Malthusianism - Knowledge

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divided among seven millions and a half or eight millions. The poor consequently must live much worse, and many of them be reduced to severe distress. The number of labourers also being above the proportion of the work in the market, the price of labour must tend toward a decrease; while the price of provisions would at the same time tend to rise. The labourer therefore must work harder to earn the same as he did before. During this season of distress, the discouragements to marriage, and the difficulty of rearing a family are so great, that population is at a stand. In the mean time the cheapness of labour, the plenty of labourers, and the necessity of an increased industry amongst them, encourage cultivators to employ more labour upon their land; to turn up fresh soil, and to manure and improve more completely what is already in tillage; till ultimately the means of subsistence become in the same proportion to the population as at the period from which we set out. The situation of the labourer being then again tolerably comfortable, the restraints to population are in some degree loosened; and the same retrograde and progressive movements with respect to happiness are repeated.

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the future, society won't be able to feed every person and eventually die. Malthus theory was incorrect, however, because by the early 1900s and mid 1900s, the rise of conventional foods brought a decline to food production and efficiency increased exponentially. More supply was being produced with less work, less resources, and less time. Processed foods had much to do with it, many wives wanting to spend less time in the kitchen and instead work. This was the beginning of technological advancements adhering to food demand even in the middle of a war. Economists disregarded Malthus population theory because Malthus didn't factor in important roles society would have on economic growth. These factors concerned the society's need to improve their quality of life and their want for economic prosperity. Cultural shifts also had much to do with food production increase, and this put end to the population theory.

717:, has written that contrary to neo-Malthusian theory, Earth's "carrying capacity" is essentially limitless. Simon argues not that there is an infinite physical amount of, say, copper, but for human purposes that amount should be treated as infinite because it is not bounded or limited in any economic sense, because: 1) known reserves are of uncertain quantity 2) New reserves may become available, either through discovery or via the development of new extraction techniques 3) recycling 4) more efficient utilization of existing reserves (e.g., "It takes much less copper now to pass a given message than a hundred years ago." ) 5) development of economic equivalents, e.g., optic fibre in the case of copper for telecommunications. Responding to Simon, 548:. However, poor health and economic conditions are also considered instances of positive checks. When these lead to high rates of premature death, the result is termed a Malthusian catastrophe. The adjacent diagram depicts the abstract point at which such an event would occur, in terms of existing population and food supply: when the population reaches or exceeds the capacity of the shared supply, positive checks are forced to occur, restoring balance. (In reality the situation would be significantly more nuanced due to complex regional and individual disparities around access to food, water, and other resources.) 1180: 863: 871: 270:, often citing advances in agricultural techniques and modern reductions in human fertility. Some modern proponents believe that the basic concept of population growth eventually outstripping resources is still fundamentally valid, and that positive checks are still likely to occur in humanity's future if no action is taken to intentionally curb population growth. In spite of the variety of criticisms against it, the Malthusian argument remains a major discourse based on which national and international environmental regulations are promoted. 8822: 879: 850:, that a British breakout may have been caused by differences in reproduction rates among the rich and the poor (the rich were more likely to marry, tended to have more children, and, in a society where disease was rampant and childhood mortality at times approached 50%, upper-class children were more likely to survive to adulthood than poor children.) This in turn led to sustained "downward mobility": the descendants of the rich becoming more populous in British society and spreading 223:. Malthus, a devout Christian, believed that "self-control" (i.e., abstinence) was preferable to artificial birth control. He also worried that the effect of contraceptive use would be too powerful in curbing growth, conflicting with the common 18th century perspective (to which Malthus himself adhered) that a steadily growing population remained a necessary factor in the continuing "progress of society", generally. Modern neo-Malthusians are generally more concerned than Malthus with 1092:(1879) criticised Malthus's view that population growth was a cause of poverty, arguing that poverty was caused by the concentration of ownership of land and natural resources. George noted that humans are distinct from other species, because unlike most species humans can use their minds to leverage the reproductive forces of nature to their advantage. He wrote, "Both the hawk and the man eat chickens; but the more hawks, the fewer chickens, while the more men, the more chickens." 31: 8834: 7356: 5570: 5039: 1202:". One branch of unified growth theory is devoted to the interaction between human evolution and economic development. In particular, Oded Galor and Omer Moav argue that the forces of natural selection during the Malthusian epoch selected beneficial traits to the growth process and this growth enhancing change in the composition of human traits brought about the escape from the Malthusian trap, the demographic transition, and the take-off to modern growth. 321:

depopulation. They are the precursors in the great army of destruction, and often finish the dreadful work themselves. But should they fail in this war of extermination, sickly seasons, epidemics, pestilence, and plague advance in terrific array, and sweep off their thousands and tens of thousands. Should success be still incomplete, gigantic inevitable famine stalks in the rear, and with one mighty blow levels the population with the food of the world.

6567: 505: 7367: 461: 5558: 5028: 432:. Darwin was impressed by the idea that population growth would eventually lead to more organisms than could possibly survive in any given environment, leading him to theorize that organisms with a relative advantage in the struggle for survival and reproduction would be able to pass their characteristics on to further generations. Proponents of Malthusianism were in turn influenced by 1033:(1839), he denied the possibility that "twenty-four millions" of English "working people", "scattered over a hundred and eighteen thousand square miles of space", could collectively "take a resolution" to diminish the supply of labourers "and act on it". Even if they could, the ongoing influx of Irish immigrants would render their efforts redundant. Associating Malthusianism with 579:" ("Malthusian politics") refer to population control strategies. The concept of restriction of the population associated with Malthus morphed, in later political-economic theory, into the notion of restriction of production. In the French sense, a "Malthusian economy" is one in which protectionism and the formation of cartels is not only tolerated but encouraged. 452:" movement in the United States concerned itself with resource depletion and natural protection in the first half of the twentieth century, Desrochers and Hoffbauer write, "It is probably fair to say ... that it was not until the publication of Osborn's and Vogt's books that a Malthusian revival took hold of a significant segment of the American population". 1106:(1971) that technological progress will eventually reduce the demographic growth and environmental damage created by civilisation. He also opposed coercive measures postulated by neo-malthusian movements of his time arguing that their cost will fall disproportionately on the low-income population who are struggling already. 957:

property rights) can promote more efficient consumption and investment that are sustainable in an ecological sense; that is, given the current (relatively low) population growth rate, the Malthusian catastrophe can be avoided by either a shift in consumer preferences or public policy that induces a similar shift.

1001:, invoking the advantages mankind derives from "improved industry, improved conveyance, improvements in morals, government and religion", denied that there was a "law of nature" that procreation must outrun the means of subsistence. Ireland's problem was not her "numbers" but her indifferent government. In 1139:

While short-term trends, even on the scale of decades or centuries, cannot prove or disprove the existence of mechanisms promoting a Malthusian catastrophe over longer periods, due to the prosperity of a major fraction of the human population at the beginning of the 21st century, and the debatability

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According to Malthus, population doubled every 25 years. Population sat at less than 17 million people in the U.S. in the 1850s and a century later, according to the United States Census Bureau, population had risen to 150 million. Malthus overpopulation would lead to war, famine, and diseases and in

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published a study of lifespans and nutrition from about a century before Malthus to the 19th century that examined European birth and death records, military and other records of height and weight that found significant stunted height and low body weight indicative of chronic hunger and malnutrition.

