile in 1884. 2686:

company offered the service of a floating dock for ships up to 3000 tonnes, and the Peruvian government used it to repair their ships at the outset of the war. Those are some reasons that led the international press to expect a Chilean defeat as the war started. Moreover, the ambivalent Argentine position and the ongoing

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handicapped and embargoed Chilean furniture, property, and mining produce; allowed Chilean mining companies to continue operating under a government-appointed administrator; and provided all embargoes as temporary "unless the hostilities exercised by Chilean forces requires an energetic retaliation from Bolivia."

3257:, and the passiveness of the Chilean fleet showed that the command of the navy was unprepared for the war, and the army also had trouble with the logistics, medical service, and command. Public discontent with poor decisions led to riots, and the government had to replace the "sclerotics" chief of the navy 3719:

assault haciendas and the property of the rich to protest their mistreatment suffered in previous years. Lima's masses attacked Chinese grocery stores, and Indian peasants took over highland haciendas. For the occupation forces, the region was an unknown, difficult terrain, force inhibitor, insalubrious (

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done by Chilean occupation forces in Peru has caused controversy between historians. It is overlooked in Chile and a source of anti-Chilean sentiment in Peru. The Chilean historian Milton Godoy Orellana distinguishes the looting after the battle of Chorrillos y Miraflores; the looting by Peruvians in

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supported an assertive role for the US in the war, ostensibly regarding the interests of promoting US ownership of nitrate and guano concessions. Blaine argued that the South American republics "are young sisters of this government" and so he would not tolerate European intervention in South America.

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The result was a mix of brief telegraphic dispatches a few days' old from cities with cable stations, along with lengthier but older reports carried by steamships to London or New York. For example, the Battle of Iquique occurred on 21 May, but its first mention appeared in the 30 May edition of both

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units into waist-deep water under enemy fire. An outnumbered first landing wave fought at the beach; the second and third waves in the following hours were able to overcome resistance and move inland. By the end of the day, an expeditionary army of 10,000 had disembarked at the captured port. In 1881

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in the regions Cajamarca (north), Arequipa (south) and the Sierra Central (Cerro Pasco to Ayacucho) However, the collapse of national order in Peru brought on also domestic chaos and violence, most of which was motivated by class or racial divisions. Chinese and black laborers took the opportunity to

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The Peruvian caudillos organized a resistance, which would be known as the Campaign of the Breña or Sierra, a widespread, prolonged, brutal, and eventually futile guerrilla campaign. They harassed the Chilean troops and their logistics to such a point that Lynch had to send expeditions to the valleys

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Piérola's division of forces in two lines has been criticised by Chilean analyst Francisco Machuca. Whether such criticism is justified is debatable. According to Gonzalo Bulnes the battles of Chorrillos and Miraflores have been some of the largest in South America regarding the number of combatants,

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On 2 December, 3,500 additional men and 416 horses disembarked in Pisco. Some two weeks later, on 15 December, 14,000 Chilean men, 2,400 horses and mules, and supplies left Arica for the north. Baquedano, the Chilean commander, decided that only one brigade in the Pisco region, Lynch's brigade, would

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In Peru, the political situation was complicated. President Prado had declared war on Chile for longstanding economical and political reasons but without the funds or international credit to finance the war. He turned over the administration of the state to Vice President Luis La Puerta de Mendoza to

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As provided by the secret treaty, the allies agreed in the Protocol of Subsidies for Bolivia to bear the costs of the war. The agreement, which regulated the tax income for many years, caused resentments and fears in Bolivia, whose deployment of forces to Tacna was seen as helping Peru. Also, Bolivia

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and lost many troops during their withdrawal. Bruce W. Farcau comments that, "The province of Tarapacá was lost along with a population of 200,000, nearly one tenth of the Peruvian total, and an annual gross income of £28 million in nitrate production, virtually all of the country's export earnings."

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after several hours of fierce fighting, even though her surviving crewmen sought to scuttle her. The Chilean Navy was thereafter free to carry troops for the invasion of Peru and to provide fire support for amphibious assault and other troops operating in the conflict areas. Chilean warships also had

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Another US American historian, David Healy, rejects that thesis, and Fredrick B. Pike calls the allegation "absurd." The economic development that accompanied and followed the war was so remarkable that Marxist writers feel justified in alleging that Chile's great military adventure was instigated by

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and was looking for a replacement for its silver, copper and wheat exports. It has been argued that the economic situation and the view of new wealth in nitrate were the true reasons for the Chilean elite to go to war against Peru and Bolivia. The holder of the Chilean nitrate companies, according to

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The duties of exportation that may be levied on minerals exploited in the zone referred to in the preceding articles shall not exceed those now in force, and Chilean citizens, industry, and capital shall not be subjected to any other contributions what ever except those now existing. The stipulations

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Bolivia and Chile negotiated the "Boundary Treaty of 1866," or the "Treaty of Mutual Benefits," which established 24° S "from the littoral of the Pacific to the eastern limits of Chile" as the mutual boundary. Both countries also agreed to share the tax revenue from mineral exports from the territory

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Ever since the war ended, the aspiration to regain coastal sovereignty has been a recurring theme in Bolivia's domestic and foreign policy, as well as a common cause of tensions with Chile. Even in the current century there have been periods when diplomatic relations break off and demands are placed

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judge to deal with the claims of citizens from Britain (118 claims), Italy (440 claims), and France (89 claims). A tribunal was established in 1886 for German citizens. The "Italian" tribunal also dealt with Belgian citizens, and the "German" tribunal acted for Austrian and Swiss citizens. Spaniards

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on the "opprobrious and humiliating" shipments of Peruvian cultural assets. Montt asked the devolution of the assets and was supported by deputies McClure and Puelma. The minister vowed to impede further exactions and to repatriate the objects mentioned in the discussion. Apparently, he did so since

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Lima was not connected by cable to Panama, the southernmost post of the North American cable network. Valparaíso had been connected to Buenos Aires by a cable over the Andes since 26 July 1872. Buenos Aires was connected via Uruguay and Brazil, to Portugal and Britain and, from there, to the US over

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Lizardo Montero tried to resist in Arequipa with a force of 4,000 men, but when Chile's 3,000 fighters arrived from Mollendo, Moquegua, and Ayacucho and began the assault to Arequipa, the Peruvian troops mutinied against Montero and allowed the Chileans to occupy the city on 29 October 1883. Montero

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and Andrés Cisneros state that the treaty was a true victory for Argentina, but Michael Morris believes, "Rearguard Argentine efforts had been made to gain recognition for some kind of shared management regime for the Strait , in order to mitigate what was perceived as the striking diplomatic defeat

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On 19 November, 8,800 men, twenty cannons and their supplies reached Pisco. A party of 400 men was landed near the port and they learned that a garrison of 3,000 men defended Pisco. Bypassing it required a landing to be made directly into the port and so a Chilean vanguard was landed in Paracas, ten

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The occupation of the southern departments of Peru (Tacna, Arica, and Tarapacá) and the Lynch expedition showed that the army of Peru no longer possessed the skilled military manpower to defend the country. However, nothing could convince the Peruvian government to sue for peace. The defeated allies

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Chorrillos was the preferred seaside resort of Lima's aristocracy before the war, but during the Battle of Chorrillos, the Peruvian line of defense ran in the middle of the city and was shelled, set on fire, looted, and reduced to rubble during the conflict. At the end of the battle, bitter fighting

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and two torpedo boats, sailed from Pisagua. Two days later, on 26 February, the Chileans arrived off Punta Coles, near Pacocha, Ilo. The landing took several days to conclude but faced no resistance. The Peruvian commander, Lizardo Montero, refused to try to drive the Chileans from the beachhead, as

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involving advances from the north (Daza's forces coming from Arica) and from the south (Buendia's forces coming from Iquique). Although Peruvian forces marched northwards as planned after the fall of Pisagua, Daza, coming from Arica, decided in Camarones (44 km from Pisagua) to give up his part

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and their warships were in a deplorable state. In Chile, for example, the military contingent had been reduced continuously from 3,776 (by 1867) to 2,400 (by 1879) men, and no military unit was deployed north of Valparaíso, 1700 km south of Iquique. By the end of the war, 53% of chief engineers

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In December 1878, Chile had dispatched a warship to the area. On 6 February, the Bolivian government nullified the CSFA's exploitation license and confiscated the property. The news reached Valparaíso on 11 February and so the Chilean government decided on the occupation of the region of Antofagasta

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In 1875, the city of Antofagasta had attempted to impose a 3 cents tax on the CSFA, but the Bolivian State Council (Consejo de Estado), headed by Serapio Reyes Ortiz, who would be Minister of Foreign Affairs during the crisis, rejected the tax because it violated the license of 1873 and the Boundary

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Another reason, according to Sater, was Peru's desire to monopolize and appropriate the nitrate works to strengthen its nitrate monopoly, which required the Bolivian and Chilean salitreras to be controlled by Peru. As unenviable as Chile’s situation was in the 1870s, that of Peru was much worse. The

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Chile was not informed about the pact until it learned of it, at first cursorily by a leak in the Argentine Congress in September 1873, when the Argentine Senate discussed the invitation to join the Peru-Bolivia alliance. The Peruvian mediator Antonio de Lavalle stated in his memoirs that he did not

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After the Chilean occupation of Arica, Tarapacá, and Antofagasta, the governments of Peru and Bolivia turned as their last hope to the United States to block the Chilean annexation of the occupied territories. American diplomats were worried that European powers might be tempted to intervene in the

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The British historian B. Farcau stated: "Contrary to the concept of the 'merchants of death,' the arms manufacturers of Europe and the United States conniving to keep alive the conflict, from which they had earned some welcome sales of their merchandise, the most influential foreign businessmen and

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Vergara's plan avoided the bloody frontal attack, circumvented all defense works, cut any Peruvian withdrawal line to the east into the formidable Andes, and demoralized the Peruvians. However, there were no steady roads for movement of Chilean artillery and baggage, no water to allow navy support,

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and one at Miraflores. It was hoped that the Peruvian professional Army would defeat the Chileans in Chorrillos. If that measure failed, a reserve army, increased with remnants of Chorrillos and the Callao troops, were expected to hold the Chilean advance at Miraflores. The Peruvian forces numbered

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The reason that Daza abandoned the Peruvian forces in Iquique and turned back to Arica just before the Battle of San Francisco is uncertain. Some historians say that he wanted to keep the "Regimiento Colorados" untouched since the force secured his political power in Bolivia. Daza later stated that

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The Campaign of Tarapacá began on November 2, 1879, when nine steam transporters escorted by half of the Chilean Navy transported 9,500 men and more than 850 animals to Pisagua, some 500 kilometres (310 mi) north of Antofagasta. After neutralizing the coastal batteries, the Chileans landed and

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The Allied armies were heavily involved in domestic politics and neglected their military duties, and poor planning and administration caused them to buy different rifles with different calibers. That hampered the instruction of conscripts, the maintenance of arms, and the supply of ammunition. The

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On 22 February, Peru sent a diplomatic team headed by José Antonio de Lavalle to Santiago to act as a mediator between the Chilean and the Bolivian governments. Peru meanwhile ordered its fleet and army to prepare for war. De Lavalle arrived in Valparaíso on 4 March. On 27 February, Daza had made a

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Having surrendered its claim to the disputed territories in return for a Bolivian promise to avoid increasing the tax, Chile claimed that the treaty did not allow for such a tax hike. Bolivia suspended the tax in April 1878. In November, Chile proposed mediation and cautioned that Daza's refusal to

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was "determined to complete the monopoly," and in 1876, Peru bought the nitrate licenses for "El Toco" auctioned by a Bolivian decree of 13 January 1876. However, the Chilean company remained the most serious competitor and clearly weakened Peru's monopoly. President Pardo, Prado's predecessor, had

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The Bolivian 5th Division started on 11 October 1879 from Cotagaita bound for Antofagasta and was reordered to Iquique, next to Tacna, then to repress any rebellion against Daza in South Bolivia, and finally arrived at Oruro 19 Januar 1880. It never entered the Bolivian Litoral but later fought in

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to pay the Peruvian external debt and the reparations to Chile, but in return, the Peruvian government had to grant mining concessions in Tarapacá to these corporations. With the acquiescence of García Calderón, both companies began to lobby in the United States for the territories to remain under

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in London were not averse to dealing with both Chile and Peru. Arms were sold freely to any side that could pay for them but the British abstained from selling warships. For example, in 1879 to 1880, Peru acquired weapons from the United States, Europe, Costa Rica, and Panama. Weapons offloaded on

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to the outskirts of Lima, the Chilean army began the campaign of Lima. Lacking the ships to transport all the troops at once from Arica, the Chileans decided to land a division and then the rest of the army in stages. Their shortage of shipping also precluded an immediate landing at Lima. Instead,

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Photo of Chilean private first class Tránsito Diaz, injured during the landing on Pisagua. The photo belongs to the "Álbum de inválidos de la Guerra del Pacífico", 130 photographic records ordered by the D. Santa María government to demonstrate the pensions and orthopedic devices given to disabled

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Also on 14 March, Alejandro Fierro, Chile's minister of foreign affairs, sent a telegram to Chile's representative in Lima, Joaquin Godoy, to request the immediate neutrality of the Peruvian government. On March 17, Godoy formally presented the Chilean proposal in a meeting with Peruvian President

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In 1874, Chile and Bolivia replaced the 1866 boundary treaty by keeping the boundary at 24° S but granting Bolivia the authority to collect all tax revenue between 23° and 24° S. To compensate for the relinquishment of its rights, Chile received a 25-year guarantee against tax increases on Chilean

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postponed and then rejected the approval, but in 1875 and 1877, after border disputes with Chile flared up anew, Argentina sought to join the treaty. At the onset of the war, in a renewed attempt, Peru offered Argentina the Chilean territories from 24° to 27° S if Argentina adhered to the pact and

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claims by foreign citizens could not be made unless the damaged property had been in an actual battleground (such as Arica, Chorrillos, and Miraflores, with Pisagua and Tacna being in a similar situation), but damages caused by individual or scattered soldiers were dismissed. Only 3.6% (1,080,562

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At the onset of the war, 30,000 Chileans were expelled from Peru (within 8 days) and Bolivia (within 10 days) and their property confiscated, most of them having to shelter in the camps, boats, and pontoons of the Peruvian ports until they were transported by ship to Antofagasta. It is calculated

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landing could be expected; the Iquique-Pisagua or Arica-Tacna regions. There were reserves stationed at Arequipa, farther north in Peru, under Lizardo Montero, as well as in southern Bolivia, under Narciso Campero The reserves were to be deployed to the coast after a landing but failed to arrive.

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rifles. The Chilean navy also possessed two new ironclads, which were invincible against the older Peruvian warships. Although there was interference between military and government over policy during the war, the primacy of the government was never questioned. The Chilean supply line from Europe

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El Perú, según este articulista, tenía derecho para pedir la reconsideración del tratado de 1866. La anexión de Atacama a Chile (así como también la de Patagonia) envolvía una trascendencia muy vasta y conducía a complicaciones muy graves contra la familia hispanoamericana. El Perú defendiendo a

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Se autoriza al Ejecutivo para transar sobre indemnización y otros reclamos pendientes en la actualidad, y para acordar con las partes interesadas la forma más conveniente en que habrán de llenarse sus obligaciones respectivas; defiriéndose estos asuntos, sólo en los casos de no avenimiento, a la

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In the afternoon of 12 January 1881, three Chilean formations (referred to as divisions) stepped off from Lurín toward Chorrillos at about 4:00, reaching their attack positions at around 3:00 the next morning. At 5:00 a.m. an assault was begun on the Peruvian forts. Lynch's division charged

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Arica and Iquique were isolated and separated by the Atacama Desert; since the capture of the Huáscar in October 1879, neither port had naval protection needed to be adequately supplied by sea. Without any communication or withdrawal lines, the area was essentially cut off from the rest of Peru.

1775:

To increase guano revenue, Peru created a monopoly on nitrate commerce in 1875. Its aims were to increase prices, curb exports and to impede competition, but most larger nitrate firms opposed the monopoly on sales of nitrate. When they were unsuccessful, Peru in 1876 began to expropriate nitrate

1765:

1870s was for Peru's economy "a decade of crisis and change". Nitrate extraction rose while guano exports, the source of substantial revenue for Peru, declined from 575,000 tons in 1869 to less than 350,000 tons in 1873, and the Chincha Islands and other guano islands were depleted or nearly so.

1557:

Historians disagree on how to interpret the treaty. Some Peruvian and Bolivian historians assess it as rightful, defensive, circumstantial, and known by Chile from the very onset. Conversely, some Chilean historians assess the treaty as aggressive against Chile, causing the war, designed to take

3900:

The basis of Cáceres's war the increasingly powerful Indian insurrection against the Chileans, which had changed the nature of the war. Indian guerrillas fought "white men from all parties," looted towns, and seized land of the white owners. In June 1884, Cáceres accepted Treaty of Ancón "as an

3559:

The Chilean General Staff had two plans for the attack. Baquedano, the army chief, advocated a direct and frontal advance through the Tablada de Lurín. The area was known, with large areas of relatively flat terrain against the line of Chorrillos. The advantages of that path of advance were the

2685:

The Allied forces, at first glance, had some advantages over the Chilean forces. Their population and armies doubled the Chileans in numbers, and the Peruvian port of Callao's powerful artillery was impregnable for the Chilean navy and a secure haven for the Peruvian navy. In Callao, an English

2075:

When the Chilean government asked Lavalle directly and officially whether a defensive alliance existed that committed Peru to assist Bolivia in a war with Chile and whether Lima planned to honor the agreement, Lavalle could prevaricate no longer and answered yes to both. Chilean President Pinto

4498:

and the railroads to the coal mines upcountry. When it became known that Blaine's representative in Peru, Hurlbut, would personally profit from the settlement, it was clear he was complicating the peace process The American attempts reinforced Garcia Calderon's refusal to discuss the matter of

3151:

On 30 April 1879, after 13 days of marching, 4,500 Bolivian soldiers, commanded by Daza, arrived in Tacna, a town 100 km (60 mi) north of Arica. The Bolivians had come to join the Peruvian forces, commanded by Juan Buendia. The Allied forces were deployed to the places that a Chilean

1851:

On 27 November 1873, CSFA obtained a license from the new administration in Bolivia to exploit saltpeter without duty for 15 years, but a dispute arose regarding whether the original 1872 decree, under which the 1873 license was issued, required the authorization of the Bolivian Congress. Some

1535:

The Peruvian historian Basadre states that one of Peru's reasons for signing the treaty was to impede a Chilean-Bolivian alliance against Peru that would have given to Bolivia the region of Arica (almost all Bolivian commerce went through Peruvian ports of Arica before the war) and transferred

5368:

Tan profundamente convencido estaba el gobierno peruano de la necesidad que había de perfeccionar la adhesión de la Argentina al Tratado de alianza Peru-boliviano, antes de que recibiera Chile sus blindados, a fin de poderle exigir a este país pacíficamente el sometimiento al arbitraje de sus

4097:. While the Chilean Navy started an economic and military blockade of the Allies' ports, Peru took the initiative and used its smaller navy as a raiding force. The raids delayed the ground invasion for six months and forced Chile to shift its fleet from blockading to hunting and capturing the 2039:

upon Chile although it was not immediately announced. On 1 March, Daza issued instead a decree to prohibit all commerce and communications with Chile "while the state-of-war provoked upon Bolivia lasts." It provided Chileans ten days to leave Bolivian territory unless they were gravely ill or

1787:

However, some sources, according to Sater, see the declarations of war between Chile and Peru as a product of popular domestic forces. The Peruvian President had to declare war to keep his position. Sater cites the British minister in Lima, Spencer St. John: "the rival parties may try to make

2698:

However, other observers made a more in-depth analysis, which showed Chilean political and military advantages. Chile had a stable political system since 1833 that had developed and strengthened its institutions. The Chilean army and the navy had educated officers, soldiers with professional

1159:

taxation dispute between Bolivia and Chile, with Peru being drawn in due to its secret alliance with Bolivia. Some historians have pointed to deeper origins of the war, such as the interest of Chile and Peru in the nitrate business, a long-standing rivalry between Chile and Peru for regional

3643:

Argentina had declared itself neutral at the onset of the war but allowed the transport of weapons to the Allies over Argentine territories, exerted influence on the US and European powers to stop the Chilean advance in the war, and pleaded for monetary indemnification instead of cession of

5333:

La gestión diplomática peruana en 1873 ante la Cancillería de Bolivia fue en el sentido de que aprovechara los momentos anteriores a la llegada de los blindados chilenos para terminar las fatigosas disputas sobre el tratado de 1866 y de que lo denunciase para sustituirlo por un arreglo más

4144:

Peru and Bolivia fought a defensive war, maneuvering through long overland distances and relied when possible on land or coastal fortifications with gun batteries and minefields. Coastal railways reached to central Peru, and telegraph lines provided a direct line to the government in Lima.

