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502:. They have no value in the sense in which the economist uses that term. Free goods are things which exist in superfluity; that is, in quantities sufficient not only to gratify but also to satisfy all the desires which may depend on them." As compared with the scarce goods, nonscarce goods are the ones where there can be no contest over its ownership. The fact that someone is using something does not prevent anyone else from using it. For a good to be considered nonscarce, it can either have an infinite existence, no sense of possession, or it can be infinitely replicated.
219:. The adjacent diagram depicts the abstract point at which such an event would occur, in terms of the existing population and food supply: when the population reaches or exceeds the capacity of the shared supply, positive checks are forced to occur, restoring balance. (In reality, the situation would be significantly more nuanced due to complex regional and individual disparities around access to food, water, and other resources.) Positive checks by their nature are more "extreme and involuntary by nature".
253:"(A)bsolute scarcity . . . refers to the scarcity of resources in general, the scarcity of ultimate means. Absolute scarcity increases as growth in population and per-capital consumption push us ever closer to the carrying capacity of the biosphere. The concept presupposes that all economical substitutions among resources will be made (this is relative scarcity). While such substitutions will certainly mitigate the burden of absolute scarcity, they will not eliminate it nor prevent its eventual increase"
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351:(W)hen time and the means for achieving ends are limited and capable of alternative application, and the ends are capable of being distinguished in order of importance, the behaviour necessarily assumes the form of choice. Every act which involves time and scarce means for the achievement of one end involves the relinquishment of their use for the achievement of another. It has an economic aspect."
50:"refers to the basic fact of life that there exists only a finite amount of human and nonhuman resources which the best technical knowledge is capable of using to produce only limited maximum amounts of each economic good." If the conditions of scarcity did not exist and an "infinite amount of every good could be produced or human wants fully satisfied ... there would be no
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74:' definition of social wealth, i.e., economic goods. 'By social wealth', says Walras, 'I mean all things, material or immaterial (it does not matter which in this context), that are scarce, that is to say, on the one hand, useful to us and, on the other hand, only available to us in limited quantity'."
228:(T)he strong drive for reproduction in relation to the weak expansion of food production possibilities will very rapidly result in a situation of scarcity and thus hunger. This fundamental relation between food requirements and the food production capacity is the ultimate check on population growth.
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which uses scarcity: "Economics is the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses." Economic theory views absolute and relative scarcity as distinct concepts and is "quick in emphasizing that it is relative scarcity that defines
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For example, although air is more important to us than gold, it is less scarce simply because the production cost of air is zero. Gold, on the other hand, has a high production cost. It has to be found and processed, both of which require a lot of resources. Additionally, scarcity implies that not
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The decision maker's desire for various constituent elements of income and income-earning assets are different. Robbins crucially makes the point later in his essay that this fourth condition can be restated as being "capable of being distinguished in order of importance, then behavior necessarily
109:, a "canonical textbook" of mainstream economic thought "refers to the basic fact of life that there exists only a finite amount of human and nonhuman resources which the best technical knowledge is capable of using to produce only limited maximum amounts of each economic good ... (outlined in the
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for scarce resources, and competition occurs "when people strive to meet the criteria that are being used to determine who gets what". The price system, or market prices, are one way to allocate scarce resources. "If a society coordinates economic plans on the basis of willingness to pay money,
482:. To get the water, they have to travel and make agreements with countries that have water resources. In some countries, political groups hold necessary resources hostage for concessions or money. Supply-induced and structural scarcity demands for resources cause the most conflict for a country.
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when he observed that if the conditions of scarcity did not exist and an "infinite amount of every good could be produced or human wants fully satisfied ... there would be no economic goods, i.e. goods that are relatively scarce..." The basic economic fact is that this "limitation of the total
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There are two types of scarcity implicit in
Malthusianism, namely scarcity of foods or "requirements" and objects that provide direct satisfaction of these food needs or "available quantities". These are absolute in nature and define economic concepts of scarcity, abundance, and sufficiency as
138:, Malthus observed that an increase in a nation's food production improved the well-being of the populace, but the improvement was temporary because it led to population growth, which in turn restored the original per capita production level. In other words, humans had a propensity to utilize
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at a price of $ 0. The term scarcity refers to the possible existence of conflict over the possession of a finite good. One can say that, for any scarce good, someone's ownership and control excludes someone else's control. Scarcity falls into three distinctive categories: demand-induced,
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supply-induced, and structural. Demand-induced scarcity happens when the demand of the resource increases and the supply stays the same. Supply-induced scarcity happens when a supply is very low in comparison to the demand. This happens mostly due to
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economics." Current economic theory is derived in large part from the concept of relative scarcity which "states that goods are scarce because there are not enough resources to produce all the goods that people want to consume".