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by making employers and landowners less well off while improving the economic prospects and living standards of workers. He says that "the observed improvement in living standards of the laboring population was rooted in the suffering and premature death of tens of millions over the course of several

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according to Malthus is that in which nature may alter population changes. Some primary examples are celibacy and chastity but also contraception, which Malthus condemned as morally indefensible along with infanticide, abortion and adultery. In other words, preventive checks control the population by

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reiterates the potential of population growth as an exponential (or as expressed by Malthus, "geometrical") curve to outstrip both natural resources and human ingenuity. Bartlett writes and lectures particularly on energy supplies, and describes the "inability to understand the exponential function"

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He argued that although human populations tend to increase, the happiness of a nation requires a like increase in food production. "The happiness of a country does not depend, absolutely, upon its poverty, or its riches, upon its youth, or its age, upon its being thinly, or fully inhabited, but upon

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Research indicates that technological superiority and higher land productivity had significant positive effects on population density but insignificant effects on the standard of living during the time period 1–1500 AD. In addition, scholars have reported on the lack of a significant trend of wages

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argued that Malthus failed to recognise a crucial difference between humans and other species. In capitalist societies, as Engels put it, scientific and technological "progress is as unlimited and at least as rapid as that of population". Marx argued, even more broadly, that the growth of both a

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We will suppose the means of subsistence in any country just equal to the easy support of its inhabitants. The constant effort towards population...increases the number of people before the means of subsistence are increased. The food therefore which before supported seven millions, must now be

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and Paul Ehrlich suggests that the central concerns regarding sustainability have shifted from population growth to the consumption/savings ratio, due to shifts in population growth rates since the 1970s. Empirical estimates show that public policy (taxes or the establishment of more complete

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was brought about in part due to excessive population pressures. He argues that Rwanda "illustrates a case where Malthus's worst-case scenario does seem to have been right." Due to population pressures in Rwanda, Diamond explains that the population density combined with lagging technological

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is an extreme but possible outcome from this process. The theory posits that such a catastrophe would force the population to "correct" back to a lower, more easily sustainable level (quite rapidly, due to the potential severity and unpredictable results of the mitigating factors involved, as

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in about 328 BC, the corresponding wage could buy about 24 pounds of wheat. In England in 1800 AD the wage was about 13 pounds of wheat. In spite of the technological developments across these societies, the daily wage hardly varied. In Britain between 1200 and 1800, only relatively minor

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Famine seems to be the last, the most dreadful resource of nature. The power of population is so superior to the power of the earth to produce subsistence for man, that premature death must in some shape or other visit the human race. The vices of mankind are active and able ministers of

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He also found short lifespans that he attributed to chronic malnourishment which left people susceptible to disease. Lifespans, height and weight began to steadily increase in the UK and France after 1750. Fogel's findings are consistent with estimates of available food supply.

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advancements caused its food production to not be able to keep up with its population. Diamond claims that this environment is what caused the mass killings of Tutsi and even some Hutu Rwandans. The genocide, in this instance, provides a potential example of a Malthusian trap.

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The testable prediction of the theory is that during the Malthusian epoch technologically advanced economies were characterized by higher population density, but their level of income per capita was not different from the level in societies that are technologically backward.

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suggested that expanding population leads to agricultural intensification and development of more productive and less labor-intensive methods of farming. Thus, human population levels determines agricultural methods, rather than agricultural methods determining population.

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compared to the relatively slow time scales and well-understood processes governing unchecked growth or growth affected by preventive checks). Malthusianism has been linked to a variety of political and social movements, but almost always refers to advocates of

486:(per person). While in the short run technological progress increases income per capita, resource abundance created by technological progress would enable population growth, and would eventually bring the per capita income back to its original long-run level. 1194:

asserts that science has diminishing marginal returns and that scientific progress is becoming more difficult, harder to achieve, and more costly, which may reduce efficiency of the factors that prevented the Malthusian scenarios from happening in the past.

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study conducted in 2009 said that food production would have to increase by 70% over the next 40 years, and food production in the developing world would need to double to feed a projected population increase from 7.8 billion to 9.1 billion in 2050. The

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The great Malthusian dread was that "indiscriminate charity" would lead to exponential growth in the population in poverty, increased charges to the public purse to support this growing army of the dependent, and, eventually, the catastrophe of

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posits that waves of plague following the initial outbreak of the Black Death throughout Europe had a leveling effect that changed the ratio of land to labor, reducing the value of the former while boosting that of the latter, which lowered

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had developed a similar broadside against Malthusian political economy, arguing that poverty was sustained not by reckless propensity to propagate, but rather by the state's indulgence of the heedless concentration of private wealth.

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Malthusianism became a less common intellectual tradition as the 19th century advanced, mostly as a result of technological increases, the opening of new territory to agriculture, and increasing international trade. Although a

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Some researchers contend that a British breakout occurred due to technological improvements and structural change away from agricultural production, while coal, capital, and trade played a minor role. Economic historian

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to ensure resources and environmental integrities for current and future human populations as well as for other species. In Britain the term "Malthusian" can also refer more specifically to arguments made in favour of

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on food supplies. Many models of resource depletion and scarcity are Malthusian in character: the rate of energy consumption will outstrip the ability to find and produce new energy sources, and so lead to a crisis.

407:, taking a more optimistic tone, although there is some scholarly debate on the extent of his revisions. According to Dan Ritschel of the Center for History Education at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 2701: 732:

From approximately 2004 to 2011, concerns about "peak oil" and other forms of resource depletion became widespread in the United States, and motivated a large if short-lived subculture of neo-Malthusian "peakists".

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An Essay on the Principle of Population: A View of its Past and Present Effects on Human Happiness; with an Inquiry into Our Prospects Respecting the Future Removal or Mitigation of the Evils which It Occasions

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estimates that human population may peak in the late 21st century rather than continue to grow until it has exhausted available resources. Recent empirical research corroborates this assumption for most of the

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in various places over the world for very long stretches of time. In Babylonia during the period 1800 to 1600 BC, for example, the daily wage for a common laborer was enough to buy about 15 pounds of wheat. In

990:, where applying his thesis, Malthus proposed that "to give full effect to the natural resources of the country a great part of the population should be swept from the soil", there were early refutations. In 416:. Though Malthusianism has since come to be identified with the issue of general over-population, the original Malthusian concern was more specifically with the fear of over-population by the dependent poor. 1095:

D. E. C. Eversley observed that Malthus appeared unaware of the extent of industrialisation, and either ignored or discredited the possibility that it could improve living conditions of the poorer classes.

6318: 6163: 745:(floods, droughts, and other extreme weather events) are expected to negatively affect food production, with different impacts in different regions. The FAO also said the use of agricultural resources for 363:, and Malthus's own father who believed in the perfectibility of humanity. Malthus believed humanity's ability to reproduce too rapidly doomed efforts at perfection and caused various other problems. 6276: 6071: 898:

greatly increased crop yields, expanding the world's food supply while lowering food prices. In response, the growth rate of the world's population accelerated rapidly, resulting in predictions by

184:, the abundance of resources would enable population growth, which would eventually bring the supply of resources for each person back to its original level. Some economists contend that since the 396:. The Act was described by opponents as "a Malthusian bill designed to force the poor to emigrate, to work for lower wages, to live on a coarser sort of food", which initiated the construction of 3300:“New Ways to Make Food Are Coming-but Will Consumers Bite?” The Economist, The Economist Newspaper, www.economist.com/leaders/2021/10/02/new-ways-to-make-food-are-coming-but-will-consumers-bite. 4093: 1019:(1819) wrote, "Mr Malthus wishes to confound the necessary limits of the produce of the earth with the arbitrary and artificial distribution of that produce by the institutions of society". 6183: 5606: 6286: 347:

Malthus was not the first to outline the problems he perceived. The original essay was part of an ongoing intellectual discussion at the end of the 18th century regarding the origins of

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A chart of estimated annual growth rates in world population, 1800–2005. Rates before 1950 are annualized historical estimates from the US Census Bureau. Red = USCB projections to 2025.