3128: 6193:

la condición impuesta por el gobierno peruano en sus instrucciones para que Chile fuese a la desocupación previa del litoral ocupado sin prometer la suspensión del decreto boliviano sobre expropiación de los bienes de la Compañía de Antofagasta o la modificación del impuesto de los 10

5340:

La alianza al crear el eje Lima-La Paz con ánimo de convertirlo en un eje Lima-La Paz-Buenos Aires, pretendió forjar un instrumento para garantizar la paz y la estabilidad en las fronteras americanas buscando la defensa del equilibrio continental como había propugnado "La Patria" de

4461:

Conference, which ultimately failed, as none of the belligerents was ready to negotiate. Earlier, Christiancy had written to the US that Peru should be annexed for ten years and then admitted in the Union to provide the United States with access to the rich markets of South America.

3130: 4499:

territorial cession. Blaine then dispatched William H. Trescot in a mission to Chile to establish that problems would be resolved through arbitration and that acts of war would not justify territorial seizures. After the assassination of Garfield (2 July 1881) and the accession of

1898:

states, "Although persuasive evidence linking Peru to either the ten-centavo tax or Bolivia's decision to confiscate Chilean holdings in Antofagasta never surfaced, it must be recognized that Peruvian interests had deep-seated economical and political reasons for going to war."

4627:) of the value that was claimed was recognized by the tribunals. According to Villalobos, the verdicts proved that the accusations against the Chilean forces had been exaggerated by Peruvians because of their wounded pride and by foreign citizens because of monetary interests. 3679:

After the confrontations in Chorrillos and Miraflores, the Peruvian dictator Piérola refused to negotiate with the Chileans and escaped to the central Andes to try governing from the rear but soon lost the representation of the Peruvian state. (He left Peru in December 1881.)

1516:

Historians including G. Bulnes, Basadre, and Yrigoyen agree that the real intention of the treaty was to compel Chile to modify its borders according to the geopolitical interests of Argentina, Peru, and Bolivia, as Chile was militarily weak before the arrival of the Chilean

3560:

shorter distances to be covered, a withdrawal line, the possibility of support from the Chilean navy, water supply from Lurín, and less need to train troops and the complex Chilean discipline to control any advance and subsequent attack. The alternative plan of War Minister

4665:

Relations between Chile and Peru after the Treaty of Lima have been more cordial than between Chile and Bolivia, although there have been diplomatic frictions. However, both nations maintain continuous diplomatic relations, cooperate in international trade, are part of the

3568:

that would bypass the Peruvian line by attacking from further to the east: through the Lurín valley, moving via Chantay and reaching Lima at Ate. Using that approach meant that Lima could be seized without resistance or both defense lines could be attacked from the rear.

2029:

Martiniano Urriola, with kepi, the commander of the occupation of Ayacucho in 1883, and Marcos Maturana, with poncho, the general chief of staff chief of the Expeditionary Army during the Lima Campaign; they view the dead bodies of a Peruvian gun crew after the Battle of

4522:

had stated: "It should be emphasized that the Foreign Office never at any time contemplated any kind of active intervention.... It was especially scrupulous in seeing to it that no warships were smuggled out for sale to either side, for it was in mortal dread of another

3808:

and so was arrested. Before García Calderón left Peru for Chile, he named Admiral Lizardo Montero as his successor. At the same time, Piérola stepped back and supported Cáceres for the presidency. Cáceres refused to serve but supported Lizardo Montero. Montero moved to

3236:, and the Chilean forces were defeated, but the Peruvian forces, without lines of communication with their supply bases in Peru or Bolivia, could not maintain their occupation of the territory. Consequently, the Peruvians retreated north through harsh desert terrain to 3897:

opted for a Bolivian asylum. The occupation of Ayacucho by Chilean Colonel Urriola on 1 October lasted only 40 days, as Urriola withdrew to Lima. Ayacucho was occupied by Cáceres's new army of 500 men. Caceres continued to refuse the cession of territories to Chile.

3573:

and many bottlenecks in which a small force might stop the whole Chilean army on the way to Lima or if it had to withdraw. In addition, Vergara's plan required a well-trained and disciplined army. Baquedano pushed and eventually succeeded in having his plan adopted.

4547:. Minister Balmaceda washes his hands of responsibility and orders Intendent of Santiago Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna to get rid of the heavy Peruvian lion. The Santiago elite observes with pleasure the arrival of the statue. "Padre Cobos" and a black child play around. 8383:

Ugarte Díaz, Emilio José (19 August 2014). "La Guerra del Pacífico como referente nacional y punto condicionante de las relaciones chileno-peruanas" [The War of the Pacific as a national reference point and determinant issue of Chilean-Peruvian Relations].

5348:

Bolivia, a sí mismo y al Derecho, debía presidir la coalición de todos los Estados interesados para reducir a Chile al límite que quería sobrepasar, en agravio general del uti possidetis en el Pacífico. La paz continental debía basarse en el equilibrio continental.

1887:

had warned the CSFA's board of directors in a letter on 16 April 1878, that its refusal to limit its output would bring administrative trouble with Peru and Bolivia "as it is made more and more to the interest of a neighboring Government that they should be so."

3691:, Lima. The new Chilean administration continued to push for an end to the costly war, but contrary to expectations, neither Lima's capture nor the imposition of heavy taxes led Peru to sue for peace. Conversely, Peruvian caudillos advocated to wage a defensive 4641:

The war had a profound and longlasting effect on the societies of all countries involved. The negotiations concerning territorial cessions continued until 1929, but the war ended in 1884 for all practical purposes. Various authors have referred to the war as a

1840:

of London, which also held shares of salitreras in Peru. Its shareholders included a number of leading Chilean politicians. The company obtained a license from the Melgarejo administration to construct a railroad from Antofagasta to Salinas, and was renamed

3131: 4593:

the shipments stopped, and the mentioned statues are not there anymore, but it was not until November 2007 that Chile returned 3,778 stolen books to the Biblioteca Nacional del Perú. S. Villalobos asserted, "There was no justification for the theft."

7030:, p. 222 "Baquedano could not simply bypass the Peruvian troops, whose presence threatened Moquegua as well as the communications network extending southeast across the Locumba Valley to Tacna and northwest to Arequipa and northeast to Bolivia" 1734:(CSFA) and then to seize Bolivia's and Peru's salitreras (saltpeter works). Several members of the Chilean government were shareholders of CSFA, and they are believed to have hired the services of one of the country's newspapers to push their case. 2744:

Its few roads and railroad lines made the nearly waterless and largely unpopulated Atacama Desert difficult to occupy. From the beginning, naval superiority was critical. Bolivia had no navy and so on 26 March 1879, Hilarión Daza formally offered

3285:

between Peru and Chile, on the assumption that Peru would accept the Chilean peace conditions. The initiated called such policy 'to clear up Bolivia.'" Moreover, the Chilean government had to find a border agreement with Argentina to avoid war.

4285:

covered the events of the war as much as possible, in spite of the absence of their own correspondents. Information was culled from government representatives in Europe and the US, merchant houses and Lloyd's of London, articles printed in the

3730:

An additional problem for the Chileans was collecting information in support of their expeditionary force. While Cáceres was informed about the dispositions and moves of his foes, Chileans often did not know the whereabouts of the guerrillas.

3420:, cutting any direct Peruvian supply from Lima to Arica or Tacna (supply was possible only through the long way, via Bolivia). After the Battle of Los Ángeles, only three allied positions remained in southern Peru: General Leyva's 2nd Army at 3529:

miles to the south. The force managed to capture Pisco and on 20 November the rest of the Chilean troops landed, later occupying various other nearby coastal cities, securing for the Chileans de facto control of the Peruvian province of Ica.

1721:

The historian William F. Sater gives several possible and compatible reasons for the war. He considers the causes to be domestic, economic, and geopolitical. Several authors agree with them, but others only partially support his arguments.

2051:

existed with Chile. The declaration was aimed to impede further Chilean arms purchases in Europe and to scuttle the Peruvian mediation in Chile. Bolivia called on Peru to activate the treaty of alliance arguing that Chile's invasion was a

1384:

When most of South America gained independence from Spain and Portugal in the 19th century the demarcation of frontiers was uncertain, particularly in remote, thinly populated portions of the newly independent nations. Bolivia and Chile's

4224:, Peru, to protect American interests during the war's final stages. Mahan formulated his concept of sea power while he was reading history in a British gentlemen's club in Lima, Peru. The concept became the foundation for his celebrated 6318:

Stockmeyer, Valentina Verbal (2014). "El ejército de Chile en vísperas de la Guerra del Pacífico: Una visión de las tropas (1866–1879)" [The Chilean army on the eve of the War of the Pacific: A vision of the troops (1866–1879)].

4160:. After a costly occupation and prolonged counterinsurgency campaign, Chile sought a diplomatic exit. Rifts within Peruvian society and Peruvian defeat in the Battle of Huamachuco resulted in the peace treaty that ended the occupation. 3372:

Meanwhile, Chile continued its advances in the Tacna and Arica Campaign. On 28 November, ten days after the Battle of San Francisco, Chile declared the formal blockade of Arica. On 31 December, a Chilean force of 600 men carried out an

4140:

the territory as the fighting moved north. Chileans received the support of Chinese immigrants who had been enslaved by Peruvians and joined the Chilean Army during the campaign of Lima and in the raids to the north Peruvian cities.

3139:

After the Battle of Angamos, once Chile achieved naval supremacy, the government had to decide where to strike. The options were Tarapacá, Moquegua or directly Lima. Because of its proximity to Chile and the capture of the Peruvian

3702:

as the provisional president but he was assisted by the US minister in Lima in refusing the cession of territories to Chile. He was overthrown by the Chileans in September 1881, but before his relegation to Chile, he had appointed

2694:

commented on the public opinion in Peru and Bolivia: "They ignored the real power of Chile and the horrors of war, and simple minded people believed that the Allied would win the war because they together were bigger than Chile."

4512:

Washington had interjected itself into the middle of the controversy without developing a realistic position: the moralizing of the United States had an air of hypocrisy in light of his own history, and veiled threats carried no

1342:(Chile saltpeter) are nitrogen-containing compounds collectively referred to as salpeter, saltpetre, salitre, caliche, or nitrate. They are used as fertilizer, but have other important uses. Saltpeter is used to make gunpowder. 4371:

by Caceres's forces because of the atrocities and crimes committed by the guerrillas against the Peruvian inhabitants of the cities and hamlets. In Ayacucho, indigenous peoples stood up against "the whites," and in Chincha, the

1162: 2043:

In Santiago, Lavalle asked for Chile's withdrawal from Antofagasta to transfer the province to a tripartite administration of Bolivia, Chile, and Peru without Bolivia guaranteeing to end the embargo or to cancel the new tax.

4254:

connected Valparaíso and Lima. At the beginning of the war, Antofagasta and Iquique were connected to the cable. Both navies tried to take control of the cable or severed it according to its military and naval interests.

3912:

as a class, included those who had collaborated with the Chileans. The only way to do so was to give the "hacendados" what they wanted and repress the very guerrillas who had made the Breña campaign possible in the first

2712:

Peruvian navy warships manned before the war by Chilean sailors had to be replaced by foreign crews when the war began. Bolivia had no navy. The Allied armies had nothing comparable to the Chilean cavalry and artillery.

3455:

in Arica. The meeting had been arranged by the United States Ministers Plenipotentiary in the belligerent countries. The Lackawanna Conference, also called the Arica Conference, attempted to develop a peace settlement.

1177:

which established the border between both countries and prohibited tax increases for mining. Chile protested the violation of the treaty and requested international arbitration, but the Bolivian government, presided by

4684:

Día del Mar is celebrated in Bolivia on 23 March, at the conclusion of the weeklong Semana del Mar with a ceremony at La Paz's Plaza Abaroa, in homage to war hero Eduardo Abaroa, and in parallel ceremonies nationwide.

3644:

territories to Chile. There was a strong drift in its public opinion in favor of Peru and Bolivia. Moreover, there were Peruvian and Bolivian hopes that Argentina could change its stance and enter a war against Chile.

6691:"There are numerous differences of opinion as to the ships' speed and armament. Some of these differences can be attributed to the fact that the various sources may have been evaluating the ships at different times." 3727:), inaccessible, and Chilean military supplies had to be transported from Lima or other points on the coast, purchased from locals, or confiscated, each option being either very expensive or politically hazardous. 3548:

The main Peruvian defense line ran from the seaside resort of Chorrillos through Morro Solar, Santa Teresa, San Juan, the Pamplona (hills) until Monterrico Chico, a line of defence approximately 15 km long.

3428:. The need for a port near the army to supply and reinforce the troops and to evacuate the wounded compelled the Chilean command to concentrate on the remaining Peruvian stronghold of Arica. On 7 June, after the 4035:

numbered no more than 2,175 soldiers and was divided into three infantry regiments, two cavalry squadrons, and two sections of artillery. The Colorados Battalion, President Daza's personal guard, was armed with

1376: 1311:

is sometimes named. The war largely settled (or set up, depending on one's point of view) the "Tacna-Arica dispute", and is sometimes known by that name as well, although the details took decades to resolve.

1926:

The CSFA's directory board perceived the tax as a Peruvian move to displace Chileans from the nitrate production, as had occurred in Tarapacá in 1875 when the Peruvian government expropriated the salitreras.

4156:. The occupying Chilean force was split into small garrisons across the theater and could devote only part of its strength to hunting down dispersed pockets of resistance and the last Peruvian forces in the 1442:

in the 1830s, the Atacama was prospected and populated by Chileans. Chilean and foreign enterprises in the region eventually extended their control to the Peruvian saltpeter works. In the Peruvian region of

1422:

and the role of saltpeter in explosives. The Atacama Desert became economically important. Bolivia, Chile, and Peru were in the area of the largest reserves of a resource demanded by the world. During the

1160:

hegemony, as well as the political and economical disparities between the stability of Chile and the volatility of Peru and Bolivia. In February 1878, Bolivia increased taxes on the Chilean mining company

3432:, the last Peruvian bastion in the Tacna Department fell. After the campaign of Tacna and Arica, the Peruvian and Bolivian regular armies largely ceased to exist, and Bolivia effectively left the war. 8205:

Mellafe Maturana, Rafael (December 2012). "La ayuda inglesa a Chile durante la Guerra del Pacífico. ¿Mito o realidad?" [English aid to Chile during the War of the Pacific. Myth or Reality?].

4200:, were used in battle for the first time. That was significant for a conflict in which no major power was involved and attracted British, French, and US observers. During the war, Peru developed the 3908:

Yet long before the civil war was over, it became clear to the hero of la Breña that, in order to build an alliance that would carry him to the presidential palace, he had to mend fences with the

3129: 2807:

cost Peru 40% of its naval offensive power. It also made a strong impression upon military leaders in Argentina, and the possibility of Argentina's intervention in the war became far more remote.

1558:

control by Peru of the Bolivian nitrate and hidden from Chile. The reasons for its secrecy, its invitation to Argentina to join the pact, and Peru's refusal to remain neutral are still discussed.

1058: 920: 5315:(Traducción: La síntesis del tratado secreto es: oportunidad: la condición desarmada de Chile; el pretexto para producir el conflicto: Bolivia; la ganancia del negocio: Patagonia y el salitre;) 4024:. The artillery, with a total of 28 pieces, was composed mostly of British-made Blakely cannons and counted four machine guns. Much of the artillery dated from 1866 and had been bought for the 2068:

On 23 March, on their way to occupy Calama, 554 Chilean troops and cavalry defeated 135 Bolivian soldiers and civilians, who were dug in at two destroyed bridges next to the Topáter ford. The

5681:

Al realizar el estado peruano con la ley del 28 de marzo de 1875, la expropiación y monopolio de las salitreras de Tarapacá, era necesario evitar la competencia de las salitreras del Toco ...

3360:

war veterans. Ten percent of the expeditionary force, 4,081 Chilean soldiers, returned disabled from the war. In 2008, 280 women were receiving a pension as the daughter or wife of a veteran.

1947:

The Bolivian territory between 23° South and the Loa River, the border with Peru, remained unoccupied by Chilean forces almost one month after the Bolivian declaration of war. On 21 March,

4338:

that 7,000 of the refugees from Peru enlisted in the Chilean battalions, and their resentfulness would later influence the war. Peruvian and Bolivian residents in Chile were not expelled.

5313:

The synthesis of the Secret Treaty was this: opportunity: the disarmed condition of Chile; the pretext to produce conflict: Bolivia; the profit of the business: Patagonia and the salitre;

4670:

to promote mutual integration and joint strategic trade in Asia, and invest extensively in each other. This has generated rapid growth for both economies and a growing cultural exchange.

8224:['It has brought to us from enemy territory, the avalanche of war': confiscation of machinery and appropriation of cultural property during the occupation of Lima, 1881–1883]. 6515:

As the earlier discussion of the geography of the Atacama region illustrates, control of the sea lanes along the coast would be absolutely vital to the success of a land campaign there

7066:, p. 227 "The allied force, he concluded lacked sufficient transport to move into the field its artillery as well as its rations and, more significantly, its supplies of water." 3602:, the Chileans inflicted a harsh defeat on the regular Peruvian forces, eliminating Lima's first defensive line. Two days later, the second line of defense was also penetrated in the 979: 7042:, p. 138 specifies 3,100 men in Arequipa, 2,000 men in Arica and 9,000 men in Tacna, but this figure contradicts the total numbers given (below) by William F. Sater in page 229. 3109: 1092: 1041: 731: 214: 4273:

coverage of the war. On the other hand, the west coast was important for investors, farmers, manufacturers, and government officials because of their financial commitments. Hence,

3556:

The second line of defense was less strong, consisting of 7 redoubts (one every 800 meters) for infantry and artillery, which the Peruvians hoped would stop any Chilean offensive.