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Therefore, the decision-maker must exercise choice, i.e., "economize." Robbins argues that the "disposition of the ... (stakeholder's)... time and resources has a relationship to (their) system of wants." The definition is not
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Montani, Gudio (1987) in "Scarcity" citing Walras, L. 1926. Elements of Pure
Economics, or the Theory of Social Wealth. Trans. W. Jaffé. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954. Reprinted, Fairfield: A.M. Kelley,
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Economic theory views absolute and relative scarcity as distinct concepts and "...quick in emphasizing that it is relative scarcity that defines economics." Relative scarcity is the starting point for economics.
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laid "the theoretical foundation of the conventional wisdom that has dominated the debate, both scientifically and ideologically, on global hunger and famines for almost two centuries." In his 1798 book
478:. Lastly, structural scarcity occurs when part of a population does not have equal access to resources due to political conflicts or location. This happens in Africa where desert countries do not have
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The decision-maker can "augment" (Robbins) both their income and income-earning assets. In this case, implicitly, this is a limited ability, or the project stakeholder would not be subject to scarcity.
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This economic scarcity is not solely due to resource limits, but a consequence of human activity or social provisioning. There are two types of scarcity, relative and absolute scarcity.
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On
Population (An Essay on the Principle of Population, as It affects the Future Improvement of Society. With Remarks on the speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and other writers)
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and theoretically limitless wants. The notion of scarcity is that there is never enough (of something) to satisfy all conceivable human wants, even at advanced states of
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Korhonen, J. M. (2018). Overcoming
Scarcities Through Innovation: What Do Technologists Do When Faced With Constraints?. Ecological economics, 145, 115-125. Accessed at
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30:
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Wennerlind, C. C. (1999). The historical specificity of scarcity: historical and political investigations (Doctoral dissertation, the
University of Texas at Austin).
498:: "Some things, even such as are indispensable to existence, may yet, because of their abundance, fail to be objects of desire and of choice. Such things are called
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relative abundance is the condition where the available quantities of useful goods with alternative uses are greater than the multiple, different human requirements.
194:. Malthus believed there were two types of ever-present "checks" that are continuously at work, limiting population growth based on food supply at any given time:
58:, which may be in demand in the market or by the commons. Scarcity also includes an individual's lack of resources to buy commodities. The opposite of scarcity is
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On the opposite side of the coin, there are nonscarce goods. These goods do not need to be valueless, and some can even be indispensable for one's existence. As
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113:)." If the conditions of scarcity did not exist and an "infinite amount of every good could be produced or human wants fully satisfied ... there would be no
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Weir D.R. (1987) Malthus's Theory of
Population. In: Palgrave Macmillan (eds) The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, London.
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economics as "the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses". In cases of
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relative scarcity is the condition where multiple, different human requirements are greater than the available quantities with alternative uses.
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absolute abundance is the condition where the available quantities of useful goods are greater than human requirements in the way of food needs.
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members of that society will to make money" If other criteria are used, we would expect to see competition in terms of those other criteria.
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absolute scarcity is the condition where human requirements in the way of food needs are greater than the available quantities of useful goods.
146:" or the "Malthusian spectre". Populations had a tendency to grow until the lower class suffered hardship, want and greater susceptibility to
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relative sufficiency is the condition where multiple, different human requirements and available quantities with alternative uses are equal.
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absolute sufficiency is the condition where human requirements in the way of food needs and available quantities of useful goods are equal.
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158:. Malthus wrote in opposition to the popular view in 18th-century Europe that saw society as improving and in principle as perfectible.
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all of society's goals can be pursued at the same time; trade-offs are made of one goal against others. In an influential 1932 essay,
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Raiklin, Ernest; Uyar, BĂĽlent (1996). "On the relativity of the concepts of needs, wants, scarcity and opportunity cost".