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The rapid increase in the global population of the past century exemplifies Malthus's predicted population patterns; it also appears to describe socio-demographic dynamics of complex

5954: 902:, Simon Hopkins, and many others of an imminent Malthusian catastrophe. However, populations of most developed countries grew slowly enough to be outpaced by gains in productivity. 6313: 6230: 749:

may also put downward pressure on food availability. The more recent emergence of bio-energy with carbon capture (BECCS) as a prevalent "negative emissions" strategy for reaching

654:). During that time the population of the world rose dramatically. Many in environmental movements began to sound the alarm regarding the potential dangers of population growth. 6365: 6350: 6168: 6061: 5657: 725:

Prominent neo-Malthusians such as Paul Ehrlich maintain that ultimately, population growth on Earth is still too high, and will eventually lead to a serious crisis. The

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Growth in food production has historically been greater than the population growth. Food per person increased since 1961. The graph runs up to slightly past 2010.

983:. Malthus immediately and correctly recognised it to be an attack on his theory of wages. Ricardo and Malthus debated this in a lengthy personal correspondence. 297:

the rapidity with which it is increasing, upon the degree in which the yearly increase of food approaches to the yearly increase of an unrestricted population."

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There was a general "neo-Malthusian" revival in the mid-to-late 1940s, continuing through to the 2010s after the publication of two influential books in 1948 (

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Korotayev, Andrey; Zinkina, Julia (2015). "East Africa in the Malthusian Trap? A statistical analysis of financial, economic, and demographic indicators".

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failed to materialise due to radical changes in fertility that peaked at a growth of 2 percent per year in 1963 globally and has since rapidly declined.

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indicates that the Malthusian trap continues to operate. Others further argue that due to lack of food availability coupled with excessive pollution,

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Arrow, K.; Dasgupta, P.; Goulder, L.; Daily, G.; Ehrlich, P.; Heal, G.; Levin, S.; Mäler, K.; Schneider, S.; Starrett, D.; Walker, B. (2004).

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Crombach, L.; Smits, J. (2021). "The Demographic Window of Opportunity and Economic Growth at Sub-National Level in 91 Developing Countries".

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The neo-Malthusian revival has drawn criticism from writers who claim the Malthusian warnings were overstated or premature because the

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advocated "humane birth selection through humane birth control" in order to avoid a Malthusian catastrophe by eliminating the "unfit".

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A Trap At The Escape From The Trap? Demographic-Structural Factors of Political Instability in Modern Africa and West Asia.

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A Trap At The Escape From The Trap? Demographic-Structural Factors of Political Instability in Modern Africa and West Asia.

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Boserup, Ester (1966). "The Conditions of Agricultural Growth. The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure".

676:, argued that "a finite world can support only a finite population" and that "freedom to breed will bring ruin to all." The 9464: 9327: 8881: 7741: 6903: 6340: 6293: 6188: 5977: 5810: 5723: 5090: 4882: 4730: 3579: 1049:(who had occasion to cite Ensor). referred to Malthusianism as "nothing more than a school-boyish, superficial plagiary of 3487: 2611: 1967: 1003: 8296: 7736: 7635: 6908: 5949: 5492: 4735: 4381: 4366: 3139: 3110: 2357: 1487:"Explosive Population Growth in Tropical Africa: Crucial Omission in Development Forecasts (Emerging Risks and Way Out)" 1274:- a U.S. National Security Council Study advocating population reduction in selected countries to advance U.S. interests 9297: 8696: 7390: 7249: 7149: 6225: 6066: 6046: 5562: 4832: 4646: 4636: 4557: 4480: 3792: 3709: 3587: 3073: 2998: 2964: 2742: 2568: 2540: 2155: 2131: 2093: 2062: 1588: 803:

specifically, experts say that this area of the world has not yet escaped the Malthusian effects of population growth.

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Allen, R. C. (2001). "The Great Divergence in European Wages and Prices from the Middle Ages to the First World War".

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https://www.usccb.org/about/pro-life-activities/respect-life-program/upload/Catholic-Teaching-on-Population-Issues.pdf

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Evidence supporting Malthusianism today can be seen in the poorer countries of the world with booming populations. In

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Largely due to effects of the "Green Revolution". In developing countries maize yields are also still rapidly rising.

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The view that a "breakout" from the Malthusian trap has led to an era of sustained economic growth is explored by "

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has brought substantial increases in food production and will be able to keep up with continued population growth.

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goes up due to fierce competition for these dwindling resources. This increased level of poverty eventually causes

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Malthus faced opposition from economists both during his life and since. A vocal critic several decades later was

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show more evidence of the trap as compared to developed countries. A similar, more modern concept, is that of

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An Inquiry Concerning the Population of Nations: Containing a Refutation of Mr. Malthus's Essay on Population

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fluctuations from the mean (less than a factor of two) in real wages occurred. Following depopulation by the

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Reproductive Rights in a Global Context: South Africa, Uganda, Peru, Denmark, United States, Vietnam, Jordan

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An Inquiry Concerning the Population of Nations containing a Refutation of Mr. Malthus's Essay on Population

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However, the propensity for population increase also leads to a natural cycle of abundance and shortages:

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The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century

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To manage population growth with respect to food supply, Malthus proposed methods which he described as

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in 1972. The report and the organisation soon became central to the neo-Malthusian revival. Leading

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in the early 19th century, mankind has broken out of the trap. Others argue that the continuation of

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for a more detailed perspective on social pathologies that may develop prior to population collapse.

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generations." This leveling effect was reversed by a "demographic recovery that resulted in renewed

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On the assumption that the demographic transition is now spreading from the developed countries to

2152:""Outcast London" and the late-Victorian Discovery of Poverty: Malthusianism and the New Poor Law" 1948: 1043:

production would remedy the failure of the potato crop as well as any prospective food shortages.

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and other epidemics, real income in Britain peaked around 1450–1500 and began declining until the

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is any event or circumstance that shortens the human life span. The primary examples of this are

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or inhuman. Many critics believe Malthusianism has been discredited since the publication of

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By the early 21st century, many technologically developed countries had passed through the

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The Malthusian Moment: Global Population Growth and the Birth of American Environmentalism

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The Malthusian Moment: Global Population Growth and the Birth of American Environmentalism

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The Malthusian Moment: Global Population Growth and the Birth of American Environmentalism

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The Malthusian Moment: Global Population Growth and the Birth of American Environmentalism

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was a critic of Neo-Malthusian theory (but not of birth control and abortion in general).

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in resource production, then technological progress has only a temporary effect on income

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Agricultural Revolution in England: The transformation of the agrarian economy 1500–1850

2497: 1707: 219:. Neo-Malthusians differ from Malthus's theories mainly in their support for the use of 9162: 9105: 8468: 8463: 8441: 8426: 8318: 8106: 8086: 8036: 7999: 7989: 7840: 7677: 7144: 6970: 6918: 6881: 6626: 6056: 5885: 5477: 5415: 5203: 5192: 5170: 5165: 5154: 5012: 4970: 4965: 4925: 4877: 4641: 4537: 4413: 3887:

Galor, Oded; Moav, Omer (2002). "Natural Selection and The Origin of Economic Growth".

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Accounting for Breakout in Britain: The Industrial Revolution through a Malthusian Lens

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inspired further Malthusian arguments regarding the prospects for global food supply.

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Engels wrote that poverty and poor living conditions in 1844 had largely disappeared.

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History & Mathematics: Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies.

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Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends in Africa

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Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth

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The modern formulation of the Malthusian theory was developed by Quamrul Ashraf and

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advocates, characterising it as excessively pessimistic, insufficiently researched,

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Malthusianism has attracted criticism from diverse schools of thought, including

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Future Babble: Why Expert Predictions Fail – and Why We Believe Them Anyway

2319:

Simkins, Charles (2001). "Can South Africa Avoid a Malthusian Positive Check?".