8222:"'Ha traído hasta nosotros desde territorio enemigo, el alud de la guerra': confiscación de maquinarias y apropiación de bienes culturales durante la ocupación de Lima, 1881–1883" 4507:

as Secretary of State. Frelinghuysen thought that the US was in no position to back Blaine's policy and recalled the Trescot mission. Kenneth D. Lehmann commented the US policy:

3508:

The Chilean government struggled to satisfy the public demands to end the war and to secure the peace. The situation forced the Chilean government to plan the occupation of Lima.

1821:

named "Las Salinas" and "Carmen Alto", 122 kilometres (76 mi) and 128 kilometres (80 mi) from Antofagasta, respectively) and secured concessions from Bolivian President

947: 4105:

on the long coastline. Peruvian and Bolivian defenders found themselves hundreds of kilometers from home, but the Chilean forces were usually just a few kilometers from the sea.

3942:

was to be held to determine nationality. For decades thereafter, the two countries failed to agree on the terms of the plebiscite. Finally, in 1929, mediation under US President

4563:

of 1863 unconditionally protected works of art during an armed conflict (Art. 35) but expressly consented to the use of cultural property as war reparations (Art. 36). In fact,

5555:

La política exterior de Chile durante la guerra y la posguerra del Pacífico (1879–1891): las relaciones con Estados Unidos y Colombia: diplomacia, opinión pública y poder naval

3491:

Landing and deployment of Chilean troops during the Campaign of Lima, from November 1880 to January 1881. The long way from Pisco to Chilca was done only by the Lynch brigade.

1848:

In 1871, a new Bolivian government canceled all contracts signed by Melgarejo, but on 22 November 1872, a Bolivian decree allowed the government to renegotiate the contracts.

1051: 962: 862: 635: 3938:

to Chile, and the use of the guano and nitrate resources to repay Peru's debts were regulated. Chile was also to occupy the provinces of Tacna and Arica for 10 years, when a

5369:

pretensiones territoriales, que, apenas fueron recibidas en Lima las observaciones formuladas por el Canciller Tejedor, se correspondió a ellas en los siguientes términos...

796: 1288:

Chilean lieutenant Solo Zaldívar and two soldiers burying three Bolivian soldiers after the Battle of Tacna. The elevation behind them is also a burial ground of victims.

1075: 1021: 1536:

Antofagasta to Chile. The Chilean offers to Bolivia to change allegiance were made several times even during the war and also from the Bolivian side at least six times.

942: 2035:

public manifesto to inform the Bolivians on the occupation of Antofagasta and to call for patriotic support. The same day, the Bolivian legislature authorized a formal

1757:

Sater cites other sources that state that the true causes of the conflict were not economic but geopolitical, a struggle for control of the southeastern portion of the

957: 1477: 1471: 1389:, in the coastal territories between approximately the 23° and 24° South parallels, was just one of several longstanding border conflicts that arose in South America. 6785:"Tarapacá era una tumba. Estratégicamente hablando era aquel un ejército perdido porque no tenía base de operaciones, ni líneas de comunicación, ni línea de retirada" 4979:, p. 348 Table 22. The statistics on battlefield deaths are inaccurate because they do not provide follow-up information on those who later died of their wounds. 4707:(built in the United Kingdom for the Peruvian government in 1864, it served in the Peruvian Navy until it was captured by Chile in 1879) under the command of Captain 5251:"Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas, La misión Balmaceda: asegurar la neutralidad argentina en la guerra del Pacífico, Carlos Escudé y Andrés Cisneros" 4266:

The traditional transport for long distances were the steamships that connected Valparaíso, Caldera, Antofagasta, Iquique, Arica, and Lima to the rest of the world.

3917:

On 29 October 1883, the Chilean occupation of Lima ended, and on 4 August 1884, Lynch and the rest of the Chilean Expeditionary Forces embarked in Callao for Chile.

1167: 3090:

During the Sierra campaign, Chilean ships were dedicated to guarding the Peruvian coast and transporting military detachments and war material for land operations.

7939: 4810: 1087: 1006: 806: 585: 4442:

in Panama persistently protested the trade by citing a Chile–Colombia agreement of 1844 that prohibited Colombia from providing war supplies to Chile's enemies.

3665:

The situation in Bolivia stayed the same after the fall of Lima. The Bolivian government lacked the money, men, weapons, and means to transport an army to Peru.

2065:

On 21 March, Godoy telegraphed the Chilean government on the secret treaty between Peru and Bolivia, which had been revealed to him by Peruvian President Prado.

1046: 6905:

Thomas F. O'Brien, "The Antofagasta Company: A Case Study of Peripheral Capitalism", Duke University Press, Hispanic American Historical Review, 1980, pp. 21–23

1036: 1001: 996: 679: 4478:

The groups "Credit Industriel" and "Peruvian Company," representing European and American creditors, had guaranteed to the Peruvian provisional government of

1587: 1284: 4376:

banded together against their owners in the Haciendas of "Larán," "San José," and "Hoja Redonda". Only the Peruvian army could forcibly suppress the revolt.

1070: 1031: 991: 972: 952: 932: 3745:

In February 1881, Chilean forces, under Lieutenant Colonel Ambrosio Letelier started the first expedition into the Sierra, with 700 men, to defeat the last

1807: 4586: 3855:, Defence Minister under Piérola, became convinced that the war had to be brought to an end or Peru would be completely devastated. He issued a manifesto, 3165:

The land war can be seen as four Chilean military campaigns that successively occupied Tarapacá, Arica-Tacna, and Lima and a final campaign that ended the

1923:

tax, but the company objected by citing the 1874 treaty that the increased payments were illegal and demanded an intervention from the Chilean government.

1016: 6967: 4344:

Besides the Peruvian-Chilean slaughter in the irregular war after the occupation of Lima, an ethnic and social conflict was simmering in Peru between the

9120: 8950: 7795: 4659: 4269:

The disruption of maritime trade routes and the unavailability of submarine telegraph cables from and in the war zone presented special problems for the

3619: 3232:

A detachment of Chilean soldiers, with cavalry and artillery, was sent to face the Peruvian forces in Tarapacá. Both sides clashed on 27 November in the

2089: 1186:, which was mostly inhabited by Chilean miners. War was declared between Bolivia and Chile on 1 March 1879, and between Chile and Peru on 5 April 1879. 1011: 857: 696: 8037:, pp. 35–36 in "La Guerra del Pacífico", Volumen 1, Wilson Reategui, Wilfredo Kapsoli & others, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 1979 8024:, pp. 238ff in "La Guerra del Pacífico", Volumen 1, Wilson Reategui, Wilfredo Kapsoli & others, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 1979 3058:

After the battle, despite the loss of both of Peru's main ships, the Peruvians used simple and ingenious ruses to sink two important Chilean ships, the

8086:

Rubilar Luengo, Mauricio E. (2004), "Guerra y diplomacia: las relaciones chileno-colombianas durante la guerra y postguerra del Pacífico (1879–1886)",

4379:

Chinese coolies formed the battalion "Vulcano" within the Chilean Army. There were also interethnic tensions under blacks and coolies. For example, in

967: 867: 836: 801: 4152:, where the remains of the Peruvian Army had easy access to the population, resource, and supply centers far from the sea, which supported indefinite 4112:, which saw the co-ordination of army, navy, and specialized units. The first amphibious assault of the war took place when 2,100 Chilean troops took 1891:

Gibbs made repeated unsuccessful efforts in 1876 and 1877 to persuade Edwards, the Chilean majority shareholder, to accept a limit to its production.

8927: 8912: 4453:

the prospects of lucrative guano and nitrate concessions to American investors in return for official protection of Bolivia's territorial integrity.

2675:

serving in Chilean warships were foreigners. The government of Peru was again in default of payment, and in Bolivia, famine spread over the country.

1567: 1456: 1174: 872: 8785: 4654:

an inalienable right to the currently Chilean territories. However, these allegations against the existing treaties have not been supported by the

8917: 1133: 8795: 4066:

and Beaumont rifles, most of which fired the same caliber cartridge (11 mm). The artillery had 75 artillery pieces, most of which were of

3793:. Lynch's army suffered enormous hardships including cold temperatures, snow and mountain sickness. On 9 July 1882, they fought the emblematic 7054:, p. 138 "...it became evident that there was a total lack of the necessary transport for even the minimum amount of supplies and water." 7673: 3330:, he turned over the command of the country to Vice President Luis La Puerta de Mendoza. History has condemned his departure as a desertion. 1480:

against Chile. The last clause kept it secret as long as both parties considered its publication unnecessary, until it was revealed in 1879.

3473:(p. 116), "Peru attended only out of deference to the latter, hoping a failure of the talks might lead to more aggressive US involvement." 8829: 7399: 3084: 1944:

and seized it without resistance. The occupying forces received widespread support from the local population, 93–95% of which was Chilean.

578: 3516:

Once the size of the Chilean army had been increased by 20,000 men to reach a strength of 41,000 soldiers, deployed from the forts of the

2076:

sought and received legislative approval to declare war, which he did on 5 April 1879. Peru responded on 6 April, when Prado declared the

3050:

proved decisive on 8 October 1879, and Peru was reduced almost exclusively to land forces. In the battle, the Chilean Navy captured the

3610:

45,000 in Chorrillos and 25,000 in Miraflores. The estimated death toll was 11,000 to 14,000 personnel, with a further 10,144 injured.

1618: 9746: 6225:

La versión chilena fue que Bolivia quiso impedir que Chile se armara. En realidad, Daza buscó la forma de malograr la misión Lavalle.

5117: 3324:, allegedly with the duty to oversee the purchase of new arms and warships for the nation. In a statement for the Peruvian newspaper 4089:

Control of the sea was Chile's key to an inevitably difficult desert war: supply by sea, including water, food, ammunition, horses,

1414:

The dry climate of the Peruvian and Bolivian coasts had permitted the accumulation and preservation of vast amounts of high-quality

9731: 8960: 5683:. Aquí es donde se internacionalizaba el conflicto, pues estas salitreras, económicamente estaban en poder de chilenos y británicos 4331: 2721: 1959:, and other hamlets were occupied. The Chilean government asked the Bolivian office-holders to remain in office, but they refused. 1407:

appears on a 1793 map of Andrés Baleato and the 1799 map of the Spanish Navy as inside the jurisdiction of Chile, pointing out the

1202: 611: 8646:

Narracion Historica de la Guerra de Chile contra Peru y Bolivia (Historical narration of the Chile's War against Peru and Bolivia)

7710:

Ferreiro, Larrie D. (2008). "Mahan and the 'English Club' of Lima, Peru: The Genesis of The Influence of Sea Power upon History".

3757:. After many losses, the expedition achieved very little and returned to Lima in early July, where Letelier and his officers were 9220: 9016: 4809:

the Battle of Tacna. Querejazu states that its wandering in Potosi and Oruro showed that Daza had been bribed by Chile. See also

4396: 4326:

from makeshift graves after the Battle of Tacna before their definitive interment in the Mausoleum of the Tacna cemetery in 1910.

4226: 3121: 3074: 2933: 1206: 722: 571: 2662:

Historians agree that the belligerents were not prepared for the war financially or militarily. None of the three nations had a

9741: 9726: 9651: 9256: 7849: 4636: 3540:

Piérola, who had expected a landing north of Lima, ordered the construction of two parallel lines of Peruvian defences, one at

2960: 1205:, as Chile struggled to establish a marine resupply corridor for its forces in the world's driest desert. Afterwards, Chile's 42:

Map showing changes of territory caused by the War of the Pacific. Earlier maps from 1879 show different border lines between

19:

This article is about the 19th-century war between Bolivia, Chile and Peru. For the Pacific theater of World War II, see

9736: 9246: 9188: 8723: 8702: 8683: 8561: 8540: 8136: 7761: 7514: 6988: 6890: 6764: 6634: 6602: 6418: 5863: 5650: 5528: 5291: 5100: 5028: 3969: 1751: 1269: 82: 5839:

Luis Ortega, "Los Empresarios, la política y los orígenes de la Guerra del Pacífico", Flacso, Santiago de Chile, 1984, p. 17

9751: 9230: 4716: 2793: 5497:(1992), "Crisis económica y expansión territorial : la ocupación de la Araucanía en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX", 3647:

On 23 July 1881, a few months after the fall of Lima, Chile and Argentina signed the Boundary Treaty, which ceded eastern

9761: 5676:, Volumen 1, Wilson Reategui, Alejandro Reyes et al. , Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima 1979, p. 110: 3627: 2678:

According to William Sater, Chile and Peru enlisted temporarily 2% of the male population but Bolivia only 1%. After the

1990: 1543: 1521: 131: 4054:

The regular Chilean Army was well equipped, with 2,694 soldiers. The regular infantry was armed with the modern Belgian

3640:

was elected president of Chile and assumed office on 18 September 1881. A new Congress was elected on schedule in 1882.

3464: 1431:, attempted to exploit an incident involving Spanish citizens in Peru to re-establish its influence over the guano-rich 1237:

but could not prevent war-weary Peruvian factions from reaching a peace deal with Chile involving territorial cessions.

7222: 6377: 6123: 5752: 5250: 5224: 4345: 3411: 4341:

Both sides complained that the other side had killed wounded soldiers after the battle and cited eyewitness accounts.

9756: 9691: 9095: 8745: 7252: 6007: 5350:... Se publicaron estas palabras en vísperas de que fuese suscrito el tratado secreto peruano-boliviano.(Ch. 1, p. 6) 3368:

Landing and deployment of Chilean and Allied troops during the Campaign of Tacna and Arica from January to June 1880.

2012: 1696: 887: 689: 5217:"Sarmiento y Tejedor proponen al Congreso la adhesión al tratado secreto peruano-boliviano del 6 de febrero de 1873" 3781:, in January 1882, Lynch ordered an offensive with 5,000 men under the command of Gana and Del Canto, first towards 1678: 9711: 8822: 6353: 5745:

A History of the British Presence in Chile: From Bloody Mary to Charles Darwin and the Decline of British Influence

4830: 4613:

accepted the decision of the Chilean state without the tribunal's assistance and the US did not agree at the time.

4528: 4504: 3401: 2273: 1551: 1525: 1462:

between 23° and 25° S. The bipartite tax collecting caused discontent, and the treaty lasted for only eight years.

706: 4854:) built in Germany but armed in Britain for Perú. The Greek names were a device to conceal their real destination. 3055:

to impose a naval blockade of Peruvian ports and end the smuggling of arms from Panama into Peru via the Pacific.

9696: 4724: 4604:

Another issue was the damage from acts of war on properties owned by citizens of neutral countries. In 1884, the

4568: 3166: 2788: 1884: 1364: 1221:, on 26 May 1880, leaving allied Peru fighting alone for most of the war. Chilean forces occupied Peru's capital 9409: 5334:

conveniente, o bien para dar lugar, con la ruptura de las negociaciones, a la mediación del Perú y la Argentina.

4575: 1940:

south of 23° South. On the day of the planned auction, 200 Chilean soldiers arrived by ship at the port city of

667: 263: 9716: 9353: 4998: 4655: 4479: 4251: 3699: 3094: 1994: 1663: 295: 9585: 9555: 8440: 7803: 7601:

Wars, revolutions, dictatorships: studies of historical and contemporary problems from a comparative viewpoint

5702:

Greenhill, Robert G.; Miller, Rory M. (May 1973). "The Peruvian Government and the Nitrate Trade, 1873–1879".

4691:

is a Chilean anniversary that commemorates two naval battles that occurred on Wednesday, 21 May 1879: that of

9721: 9701: 9100: 6780: 4063: 4037: 3019: 1916: 1493: 1369: 882: 9595: 9440: 7462: 7324: 4318: 3262: 2836: 1249: 1194: 9706: 7506:

The Defense of Community in Peru's Central Highlands: Peasant Struggle and Capitalist Transition, 1860–1940

3316:

because of its failures. On 18 December 1879, as the fall of Iquique became known in Peru, Prado went from

2814:

held off the Chilean Navy for six months and upheld Peru's morale during the early stages of the conflict.

2730:

Almost all Chilean military operations began by landings. The exceptions were the operations in the Sierra.

2699:

experience in the Mapuche conflict, and uniformly modern arms. Almost all Chilean soldiers were armed with

1912: 1743: 1628: 674: 8640: 7466: 5424:, p. 2282 "The beginning of the Peruvian naval inferiority and lack of initiative for preventive war" 1144:, the war ended with victory for Chile, which gained a significant amount of resource-rich territory from 9766: 9686: 9298: 8922: 8815: 3715: 3066:(August 1880), but its remaining vessels were locked in Callao during its long blockade by the Chileans. 1300:

tax imposed by the Bolivian government), and the "Second Pacific War". It is not to be confused with the

657: 9535: 8782: 8278:"Restitution by Russia of Works of Art Removed from German Territory at the End of the Second World War" 4494:, Christiancy's successor, had negotiated with García Calderón the cession to the US of a naval base in 3935: 3698:

On 22 February 1881, the Piérola Congress, allowed by Chile, reinstated the 1860 constitution and chose

3277:. Chile's foreign policy tried to separate Bolivia from Peru. Gonzalo Bulnes writes: "The target of the 1444: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9115: 8516:"Documentary history of the Tacna-Arica dispute from University of Iowa studies in the social sciences" 7753:

Cables, Crises, and the Press: The Geopolitics of the New Information System in the Americas, 1866–1903

4700: 1411:

as an internal limit of the Spanish Empire between Chile and Peru, leaving Charcas without sea access.

1273: 905: 161: 9358: 9141: 6221:, Chapter 1, La declaratoria de guerra de Bolivia a Chile como recurso para hacer fracasar a Lavalle: 5543:

Fredrick B. Pike, "Chile and the United States, 1880–1962", University of Notre Dame Press 1963, p. 33

3794: 3211:

and, on 19 November 1879, defeated the Allied troops without Daza's men gathered in Agua Santa in the

3199:

In the event of a Chilean landing, the Allied forces planned to counterattack the Chilean forces in a

3187:

Landing and deployment of Chilean and Allied troops during the Campaign of Tarapacá, in November 1879.

3169:

in the sierra. The occupation of Arequipa and Puno at the end of the war saw little military action.

2687: 1026: 9811: 9796: 9450: 8533:

Armed forces of Latin America: their histories, development, present strength, and military potential

4824: 4120:

ships bombarded beach defenses for several hours at dawn, followed by open, oared boats landing army

4093:, and reinforcements, was quicker and easier than marching supplies through the desert or across the 4028:

against Spain. The mounts used by the cavalry were small and inferior to those used by the Chileans.

3439:

Lynch's Expedition to Chimbote, Supe, Paita, Eten and islas de Lobos, from September to October 1880.