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963:"Relative and absolute scarcity of nature. Assessing the roles of economics and ecology for biodiversity conservation"
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Pearce, Kerry A.; Hoover, Kevin D. (1995), "After the
Revolution: Paul Samuelson and the Textbook Keynesian Model",
215:, such as disease, starvation, and war, which lead to high rates of premature death — resulting in what is termed a
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resources capable of producing different (goods) makes necessary a choice between relatively scarce commodities."
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assumes the form of choice." Robbins argued that there had to be a hierarchy of needs to support these conditions.
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for population growth rather than for maintaining a high standard of living, a view that has become known as the "
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These are relative in nature and define economic concepts of scarcity, abundance, and sufficiency as follows:
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The decision-maker does not have the means to choose both. In this case, the means are not identified.
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can be created. Scarcity can also occur through stockpiling, either as an attempt to
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Daoud, Adel (2010). "Robbins and
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This article is about the economic concept. For the social psychology concept, see
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Baumgärtner, Stefan; Becker, Christian; Faber, Malte; Manstetten, Reiner (2006).
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Simkins, Charles (2001). "Can South Africa Avoid a
Malthusian Positive Check?".
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or parenting rights for persons deemed "deficient" or "unfit" by the government.
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Robbins found that four conditions were necessary to support this definition:
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Harvey, David (1974). "Population, Resources, and the Ideology of Science".
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and delay marriage until their finances become balanced, or restriction of
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or for other reasons. Temporary scarcity can be caused by (and cause)
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of behavior, the form imposed by the influence of scarcity."
23:. For the book by Sendhil Mullainathan and Eldar Shafir, see
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Heyne, Paul; Boettke, Peter J.; Prychitko, David L. (2014).
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An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science
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An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science
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Samuelson tied the notion of relative scarcity to that of
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Montani G. (1987) Scarcity. In: Palgrave Macmillan (eds)
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The condition of scarcity in the real world necessitates
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A. Tucker, Jeffrey; Kinsella, Stephan (11 August 2010).
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Gilbert, Geoffrey. Introduction to Malthus T.R. 1798.
1267:(2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 546–48.
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1133:"Environmental Scarcity and the Outbreak of Conflict"
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70:"The best example is perhaps
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1174:. London: Macmillan.
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1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1058:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1006:
967:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
925:
919:
906:
896:
887:
886:
858:
852:
845:
839:
838:
810:
804:
791:
785:
784:
767:(4): 1206–1229.
756:
731:
730:
721:
701:
695:
694:
674:
663:
657:
648:
644:
638:
631:
622:
621:
619:
618:
590:
584:
581:
533:Paradox of value
494:explains in his
404:human technology
80:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3057:Business portal
3024:
3023:
3022:
2982:
2746:von Böhm-Bawerk
2634:
2633:
2624:
2396:Ancient thought
2374:
2373:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2107:
2072:
2036:Contract theory
2021:Decision theory
2002:
1997:
1967:
1962:
1940:
1932:
1899:
1778:
1420:Deadweight loss
1357:Consumer choice
1335:
1330:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1238:
1236:
1217:
1215:
1192:
1185:
1182:
1180:Further reading
1171:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1146:
1144:
1129:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1059:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1008:
1004:
965:
959:
955:
947:
943:
935:
928:
920:
909:
897:
890:
859:
855:
846:
842:
811:
807:
802:Wayback Machine
792:
788:
757:
734:
719:10.1.1.320.9098
702:
698:
675:
666:
658:
651:
645:
641:
632:
625:
616:
614:
607:
591:
587:
582:
567:
562:
557:
508:
488:
486:Nonscarce goods
480:access to water
459:
396:
383:
377:
302:by Robbins as:
277:
271:
213:positive checks
144:Malthusian trap
126:
99:
81:
78:
64:economic theory
38:of June 6, 1889
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3100:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2522:
2517:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2460:Disequilibrium
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2273:Organizational
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2082:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2048:Macroeconomics
2045:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2016:Microeconomics
2012:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1950:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1923:Macroeconomics
1920:
1919:
1918:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1738:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1622:Price controls
1614:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1543:
1541:Market failure
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1383:
1378:
1368:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1333:Microeconomics
1329:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1281:
1256:
1253:
1244:
1223:
1198:
1197:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1112:
1078:
1071:
1046:
1017:
976:(4): 487–498.