627:. These findings are the basis for neo-Malthusian modern mathematical models of 8657: 8597: 8582: 8535: 8431: 8377: 8237: 7895: 7872: 7845: 7763: 7753: 7655: 7650: 7516: 7467: 7224: 7089: 7064: 6935: 6781: 6720: 6575: 6490: 5543: 5002: 4897: 4797: 4725: 4512: 4128:

The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy

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counterpart to Malthus' primarily quantitative concerns about human populations

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These concepts derive from the political and economic thought of the Reverend

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The Politics of Evolution: Morphology, Medicine, and Reform in Radical London

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has been one of the most prominent neo-Malthusians since the publication of

370:'s tendency to reproduce rapidly, and his belief that this, rather than the 9013: 8958: 8826: 8760: 8492: 8478: 8333: 8143: 8111: 8101: 8004: 7850: 7748: 7694: 7603: 7462: 7317: 7244: 7214: 7159: 7069: 6841: 5331: 4678: 4673: 4661: 4621: 4606: 4294: 3719: 3065: 2933: 2906: 2888: 2663: 2515: 2342: 2248: 2236: 2221: 2203: 2137: 2099: 2046: 1831: 1671: 1602: 1598: 1287: 1256: 1221: 1159: 1117: 1085: 1050: 1008: 922: 887: 792: 710: 677: 645: 590: 259: 135: 66: 3981:

Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Secular Cycles and Millennial Trends

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A 2004 study by a group of prominent economists and ecologists, including

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Peak oil: apocalyptic environmentalism and libertarian political culture

2334: 30: 9218: 9120: 8953: 8755: 8570: 8540: 8525: 8313: 8301: 8061: 7923: 7549: 7269: 7264: 7129: 7054: 6913: 6831: 6811: 6470: 6028: 5099: 4857: 3769: 3671: 3531:"Thomas Carlyle and Political Economy: The 'Dismal Science' in Context" 3472: 3440: 3391: 3359: 3328: 1226: 697:. Other prominent Malthusians include the Paddock brothers, authors of 483: 471: 464: 151: 2642: 1865: 844:, building on the insights of Galor and Moav, has argued, in his book 557:

Malthusian theory is a recurrent theme in many social science venues.

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The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World

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produced a dramatic increase in productivity of agriculture and the

378:, led to their poverty, brought widespread criticism of his theory. 9392: 9028: 8790: 8775: 8306: 8291: 8193: 8031: 7479: 6474: 5779: 5341: 5264: 5225: 4232:

United Nations Population Division World Population Trends homepage

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More People, Greater Wealth, More Resources, Healthier Environment

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Engels, Friedrich. "Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy",

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Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies

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Malthusians perceived ideas of charity to the poor, typified by

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Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Ireland and the Irish Question,

1656:"A Bulletin Dialogue: on "The Closing Circle" – Response" 1158:

which it contends is human technology and medical statistician

545: 428:, and the ideas of Malthus were a significant influence on the 155: 127: 111: 42: 693:

has acknowledged the influence of Malthus on his concept of a

493: 8451: 8210: 6458: 5068: 4077:"Population Dynamics and Internal Warfare: A Reconsideration" 2804: 2656: 2563:(2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Island Press. p. xvi. 2270:"Reading: Demographic Theories | Introductory Sociology" 2171:"Charles Darwin: gentleman naturalist: A biographical sketch" 1040: 3093:(Report). Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Report 639. 8795: 4227:

David Friedman's essay arguing against Malthus' conclusions

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Diocesan Development Program for Natural Family Planning.

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Malthus, Medicine & Morality: Malthusianism after 1798

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Malthus, Medicine & Morality: Malthusianism after 1798

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A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World

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Taking Nature Into Account: A Report to the Club of Rome

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was specifically written as a rebuttal to thinkers like

34:

Thomas Robert Malthus, after whom Malthusianism is named

3827:"Can Technology Deliver on the Yield Challenge to 2050" 3416:

Observations on the Population and Resources of Ireland

2805:"Special Report on Climate Change and Land — IPCC site" 2785:"FAO - News Article: 2050: A third more mouths to feed" 1183:

Wheat yields in developing countries since 1961, in kg/

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in the 1960s and 1970s, some people, such as economist

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International Conference on Population and Development

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Social theories of fertility and the Malthusian debate

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Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal

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Capital: A Critical Analysis of Capitalist Production

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The Escape from Hunger and Premature Death, 1700–2100

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The Condition of the Working-Class in England in 1844

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that drew heavily from Malthusian theory. His essay,

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The Malthusian catastrophe simplistically illustrated

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Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments

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Wretched Faces: Famine in Wartime England 1793-1801

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The Principle of Population and the Malthusian Trap

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The Principle of Population and the Malthusian Trap