1869: 5766:

The Politics of Nitrate in Chile, Pressure Groups and Policies, 1870–1896, Some Unanswered Questions

5176: 3561: 3459:

Chile demanded Peruvian Tarapacá Province and the Bolivian Atacama, an indemnity of 20,000,000 gold

986: 927: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9620: 9079: 9054: 3973: 3959: 3797:. The Chileans had to pull back with a loss of 534 soldiers: 154 in combat, 277 of disease and 103 3688: 3631: 3416:

the Chileans had expected. On 22 March, 3,642 Chilean troops defeated 1,300 Peruvian troops in the

3350: 1739: 789: 772: 662: 9069: 5494: 5070: 4608:

were constituted with a Chilean judge, who was named by the country of the claimant, as well as a

4589: 3417: 1532:

learn of it until March 1879, and Hilarion Daza was not informed of the pact until December 1878.

811: 9816: 9801: 9590: 9530: 9465: 9445: 9318: 9251: 9038: 6384:

The press in the United States was also almost unanimous in predicting the sound defeat of Chile.

4651: 4439: 4197: 3382: 3331: 3258: 3212: 3159: 2832: 1983: 1730:

Sater, "bulldozed" Chilean President Aníbal Pinto into declaring war to protect the owner of the

1674: 777: 290: 9183: 5393: 5391: 5163:"Constitution and internal dynamics of the regional identitary in Tarapacá and Los Lagos, Chile" 2818: 1747: 743: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9821: 9806: 9323: 8989: 8907: 7396: 4712: 4450: 4055: 3704: 3289:

After the occupation of the salpeter and guano deposits, the Chilean government restituted the

2783: 2700: 1837: 1386: 1304: 645: 630: 300: 9630: 9625: 9605: 8414:

Historia de la guerra del Pacífico (1879–1880) (History of the War of the Pacific (1879–1880))

6594: 6410: 5999: 5992: 5281: 5090: 3637: 1812: 322: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9656: 9480: 9303: 9288: 9193: 9064: 7778: 7751: 7504: 5921: 5388: 5329:, p. Cap. 1, pág. 12, La transacción de 1873 y el tratado de 1874 entre Chile y Bolivia 4836: 4762: 4447: 4434:, transported the cargo to Peru. The trade was done with the consent of the president of the 4243: 3947: 3769: 3449: 3448:

On 22 October 1880, delegates of Peru, Chile, and Bolivia held a 5-day conference aboard the

2119:

rifle. The brass cartridge avoided the smoke and ashes of the self-consuming paper cartridge.

1879: 1750:, and Lorenzo Claro, a Chilean founder of the Banco de Bolivia and a prominent member of the 1265: 701: 280: 187: 9490: 9363: 9033: 8490: 8476: 8462: 7941:

Una aproximación política, social y cultural a la figura de Andrés Cáceres entre 1882 y 1883

7174:

Francisco Machuca (1929), "Las Cuatro Campañas de la Guerra del Pacífico:La campaña de Lima"

4704: 4383:, 2000 coolies from the Haciendas "Montalbán" and "Juan de Arona" were massacred by blacks. 3857: 3233: 3226: 2774: 1670: 1500:

for war preparations. Eventually, Argentina and Bolivia did not agree on the territories of

1418:

deposits and sodium nitrate. In the 1840s, Europeans knew the value of guano and nitrate as

782: 9565: 9560: 9500: 9475: 9162: 9105: 8254: 5092:

Zones of Peace in the Third World: South America and West Africa in Comparative Perspective

5072:

Diccionario Bilingüe: Iskay simipi yuyayk’anch: Quechua – Castellano / Castellano – Quechua

4454: 4405: 4210: 4206:("Submarine Bull"), which never saw action and was scuttled at the end to prevent capture. 3965: 3878: 3862: 3603: 3599: 3266: 3093:

In November 1883, during the final phase of the war, the Chilean military command sent the

3083:

When Lima fell after the Battles of Chorrillos and Miraflores, the Peruvian naval officers

2792:

struck a submerged rock and sank in the shallow waters near Punta Gruesa while chasing the

2734: 2104: 1428: 1065: 892: 877: 821: 252: 75: 9550: 9515: 9261: 9028: 9023: 3178: 2708:

through the Magellan Strait was only once threatened unsuccessfully by the Peruvian navy.

2069: 937: 760: 738: 8: 9470: 9343: 9293: 8967: 8504: 7979: 4728: 4399:, arms, and munitions abroad and to circumvent ambiguous neutrality laws, and firms like 4217: 4059: 4025: 3930:

On 20 October 1883, hostilities between Chile and Peru formally came to an end under the

3541: 3525:, approximately 320 kilometres (200 mi) south of Lima, was the first landing point. 3274: 2846:

Meanwhile, the Peruvian navy pursued other actions, particularly in August 1879 when the

2765: 2704: 2108: 1714: 1624: 1439: 1424: 1308: 748: 620: 9328: 9146: 8644: 8426: 8412: 8294: 8277: 5044: 4263:. Tupiza is at the border to Argentina and was connected to Buenos Aires via telegraph. 3972:

ceded the complete region of Antofagasta to Chile. In return, Chile agreed to build the

650: 9615: 9435: 9313: 9110: 8601: 8422: 8408: 7727: 5727: 5719: 5639: 5167: 4845: 4774:

Even though the 1873 treaty and the imposition of the 10 centavos tax proved to be the

4741: 4617: 4491: 4281: 4109: 3981: 3790: 3652: 3623: 3517: 3374: 3326: 2851: 2671: 2036: 1485: 1353: 1257: 1253: 1226: 1137: 897: 753: 713: 311: 155: 124: 20: 9178: 7211:

Carlos Escudé y Andrés Cisneros|title=Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas

5470:

Historia contemporánea de Chile III. La economía: mercados empresarios y trabajadores.

4487:, Bliss and Company" would get a monopoly on the sales of Peruvian nitrate in the US. 4380: 4047:. The artillery had rifled three pounders and four machine guns, and the cavalry rode 3931: 3890: 3805: 3695:

that consumed Chile's power so much that it renounced their demand for the territory.

1856:(Spanish for: "to be considered during the next legislative session "), but others on 1241: 69: 9006: 8994: 8984: 8979: 8762: 8741: 8733: 8719: 8698: 8679: 8557: 8536: 8132: 8088: 7987: 7757: 7731: 7510: 7248: 6984: 6886: 6760: 6630: 6598: 6414: 6403: 6373: 6119: 6003: 5859: 5748: 5731: 5646: 5524: 5517: 5287: 5096: 5024: 4994: 4692: 4564: 4500: 4334:

to protect the war wounded, prisoners, refugees, civilians, and other noncombatants.

4260: 4153: 4148:

The occupation of Peru from 1881 and 1884 took a different form. The theater was the

3193: 3047: 2769: 2738: 1822: 1817:

and Francisco Puelma exploited deposits of sodium nitrate in Bolivian territory (the

1380:

1793 Map of Andrés Baleato showing Peru and Chile's border inside the Spanish Empire.

1352:, which mostly coincides with the disputed Antofagasta province, known in Bolivia as 1335: 1301: 816: 767: 684: 640: 625: 274: 9570: 8238: 8221: 8102: 6588: 5916: 5895: 5185: 5162: 3909: 3838: 2992: 913: 37: 9580: 9460: 9455: 9404: 9389: 9368: 9125: 8756: 8649:(in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Imprenta y Libreria de Mayo, calle Peru 115. 8626: 8591: 8289: 8233: 8097: 7719: 5911: 5711: 5558: 5180: 4688: 4667: 4609: 4582: 4569:

1874 Project of an International Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War

4101:. After achieving naval supremacy, sea-mobile forces proved to be an advantage for 4075: 3740: 3692: 3565: 3394: 2746: 2435: 2413: 1540: 1518: 1509: 1331: 1323: 843: 240: 9505: 9399: 8325: 3658: 3281:

was the same as before, to seize Tacna and Arica for Bolivia and put Bolivia as a

1179: 258: 9661: 9540: 9394: 9348: 9074: 9059: 8789: 8713: 8673: 8551: 8515: 8126: 7531: 7403: 6880: 6624: 6367: 6098: 5853: 5435: 5018: 4643: 4596: 4552: 4474: 4400: 3852: 3720: 3674: 3429: 3425: 3241:

The victory afforded Santiago an economic boon and a potential diplomatic asset.

3200: 2829: 2828:) was the Chilean Army's largest loss until then. That led to the resignation of 2679: 2112: 1726: 1576:

Article 4 explicitly forbade tax increases on Chilean enterprises for 25 years:

1432: 1218: 831: 826: 305: 268: 175: 135: 9610: 9333: 6590:

By Reason Or Force: Chile and the Balancing of Power in South America, 1830–1905

5925: 4993:. University of Durham, International Boundaries Research Unit. pp. 12–13. 4410: 3826: 3754: 2047:

On 14 March, in a meeting with foreign powers in Lima, Bolivia announced that a

317: 9545: 9520: 9485: 9384: 9308: 9225: 8553:

The Ten Cents War, Chile, Peru and Bolivia in the War of the Pacific, 1879–1884

7624:

Chile was a much more modernized nation with better-trained and better-equipped

7606:(...) Chile's army and fleet were better equipped, organized and commanded(...) 4720: 4524: 4519: 4484: 4466: 4353: 4202: 4177: 4169: 4133: 4113: 4102: 3943: 3873: 3684: 3216: 2054: 1497: 1349: 1345: 1339: 1261: 1141: 285: 7325:

infografía del Instituto Geográfico Militar de Chile, retrieved on 14 May 2015

5715: 4798:

decisión de la Corte Suprema, con cargo a dar cuenta a la próxima legislatura.

4679: 4323: 4021: 9680: 9635: 9495: 9430: 9414: 8766: 8596: 8579: 8436: 5412:, p. 80, Sotomayor letter urging Bolivia to break its alliance with Peru 4624: 4404:

the Caribbean coast of Panama were sent overland to the Pacific coast by the

4373: 4189: 4185: 4149: 4032: 3998: 3778: 3758: 3482: 3463:, the restoration of property taken from Chilean citizens, the return of the 3270: 2757: 2691: 2667: 2663: 1952: 1948: 1758: 1392: 1234: 1230: 1214: 1210: 1190: 850: 424: 411: 393: 384: 359: 107: 103: 8631: 8614: 7226: 7210: 5258: 5216: 3589: 1833: 1547: 9338: 8800: 8431:(in Spanish). Vol. 2. Santiago, Chile: Librería Central de Servat i C. 8417:(in Spanish). Vol. 1. Santiago, Chile: Librería Central de Servat i C. 7674:"Chinese Migration into Latin America – Diaspora or Sojourns in Peru?" 7247:

See "The Strait of Magellan", Michael Morris, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,

5437:

Las guerras de la guerra: Perú, Bolivia y Chile frente al conflicto de 1879

4567:

states that in 1817, the US accepted the confiscation of art works but the

4435: 4117: 3813:

and so García Calderón's arrest unified the forces of Piérola and Cáceres.

3338: 3282: 3222: 2865: 2751: 2099: 1777: 511: 488: 470: 461: 181: 8255:"Safeguarding of Cultural Property in Times of War & (and) Peace, The" 3904:

On Cáceres's true reasons for his change of mind, Florencia Mallon wrote:

3662:

for Argentina in the 1881 treaty granting Chile control over the strait."

3495: 3435: 9600: 9525: 9510: 8658:(in Spanish). La Paz-Cochabamba, Bolivia: Editorial los amigos del Libro. 6963: 5563: 4775: 4708: 4696: 4560: 4360: 3882: 3581: 3550: 3522: 2901: 2855: 2286:

Other authors give other figures, see Valentina Verbal Stockmayer, p. 153

1941: 1404: 1183: 8758:

La alianza perú-boliviano-argentina y la declaratoria de guerra de Chile

5343:(Ch. 1, p. 8) anteriormente Basadre expuso lo explicado por "La Patria": 3399:

On 24 February 1880, approximately 11,000 men in 19 ships, protected by

3355: 2651:

White and Grieve guns were developed and produced in Peru during the war

2025: 16:

Territorial conflict between Chile and allied Peru and Bolivia (1879–83)

9575: 8605: 7723: 6425:... the fact that a Chilean victory at the outset was far from certain. 5898:[The Gibbs House and the Peruvian nitrate monopoly: 1876–1878] 4470: 4270: 4070:

and Limache manufacture, and six machine guns. The cavalry used French

3968:

and accepted the military occupation of the entire Bolivian coast. The

3939: 3364: 2907: 2889: 2682:, both of the Allied armies were disbanded and had to be formed again. 1997: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1594:

All disputes arising under the treaty would be settled by arbitration.

1505: 1419: 1400: 7962:

Una revisión histográfica de la ejecución del guerrillero Tomás Laymes

7698:

The Ambiguous Relationship: Theodore Roosevelt and Alfred Thayer Mahan

5723: 5641:

The United States and the Andean Republics: Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador

4571:

asserted that the cultural assets were to be considered as protected.

3750: 3215:. Disbanded Bolivian forces there and the southern force retreated to 1883:

urged Gibbs to secure the monopoly by limiting the CSFA's output, and

8807: 4275: 4181: 4173: 4094: 4041: 4017: 4013: 4005: 3893:

on 20 October 1883, which ended the war and ceded Tarapacá to Chile.

3746: 3724: 3648: 3545:

approximately 25,000 to 32,000 men and were titled the Army of Lima.

3378: 3155: 2915: 2116: 1962: 1956: 1781: 1709: 1554:. That threw the balance of power in the South Pacific toward Chile. 1489: 1481: 1408: 563: 51: 6981:

Héroes del Silencio, Veteranos De La Guerra del Pacífico (1884–1924)

6463:, pp. 52–53 Cap.I "El Perú y Chile en su evolución republicana" 4581:

On 4 January 1883, in a session of the Chilean Congress, the deputy

3183: 1972: 1681:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1492:, was secretly invited to join the pact, and in September 1873, the 8446: 4518:

Regarding a British intervention in the war, the British historian

4495: 4368: 4193: 4137: 4121: 4078: 4002: 3950:

to be signed by which Chile kept Arica, and Peru reacquired Tacna.

3810: 3798: 3786: 3683:

The occupation commanders, Manuel Baquedano, Pedro Lagos, and then

3421: 3144:, Chile decided to occupy the Peruvian province of Tarapacá first. 3101: 2883: 8455:

Chili: Sketches of Chili and the Chilians During the War 1879–1880

3334:

overthrew Puerta's government and took power on 23 December 1879.

3312:

The Peruvian government was confronted with widespread rioting in

1508:, and Argentina also feared an alliance of Chile with Brazil. The 8864: 4357: 4349: 4291: 4044: 4009: 3208: 2878: 2873: 2726: 1920: 1447:, Peruvians were a minority, behind both Chileans and Bolivians. 1297: 1296:

War", the "Ten Cents War" (in reference to the controversial ten-

1293: 1156: 1149: 345: 99: 43: 9189:

Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1904 between Chile and Bolivia

8796:"Caliche: The Conflict Mineral That Fuelled the First World War" 8615:"The Antofagasta Company: A Case Study of Peripheral Capitalism" 7888:

Francisco Antonio Encina, "Historia de Chile", page 8, cited in

6779:

Basadre, Histroria de la Republica, pág. 2357. J. Basadre cites

6189:, Chapter 1, Los tres obstáculos para el éxito de la mediación: 3804:

García Calderón refused to relinquish Peruvian control over the

3487: 158:

occupied by Chile since 1879, ceded by Bolivia to Chile in 1904.

4221: 4168:

Both sides used late 19th-century military technology, such as

4125: 4090: 3977: 3534: 3321: 3317: 1501: 1396: 8667:(in Spanish). La Paz, Bolivia: Editorial los amigos del Libro. 8352: 5679:

Jorge Basadre respecto a este problema económico crucial dice

3244: 8880: 8740:(in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Chile: Editorial Universitaria. 8738:

Chile y Perú, la historia que nos une y nos separa, 1535–1883

8307: 8305: 6759:(in Spanish). Vol. I. Chile: RIL Editores. p. 674. 6719:

Guerra del Pacífico. Historia de la Campaña de Lima 1880–1881

6451:, p. 39 Cap.I "La actitud de la opinión pública peruana" 6100:

La Compañía Salitrera y la Ocupación de Antofagasta 1878–1879

4539: 4238: 4071: 4067: 3782: 3533:

march the 55 miles (89 km) north to the coastal town of

3460: 3237: 2896: 2868:

of Chile and Peru at the beginning of the War of the Pacific

2799:. Peru broke the blockade of Iquique, and Chile lost the old 1919:

approved the 1873 license if the company paid a 10 cents per

1415: 1317: 1248:

with Chile in 1884. Chile acquired the Peruvian territory of

1245: 1198: 1129: 447: 169: 6116:

The Nitrate King: A Biography of "Colonel" John Thomas North

4058:, of which Chile had a stock of some 13,000. Chile also had 1201:

of Peru. For the first five months, the war played out in a

8859: 6626:

Grace: W.R. Grace & Co., the Formative Years, 1850–1930

5896:"La Casa Gibbs y el monopolio salitrero peruano: 1876–1878" 5433: 4310:

could provide a reasonably accurate version of the battle.

4048: 3984:

for Bolivian commerce through Chilean ports and territory.

3613: 3313: 3105: 1222: 1145: 377: 227: 165: 95: 47: 8675:

Andean Tragedy: Fighting the War of the Pacific, 1879–1884

8340: 8302: 1472:

Secret treaty of alliance between Peru and Bolivia of 1873

8445:(in Spanish). Lima, Peru: Peruamerica S.A. Archived from 7700:

by Richard W. Turk; Greenwood Press, 1987. 183 pgs. p. 10

6548:"...to anyone willing to sail under Bolivia's colors ..." 5985: 5983: 5135:

Los títulos históricos Historia de las fronteras de Chile

4574:

In March 1881, the Chilean government began to seize the

4322:

Human remains of Bolivian, Chilean and Peruvian soldiers

4242:

Flow of news during the War. Distances in kilometers are

3953: 3593:

Chorrillos, and the consequences of the war. January 1881

2835:, the chief of the Chilean Navy, on 17 August. Commodore 2048: 1776:

producers and to buy nitrate concessions such as that of

178:

ceded by Bolivia to Chile and Argentina in 1889 and 1899.

8715:

Latin America's Wars: The age of the caudillo, 1791–1899

8492:

Guerra del Pacífico. vol. 3: Ocupación del Perú - La Paz

7793: 5279: 5132: 4811:

commons:File:Ruta 5. division de Camacho, en 1879-80.svg

4534: 3980:, Bolivia, with the port of Arica, and Chile guaranteed 3309:, were both put on trial but were eventually acquitted. 3135:

The evolution of the land war in the War of the Pacific.

2861:, which was transporting weapons and supplies to Chile. 1260:), and temporary control over the Peruvian provinces of 7776: 5998:. Colorado, US: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. p. 4306:

with an incorrect message. It was only on 17 June that

1725:

Some historians argue that Chile was devastated by the

184:

occupied by Chile since 1880, returned to Peru in 1929.