953:
941:
926:
907:
888:
869:(1): 123–150.
853:
840:
827:10.2307/142863
821:(3): 256–277.
805:
786:
732:
696:
664:
649:
639:
623:
605:
585:
564:
563:
561:
558:
556:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
509:
507:
504:
487:
484:
458:
455:
428:Lionel Robbins
410:, or making a
395:
392:
387:economic goods
376:
373:
368:
367:
364:
361:
354:
353:
331:classificatory
326:
325:
321:
318:
315:
308:
307:
280:Lionel Robbins
270:
267:
266:
265:
261:
260:
259:
258:
257:
256:
255:-Daly 1977: 39
244:
243:
240:
232:
231:
221:
220:
210:
207:legal marriage
125:
122:
115:economic goods
98:
95:
86:Lionel Robbins
76:
52:economic goods
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3099:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2641:de Mandeville
2639:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2583:New classical
2581:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2539:Malthusianism
2537:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2500:Institutional
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2303:Public choice
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2278:Participation
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:Institutional
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2188:Expeditionary
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:Environmental
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1959:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:Institutional
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1800:Computational
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1745:Law of supply
1742:
1739:
1737:
1736:Law of demand
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1722:Social choice
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1707:Excess supply
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:Risk aversion
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:Price ceiling
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1583:Complementary
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1366:non-convexity
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1297:
1294:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1203:Burke, Edmund
1200:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1184:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1159:Cited sources
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
964:
957:
950:
945:
938:
933:
931:
923:
918:
916:
914:
912:
905:
901:
895:
893:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
857:
850:
844:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
809:
803:
799:
796:
790:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
729:
725:
720:
715:
711:
707:
700:
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
671:
669:
661:
656:
654:
643:
636:
630:
628:
612:
608:
602:
598:
597:
589:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
565:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
528:Energy crisis
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
503:
501:
497:
493:
483:
481:
477:
473:
472:deforestation
469:
464:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
429:
423:
420:
415:
413:
409:
405:
401:
391:
388:
382:
372:
365:
362:
359:
358:
357:
352:
348:
347:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
322:
319:
316:
313:
312:
311:
305:
304:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
263:
262:
254:
251:
250:
248:
247:
246:
245:
241:
238:
237:
236:
229:
226:
225:
224:
218:
214:
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2561:Mercantilism
2470:Evolutionary
2332:Sociological
2305: /
2203:Geographical
2183:Evolutionary
2158:Digitization
2123:Agricultural
2086:Econometrics
2026:Price theory
1890:Optimization
1875:Mathematical
1835:Experimental
1830:Evolutionary
1815:Econometrics
1697:
1673:Public goods
1647:Price system
1642:Price signal
1556:Monopolistic
1425:Distribution
1340:Major topics
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2544:Marginalism
2233:Information
2173:Engineering
2153:Development