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Indianapolis: Liberty Fund11 vols 1124:, summarised how the Malthusian predictions of 8566:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events 6236:Programme for International Student Assessment 2767:"2050 High-Level Experts Forum: Issues briefs" 2662: 2071: 1421: 1419: 1078:" within it, occurred in direct proportion to 866:Global deaths in conflicts since the year 1400 146:would occur, which would likely cause a major 8889: 7571:Existential risk from artificial intelligence 7412: 7398: 6534: 6427: 5600: 5084: 4265: 4241: 4222:Malthus' Essay on the Principle of Population 3330:The Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo 3228: 2675:Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development 2605:"Neo-Malthusianism in the Early 20th Century" 49:is potentially exponential, according to the 6139:Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza 1365: 574: 27:Idea about population growth and food supply 7619:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal 5488:United Nations world population conferences 3624:. Appleton & Company. pp. 753 n.5. 2868: 2840:"FAO says Food Production must Rise by 70%" 2183: 1844: 1802: 1800: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1416: 494:Preventive vs. positive population controls 227:and catastrophic famine than with poverty. 8896: 8882: 7722:Climate change and civilizational collapse 7405: 7391: 6541: 6527: 6434: 6420: 6184:Total healthcare spending as % of GDP 6164:Percentage suffering from undernourishment 5607: 5593: 5401:Population and housing censuses by country 5091: 5077: 4272: 4258: 3933:"How We Can Exorcise the Ghost of Malthus" 3570:Cumming, Mark, ed. (2004). "Indian Meal". 3438: 3140:"Historical Estimates of World Population" 1905: 1903: 1434:. Vol. 1. 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Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. 2355: 2280: 1778: 1678: 668:published an influential essay in 563:Economic Consequences of the Peace 392:economic ideas exemplified by the 215:, hence organizations such as the 25: 9476: 7717:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis 6548: 5385:Population and Development Review 4563:pharmaceuticals and personal care 4194: 3931:Revelle, Roger (6 January 1974). 3852:The Collapse of Complex Societies 3838:Food and Agriculture Organization 3672:"Progress and Poverty, Chapter 8" 3529:Jordan, Alexander (19 May 2017). 3445:Population and Development Review 3195:. 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(1973). 1293: 1162:questioned its inevitability. 629:long-term historical dynamics 279:Malthus' theoretical argument 9261:Rational expectations theory 8730:Future of Humanity Institute 8127:Potentially hazardous object 8027:Interplanetary contamination 6366:Percentage living in poverty 6277:Access to financial services 2627:"The New Flat Earth Society" 2480:"The Tragedy of the Commons" 1654:Commoner, Barry (May 1972). 1505:10.1080/02604027.2014.894868 1116:Environmentalist founder of 964: 674:"The Tragedy of the Commons" 664:in 1968. In 1968, ecologist 372:exploitation of their labour 118:. According to this theory, 7: 9465:Schools of economic thought 9358:History of economic thought 8905:Schools of economic thought 8610:Nemesis (hypothetical star) 7759:Global terrestrial stilling 6622:Environmental globalization 6597:Anti-globalization movement 5904:Person-to-arable land ratio 5508:World Population Foundation 5498:World Population Conference 5411:World population milestones 4168:. Gloucester: Alan Sutton. 3578:. Madison and Teaneck, NJ: 3282:Sandmo, Agnar (2011). "4". 3246:"Are We Consuming Too Much" 3104:Voth, Hans-Joachim (2008). 2666:; Ehrlich, Anne H. (2009). 2411:, Rutgers University Press. 2124:University of Chicago Press 1753:Vanderbilt University Press 1432:Handbook of Economic Growth 1205: 1076:relative surplus population 971:Club of Rome § Critics 287:proposed his hypothesis in 10: 9481: 9278:New neoclassical synthesis 9266:Real business-cycle theory 8122:Asteroid impact prediction 8097:Heat death of the universe 7507:Mutual assured destruction 6770:Offshore financial centres 6206:Bloomberg Innovation Index 6134:Antidepressant consumption 5806:World population estimates 5801:Past and future population 5380:Population and Environment 4149:. New York: Random House. 4126:Pomeranz, Kenneth (2000). 4003:; Khaltourina, D. (2006). 3913:10.1162/003355302320935007 3874:Princeton University Press 3856:Cambridge University Press 3840:of the United Nations: 12. 3343:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 3288:Princeton University Press 3231:Social Indicators Research 3176:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 3014:Ban, Zoltan (2016-11-16). 2991:Princeton University Press 2957:Cambridge University Press 2431:February 29, 2012, at the 2426:Turchin and Korotayev 2006 2055:Cambridge University Press 1920:Cambridge University Press 1458:Princeton University Press 1164: 968: 823: 680:published a book entitled 573:In France, terms such as " 497: 442:Henry Fairfield Osborn Jr. 273: 53:, while the growth of the 9345: 9089: 8977: 8944: 8937: 8911: 8814: 8748: 8740:Nuclear Threat Initiative 8717: 8673:List of apocalyptic films 8650: 8516:2011 end times prediction 8508: 8248:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks 8243:Abomination of desolation 8179: 8117:Asteroid impact avoidance 8054: 7965: 7947:List of extinction events 7922: 7915: 7881: 7789:Environmental degradation 7685: 7676: 7591: 7576:Technological singularity 7445: 7420: 7414:Global catastrophic risks 7350: 7308: 7183: 7118: 7035: 7026: 6953: 6790: 6711: 6704: 6584: 6556: 6449: 6389: 6351:Share of income of top 1% 6267: 6198: 6124: 6026: 5968: 5912: 5884: 5793: 5762: 5711: 5656: 5648:Demographics of the world 5626: 5552: 5516: 5441: 5393: 5372: 5290:Human population planning 5255: 5201: 5152: 5114:Demographics of the world 5106: 5021: 4956:Environmental engineering 4906: 4803:Environmental degradation 4694: 4580:fishing down the food web 4357: 4287: 4247: 4242:Links to related articles 4202:"The Opposite of Malthus" 3732:Thomas Robertson (2012). 3700:. Westport, Connecticut: 3519:Rothschild (1995), p. 351 3503:Hazlitt, William (1819). 3439:Rothschild, Emma (1995). 3376:10.1017/S0022050700104681 3125:10.1017/S1361491608002190 2993:. pp. 292–293, 304. 2461:Thomas Robertson (2012). 2448:Thomas Robertson (2012). 2407:Thomas Robertson (2012). 2395:Marxists Internet Archive 2274:courses.lumenlearning.com 1966:Luiggi, Cristina (2010). 1886:Elwell, Frank W. (2001). 1581:10.1163/9789004333338_008 743:effects of global warming 610:environmental degradation 529:reducing fertility rates. 500:Human population planning 400:despite riots and arson. 225:environmental degradation 208:human population planning 8735:Future of Life Institute 8637:Resurrection of the dead 8630:Post-tribulation rapture 8012:Colony collapse disorder 6612:Democratic globalization 6199:Education and innovation 5295:Compulsory sterilization 4961:Environmental mitigation 4818:Greenhouse gas emissions 4778:Environmental insecurity 4038:(First ed.). London 3574:The Carlyle Encyclopedia 3429:Stokes (1821), pp. 89-91 3413:Stokes, Whitley (1821). 3265:10.1257/0895330042162377 2876:American Economic Review 2828:– via NYTimes.com. 2191:American Economic Review 1978:(12): 26. Archived from 1845:Serge Luryi (May 2006). 1615:: CS1 maint: location ( 1539:University of Queensland 943:less developed countries 934:less developed countries 625:pre-industrial societies 9388:Post-autistic economics 7561:Artificial intelligence 6894:Investor-state disputes 6847:Illicit financial flows 6691:Political globalization 6639:Global financial system 6304:Human Development Index 6216:Global Innovation Index 6154:Maternal mortality rate 5729:Commonwealth of Nations 5237:Malthusian growth model 5008:Sustainable consumption 4349:Social ecology (ethics) 4145:Rosen, William (2010). 4053:, et al., eds. (2007). 3858:, Cambridge, UK, 2003. 3783:Brand, Stewart (2010). 3191:Hopkins, Simon (1966). 3060:Diamond, Jared (2005). 2169:Wyhe, John van (2006). 1910:Lomborg, Bjørn (2002). 1716:10.1126/science.7384784 1450:Clark, Gregory (2007). 1140:of the predictions for 913:in response to various 353:Principle of Population 268:Principle of Population 69:. This event, called a 51:Malthusian growth model 9455:Macroeconomic theories 9126:Modern Monetary Theory 8690:List of disaster films 8531:Apocalyptic literature 7631:Malthusian catastrophe 7557:Synthetic intelligence 7235:Christopher Chase-Dunn 7003:Primitive accumulation 6686:Military globalization 6617:Economic globalization 6602:Cultural globalization 6282:Development aid donors 5920:Population growth rate 5364:Zero population growth 5359:Sustainable population 5283:Malthusian catastrophe 5242:Overshoot (population) 5119:Demographic transition 4951:Ecological engineering 4731:runaway climate change 4115:Malthus, Thomas Robert 4025:Malthus, Thomas Robert 3785:Whole Earth Discipline 3640:(transl. Ben Fowkes), 3486:Ensor, George (1818). 2947:Overton, Mark (1996). 2934:10.1006/exeh.2001.0775 2889:10.1257/aer.101.5.2003 2561:Steady-state economics 2288:Malthus, Thomas Robert 2257: 2204:10.1257/aer.101.5.2003 2078:Neurath, Paul (1994). 1994:Malthus, Thomas Robert 1808:Kunstler, James Howard 1745:Knudsen, Lara (2006). 1217:Overshoot (population) 1188: 907:demographic transition 892:mechanized agriculture 883: 875: 867: 576:politique malthusienne 575: 509: 467: 418: 333: 326:Thomas Malthus, 1798. 317: 310:Thomas Malthus, 1798. 