8498:. Valparaíso: Sociedad Imprenta y Litografía Universo. 8484:. Valparaíso: Sociedad Imprenta y Litografía Universo. 8470:. Valparaíso: Sociedad Imprenta y Litografía Universo. 8464:

Guerra del Pacífico. vol. 1: De Antofagasta a Tarapacá

8442:

Historia de la Republica del Peru, La guerra con Chile

8364: 7968:, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. pp. 269ff. 5980: 4600:

Chile's territorial gains after the War of the Pacific

3925: 3069:

On the other hand, the Chilean Navy captured the ship

8761:(in Spanish). Lima: San Marti & Cía. Impresores. 8556:. Westport, Connecticut, London: Praeger Publishers. 8020:

Ramon Aranda de los Rios, Carmela Sotomayor Roggero,

7559: 7557: 7555: 5088: 5068: 5012: 5010: 4446:

Pacific. The Bolivian Minister in Washington offered

4016:. The most common rifles in the army were the French 3844:

Velasquez march to Arequipa and Puno in October 1883.

190:

occupied by Chile since 1880, ceded to Chile in 1929.

8697:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. 8678:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. 8665:

Aclaraciones históricas sobre la Guerra del Pacífico

8128:

Bolivia and the United States: A Limited Partnership

8124: 5480: 5478: 5400:, Chapter 1, "Significado del tratado de la alianza" 4991:

The Bolivia–Chile–Peru Dispute in the Atacama Desert

4767:

The Bolivia–Chile–Peru Dispute in the Atacama Desert

4040:, but the remainder carried odds and ends including 4001:

numbered 5,241 men of all ranks, organized in seven

3901:

accomplished fact" but continued to fight Iglesias.

3687:, had their respective military headquarters in the 1465: 1307:, in what is now Mexico, nor the "Guano War" as the 9121:

Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina

8951:

Expulsion of Chileans from Bolivia and Peru in 1879

8069: 8067: 7502: 7469:

por Uriel García Cáceres y Fernando Uriel García V.

6622: 5016: 4408:. In the Pacific, a number of ships, including the 4367:Tomás Laymes and three of his men were executed in 3620:

Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina

3385:, to the north of Tacna and withdrew the same day. 2090:

Expulsion of Chileans from Bolivia and Peru in 1879

1860:(Spanish for "only in cases that no settlement "). 8400: 8259:Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law 7619:Latin America: the development of its civilization 7552: 6953:, p. 31 Cap.IV "Proclamación de la dictadura" 6570: 6568: 6526: 6524: 6402: 6096: 5991: 5638: 5516: 5240:Cap. XXVII La Alianza secreta de Bolivia y el Peru 5007: 4395:Nonethelesses, belligerents were able to purchase 3881:, who was infected probably in the valleys of the 2824:on 23 July 1879, carrying a cavalry regiment (the 1963:Peruvian mediation and Bolivian declaration of war 1934: 1550:and remained in Chile until the completion of the 1272:, which established definite boundaries. The 1929 8928:Boundary Treaty of 1874 between Chile and Bolivia 8913:Boundary Treaty of 1866 between Chile and Bolivia 8520:University of Iowa Studies in the Social Sciences 7937: 7093: 5588: 5586: 5475: 5472:2002. Gabriel Salazar and Julio Pinto. pp. 25–29. 5160: 5115: 4989:St. John, Ronald Bruce; Schofield, Clive (1994). 4988: 4650:in international courts. Bolivia included in its 3273:). After Tarapacá, the army was reorganized into 1843:Compañía de Salitres y Ferrocarril de Antofagasta 1732:Compañía de Salitres y Ferrocarril de Antofagasta 1581:in this article shall last for twenty-five years. 1568:Boundary Treaty of 1874 between Chile and Bolivia 1484:, long involved in a dispute with Chile over the 1457:Boundary Treaty of 1866 between Chile and Bolivia 1163:Compañía de Salitres y Ferrocarril de Antofagasta 1136:from 1879 to 1884. Fought over Chilean claims on 9678: 8204: 8064: 7783:. Andres Bello. pp. 20–. GGKEY:TLF0S8WSFAA. 7033: 6754: 6274: 6272: 6045: 6043: 5823: 5821: 5636: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5221:Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas 4699:died along with the entire crew of the corvette 4531:embargoed four warships sold to Chile and Perú. 2810:Despite being outnumbered, the Peruvian monitor 2768:the Peruvian port of Iquique on 5 April. In the 1742:, the politically powerful president of Chile's 8478:Guerra del Pacífico. vol. 2: De Tarapacá a Lima 7749: 7745: 7743: 7741: 7153: 7081: 7069: 7009: 6724: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6565: 6521: 5962: 5938: 5878: 5701: 5493: 5427: 4942: 4940: 4938: 3877:A Chilean soldier with the "Peruvian wart," or 3832:Pursuits through Central Peru until Huamachuco. 2749:to any ships willing to fight for Bolivia. The 1854:con cargo a dar cuenta a la próxima legislatura 140:Chilean influence increases in Peru until 1885. 8428:Historia de la guerra del Pacífico (1879–1880) 8219: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8112: 8085: 7977: 6878: 6757:La Armada de Chile: una historia de dos siglos 6701: 6699: 6586: 6236: 6234: 5847: 5845: 5583: 5552: 5161:Vergara, Jorge Iván; Gundermann, Hans (2012). 4660:Bolivian demand against Chile before The Hague 3512:Landings on Pisco, Chilca, Curayaco, and Lurín 3344: 3087:to prevent its capture by the Chilean forces. 1874:In 1873, the Peruvian government dictated the 1836:, Chile, with 34% British capital provided by 68:4 years, 6 months and 15 days ( 8823: 8580:"Foreign Interests in the War of the Pacific" 8506:Chile and Peru: the causes of the war of 1879 8421: 8407: 8035:El Peru en una coyuntura de crisis, 1879–1883 7617:Helen Miller Bailey, Abraham Phineas Nasatir 6983:. Santiago: Centro de Estudios Bicentenario. 6978: 6796:Basadre, Histroria de la República, pág. 2353 6369:American Diplomacy and the War of the Pacific 6269: 6138: 6040: 5818: 5806: 5670:Relaciones Internacionales en el Pacífico Sur 5444: 5440:. Instituto Chileno de Estudios Humanísticos. 4972: 4970: 4957: 4955: 4503:to the US presidency, Blaine was replaced by 3668: 2850:unsuccessfully raided Punta Arenas, near the 2839:replaced him and devised a plan to catch the 2275:Las cuatro campañas de la Guerra del Pacífico 1806:Beginning in 1866, the Chilean entrepreneurs 1621:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies 1315: 579: 8079: 7738: 6611: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5082: 5020:Neorealism, States, and the Modern Mass Army 4935: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 3761:for diverting money into their own pockets. 2635: 2633: 1476:In February 1873, Peru and Bolivia signed a 8918:Treaty of Defensive Alliance (Bolivia–Peru) 8612: 8382: 8109: 7884: 7882: 7794:Mauricio Pelayo González (6 January 2015). 7523: 7509:. Princeton University Press. p. 101. 7496: 7397:Grito de Montán, retrieved on 24 March 2005 7206: 7204: 6872: 6696: 6593:. University of California Press. pp. 6231: 5974: 5950: 5893: 5842: 5668:Peruvian historian Alejandro Reyes Flores, 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5514: 5078:. La Paz, Bolivia: futatraw.ourproject.org. 4745:, 1969 Chilean film directed by Helvio Soto 4723:, ran aground the Peruvian armored frigate 4483:Peruvian sovereignty. For example, the US " 4330:The three nations claimed to adhere to the 3889:Chile and Iglesias's government signed the 3337:Piérola has been criticised because of his 3245:Domestic policies until the fall of Iquique 2715: 2243: 2241: 2239: 8830: 8816: 8732: 8639: 8535:. Jane's Information Group, Incorporated. 8509:. Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Universitaria. 8358: 8346: 8311: 7925: 7913: 7901: 7889: 7679:. Appalachian State University. p. 10 6365: 6317: 5283:Bolivia y Chile: el conflicto del Pacífico 5273: 5214: 4967: 4952: 3204:of the counterattack and return to Arica. 1770:A History of the British Presence in Chile 1631:this issue before removing this message. 1561: 1450: 586: 572: 8662: 8653: 8630: 8595: 8293: 8237: 8101: 7836: 7824: 7465:, Vol. 10 • Nº. 1 Marzo de 1999. Foto en 6929:Cap. IV "La crisis hacendaria y política" 6580: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6372:. Columbia University Press. p. 31. 6313: 6311: 6113: 6107: 6061: 6022: 5915: 5889: 5887: 5788: 5776: 5688: 5562: 5546: 5508: 5382: 5237: 5210: 5208: 5184: 4892: 4792: 2630: 2013:Learn how and when to remove this message 1697:Learn how and when to remove this message 336: 8961:Naval campaign of the War of the Pacific 8754: 8220:Godoy Orellana, Milton (December 2011). 7879: 7850:"Corporación de Defensa de la Soberanía" 7709: 7533:Historia diplomática de Chile, 1541–1938 7201: 5989: 5664: 5662: 5623: 5361: 5151:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–14. 5119:Breve Historia de las Fronteras de Chile 5045:"WHKMLA : The Guano War, 1865–1866" 4595: 4538: 4317: 4237: 3872: 3768: 3734: 3614:Domestic policies until the fall of Lima 3588: 3580: 3494: 3486: 3443: 3434: 3363: 3354: 3221: 3182: 3154: 3125: 2772:, on 21 May 1879, the Peruvian ironclad 2733: 2725: 2722:Naval Campaign of the War of the Pacific 2236: 2098: 2024: 1708: 1573:commercial interests and their exports. 1539:On 26 December 1874, the recently built 1375: 1363: 1283: 1268:. In 1904, Chile and Bolivia signed the 9221:Torpedo boats in the War of the Pacific 9017:Land campaign of the War of the Pacific 8711: 8577: 8530: 8435: 8323: 8252: 8192: 8168: 8157:"The anglophobic secretary of state..." 8073: 7839:Cap XXXI Que se rinda su abuela carajo! 7635: 7587: 7563: 7546: 6950: 6926: 6705: 6460: 6448: 6436: 6400: 6218: 6186: 5851: 5463: 5421: 5397: 5326: 5154: 4386: 4227:The Influence of Sea Power upon History 4108:The Chileans employed an early form of 3816: 3764: 3207:The Chileans meanwhile marched towards 3122:Land Campaign of the War of the Pacific 2854:, in an attempt to capture the British 2271: 1894:The historian Ronald Bruce St. John in 1276:gave Arica to Chile and Tacna to Peru. 438: 164:occupied by Chile since 1879, ceded by 9679: 9257:Consequences of the War of the Pacific 8837: 8781:Chilean caricatures during the war in 8613:O'Brien, Thomas F. (1 February 1980). 8549: 8513: 8502: 8488: 8474: 8460: 8370: 8275: 8058: 8022:Una sublevación negra en Chincha: 1879 8008: 7980:"Los chinos en la Guerra del Pacífico" 7956: 7954: 7659: 7575: 7529: 7450: 7426: 7335: 7170: 7168: 7147: 7123: 7111: 7099: 7051: 7039: 7003: 6938: 6914: 6866: 6842: 6649: 6530: 6508: 6484: 6389: 6348: 6346: 6308: 6251: 6240: 6206: 6174: 6162: 6150: 6034: 5884: 5606:The Cambridge History of Latin America 5592: 5434:Nicolás Cruz; Ascanio Cavallo (1981). 5409: 5306: 5227:from the original on 13 November 2013. 5205: 5199: 4791:The Bolivian law of 22 November said ( 4637:Consequences of the War of the Pacific 4352:who had been enslaved by Peru's white 4233: 4172:rifles and cannons, remote-controlled 3954:Peace treaty between Bolivia and Chile 2690:overshadowed the Chilean perspective. 2601: 2536: 2327: 2158: 2139: 593: 368: 218: 8811: 8692: 8671: 8282:European Journal of International Law 8253:Cunning, Andrera (1 September 2003). 8180: 8151: 8046: 7966:Trabajos sobre la Guerra del Pacífico 7873: 7647: 7490: 7478: 7438: 7414: 7383: 7371: 7359: 7347: 7312: 7300: 7288: 7276: 7264: 7195: 7183: 7159: 7135: 7087: 7075: 7063: 7027: 7015: 6966:, del Domingo 28 de abril de 2002 en 6920: 6854: 6830: 6818: 6742: 6730: 6685: 6673: 6661: 6574: 6559: 6542: 6496: 6472: 6337: 6302: 6290: 6278: 6263: 6084: 6072: 6049: 5827: 5812: 5800: 5659: 5617: 5577: 5457: 4976: 4961: 4946: 4929: 4917: 4905: 4886: 4874: 4535:Looting, damages, and war reparations 4457:, US Minister in Peru, organized the 4438:, then part of Colombia. The Chilean 4132:Chile's military strategy emphasized 3970:Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1904) 3964:In 1884, Bolivia signed a truce, the 3934:, whose terms had Peru formally cede 3388: 3100:to Lake Titicaca, via railroad, from 2639: 2259: 2247: 2230: 2218: 2206: 1588:Chile-Bolivia Boundary Treaty of 1874 1372:between Bolivia and Chile (1825–1879) 1244:on 20 October 1883. Bolivia signed a 567: 9231:Strategies of the War of the Pacific 8386:Revista de Estudios Transfronterizos 7671: 7467:Imágenes de la Enfermedad de Carrión 7223:"El tratado del 23 de julio de 1881" 6972: 6708:, Chapter 2, "El combate de Angamos" 6409:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 6352:Estado Mayor del Ejército de Chile, 6055: 5537: 5484:Salazar & Pinto 2002, pp. 25–29. 5141: 4749: 3987: 3777:To annihilate the guerrillas in the 3172: 2272:Machuca, Francisco (24 March 2012). 1995:adding citations to reliable sources 1966: 1646: 1601: 8619:Hispanic American Historical Review 8584:Hispanic American Historical Review 8295:10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejil.a015504 7951: 7165: 6885:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 102. 6711: 6343: 5637:Fredrick B. Pike (1 January 1977). 5385:Cap. XXVII, La maniobra leguleyesca 4543:Caricature in the Chilean magazine 3926:Peace treaty between Chile and Peru 3628:Chilean presidential election, 1881 3577:Battle of Chorrillos and Miraflores 3500:had raged in every ruin and street. 3476: 3213:Battle of San Francisco and Dolores 2191:Army of the North: (Added to Lima) 1858:sólo en los casos de no avenimiento 1625:create a more balanced presentation 1292:The conflict is also known as the " 1217:armies. Bolivia withdrew after the 13: 8783:Tesis of Patricio Ibarra Cifuentes 8578:Kiernan, V. G. (1 February 1955). 8514:Dennis, William Jefferson (1927). 7536:. Andres Bello. GGKEY:7T4TB12B4GQ. 6118:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 59. 6103:. Andres Bello. GGKEY:BNK53LBKGDQ. 5355: 5320: 5300: 5215:Escudé, Carlos; Cisneros, Andrés. 4734: 3651:to Argentina and control over the 2178:Tarapacá & Antofagasta: 8,000 1496:approved the treaty and 6,000,000 1155:The direct cause of the war was a 14: 9908: 9247:Chilean–Peruvian maritime dispute 9096:Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos 8775: 8663:Querejazu, Roberto Calvo (1995). 8654:Querejazu, Roberto Calvo (1979). 8326:"Chile returns looted Peru books" 7225:. 2 December 2013. Archived from 6755:Tromben Corbalán, Carlos (2017). 6717:Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna (1881). 5894:Ravest Mora, Manuel (June 2008). 5704:Journal of Latin American Studies 5553:Rubilar Luengo, Mauricio (2012). 5519:James G. Blaine and Latin America 5280:Emilio Ruiz-Tagle Orrego (1992). 5133:Lagos Carmona, Guillermo (1981). 4469:took the oath of office, and the 4051:given a shortage of good horses. 2072:was the first battle of the war. 1796: 1780:in Bolivia ("Toco", south of the 1466:Secret Treaty of Alliance of 1873 1348:is a Chilean region south of the 134:occurred a year later due to the 9747:Territorial evolution of Bolivia 8804:by Daniel A. Gross, 2 June 2014. 8695:Chile and the War of the Pacific 8376: 8324:Collyns, Dan (7 November 2007). 8317: 8269: 8246: 8213: 8198: 8186: 8174: 8162: 8145: 8052: 8040: 8027: 8014: 8002: 7971: 7938:Pereyra Plasencia, Hugo (2005). 7931: 7919: 7907: 7895: 7867: 7842: 7830: 7818: 7787: 7777:Augusto Pinochet Ugarte (1984). 7770: 7703: 7691: 7665: 7653: 7641: 7629: 7611: 7593: 7581: 7569: 7540: 7484: 7472: 7456: 7444: 7432: 7420: 7408: 7389: 7377: 7365: 7353: 7341: 7329: 7318: 7306: 7294: 7282: 7270: 7258: 7241: 7215: 7189: 7177: 7141: 7129: 7117: 7105: 7057: 7045: 7021: 6997: 6956: 6944: 6932: 6908: 6899: 6860: 6848: 6836: 6824: 6812: 6799: 6790: 6773: 6748: 6736: 6679: 6667: 6655: 6643: 6553: 6536: 6502: 6490: 6478: 6466: 5523:. University of Missouri Press. 4816: 4802: 4731:, in the rocks of Punta Gruesa. 4673: 4616:According to international law, 4505:Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen 3837: 3825: 3714:The resistance was organised by 2393:Krupp Mountain Gun M1879-80 L/24 1971: 1651: 1606: 1597: 1427:(1864–1866), Spain, under Queen 440: 370: 338: 234: 220: 208: 156:Litoral Department (Antofagasta) 36: 9732:Territorial disputes of Bolivia 8401:Cited works and further reading 8239:10.4067/S0717-71942011000200002 8131:. University of Georgia Press. 8103:10.4067/s0718-23762004000100009 7712:The Journal of Military History 6454: 6442: 6430: 6359: 6331: 6296: 6284: 6257: 6245: 6212: 6200: 6180: 6168: 6156: 6144: 6132: 6090: 6078: 6066: 6028: 6016: 5990:St. John, Ronald Bruce (1992). 5968: 5956: 5944: 5932: 5917:10.4067/S0717-71942008000100003 5872: 5833: 5794: 5782: 5770: 5758: 5738: 5611: 5598: 5571: 5487: 5415: 5403: 5376: 5286:. Andres Bello. pp. 149–. 5243: 5231: 5193: 5186:10.4067/s0717-73562012000100009 5126: 5109: 5062: 5037: 4834:built in England for Chile and 4785: 4756: 4703:, sunk by the Peruvian monitor 4630: 3976:to connect the capital city of 3253:’s capture, the sinking of the 2645: 2265: 2253: 2224: 2212: 2200: 1982:needs additional citations for 1935:Chilean Invasion of Antofagasta 732:Loa Line and Altiplano campaign 132:Peruvian Civil War of 1884–1885 7796:"Combate Naval de Antofagasta" 6979:Méndez Notari, Carlos (2009). 6401:St John, Ronald Bruce (1992). 6354:Historia del Ejército de Chile 5858:. Cambridge University Press. 5089:Arie Marcelo Kacowicz (1998). 5069:Teofilo Laime Ajacopa (2007). 5023:. Cambridge University Press. 4982: 4923: 4911: 4880: 4868: 4656:International Court of Justice 4038:Remington Rolling Block rifles 3085:scuttled their remaining fleet 2830:Contraalmirante (Rear Admiral) 1864:Peruvian monopoly of saltpeter 1270:Treaty of Peace and Friendship 1225:in January 1881. Remnants and 1125: 66:5 April 1879 – 20 October 1883 1: 9742:Territorial evolution of Peru 9727:Territorial disputes of Chile 9652:Abel-Nicolas du Petit-Thouars 8792:, Universidad de Chile, 2009. 8526:. Iowa: University Iowa City. 8276:Gattin, A. (1 January 1996). 8125:Kenneth Duane Lehman (1999). 5855:A History of Chile, 1808–1994 5095:. SUNY Press. pp. 105–. 4861: 4313: 4163: 3992: 3885:during the war in the sierra. 3865:, the final Peruvian defeat. 3265:), and the Chief of the army 2607:Krupp Mountain Gun M1872 L/21 2373:Krupp Mountain Gun M1879 L/13 2333:Krupp Mountain Gun M1873 L/21 1917:National Constituent Assembly 1494:Argentine Chamber of Deputies 1370:Atacama Desert border dispute 1359: 1193:, in the Atacama Desert, the 9737:Territorial disputes of Peru 9410:Pedro José Domingo de Guerra 8207:Cuaderno de Historia Militar 7503:Florencia E. Mallon (2014). 6623:Lawrence A. Clayton (1985). 6366:Mellington, Herbert (1948). 5645:. Harvard University Press. 5017:Joao Resende-Santos (2007). 4576:Biblioteca Nacional del Perú 3868: 2778:engaged and sank the wooden 2162:, before occupation of Lima 1913:National Congress of Bolivia 1768:William Edmundson writes in 1727:economic crisis of the 1870s 1279: 1173:(CSFA), in violation of the 7: 9556:Cornelio Saavedra Rodríguez 8923:Peruvian Saltpeter Monopoly 8712:Scheina, Robert L. (2003). 8531:English, Adrian J. (1985). 7463:Folia Dermatológica Peruana 6114:Edmundson, William (2011). 6097:Manuel Ravest Mora (1983). 5963:Greenhill & Miller 1973 5939:Greenhill & Miller 1973 5879:Greenhill & Miller 1973 5747:, William Edmundson, 2009, 4695:, where captain of frigate 4644:trauma for Peru and Bolivia 4490:Beside the economic plans, 4332:Geneva Red Cross Convention 4192:. The second generation of 4084: 3785:and then southeast towards 3345:Campaign of Tacna and Arica 3192:attacked beach defenses in 3115: 2517:La Hitte Mountain Gun M1858 1876:Ley del estanco del salitre 1852:lawyers placed emphasis on 1802:License of 27 November 1873 1677:the claims made and adding 1189:Battles were fought on the 10: 9913: 9596:Galvarino Riveros Cárdenas 9441:José Luis Araneda Carrasco 9116:Chilean occupation of Peru 9101:Chorrillos order of battle 8693:Sater, William F. (1986). 8672:Sater, William F. (2007). 8641:Paz Soldan, Mariano Felipe 7800:www.laguerradelpacifico.cl 5122:. Editorial Universitaria. 5116:Eyzaguirre, Jaime (1967). 4677: 4634: 4246:, for land and sea routes. 3957: 3738: 3672: 3669:War in the Peruvian Sierra 3617: 3480: 3392: 3348: 3176: 3119: 3095:Chilean torpedo boat 2837:Galvarino Riveros Cárdenas 2761:fought the naval battles. 2719: 2436:Krupp Field Gun M1873 L/24 2414:Krupp Field Gun M1880 L/27 2353:Krupp Field Gun M1867 L/25 2087: 1867: 1565: 1469: 1454: 1240:Chile and Peru signed the 1138:coastal Bolivian territory 1134:Bolivian–Peruvian alliance 906:Chilean occupation of Peru 18: 9644: 9423: 9377: 9354:Francisco García Calderón 9281: 9274: 9239: 9213: 9206: 9171: 9155: 9134: 9088: 9047: 8936: 8900: 8893: 8873: 8852: 8845: 8550:Farcau, Bruce W. (2000). 5716:10.1017/S0022216X00002236 4480:Francisco García Calderón 4436:Sovereign State of Panamá 3700:Francisco García Calderón 3073:in November 1879 and the 3017: 2990: 2985: 2958: 2931: 2926: 2919: 2913: 2906: 2895: 2888: 2877: 2872: 2819:capture of the steamship 2758:Marina de Guerra del Perú 2626: 2197: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2094: 1911:On 14 February 1878, the 1870:Peruvian nitrate monopoly 1828:In 1868, a company named 1791: 1478:secret treaty of alliance 1338:(ordinary saltpeter) and 605: 525: 329: 246: 201: 58: 35: 30: 9692:History of South America 9536:Eleuterio Ramírez Molina 9080:Order of Battle at Tacna 9055:Tacna and Arica campaign 8755:Yrigoyen, Pedro (1921). 8597:10.1215/00182168-35.1.14 8503:Bulnes, Gonzalo (1920). 8489:Bulnes, Gonzalo (1919). 8475:Bulnes, Gonzalo (1914). 8461:Bulnes, Gonzalo (1911). 7750:John A. Britton (2013). 6781:Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna 5149:Chile Since Independence 4908:, pp. 113–4 Table 6 4587:Minister of the Interior 4551:The case of looting and 3920: 3632:Mapuche uprising of 1881 3351:Tacna and Arica Campaign 2786:, the Peruvian ironclad 2782:. Meanwhile, during the 2716:Struggle for sea control 2497:La Hitte Field Gun M1858 2170:Army of Lima: 25–35,000 1830:Compañía Melbourne Clark 1740:Melchor de Concha y Toro 1256:(turning Bolivia into a 1252:, the disputed Bolivian 790:Tacna and Arica campaign 9752:Bolivia–Chile relations 9712:19th century in Bolivia 9591:Juan Williams Rebolledo 9531:Pedro Julio Quintavalla 9466:Marcos Segundo Maturana 9359:Leoncio Prado Gutiérrez 9252:Puna de Atacama dispute 9142:Battle of La Concepción 9039:Battle of San Francisco 8656:Guano, Salitre y Sangre 8632:10.1215/00182168-60.1.1 6879:John L. Rector (2005). 6807:Guano, Salitre y Sangre 6587:Robert N. Burr (1967). 5852:Collier, Simon (1996). 5147:Bethell, Leslie. 1993. 4964:, p. 349 Table 23. 4727:, under the command of 4719:, under the command of 4527:." During the war, the 4198:Battle of Hampton Roads 3795:Battle of La Concepción 3383:reconnaissance in force 3259:Juan Williams Rebolledo 3160:Battle of San Francisco 2833:Juan Williams Rebolledo 1903:Tax and Chilean refusal 1838:Antony Gibbs & Sons 1562:Boundary Treaty of 1874 1451:Boundary Treaty of 1866 1175:Boundary Treaty of 1874 888:San Juan and Chorrillos 76:Bolivia-Chile armistice 9762:Bolivia–Peru relations 9697:Wars involving Bolivia 9586:José Velásquez Bórquez 9324:Lizardo Montero Flores 9299:Andrés Avelino Cáceres 8990:Battle of Punta Gruesa 8908:Atacama border dispute 8718:. Potomac Books, Inc. 7780:La Guerra Del Pacífico 7530:Barros, Mario (1970). 