2148:Demographic
2031:Game theory
2008:Theoretical
1840:Game theory
1805:Development
1752:Uncertainty
1632:Price floor
1612:Preferences
1551:Competition
1521:Information
1484:Externality
1467:Equilibrium
1408:Transaction
1386:Opportunity
1347:Aggregation
419:competition
292:free market
3071:Categories
3003:Economists
2876:Schumacher
2781:Schumpeter
2751:von Wieser
2671:von ThĂĽnen
2631:Economists
2530:Circuitism
2495:Humanistic
2490:Historical
2465:Ecological
2455:Democratic
2428:Chartalism
2418:Behavioral
2381:Mainstream
2342:Statistics
2337:Solidarity
2258:Managerial
2223:Humanistic
2218:Historical
2163:Ecological
2128:Behavioral
1870:Managerial
1790:Behavioral
1663:Production
1600:Oligopsony
1440:Elasticity
1352:Budget set
1288:2010-03-24
1239:2010-03-24
1218:2019-07-30
1216:Retrieved
1147:2021-05-04
1040:2017-11-20
1026:"Scarcity"
1011:2022-12-05
617:2020-09-13
560:References
500:free goods
339:analytical
203:abstinence
2921:Greenspan
2886:Samuelson
2866:Galbraith
2836:Tinbergen
2776:von Mises
2771:Heckscher
2731:Edgeworth
2610:Stockholm
2605:Socialist
2505:Keynesian
2485:Happiness
2445:Classical
2406:Mutualism
2401:Anarchist
2386:Heterodox
2283:Personnel
2243:Knowledge
2208:Happiness
2198:Financial
2168:Education
2143:Democracy
2078:Empirical
2000:Economics
1911:Economics
1783:Subfields
1678:Rationing
1595:Oligopoly
1590:Monopsony
1578:Bilateral
1511:Household
1362:Convexity
998:153425237
714:CiteSeerX
553:Trade-off
439:monopsony
412:trade-off
284:economics
235:follows:
178:resources
140:abundance
107:Economics
103:Samuelson
60:abundance
56:commodity
44:economics
3077:Scarcity
3032:Category
3012:journals
2998:Glossary
2951:Stiglitz
2916:Rothbard
2896:Buchanan
2881:Friedman
2871:Koopmans
2861:Leontief
2841:Robinson
2726:Marshall
2576:Lausanne
2480:Georgism
2475:Feminist
2423:Buddhist
2413:Austrian
2312:Regional
2288:Planning
2263:Monetary
2193:Feminist
2138:Cultural
2133:Business
1958:Category
1904:See also
1795:Business
1767:Marginal
1762:Expected
1703:Shortage
1698:Scarcity
1573:Monopoly
1479:Exchange
1391:Implicit
1381:Marginal
1141:Archived
1099:Archived
1034:Archived
1002:Archived
883:19068951
875:20027682
863:Daedalus
798:Archived
781:20788963
611:Archived
506:See also
435:monopoly
77:—
48:scarcity
3047:Outline
3018:Schools
3010: (
2971:Piketty
2966:Krugman
2831:Kuznets
2821:Kalecki
2796:Polanyi
2686:Cournot
2681:Bastiat
2666:Ricardo
2656:Malthus
2646:Quesnay
2549:Marxian
2440:Chicago
2370:history
2365:Schools
2352:Welfare
2322:Service
2113:Applied
1916:Applied
1895:Welfare
1757:Utility
1717:Surplus
1656:Pricing
1568:Duopoly
1561:Perfect
1504:Service
1472:General
1376:Average
951:, p. 13
949:Robbins
939:, p. 16
937:Robbins
924:, p. 12
922:Robbins
710:183–216
662:, p. 15
660:Robbins
476:drought
431:defined
152:disease
97:Concept
2956:Thaler
2936:Ostrom
2931:Becker
2926:Sowell
2906:Baumol
2811:Myrdal
2806:Sraffa
2801:Frisch
2791:Knight
2786:Keynes
2761:Fisher
2756:Veblen
2741:Pareto
2721:Menger
2716:George
2711:Jevons
2706:Walras
2696:Gossen
2620:Thermo
2298:Public
2293:Policy
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2213:Health
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1732:Demand
1668:Profit
1536:Market
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343:aspect
182:linear
148:famine
72:Walras
3042:Lists
3037:Index
2988:Lists
2961:Hoppe
2946:Lucas
2911:Solow
2901:Arrow
2891:Simon
2856:Lange
2851:Hicks
2826:Röpke
2816:Hayek
2766:Pigou
2736:Clark
2651:Smith
2566:Mixed
2525:Post-
2347:Urban
2327:Socio
2317:Rural
1860:Labor
1845:Green
1617:Price
1499:Goods
1489:Firms
1172:(PDF)
1095:Mises
1005:(PDF)
994:S2CID
966:(PDF)
871:JSTOR
831:JSTOR
777:JSTOR
647:1977.
470:like
335:kinds
300:Essay
2977:more
2701:Marx
2691:Mill
2676:List
2554:Neo-
2510:Neo-
1774:Wage
1683:Rent
1651:Free
1403:Sunk
1371:Cost
1364:and
1277:ISBN
1107:2010
1067:ISBN
879:PMID
601:ISBN
474:and
150:and
2941:Sen
2661:Say
2520:New
2253:Law
1865:Law
1269:doi
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978:doi
900:doi
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