71:Malthusian catastrophe 35: 9435:Disaster preparedness 9210:Keynes–Marx synthesis 8072:Coronal mass ejection 7534:Electromagnetic pulse 7495:Kinetic energy weapon 6042:Age at first marriage 5930:Net reproduction rate 5876:Population milestones 5658:Continents/subregions 5620:population statistics 5473:Population Connection 5337:Mere addition paradox 5176:Physiological density 4334:List of global issues 4164:Wells, Roger (1988). 3870:Unified Growth Theory 3451:(2): (351–359), 355. 3370:(1): (159–166), 159. 2584:Gardner, Dan (2010). 2235:Niyibizi, S. (1991). 1563:Hall, Lesley (2000). 1396:Dolan, Brian (2000). 1200:unified growth theory 1182: 1171:The Ultimate Resource 1155:The Ultimate Resource 911:total fertility rates 881: 873: 865: 835:Industrial Revolution 553:Neo-Malthusian theory 507: 463: 409: 366:His criticism of the 318: 302: 186:Industrial Revolution 172:Thomas Robert Malthus 33: 9450:Human overpopulation 9398:World-systems theory 9378:Mainstream economics 9318:Technocracy movement 9298:Saltwater/freshwater 8474:War of Gog and Magog 8151:Near-Earth supernova 7901:Human overpopulation 7705:Mass mortality event 7599:Anthropogenic hazard 7300:Immanuel Wallerstein 6961:Capital accumulation 6827:Endangered languages 6499:Biomolecular complex 6092:Number of households 6077:Linguistic diversity 6072:Immigrant population 6018:past life expectancy 5503:World Population Day 5458:Church of Euthanasia 5347:Non-identity problem 5322:Political demography 5278:Human overpopulation 4936:Community resilience 4736:in the United States 4704:Biodiversity threats 4377:cannabis cultivation 4344:Planetary boundaries 4310:Environmental issues 4300:Ecological footprint 3937:The Pittsburgh Press 3868:Galor, Oded (2011). 3492:. London: E. Wilson. 3358:Mokyr, Joel (1980). 3068:. pp. 311–328. 2844:Population Institute 1426:Galor, Oded (2005). 1252:Political demography 1133:The Limits to Growth 1090:Progress and Poverty 751:Paris Climate Accord 695:steady-state economy 688:ecological economist 683:The Limits to Growth 641:Our Plundered Planet 585:, the leader of the 476:reproductive success 361:Marquis de Condorcet 330:. Chapter VII, p. 61 198:human overpopulation 194:developing countries 9460:Theories of history 9383:Heterodox economics 9111:Capability approach 8987:American (National) 8969:School of Salamanca 8546:Blood moon prophecy 8339:Number of the Beast 7937:Holocene extinction 7883:Earth Overshoot Day 7831:Ocean acidification 7794:Habitat destruction 7784:Ecological collapse 7490:Kinetic bombardment 7425:Future of the Earth 7372:Business portal 6931:Transnational crime 6837:Forced displacement 6822:Economic inequality 6696:Trade globalization 6592:Alter-globalization 6326:Human Poverty Index 6314:inequality-adjusted 6299:Irrigated land area 6037:Age at childbearing 5960:Past fertility rate 5352:Reproductive rights 5183:Population dynamics 5134:Population momentum 4998:Restoration ecology 4931:Climate engineering 4868:Ocean acidification 4858:Loss of green belts 4828:Holocene extinction 4823:Habitat destruction 4498:Environmental crime 4103:Lueger, T. (2019). 3676:www.henrygeorge.org 3618:Marx, Karl (1889). 2714:on 27 November 2011 2631:The Physics Teacher 2498:1968Sci...162.1243H 2492:(3859): 1243–1248. 1708:1980Sci...208.1431S 1702:(4451): 1431–1437. 1337:(3). Archived from 1267:Population dynamics 1167:Simon–Ehrlich wager 1142:ecological collapse 1127:The Population Bomb 852:middle-class values 787:population pressure 782:economic inequality 757:Evidence in support 661:The Population Bomb 614:ecological collapse 567:population pressure 559:John Maynard Keynes 414:national bankruptcy 206:is the advocacy of 9019:English historical 8861:Doomsday scenarios 8427:Beast of the Earth 8319:Book of Revelation 8107:Virtual black hole 8087:False vacuum decay 8037:Pollinator decline 8000:Biological warfare 7990:Biotechnology risk 7841:Resource depletion 7145:Andre Gunder Frank 6919:Race to the bottom 6909:North–South divide 6627:Global citizenship 6087:Net migration rate 6067:Ethnic composition 5886:Population density 5763:Cities/urban areas 5636:Current population 5616:Lists of countries 5478:Population Matters 5193:Population pyramid 5171:Population density 5166:Population decline 5013:Waste minimization 4971:Mitigation banking 4966:Industrial ecology 4926:Cleaner production 4878:Resource depletion 4414:Corporate behavior 4372:animal agriculture 4057:Moscow: KomKniga. 3807:Simon, Julian L, " 3548:10.1093/ehr/cex068 2825:The New York Times 2535:. Springer Books. 1982:on 1 January 2011. 1813:The Long Emergency 1189: 1104:The Closing Circle 947:Sub-Saharan Africa 917:, including lower 884: 876: 868: 847:A Farewell to Alms 606:resource depletion 510: 468: 456:Modern formulation 182:standard of living 165:population control 110:, thereby causing 67:population decline 36: 9417: 9416: 9411: 9410: 9373:Political economy 9341: 9340: 9273:New institutional 9246:Neo-Schumpeterian 9054:Marxist economics 9034:German historical 8871: 8870: 8702:Zombie apocalypse 8603:Postmillennialism 8398:Great Tribulation 8171:Stellar collision 8132:Near-Earth object 8082:Geomagnetic storm 8050: 8049: 7973:Biodiversity loss 7957:Genetic pollution 7911: 7910: 7700:Biodiversity loss 7663:Societal collapse 7641:Nuclear holocaust 7626:Economic collapse 7609:Doomsday argument 7527:Antimatter weapon 7380: 7379: 7346: 7345: 7205:K. Anthony Appiah 7200:Daniele Archibugi 6949: 6948: 6738:COVID-19 pandemic 6644:Global governance 6516: 6515: 6443:Hierarchy of life 6409: 6408: 6381:Wealth inequality 6376:Unemployment rate 5913:Growth indicators 5775:National capitals 5582: 5581: 5453:7 Billion Actions 5327:Population ethics 5220:Carrying capacity 5129:Population growth 5066: 5065: 4888:Water degradation 4763:Ecological crisis 4709:biodiversity loss 4508:Industrialisation 4493:Genetic pollution 4339:Impact assessment 4175:978-0-862-99333-7 4156:978-1-4000-6705-3 4137:978-0-691-09010-8 3850:Tainter, Joseph. 3644:, Harmondsworth, 3286:. Princeton, NJ: 2643:10.1119/1.2344473 2356:Garcia, Cardiff. 2023:Engels, Friedrich 1933:978-0-521-01068-9 1866:10.1063/1.2216962 1827:978-0-8021-4249-8 1787:McHugh, James T. 1773:978-0-8265-1528-5 1483:Korotayev, Andrey 1467:978-0-691-12135-2 1409:978-90-420-0851-9 1379:978-0-7641-3817-1 1070:human population 915:fertility factors 422:Harriet Martineau 217:Malthusian League 204:Neo-Malthusianism 160:Societal collapse 99:population growth 95:Malthusian crunch 87:Malthusian crisis 73:(also known as a 47:population growth 16:(Redirected from 9472: 9440:Energy economics 9403:Economic systems 8942: 8941: 8924:Medieval Islamic 8898: 8891: 8884: 8875: 8874: 8836: 8835: 8827:World portal 8825: 8824: 8786:Financial crisis 8615:Nibiru cataclysm 8593:Premillennialism 8437:Dhul-Suwayqatayn 8405:Son of perdition 8393:Olivet Discourse 8369:Whore of Babylon 7995:Biological agent 7942:Human extinction 7932:Extinction event 7920: 7919: 7891:Overexploitation 7821:Land consumption 7816:Land degradation 7683: 7682: 7545:Micro black hole 7453:Chemical warfare 7407: 7400: 7393: 7384: 7383: 7370: 7369: 7358: 7357: 7311: 7220:Jean Baudrillard 7188: 7135:Giovanni Arrighi 7123: 7080:Branko Milanović 7060:Jagdish Bhagwati 7038: 7033: 7032: 6924:pollution havens 6889:Invasive species 6793: 6714: 6709: 6708: 6659:Global workforce 6569: 6568: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6520: 6519: 6509: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6413: 6412: 6400:Lists by country 6111:Urban population 6052:Dependency ratio 5940:Number of deaths 5935:Number of births 5925:Natural increase 5712:Intercontinental 5609: 5602: 5595: 5586: 5585: 5572: 5571: 5560: 5559: 5529:Green Revolution 5310:Two-child policy 5305:One-child policy 5228: 5188:Population model 5144:World population 5093: 5086: 5079: 5070: 5069: 5041: 5040: 5030: 5029: 4863:Phosphorus cycle 4843:Land consumption 4838:Land degradation 4813:Freshwater cycle 4612:Overexploitation 4585:marine pollution 4392:cocoa production 4274: 4267: 4260: 4251: 4250: 4238: 4237: 4213: 4187:2/2 (2011): 1–28 4179: 4160: 4141: 4122: 4098:2/2 (2011): 1–28 4090: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4033: 4020: 4009:. Moscow: URSS. 3995: 3984:. Moscow: URSS. 3971: 3960:. Moscow: URSS. 3947: 3945: 3943: 3917: 3916: 3906: 3897:(4): 1133–1191. 3884: 3878: 3877: 3865: 3859: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3831: 3822: 3816: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3743: 3737: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3668: 3662: 3655: 3649: 3642:Capital Volume 1 3635: 3626: 3625: 3615: 3609: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3577: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3550: 3541:(555): 286–317. 3526: 3520: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3506:Political Essays 3500: 3494: 3493: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3436: 3430: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3342: 3334: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3279: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3211: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3175: 3167: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3146:on 2 March 2000. 3142:. 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Archived from 2148: 2142: 2141: 2110: 2104: 2103: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2047:Fogel, Robert W. 2043: 2034: 2032: 2019: 2013: 2010: 2004: 2003: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1917: 1907: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1894: 1883: 1877: 1876: 1875:on 21 July 2011. 1874: 1868:. 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"VII". 1991: 1987: 1968:"Still Ticking" 1964: 1960: 1945: 1941: 1934: 1908: 1901: 1892: 1890: 1884: 1880: 1872: 1849: 1843: 1839: 1828: 1805: 1798: 1786: 1779: 1763: 1743: 1739: 1686: 1679: 1652: 1648: 1643:on 21 May 2000. 