6809:, p. 365, version pdf. 6405:Foreign policy of Peru 5994:Foreign Policy of Peru 5674:La Guerra del Pacífico 5495:Pinto Rodríguez, Jorge 5255:www.argentina-rree.com 5177:University of Tarapacá 4780: 4601: 4548: 4465:In 1881, US President 4451:William Maxwell Evarts 4363:. On 2 July 1884, the 4348:peoples and (Chinese) 4327: 4288:Panama Star and Herald 4247: 3997:As the war began, the 3886: 3774: 3716:Andrés Avelino Cáceres 3705:Lizardo Montero Flores 3594: 3586: 3562:José Francisco Vergara 3518:Chile–Mapuche frontier 3501: 3492: 3471:Foreign Policy of Peru 3440: 3369: 3361: 3229: 3188: 3162: 3136: 2803:, but the loss of the 2784:Battle of Punta Gruesa 2741: 2731: 2457:Armstrong Bronze M1880 2120: 2083: 2031: 1896:Foreign Policy of Peru 1718: 1592: 1387:Atacama border dispute 1381: 1373: 1327: 1316: 1289: 1274:Tacna–Arica compromise 1121: 1113: 247:Commanders and leaders 83:signed 20 October 1904 9717:19th century in Chile 9481:Ignacio Carrera Pinto 9304:Mariano Ignacio Prado 9289:Miguel Grau Seminario 9194:Treaty of Lima (1929) 9070:Battle of Los Ángeles 9065:Bombardment of Callao 7854:www.soberaniachile.cl 4795:, pp. 181–182): 4772: 4763:Ronald Bruce St. John 4715:, where the schooner 4606:Tribunales Arbitrales 4599: 4590:José Manuel Balmaceda 4542: 4448:US Secretary of State 4321: 4244:great-circle distance 4241: 4196:, designed after the 4116:on November 2, 1879. 4095:Bolivian high plateau 4012:and two regiments of 4008:, three squadrons of 3891:Peace Treaty of Ancón 3876: 3772: 3739:Further information: 3735:Letelier's expedition 3592: 3584: 3498: 3490: 3444:Lackawanna Conference 3438: 3418:Battle of Los Ángeles 3367: 3358: 3225: 3186: 3158: 3134: 2826:Carabineros de Yungay 2737: 2729: 2102: 2028: 1880:Mariano Ignacio Prado 1712: 1578: 1455:Further information: 1403:and the territory of 1379: 1367: 1334:word for fertilizer. 1287: 1254:department of Litoral 1116:), also known as the 1052:Crossing of the Andes 526:Casualties and losses 254:Presidents of Bolivia 9757:Chile–Peru relations 9722:19th century in Peru 9702:Wars involving Chile 9566:Robert Souper Howard 9561:Roberto Silva Renard 9501:Alejandro Gorostiaga 9476:Estanislao del Canto 9184:Treaty of Valparaíso 9163:Battle of Huamachuco 9106:Battle of Miraflores 8788:2 April 2015 at the 8449:on 11 December 2007. 8209:(in Spanish): 61–82. 7978:Oliver García Meza. 6882:The History of Chile 6629:. Lawrence Clayton. 5515:David Healy (2001). 4932:, p. 58 Table 3 4889:, p. 45 Table 1 4877:, p. 51 Table 2 4455:Isaac P. Christiancy 4387:Foreign intervention 4216:(1861) commanded by 4188:, and purpose-built 3974:Arica–La Paz railway 3966:Treaty of Valparaiso 3960:Bolivia–Chile border 3863:Battle of Huamachuco 3817:1883 Sierra Campaign 3765:1882 Sierra Campaign 3604:Battle of Miraflores 3600:Battle of Chorrillos 3585:Battle of Miraflores 3062:(July 1880) and the 2542:White Gun (Mountain) 2233:, p. 51 Table 2 2221:, p. 45 Table 1 2209:, p. 58 Table 3 2181:In Arequipa: 13,000 1991:improve this article 1199:mountainous interior 1128:, was a war between 1126:multiple other names 9707:Wars involving Peru 9631:Diego Dublé Almeyda 9621:Ramón Allende Padín 9606:Domingo Santa María 9601:Jorge Montt Álvarez 9471:Manuel Bulnes Pinto 9344:Juan Guillermo More 9294:Francisco Bolognesi 8968:Blockade of Iquique 8423:Barros Arana, Diego 8409:Barros Arana, Diego 8361:, pp. 259–262. 8154:, pp. 304–306 8011:, pp. 160, 165 7599:Stanislav Andreski 7402:11 May 2015 at the 7395:Congreso del Perú, 7255:, pages 120 and 121 6688:, pp. 113–114 5755:, 288 pages, p. 160 4729:Juan Guillermo More 4583:Augusto Matte Pérez 4473:Secretary of State 4234:Flow of information 4220:, was stationed at 4218:Alfred Thayer Mahan 4026:Chincha Islands War 3638:Domingo Santa María 3291:oficinas salitreras 3167:Peruvian resistance 2869: 2296: 2125: 2109:Fusil Gras mle 1874 1832:was established in 1744:Camara de Diputados 1513:fought in the war. 1440:Chilean silver rush 1425:Chincha Islands War 1309:Chincha Islands War 1114:Guerra del Pacífico 933:Letelier Expedition 313:Presidents of Chile 162:Tarapacá Department 81:Peace with Bolivia 9767:Military campaigns 9687:War of the Pacific 9616:Alberto Blest Gana 9491:Luis Cruz Martínez 9446:Luis Gómez Carreño 9436:Juan de Dios Aldea 9364:Luis Germán Astete 9319:Nicolás de Piérola 9314:Mariano Bustamante 9111:Occupation of Lima 9034:Battle of Tarapacá 8839:War of the Pacific 8734:Villalobos, Sergio 8183:, pp. 304–306 8033:Wilfredo Kapsoli, 7724:10.1353/jmh.0.0046 7672:Dorothea, Martin. 7638:, pp. 376–377 7453:, pp. 183–187 7441:, pp. 317–338 7429:, pp. 181–182 7417:, pp. 329–330 7303:, pp. 301–302 7229:on 2 December 2013 7186:, pp. 348–349 7126:, pp. 149–150 6833:, pp. 204–205 6821:, pp. 171–172 6664:, pp. 151–152 6139:Barros Arana 1881a 5941:, pp. 123–124 5881:, pp. 117–120 5764:Harold Blackmore, 5564:10.35376/10324/925 4742:Caliche sangriento 4602: 4549: 4529:British government 4492:Stephen A. Hurlbut 4328: 4304:The New York Times 4282:The New York Times 4248: 4110:amphibious warfare 3982:freedom of transit 3887: 3858:es:Grito de Montán 3775: 3653:Strait of Magellan 3624:Occupation of Lima 3595: 3587: 3502: 3493: 3441: 3389:Lynch's Expedition 3370: 3362: 3332:Nicolás de Piérola 3279:política boliviana 3234:Battle of Tarapacá 3230: 3227:Battle of Tarapacá 3189: 3163: 3137: 3080:in December 1880. 2864: 2852:Strait of Magellan 2742: 2732: 2672:military logistics 2477:Model 59 Emperador 2294: 2167:ante Lima: 27,000 2123: 2121: 2037:declaration of war 2032: 1719: 1715:territorial claims 1662:possibly contains 1522:Almirante Cochrane 1486:Strait of Magellan 1438:Starting from the 1382: 1374: 1290: 1258:landlocked country 1122:Guerra del salitre 1110:War of the Pacific 1082:Arequipa-Puno Line 597:War of the Pacific 532:Killed and wounded 502:(Occupation Force) 276:Presidents of Peru 125:landlocked country 123:Bolivia becomes a 31:War of the Pacific 21:War in the Pacific 9792:Conflicts in 1883 9787:Conflicts in 1882 9782:Conflicts in 1881 9777:Conflicts in 1880 9772:Conflicts in 1879 9674: 9673: 9670: 9669: 9551:Óscar Viel y Toro 9516:Juan José Latorre 9270: 9269: 9262:Charaña agreement 9202: 9201: 9029:Tarapacá campaign 9024:Battle of Topater 9007:Battle of Pisagua 8995:Battle of Angamos 8985:Battle of Iquique 8980:Battle of Chipana 8889: 8888: 8725:978-1-57488-450-0 8704:978-0-8032-4155-8 8685:978-0-8032-4334-7 8563:978-0-275-96925-7 8542:978-0-7106-0321-0 8138:978-0-8203-2116-5 8089:Revista Universum 7988:Revista de Marina 7763:978-0-8263-5398-6 7516:978-1-4008-5604-6 6990:978-956-8147-77-8 6892:978-1-4039-6257-7 6805:R. Querejazu C., 6766:978-956-01-0431-1 6636:978-0-915463-25-1 6604:978-0-520-02629-2 6545:, pp. 102ff 6420:978-1-55587-304-2 5865:978-0-521-56827-2 5652:978-0-674-92300-3 5620:, pp. 38, 39 5530:978-0-8262-6329-2 5499:Estudios Sociales 5293:978-956-13-0954-8 5102:978-0-7914-3957-9 5030:978-1-139-46633-2 4750:Explanatory notes 4689:Naval Glories Day 4652:2009 Constitution 4565:Sergio Villalobos 4501:Chester A. Arthur 4261:as the crow flies 4154:attrition warfare 3988:Military analysis 3936:Tarapacá Province 3879:Carrion's disease 3689:Government Palace 3263:Galvarino Riveros 3179:Tarapacá Campaign 3173:Tarapacá Campaign 3132: 3110:control that lake 3048:Battle of Angamos 3044: 3043: 2770:Battle of Iquique 2747:letters of marque 2739:Battle of Iquique 2660: 2659: 2562:White Gun (Field) 2292: 2291: 2143:, before the war 2070:Battle of Topáter 2023: 2022: 2015: 1823:Mariano Melgarejo 1748:Jerónimo Urmeneta 1707: 1706: 1699: 1664:original research 1645: 1644: 1623:. Please help to 1615:This section may 1336:Potassium nitrate 1105: 1104: 1100: 1099: 761:Tarapacá campaign 562: 561: 508: 503: 458: 421: 417:25,000–35,000 men 356: 197: 196: 9904: 9812:1880s in Bolivia 9797:1870s in Bolivia 9657:Roque Sáenz Peña 9581:Gregorio Urrutia 9461:Orozimbo Barbosa 9456:Manuel Baquedano 9405:Mariano Baptista 9390:Ladislao Cabrera 9369:Emilio Cavenecia 9329:Melitón Carvajal 9279: 9278: 9211: 9210: 9147:Battle of Pucará 9126:Battle of Sangra 8898: 8897: 8850: 8849: 8832: 8825: 8818: 8809: 8808: 8770: 8751: 8729: 8708: 8689: 8668: 8659: 8650: 8636: 8634: 8609: 8599: 8574: 8572: 8570: 8546: 8527: 8510: 8499: 8497: 8485: 8483: 8471: 8469: 8453:Boyd. Robert N. 8450: 8432: 8418: 8394: 8393: 8380: 8374: 8368: 8362: 8356: 8350: 8344: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8321: 8315: 8309: 8300: 8299: 8297: 8273: 8267: 8266: 8250: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8217: 8211: 8210: 8202: 8196: 8190: 8184: 8178: 8172: 8166: 8160: 8149: 8143: 8142: 8122: 8107: 8106: 8105: 8083: 8077: 8071: 8062: 8056: 8050: 8044: 8038: 8031: 8025: 8018: 8012: 8006: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7984: 7975: 7969: 7958: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7935: 7929: 7923: 7917: 7911: 7905: 7899: 7893: 7886: 7877: 7871: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7846: 7840: 7834: 7828: 7822: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7806:on 19 April 2015 7802:. 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citations 1655: 1654: 1647: 1640: 1637: 1610: 1609: 1602: 1590: 1510:Argentine Senate 1321: 1195:Peruvian deserts 1171: 883:Rinconada de Ate 844:Lynch Expedition 608: 607: 600: 598: 588: 581: 574: 565: 564: 521:10 torpedo boats 506: 501: 456: 450: 446: 444: 443: 419: 403:2 torpedo boats 380: 376: 374: 373: 354: 348: 344: 342: 341: 264:P.J.D. de Guerra 239: 238: 237: 230: 226: 224: 223: 213: 212: 211: 119:Chilean victory 70:Chile-Peru Peace 60: 59: 50:and Bolivia and 40: 28: 27: 9912: 9911: 9907: 9906: 9905: 9903: 9902: 9901: 9847:1883 in Bolivia 9842:1882 in Bolivia 9837:1881 in Bolivia 9832:1880 in Bolivia 9827:1879 in Bolivia 9677: 9676: 9675: 9666: 9662:Otto von Moltke 9640: 9541:Enrique Simpson 9419: 9395:Narciso Campero 9373: 9349:Miguel Iglesias 9266: 9235: 9198: 9179:Treaty of Ancón 9167: 9151: 9130: 9084: 9075:Battle of Tacna 9060:Battle of Arica 9043: 8957:Naval Maneuvers 8932: 8885: 8869: 8841: 8836: 8790:Wayback Machine 8778: 8773: 8748: 8726: 8705: 8686: 8568: 8566: 8564: 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Blaine 4406:isthmus railway 4401:Baring Brothers 4389: 4316: 4252:submarine cable 4236: 4166: 4150:Peruvian Sierra 4087: 3995: 3990: 3962: 3956: 3932:Treaty of Ancón 3928: 3923: 3871: 3853:Miguel Iglesias 3849: 3848: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3842: 3834: 3833: 3830: 3819: 3806:Tarapacá Region 3773:Sierra Campaign 3767: 3743: 3737: 3721:tunga penetrans 3677: 3675:Sierra Campaign 3671: 3634: 3616: 3485: 3479: 3446: 3430:Battle of Arica 3426:Battle of Tacna 3402:Blanco Encalada 3397: 3391: 3353: 3347: 3247: 3201:pincer movement 3181: 3175: 3126: 3124: 3118: 3037:2x150–pounders 3010:2x300–pounders 2961:Blanco Encalada 2921: 2910: 2899: 2891: 2881: 2752:Armada de Chile 2724: 2718: 2680:Battle of Tacna 2656: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2631: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2283: 2270: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2217: 2213: 2205: 2201: 2113:paper cartridge 2105:brass cartridge 2097: 2092: 2086: 2019: 2008: 2002: 1999: 1988: 1976: 1965: 1937: 1872: 1810: 1799: 1794: 1703: 1692: 1686: 1683: 1668: 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9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9672: 9671: 9668: 9667: 9665: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9648: 9646: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9571:Hernán Trizano 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9546:Policarpo Toro 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9521:Patricio Lynch 9518: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9486:Carlos Condell 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9427: 9425: 9421: 9420: 9418: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9385:Eduardo Abaroa 9381: 9379: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9309:Alfonso Ugarte 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9285: 9283: 9276: 9272: 9271: 9268: 9267: 9265: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9243: 9241: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9233: 9228: 9226:Toro Submarino 9223: 9217: 9215: 9208: 9204: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9175: 9173: 9169: 9168: 9166: 9165: 9159: 9157: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9149: 9144: 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8159: 8158: 8144: 8137: 8108: 8096:(1): 148–175, 8092:(in Spanish), 8078: 8063: 8051: 8039: 8026: 8013: 8001: 7970: 7960:Hugo Pereira, 7950: 7930: 7918: 7906: 7894: 7878: 7866: 7841: 7837:Querejazu 1995 7829: 7825:Querejazu 1979 7817: 7786: 7769: 7762: 7737: 7718:(3): 901–906. 7702: 7690: 7664: 7652: 7640: 7628: 7626: 7625: 7610: 7608: 7607: 7592: 7580: 7568: 7551: 7539: 7522: 7515: 7495: 7483: 7471: 7455: 7443: 7431: 7419: 7407: 7388: 7376: 7364: 7352: 7340: 7328: 7317: 7305: 7293: 7281: 7269: 7257: 7240: 7214: 7200: 7188: 7176: 7164: 7152: 7140: 7128: 7116: 7104: 7102:, p. 1147 7092: 7080: 7068: 7056: 7044: 7032: 7020: 7008: 6996: 6989: 6971: 6955: 6943: 6931: 6919: 6907: 6898: 6891: 6871: 6859: 6847: 6835: 6823: 6811: 6798: 6789: 6772: 6765: 6747: 6735: 6723: 6710: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6678: 6666: 6654: 6642: 6635: 6610: 6603: 6579: 6564: 6552: 6550: 6549: 6535: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6501: 6489: 6477: 6465: 6453: 6441: 6429: 6419: 6388: 6379:978-0374957254 6378: 6358: 6342: 6330: 6323:(in Spanish). 6307: 6295: 6283: 6268: 6256: 6244: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6211: 6199: 6197: 6196: 6179: 6167: 6155: 6143: 6131: 6125:978-0230112803 6124: 6106: 6089: 6077: 6065: 6062:Querejazu 1995 6054: 6039: 6027: 6023:Querejazu 1979 6015: 6008: 5979: 5967: 5955: 5943: 5931: 5906:(in Spanish). 5883: 5871: 5864: 5841: 5832: 5817: 5805: 5793: 5789:Querejazu 1979 5781: 5777:Querejazu 1979 5769: 5757: 5753:978-0230101210 5737: 5710:(1): 107–131. 5687: 5685: 5684: 5658: 5651: 5622: 5610: 5608:, 2009, p. 541 5597: 5582: 5570: 5545: 5536: 5529: 5507: 5486: 5474: 5462: 5443: 5426: 5414: 5402: 5387: 5383:Querejazu 1995 5375: 5373: 5372: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5299: 5292: 5272: 5261:on 3 June 2017 5242: 5238:Querejazu 1995 5230: 5223:(in Spanish). 5204: 5192: 5171:(in Spanish). 5153: 5140: 5125: 5108: 5101: 5081: 5061: 5036: 5029: 5006: 4999: 4981: 4966: 4951: 4934: 4922: 4910: 4891: 4879: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4815: 4801: 4793:Querejazu 1979 4784: 4782: 4781: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4747: 4746: 4736: 4733: 4721:Carlos Condell 4711:; and that of 4678:Main article: 4675: 4672: 4635:Main article: 4632: 4629: 4619:animus manendi 4536: 4533: 4520:Victor Kiernan 4516: 4515: 4485:Levi P. Morton 4467:James Garfield 4388: 4385: 4374:Afro-Peruvians 4315: 4312: 4279:of London and 4250:Since 1876, a 4235: 4232: 4203:Toro Submarino 4180:shells, naval 4178:armor-piercing 4170:breech-loading 4165: 4162: 4103:desert warfare 4086: 4083: 4056:Comblain rifle 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3955: 3952: 3948:Treaty of Lima 3944:Herbert Hoover 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3870: 3867: 3843: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3823: 3822: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3779:Mantaro Valley 3766: 3763: 3753:(30 April) to 3736: 3733: 3711:in the Andes. 3707:as successor. 3685:Patricio Lynch 3673:Main article: 3670: 3667: 3615: 3612: 3579: 3578: 3514: 3513: 3481:Main article: 3478: 3475: 3445: 3442: 3393:Main article: 3390: 3387: 3349:Main article: 3346: 3343: 3246: 3243: 3177:Main article: 3174: 3171: 3120:Main article: 3117: 3114: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2956: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2912: 2905: 2894: 2887: 2876: 2720:Main article: 2717: 2714: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2644: 2628: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2301: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2281: 2278:. p. 341. 2264: 2252: 2235: 2223: 2211: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2163: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2096: 2093: 2085: 2082: 2078:casus foederis 2055:casus foederis 2021: 2020: 1979: 1977: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1936: 1933: 1905: 1904: 1868:Main article: 1866: 1865: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1797:Ten Cents' Tax 1795: 1793: 1790: 1752:National Party 1705: 1704: 1659: 1657: 1650: 1643: 1642: 1627:. Discuss and 1614: 1612: 1605: 1599: 1596: 1583: 1566:Main article: 1563: 1560: 1498:Argentine peso 1470:Main article: 1467: 1464: 1452: 1449: 1361: 1358: 1350:Atacama Desert 1340:sodium nitrate 1281: 1278: 1203:naval campaign 1142:Atacama Desert 1103: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1090: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 976: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 914:Breña campaign 901: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 840: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 786: 785: 780: 775: 773:Pampa Germania 770: 757: 756: 751: 746: 741: 726: 725: 723:Land campaigns 719: 718: 717: 716: 711: 710: 709: 704: 694: 687: 682: 677: 672: 665: 660: 655: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 615: 614: 612:Naval campaign 606: 603: 602: 591: 590: 583: 576: 568: 560: 559: 544: 528: 527: 523: 522: 519:8 wooden ships 478:9 wooden ships 435: 432:7 wooden ships 420:(Army of Lima) 401:7 wooden ships 332: 331: 327: 326: 323:D. Santa María 309: 249: 248: 244: 243: 231: 204: 203: 199: 198: 195: 194: 192: 191: 188:Arica Province 185: 179: 173: 159: 152: 150: 144: 143: 142: 141: 138: 128: 116: 112: 111: 94: 92: 88: 87: 86: 85: 79: 64: 56: 55: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9909: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9872:1883 in Chile 9870: 9868: 9867:1882 in Chile 9865: 9863: 9862:1881 in Chile 9860: 9858: 9857:1880 in Chile 9855: 9853: 9852:1879 in Chile 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9822:1880s in Peru 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9807:1870s in Peru 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9684: 9682: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9643: 9637: 9636:Sofanor Parra 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9506:Tomás Guevara 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9496:Erasmo Escala 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9431:Irene Morales 9429: 9428: 9426: 9422: 9416: 9415:Ismael Montes 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9400:Hilarión Daza 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9376: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9286: 9284: 9280: 9277: 9273: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9238: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9216: 9212: 9209: 9205: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9176: 9174: 9170: 9164: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9154: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9133: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9087: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9046: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9021: 9018: 9015: 9012: 9011: 9008: 9005: 9004: 9000: 8999: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8974:Naval Battles 8973: 8972: 8969: 8966: 8965: 8962: 8959: 8956: 8955: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8945: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8935: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8903: 8899: 8896: 8892: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8872: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8851: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8833: 8828: 8826: 8821: 8819: 8814: 8813: 8810: 8803: 8802: 8797: 8794: 8791: 8787: 8784: 8780: 8779: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8759: 8753: 8749: 8747:9789561116016 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8721: 8717: 8716: 8710: 8706: 8700: 8696: 8691: 8687: 8681: 8677: 8676: 8670: 8666: 8661: 8657: 8652: 8648: 8647: 8642: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8576: 8565: 8559: 8555: 8554: 8548: 8544: 8538: 8534: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8512: 8508: 8507: 8501: 8494: 8493: 8487: 8480: 8479: 8473: 8466: 8465: 8459: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8444: 8443: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8429: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8415: 8410: 8406: 8405: 8392:(2): 159–185. 8391: 8387: 8379: 8372: 8367: 8360: 8355: 8348: 8343: 8327: 8320: 8313: 8308: 8306: 8296: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8272: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8249: 8240: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8216: 8208: 8201: 8194: 8189: 8182: 8177: 8170: 8165: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8148: 8140: 8134: 8130: 8129: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8115: 8113: 8104: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8090: 8082: 8075: 8070: 8068: 8061:, p. 149 8060: 8055: 8049:, p. 324 8048: 8043: 8036: 8030: 8023: 8017: 8010: 8005: 7990: 7989: 7981: 7974: 7967: 7963: 7957: 7955: 7943: 7942: 7934: 7928:, p. 167 7927: 7922: 7916:, p. 162 7915: 7910: 7904:, p. 160 7903: 7898: 7892:, p. 160 7891: 7885: 7883: 7875: 7870: 7855: 7851: 7845: 7838: 7833: 7827:, p. 230 7826: 7821: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7790: 7782: 7781: 7773: 7765: 7759: 7756:. UNM Press. 