1631: 1624: 1608: 1607: 1591: 1561: 1554: 1544: 1542: 1533: 1527: 1520: 1479: 1475: 1468: 1448: 1439: 1424: 1417: 1410: 1394: 1387: 1380: 1364: 1357: 1347: 1345: 1344:on 2 March 2012 1341: 1324: 1318: 1301: 1296: 1236:Behavioral sink 1232:John B. Calhoun 1208: 1177: 1150:Julian L. Simon 1146:Paul R. Ehrlich 1017:William Hazlitt 977: 967: 900:Paul R. Ehrlich 860: 837: 832: 822: 777:Walter Scheidel 759: 656:Paul R. Ehrlich 602:overconsumption 587:Bolshevik Party 555: 502: 496: 480:limiting factor 458: 450:conservationist 345: 332: 325: 316: 309: 281: 276: 213:family planning 190:extreme poverty 91:Point of Crisis 79:population trap 75:Malthusian trap 28: 23: 22: 18:Malthusian trap 15: 12: 11: 5: 9478: 9468: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9415: 9414: 9409: 9408: 9406: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9349: 9347: 9343: 9342: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9283:Organizational 9280: 9275: 9270: 9269: 9268: 9263: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9231:Neo-Malthusian 9228: 9227: 9226: 9216: 9215: 9214: 9213: 9212: 9207: 9197: 9192: 9191: 9190: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9148:Disequilibrium 9145: 9140: 9138:Constitutional 9135: 9130: 9129: 9128: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9097: 9095: 9087: 9086: 9084: 9083: 9078: 9077: 9076: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9024:French liberal 9021: 9016: 9011: 9010: 9009: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8983: 8981: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8950: 8948: 8939: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8915: 8913: 8909: 8908: 8901: 8900: 8893: 8886: 8878: 8869: 8868: 8866: 8865: 8864: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8841:Apocalypticism 8830: 8815: 8812: 8811: 8809: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8752: 8750: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8721: 8719: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8711: 8710: 8709: 8699: 8694: 8693: 8692: 8685:Disaster films 8682: 8677: 8676: 8675: 8670: 8660: 8658:Alien invasion 8654: 8652: 8648: 8647: 8645: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8633: 8632: 8627: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8606: 8605: 8600: 8598:Amillennialism 8595: 8585: 8583:Millenarianism 8580: 8579: 8578: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8536:Apocalypticism 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8512: 8510: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8502: 8501: 8500: 8490: 8485: 8484: 8483: 8482: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8461: 8460: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8432:Dhu al-Qarnayn 8429: 8424: 8414: 8413: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8378:Great Apostasy 8375: 8374: 8373: 8372: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8316: 8311: 8310: 8309: 8304: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8278: 8277: 8267: 8257: 8252: 8251: 8250: 8245: 8235: 8225: 8223:Last Judgement 8220: 8219: 8218: 8213: 8203: 8202: 8201: 8196: 8185: 8183: 8181:Eschatological 8177: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8135: 8134: 8124: 8119: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8008: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7980: 7969: 7967: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7928: 7926: 7917: 7913: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7905: 7904: 7903: 7896:Overpopulation 7893: 7887: 7885: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7875: 7873:Water scarcity 7870: 7865: 7860: 7859: 7858: 7848: 7846:Sea level rise 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7812: 7811: 7809:on marine life 7806: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7764:Global warming 7761: 7756: 7754:Global dimming 7751: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7712:Cascade effect 7709: 7708: 7707: 7697: 7691: 7689: 7687:Climate change 7680: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7622: 7621: 7616: 7606: 7601: 7595: 7593: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7580: 7579: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7554: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7517:Doomsday Clock 7514: 7509: 7499: 7498: 7497: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7476: 7475: 7470: 7468:Cyberterrorism 7465: 7455: 7449: 7447: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7439: 7438: 7437: 7427: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7410: 7409: 7402: 7395: 7387: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7362: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7314: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7225:Zygmunt Bauman 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7191: 7189: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7126: 7124: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7090:Thomas Piketty 7087: 7085:Kevin O'Rourke 7082: 7077: 7075:Michael Hudson 7072: 7067: 7065:Robert Brenner 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7041: 7039: 7030: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6999: 6998: 6993: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6943: 6938: 6936:Westernization 6933: 6928: 6927: 6926: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6796: 6794: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6775:Tax inversions 6772: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6745:Digital divide 6742: 6741: 6740: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6721:Climate change 6717: 6715: 6706: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6682: 6681: 6676: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6588: 6586: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6578: 6573: 6563: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6546: 6545: 6538: 6531: 6523: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6439: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6416: 6407: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6279: 6273: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6130: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6033: 6031: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5974: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5957: 5955:Fertility rate 5952: 5950:Mortality rate 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5890: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5797: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5739:European Union 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5662: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5641:United Nations 5632: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5612: 5611: 5604: 5597: 5589: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5566: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5544:Sustainability 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5520: 5518: 5517:Related topics 5514: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5449: 5447: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5408: 5406:Largest cities 5403: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5275: 5267: 5261: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5226:I = P × A × T 5222: 5217: 5211: 5209: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5168: 5162: 5160: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5096: 5095: 5088: 5081: 5073: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5034: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5003:Sustainability 5000: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4898:Water scarcity 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4833:Nitrogen cycle 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4798:Forest dieback 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4726:Climate change 4723: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4700: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4543:nanotechnology 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4363: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4327:on marine life 4319: 4318: 4317: 4315:list of issues 4307: 4302: 4297: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4277: 4276: 4269: 4262: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4235: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4212:on 2015-07-11. 4196: 4195:External links 4193: 4191: 4190: 4180: 4174: 4161: 4155: 4142: 4136: 4123: 4111: 4101: 4091: 4065: 4048: 4021: 4015: 3997: 3990: 3972: 3966: 3948: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3879: 3860: 3843: 3817: 3800: 3794:978-1843548164 3793: 3775: 3738: 3725: 3711:978-0837176284 3710: 3688: 3663: 3650: 3627: 3610: 3595: 3589:978-0838637920 3588: 3562: 3521: 3512: 3495: 3478: 3431: 3422: 3405: 3350: 3325:Ricardo, David 3316: 3313:. 13 May 2020. 3302: 3293: 3271: 3258:(3): 147–172. 3236: 3221: 3215:United Nations 3198: 3183: 3149: 3131: 3118:(2): 149–155. 3096: 3081: 3075:978-0670033379 3074: 3052: 3031: 3006: 3000:978-0691165028 2999: 2972: 2966:978-0521568593 2965: 2939: 2928:(4): 411–447. 2912: 2861: 2831: 2810: 2796: 2776: 2758: 2744:978-0226285573 2743: 2725: 2707:Foreign Policy 2692: 2655: 2637:(6): 342–343. 2617: 2595: 2576: 2570:978-1559630726 2569: 2548: 2542:978-0387945330 2541: 2521: 2467: 2454: 2441: 2413: 2400: 2376: 2348: 2329:(1): 123–150. 2311: 2279: 2261: 2227: 2176: 2161: 2143: 2133:978-0226143743 2132: 2105: 2095:978-1563244070 2094: 2070: 2064:978-0521808781 2063: 2035: 2014: 2005: 1985: 1958: 1939: 1932: 1899: 1878: 1837: 1826: 1796: 1777: 1761: 1737: 1677: 1646: 1622: 1590:978-9042008519 1589: 1552: 1518: 1499:(2): 120–139. 