7755: 7754: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7706: 7699: 7694: 7675: 7668: 7662:, p. 159 7661: 7656: 7649: 7644: 7637: 7632: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7614: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7596: 7589: 7584: 7577: 7572: 7566:, p. 377 7565: 7560: 7558: 7556: 7549:, p. 372 7548: 7543: 7535: 7534: 7526: 7518: 7512: 7508: 7507: 7499: 7493:, p. 340 7492: 7487: 7480: 7475: 7468: 7464: 7459: 7452: 7447: 7440: 7435: 7428: 7423: 7416: 7411: 7405: 7401: 7398: 7392: 7386:, p. 329 7385: 7380: 7374:, p. 315 7373: 7368: 7362:, p. 312 7361: 7356: 7350:, p. 309 7349: 7344: 7338:, p. 306 7337: 7332: 7326: 7321: 7315:, p. 300 7314: 7309: 7302: 7297: 7291:, p. 303 7290: 7285: 7279:, p. 301 7278: 7273: 7267:, p. 302 7266: 7261: 7254: 7253:0-7923-0181-1 7250: 7244: 7228: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7207: 7205: 7198:, p. 180 7197: 7192: 7185: 7180: 7171: 7169: 7162:, p. 274 7161: 7156: 7150:, p. 157 7149: 7144: 7138:, p. 258 7137: 7132: 7125: 7120: 7114:, p. 153 7113: 7108: 7101: 7096: 7090:, p. 256 7089: 7084: 7078:, p. 229 7077: 7072: 7065: 7060: 7053: 7048: 7041: 7036: 7029: 7024: 7018:, p. 217 7017: 7012: 7006:, p. 130 7005: 7000: 6992: 6986: 6982: 6975: 6969: 6965: 6959: 6952: 6947: 6941:, p. 121 6940: 6935: 6928: 6923: 6917:, p. 120 6916: 6911: 6902: 6894: 6888: 6884: 6883: 6875: 6868: 6863: 6857:, p. 181 6856: 6851: 6845:, p. 119 6844: 6839: 6832: 6827: 6820: 6815: 6808: 6802: 6793: 6786: 6782: 6776: 6768: 6762: 6758: 6751: 6745:, p. 344 6744: 6739: 6733:, p. 296 6732: 6727: 6720: 6714: 6707: 6702: 6700: 6690: 6689: 6687: 6682: 6676:, p. 150 6675: 6670: 6663: 6658: 6652:, p. 214 6651: 6646: 6638: 6632: 6628: 6627: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6606: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6591: 6583: 6577:, p. 137 6576: 6571: 6569: 6562:, p. 119 6561: 6556: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6539: 6532: 6527: 6525: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6511:, p. 65 6510: 6505: 6499:, p. 111 6498: 6493: 6487:, p. 616 6486: 6481: 6474: 6469: 6462: 6457: 6450: 6445: 6438: 6433: 6426: 6422: 6416: 6412: 6407: 6406: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6385: 6381: 6375: 6371: 6370: 6362: 6355: 6349: 6347: 6339: 6334: 6327:(1): 135–165. 6326: 6322: 6314: 6312: 6305:, p. 106 6304: 6299: 6292: 6287: 6280: 6275: 6273: 6265: 6260: 6253: 6248: 6242: 6237: 6235: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6215: 6208: 6203: 6195: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6183: 6177:, p. 170 6176: 6171: 6165:, p. 162 6164: 6159: 6152: 6147: 6140: 6135: 6127: 6121: 6117: 6110: 6102: 6101: 6093: 6086: 6081: 6074: 6069: 6063: 6058: 6051: 6046: 6044: 6036: 6031: 6025:, p. 177 6024: 6019: 6011: 6009:1-55587-304-9 6005: 6001: 5996: 5995: 5986: 5984: 5976: 5971: 5965:, p. 124 5964: 5959: 5952: 5947: 5940: 5935: 5927: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5897: 5890: 5888: 5880: 5875: 5867: 5861: 5857: 5856: 5848: 5846: 5836: 5829: 5824: 5822: 5814: 5809: 5802: 5797: 5791:, p. 211 5790: 5785: 5779:, p. 175 5778: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5741: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5682: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5663: 5654: 5648: 5643: 5642: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5619: 5614: 5607: 5601: 5594: 5589: 5587: 5579: 5574: 5565: 5560: 5556: 5549: 5540: 5532: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5511: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5481: 5479: 5471: 5466: 5459: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5439: 5438: 5430: 5423: 5418: 5411: 5406: 5399: 5394: 5392: 5384: 5379: 5370: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5362:Yrigoyen 1921 5358: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5323: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5309:, p. 57 5308: 5303: 5295: 5289: 5285: 5284: 5276: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5239: 5234: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5211: 5209: 5201: 5196: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5157: 5150: 5144: 5136: 5129: 5121: 5120: 5112: 5104: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5085: 5074: 5073: 5065: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5032: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5013: 5011: 5002: 4996: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4973: 4971: 4963: 4958: 4956: 4949:, p. 263 4948: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4931: 4926: 4920:, p. 274 4919: 4914: 4907: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4888: 4883: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4833: 4832: 4827: 4826: 4822:The cruisers 4819: 4812: 4805: 4799: 4794: 4788: 4779: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4725:Independencia 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4681: 4674:Commemoration 4671: 4669: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4645: 4638: 4628: 4626: 4625:Chilean pesos 4621: 4620: 4614: 4611: 4607: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4577: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4554: 4546: 4541: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4525:Alabama Award 4521: 4514: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4493: 4488: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4463: 4460: 4459:USS Lackwanna 4456: 4452: 4449: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4397:torpedo boats 4393: 4384: 4382: 4377: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4339: 4335: 4333: 4325: 4320: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4256: 4253: 4245: 4240: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4190:landing craft 4187: 4186:torpedo boats 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4033:Bolivian Army 4029: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4000: 3999:Peruvian Army 3985: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3918: 3911: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3840: 3828: 3814: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3771: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3742: 3732: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3659:Carlos Escudé 3656: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3639: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3611: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3583: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3546: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3530: 3526: 3524: 3519: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3506: 3497: 3489: 3484: 3483:Lima Campaign 3474: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3437: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3366: 3357: 3352: 3342: 3340: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3292: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3271:Erasmo Escala 3268: 3267:Justo Arteaga 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3185: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3143: 3123: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3078: 3075:torpedo boat 3072: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3021: 3020:Independencia 3016: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2917: 2909: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2866:Capital ships 2862: 2860: 2857: 2856:merchant ship 2853: 2849: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2815: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2805:Independencia 2802: 2798: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2789:Independencia 2785: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2760: 2759: 2754: 2753: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2723: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2692:Jorge Basadre 2689: 2683: 2681: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2668:medical corps 2665: 2664:General Staff 2648: 2641: 2636: 2634: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2326: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2285: 2284: 2277: 2276: 2268: 2262:, p. 274 2261: 2256: 2250:, p. 263 2249: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2232: 2227: 2220: 2215: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2127: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2091: 2081: 2079: 2073: 2071: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2057: 2056: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2038: 2027: 2017: 2014: 2006: 1996: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1980:This section 1978: 1974: 1969: 1968: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1943: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1897: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1814: 1809: 1801: 1800: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1773: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1760: 1759:Pacific Ocean 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1735: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1716: 1711: 1701: 1698: 1690: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1665: 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Montero F. 297: 292: 291:N. de Piérola 287: 282: 278: 277: 270: 265: 260: 256: 255: 251: 250: 245: 242: 232: 229: 216: 206: 205: 200: 189: 186: 183: 180: 177: 174: 171: 167: 163: 160: 157: 154: 153: 151: 146: 145: 139: 137: 133: 129: 126: 122: 121: 120: 117: 114: 113: 109: 108:South America 105: 101: 97: 93: 90: 89: 84: 80: 77: 74: 73: 71: 65: 62: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 9897:1883 in Peru 9892:1882 in Peru 9887:1881 in Peru 9882:1880 in Peru 9877:1879 in Peru 9611:Aníbal Pinto 9339:Juan Fanning 9334:Juan Buendía 9013:Land Battles 8846:Participants 8838: 8801:The Guardian 8799: 8757: 8737: 8714: 8694: 8674: 8664: 8655: 8645: 8622: 8618: 8590:(1): 14–36. 8587: 8583: 8567:. Retrieved 8552: 8532: 8523: 8519: 8505: 8491: 8477: 8463: 8454: 8447:the original 8441: 8427: 8413: 8389: 8385: 8378: 8366: 8354: 8342: 8330:. 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García C. 286:L. La Puerta 275: 253: 202:Belligerents 182:Tacna Region 118: 25: 9626:Juana López 9526:Arturo Prat 9511:Pedro Lagos 8901:preliminary 8625:(1): 1–31. 8371:Farcau 2000 8332:10 November 8059:Farcau 2000 8009:Farcau 2000 7994:12 November 7660:Farcau 2000 7576:Farcau 2000 7451:Farcau 2000 7427:Farcau 2000 7336:Bulnes 1919 7148:Farcau 2000 7124:Farcau 2000 7112:Farcau 2000 7100:Farcau 2000 7052:Farcau 2000 7040:Farcau 2000 7004:Farcau 2000 6968:archive.org 6964:El Mercurio 6939:Farcau 2000 6915:Farcau 2000 6867:Bulnes 1914 6843:Farcau 2000 6650:Farcau 2000 6531:Farcau 2000 6509:Farcau 2000 6485:Bulnes 1919 6266:, p. 7 6252:Dennis 1927 6241:Bulnes 1920 6207:Farcau 2000 6175:Bulnes 1911 6163:Bulnes 1911 6151:Bulnes 1920 6035:Farcau 2000 5593:Farcau 2000 5410:Dennis 1927 5307:Bulnes 1920 5200:Farcau 2000 4825:Arturo Prat 4776:casus belli 4709:Miguel Grau 4697:Arturo Prat 4680:Día del Mar 4585:questioned 4561:Lieber Code 4545:Padre Cobos 4471:Anglophobic 4365:guerrillero 4361:upper class 3946:caused the 3883:Rimac River 3789:, reaching 3749:bands from 3327:El Comercio 2103:A metallic 2030:Chorrillos. 1942:Antofagasta 1885:Henry Gibbs 1811: [ 1586:Article 4, 1546:arrived in 1429:Isabella II 1405:Antofagasta 1184:Antofagasta 1166: [ 1118:Nitrate War 1047:Huamantanga 1042:2nd Purhuay 963:Cieneguilla 948:1st Purhuay 863:Yerba Buena 812:Los Ángeles 663:3rd Iquique 641:2nd Iquique 621:1st Iquique 558:7,193–7,347 551:2,791–2,825 543:About 9,000 517:3 ironclads 476:2 ironclads 430:3 ironclads 399:4 ironclads 325:(1881–1886) 320:(1876–1881) 308:(1882–1885) 306:M. Iglesias 303:(1881–1883) 293:(1879–1881) 283:(1876–1879) 271:(1879–1884) 261:(1876–1879) 147:Territorial 9681:Categories 9576:Luis Uribe 9451:Juan Bravo 9001:Amphibious 8569:17 January 8181:Sater 2007 8152:Sater 2007 8047:Sater 2007 7874:Sater 2007 7648:Sater 2007 7491:Sater 2007 7479:Sater 2007 7439:Sater 2007 7415:Sater 2007 7384:Sater 2007 7372:Sater 2007 7360:Sater 2007 7348:Sater 2007 7313:Sater 2007 7301:Sater 2007 7289:Sater 2007 7277:Sater 2007 7265:Sater 2007 7196:Sater 1986 7184:Sater 2007 7160:Sater 1986 7136:Sater 2007 7088:Sater 2007 7076:Sater 2007 7064:Sater 2007 7028:Sater 2007 7016:Sater 2007 6855:Sater 2007 6831:Sater 2007 6819:Sater 2007 6743:Sater 2007 6731:Sater 2007 6686:Sater 2007 6674:Sater 2007 6662:Sater 2007 6575:Sater 2007 6560:Sater 2007 6543:Sater 2007 6497:Sater 2007 6473:Sater 2007 6338:Sater 2007 6303:Sater 2007 6291:Sater 2007 6279:Sater 2007 6264:Sater 2007 6085:Sater 2007 6073:Sater 2007 6050:Sater 2007 5828:Sater 2007 5813:Sater 2007 5801:Sater 2007 5618:Sater 2007 5578:Sater 2007 5557:(Thesis). 5458:Sater 2007 5049:www.zum.de 5000:1897643144 4977:Sater 2007 4962:Sater 2007 4947:Sater 2007 4930:Sater 2007 4918:Sater 2007 4906:Sater 2007 4887:Sater 2007 4875:Sater 2007 4862:References 4765:states in 4346:indigenous 4314:Atrocities 4174:land mines 4164:Technology 4138:garrisoned 4134:preemption 4076:Winchester 4006:battalions 3993:Comparison 3958:See also: 3940:plebiscite 3655:to Chile. 3618:See also: 3542:Chorrillos 3452:Lackawanna 3412:Magallanes 3375:amphibious 3142:Salitreras 2640:Sater 2007 2321:Projectile 2295:Artillery 2260:Sater 2007 2248:Sater 2007 2231:Sater 2007 2219:Sater 2007 2207:Sater 2007 2088:See also: 2003:March 2017 1834:Valparaíso 1819:salitreras 1671:improve it 1548:Valparaíso 1420:fertilizer 1401:Mejillones 1360:Background 1227:irregulars 1197:, and the 1120:(Spanish: 1112:(Spanish: 1076:2nd Pachía 1066:Huamachuco 1037:Tarmatambo 1027:Concepción 1022:2nd Pucará 1002:Huaripampa 997:Sierralumi 987:1st Pucará 958:1st Pachía 893:Miraflores 878:El Manzano 822:Buenavista 744:Río Grande 714:2nd Callao 636:1st Callao 507:(Mainland) 281:M.I. Prado 269:N. Campero 9275:Personnel 9240:Aftermath 8767:692069503 8425:(1881b). 8411:(1881a). 8265:(1): 211. 7947:(Thesis). 7810:6 January 7732:159553860 6721:, p. 434. 5926:221161317 5732:145462958 4831:Esmeralda 4717:Covadonga 4701:Esmeralda 4610:Brazilian 4428:Enriqueta 4308:The Times 4300:The Times 4276:The Times 4213:Wachusett 4194:ironclads 4182:torpedoes 4064:Remington 4062:, Minié, 4042:flintlock 4018:Chassepot 4014:artillery 3869:Last days 3799:deserters 3791:Izcuchaca 3747:guerrilla 3725:dysentery 3649:Patagonia 3450:USS 3275:divisions 3255:Esmeralda 3097:Colo Colo 3071:Pilcomayo 3064:Covadonga 2978:6x9 Inch 2951:6x9 Inch 2916:Artillery 2801:Esmeralda 2796:Covadonga 2794:schooner 2780:Esmeralda 2766:blockaded 2117:Chassepot 1957:Tocopilla 1951:and then 1782:Loa River 1675:verifying 1519:ironclads 1490:Patagonia 1482:Argentina 1409:Loa River 1294:Saltpeter 1280:Etymology 1124:) and by 1071:Izcuchaca 1032:San Pablo 992:Acuchimay 973:Guadalupe 953:Calientes 749:Quillagua 691:Pilcomayo 467:2,440 men 106:coast of 52:Argentina 8943:Refugees 8894:Timeline 8786:Archived 8736:(2004). 8643:(1884). 8457:. (1881) 8439:(1964). 8226:Historia 7621:p. 492: 7603:p. 105: 7400:Archived 6356:, Tomo 5 6194:centavos 5922:ProQuest 5904:Historia 5371:(p. 129) 5225:Archived 5168:Chungara 4852:Diógenes 4842:Sócrates 4496:Chimbote 4432:Guadiana 4424:Estrella 4411:Talismán 4369:Huancayo 4122:infantry 4085:Strategy 4079:carbines 4020:and the 4003:infantry 3811:Arequipa 3787:Huancayo 3422:Arequipa 3377:raid at 3116:Land war 3102:Mollendo 2975:up to 9 2948:up to 9 2934:Cochrane 2755:and the 2701:Comblain 2602:Bolivia 2316:Distance 2135:Bolivia 1915:and the 1845:(CSFA). 1584:— 1544:Cochrane 1541:ironclad 1445:Tarapacá 1250:Tarapacá 1233:waged a 1215:Peruvian 1211:Bolivian 1088:Arequipa 1017:La Oroya 943:Verrugas 807:Mollendo 802:Moquegua 783:Tarapacá 754:Tambillo 539:Captured 494:27,000 ( 457:(prewar) 355:(prewar) 330:Strength 318:A. Pinto 172:in 1884. 91:Location 9378:Bolivia 9214:General 9207:Aspects 8865:Bolivia 8606:2509249 6962:Diario 5179:: 121. 4705:Huáscar 4693:Iquique 4658:in the 4513:weight. 4416:Chalaco 4358:mestizo 4354:criollo 4350:coolies 4324:exhumed 4292:Reuters 4114:Pisagua 4099:Huáscar 4045:muskets 4010:cavalry 3751:Huánuco 3209:Iquique 3194:Pisagua 3052:Huáscar 2993:Huascar 2972:9–12.8 2945:9–12.8 2911:(Inch) 2890:Horse- 2874:Warship 2841:Huáscar 2812:Huáscar 2775:Huáscar 2306:Caliber 2062:Prado. 1921:quintal 1669:Please 1629:resolve 1354:Litoral 1346:Atacama 1332:Quechua 1330:) is a 1324:Spanish 1298:centavo 1229:of the 1157:nitrate 1150:Bolivia 1140:in the 1012:Chupaca 938:Sángrar 817:Locumba 768:Pisagua 707:Rupture 685:Angamos 652:Huáscar 631:Pisagua 626:Chipana 554:Wounded 346:Bolivia 259:H. Daza 215:Bolivia 149:changes 104:Pacific 102:on the 100:Bolivia 78:in 1884 44:Bolivia 9645:Others 9172:Ending 8853:Allied 8765: 8744: 8722: 8701: 8682: 8604: 8560: 8539: 8135: 7760: 7730: 7513: 7251: 6987: 6889: 6763: 6633: 6601: 6597:–146. 6417: 6376: 6122: 6006: 5924: 5862: 5751: 5730: 5724:156003 5722: 5649: 5527: 5290: 5099: 5027: 4997: 4847:Topeka 4844:) and 4440:consul 4420:Limeña 4381:Cañete 4290:, and 4222:Callao 4158:Sierra 4126:sapper 4091:fodder 4072:sabers 3978:La Paz 3913:place. 3630:; and 3535:Chilca 3409:, and 3322:Panama 3318:Callao 3031:12–13 3028:1,500 3025:2,004 3004:10–11 3001:1,200 2998:1,130 2969:3,000 2966:3,560 2942:3,000 2939:3,560 2927:Chile 2920:Built 2859:Gleneg 2512:4.035 2328:Chile 2311:Weight 2303:Number 2154:1,687 2151:5,557 2148:2,440 2129:Chile 2115:for a 2111:and a 2107:for a 2095:Forces 1953:Calama 1949:Cobija 1792:Crisis 1502:Tarija 1397:Paposo 1393:Cobija 1132:and a 968:Motupe 868:Bujama 858:Chilca 837:Tarata 739:Calama 547:Killed 505:6,000 500:8,000 445: 375: 365:1,687 343: 298:(1881) 288:(1879) 266:(1879) 225: 115:Result 9424:Chile 8881:Chile 8874:Chile 8602:JSTOR 8496:(PDF) 8482:(PDF) 8468:(PDF) 8328:. BBC 7983:(PDF) 7964:, in 7945:(PDF) 7728:S2CID 7677:(PDF) 5900:(PDF) 5728:S2CID 5720:JSTOR 5672:, in 5341:Lima. 5175:(1). 5076:(PDF) 4271:press 4068:Krupp 4049:mules 3921:Peace 3783:Tarma 3755:Junín 3523:Pisco 3466:Rimac 3461:pesos 3381:as a 3251:Rimac 3238:Arica 3217:Oruro 3040:1865 3013:1865 2986:Peru 2981:1874 2954:1874 2922:Year 2914:Main 2908:Armor 2902:Knots 2897:Speed 2892:power 2884:L.ton 2848:Unión 2821:Rímac 2670:, or 2622:2.14 2597:2.14 2577:2.09 2557:2.09 2537:Perú 2532:4035 2492:11.5 2348:2.14 2336:12–16 2300:Model 2132:Perú 1815:] 1617:lend 1506:Chaco 1416:guano 1328:guano 1266:Arica 1262:Tacna 1246:truce 1170:] 1130:Chile 873:Humay 832:Arica 827:Tacna 697:Arica 669:Rímac 498:Lima) 448:Chile 390:5,557 241:Chile 170:Chile 9282:Peru 9156:1883 9135:1882 9089:1881 9048:1880 8937:1879 8860:Peru 8763:OCLC 8742:ISBN 8720:ISBN 8699:ISBN 8680:ISBN 8571:2010 8558:ISBN 8537:ISBN 8334:2007 8133:ISBN 7996:2013 7861:2022 7812:2015 7758:ISBN 7685:2011 7511:ISBN 7249:ISBN 7235:2022 6985:ISBN 6887:ISBN 6761:ISBN 6631:ISBN 6599:ISBN 6415:ISBN 6374:ISBN 6120:ISBN 6004:ISBN 5860:ISBN 5749:ISBN 5647:ISBN 5525:ISBN 5336:o en 5288:ISBN 5267:2022 5097:ISBN 5056:2022 5025:ISBN 4995:ISBN 4837:Lima 4828:and 4559:The 4430:and 4356:and 4302:and 4211:USS 4209:The 4124:and 4060:Gras 4031:The 3407:Toro 3314:Lima 3269:(by 3261:(by 3249:The 3106:Puno 3077:Alay 3046:The 2879:tons 2817:The 2705:Gras 2619:2500 2594:2500 2574:3800 2554:2500 2523:86.5 2472:4.1 2469:4500 2452:6.8 2449:4800 2430:4.3 2427:4800 2408:1.5 2405:4600 2388:4.5 2385:3000 2368:4.3 2365:3000 2359:78.5 2345:2500 1713:All 1524:and 1504:and 1488:and 1368:The 1318:Wanu 1264:and 1223:Lima 1213:and 1148:and 1146:Peru 1108:The 1059:1883 980:1882 921:1881 898:Lima 496:Ante 484:1880 454:1879 407:1880 378:Peru 352:1879 228:Peru 166:Peru 130:The 98:and 96:Peru 63:Date 48:Peru 46:and 8798:in 8627:doi 8592:doi 8390:XIV 8290:doi 8234:doi 8098:doi 7720:doi 6595:145 6411:109 6000:105 5912:doi 5712:doi 5559:doi 5181:doi 3379:Ilo 3320:to 3108:to 3104:to 3060:Loa 3034:4½ 3007:4½ 2703:or 2616:107 2591:107 2529:225 2509:342 2489:323 2466:250 2446:450 2424:100 2402:305 2382:100 2342:107 2323:kg 2084:War 1993:by 1673:by 168:to 9683:: 8623:60 8621:. 8617:. 8600:. 8588:35 8586:. 8582:. 8522:. 8518:. 8304:^ 8284:. 8280:. 8263:11 8261:. 8257:. 8230:44 8111:^ 8094:19 8066:^ 7985:. 7953:^ 7881:^ 7852:. 7798:. 7740:^ 7726:. 7716:72 7714:. 7554:^ 7203:^ 7167:^ 6783:: 6698:^ 6613:^ 6567:^ 6523:^ 6423:. 6413:. 6391:^ 6382:. 6345:^ 6310:^ 6271:^ 6233:^ 6042:^ 6002:. 5982:^ 5920:. 5908:41 5902:. 5886:^ 5844:^ 5820:^ 5726:. 5718:. 5706:. 5690:^ 5661:^ 5625:^ 5585:^ 5503:72 5501:, 5477:^ 5446:^ 5390:^ 5253:. 5219:. 5207:^ 5173:44 5165:. 5047:. 5009:^ 4969:^ 4954:^ 4937:^ 4894:^ 4769:: 4662:. 4646:. 4426:, 4422:, 4418:, 4414:, 4294:. 4230:. 4184:, 4176:, 4081:. 3801:. 3723:, 3626:; 3622:; 3606:. 3405:, 3196:. 2904:) 2886:) 2843:. 2666:, 2632:^ 2613:60 2588:60 2585:42 2568:55 2565:49 2548:55 2545:31 2503:84 2483:87 2480:12 2463:66 2443:88 2440:12 2421:75 2418:29 2399:87 2396:24 2379:75 2376:38 2339:60 2313:kg 2308:mm 2238:^ 2080:. 2058:. 1955:, 1825:. 1813:es 1746:, 1528:. 1435:. 1399:, 1395:, 1356:. 1326:: 1168:es 1152:. 72:) 8831:e 8824:t 8817:v 8769:. 8750:. 8728:. 8707:. 8688:. 8635:. 8629:: 8608:. 8594:: 8573:. 8545:. 8524:8 8336:. 8298:. 8292:: 8286:7 8242:. 8236:: 8141:. 8100:: 7998:. 7863:. 7814:. 7766:. 7734:. 7722:: 7687:. 7519:. 7237:. 6993:. 6895:. 6787:. 6769:. 6639:. 6607:. 6325:4 6128:. 6012:. 5928:. 5914:: 5868:. 5734:. 5714:: 5708:5 5655:. 5567:. 5561:: 5533:. 5296:. 5269:. 5189:. 5183:: 5137:. 5105:. 5058:. 5033:. 5003:. 4850:( 4840:( 4813:. 2900:( 2882:( 2610:6 2571:? 2551:? 2526:? 2520:8 2506:? 2500:4 2486:? 2460:6 2362:? 2356:? 2318:m 2016:) 2010:( 2005:) 2001:( 1987:. 1700:) 1694:( 1689:) 1685:( 1667:. 1638:) 1634:( 1322:( 587:e 580:t 573:v 556:: 549:: 541:: 534:: 515:: 492:: 474:: 465:: 428:: 415:: 397:: 388:: 363:: 127:. 54:. 23:.

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