1473: 1466: 1437: 1415: 1408: 1385: 1378: 1355: 1298: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1278:Jevons paradox 1275: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1239: 1229: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1207: 1204: 1192:Joseph Tainter 1100:Barry Commoner 1023:Thomas Carlyle 999:Whitley Stokes 966: 963: 859: 856: 836: 833: 821: 818: 758: 755: 666:Garrett Hardin 598:overpopulation 583:Vladimir Lenin 554: 551: 550: 549: 534:positive check 530: 495: 492: 457: 454: 434:Darwin's ideas 426:Charles Darwin 357:William Godwin 344: 341: 323: 307: 285:Thomas Malthus 280: 277: 275: 272: 138:by decreasing 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9477: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9344: 9334: 9333:Social credit 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9308:Structuralist 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9288:Public choice 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9258: 9257: 9256:New classical 9254: 9252: 9251:Neoliberalism 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9241:Neo-Ricardian 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9220: 9217: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9202: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9189: 9186: 9185: 9184: 9181: 9180: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9173:Institutional 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9127: 9124: 9123: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9088: 9082: 9079: 9075: 9072: 9071: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9008: 9005: 9004: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8976: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8943: 8940: 8936: 8930: 8929:Scholasticism 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8899: 8894: 8892: 8887: 8885: 8880: 8879: 8876: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8856:Risk analysis 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8831: 8829: 8828: 8823: 8817: 8816: 8813: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8801:Social crisis 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8747: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8722: 8720: 8718:Organizations 8716: 8708: 8705: 8704: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8691: 8688: 8687: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8665: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8653: 8649: 8643: 8642:World to come 8640: 8638: 8635: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8622: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8590: 8589: 8588:Millennialism 8586: 8584: 8581: 8577: 8576:Messianic Age 8574: 8573: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8561:Gog and Magog 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8551:Earth Changes 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8507: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8466: 8465: 8462: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8415: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8388:New Jerusalem 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8364:War in Heaven 8362: 8360: 8359:Two witnesses 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8325: 8322: 8321: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8299: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8230: 8229: 8228:Second Coming 8226: 8224: 8221: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8207: 8204: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8190: 8187: 8186: 8184: 8182: 8178: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8057: 8053: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7991: 7988: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7964: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7925: 7921: 7918: 7914: 7902: 7899: 7898: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7880: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7727:Deforestation 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7675: 7669: 7668:World War III 7666: 7664: 7661: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7583:Transhumanism 7581: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7562: 7558: 7555: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7541: 7538: 7535: 7532: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7503: 7500: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7446:Technological 7444: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7419: 7415: 7408: 7403: 7401: 7396: 7394: 7389: 7388: 7385: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7361: 7353: 7352: 7349: 7339: 7338:Vandana Shiva 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7290:Saskia Sassen 7288: 7286: 7285:George Ritzer 7283: 7281: 7280:Antonio Negri 7278: 7276: 7275:L. H. M. Ling 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7260:Michael Hardt 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7240:Alfred Crosby 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7182: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7170:Susan Strange 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7140:Robert W. Cox 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7117: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7100:Jeffrey Sachs 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7034: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7018:World-systems 7016: 7014: 7013:World history 7011: 7009: 7008:Social change 7006: 7004: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6987: 6986:Modernization 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6952: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6710: 6707: 6703: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6649:Global health 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6583: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6555: 6551: 6550:Globalization 6544: 6539: 6537: 6532: 6530: 6525: 6524: 6521: 6508: 6504: 6503:Macromolecule 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6451: 6448: 6444: 6437: 6432: 6430: 6425: 6423: 6418: 6417: 6414: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6388: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6371:Public sector 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6226:Literacy rate 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6047:Age structure 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6025: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6013:world regions 6011: 6009: 6008:South America 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5998:North America 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5883: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5785:Megalopolises 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5749:Latin America 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5703:South America 5701: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5687: 5686:North America 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5649: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5605: 5603: 5598: 5596: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5575: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5555: 5554: 5551: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5524:Bennett's law 5522: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5445:organizations 5440: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5232:Kaya identity 5230: 5227: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5151: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5094: 5089: 5087: 5082: 5080: 5075: 5074: 5071: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5035: 5033: 5024: 5023: 5020: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4986:Reforestation 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4941:Cultured meat 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4921:Birth control 4919: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4743:Deforestation 4741: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4518:Manufacturing 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4466:nuclear power 4464: 4462: 4461:fracking (US) 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4270: 4268: 4263: 4261: 4256: 4255: 4252: 4246: 4239: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4206:Jason Godesky 4203: 4199: 4198: 4188: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4073:Korotayev, A. 4070: 4066: 4064: 4063:5-484-01002-0 4060: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4037: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4016:5-484-00560-4 4012: 4008: 4007: 4002: 4001:Korotayev, A. 3998: 3993: 3991:5-484-00559-0 3987: 3983: 3982: 3977: 3976:Korotayev, A. 3973: 3969: 3967:5-484-00414-4 3963: 3959: 3958: 3953: 3952:Korotayev, A. 3949: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3928: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3891: 3883: 3875: 3872:. Princeton: 3871: 3864: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3821: 3815:, April 1994. 3814: 3810: 3804: 3796: 3790: 3786: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3742: 3735: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3661:, 1844, p. 1. 3660: 3654: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3632: 3623: 3622: 3614: 3607: 3606: 3599: 3591: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3575: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3516: 3508: 3507: 3499: 3491: 3490: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3426: 3418: 3417: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3346: 3340: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3320: 3312: 3306: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3276: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3240: 3232: 3225: 3217: 3216: 3208: 3202: 3194: 3187: 3179: 3173: 3165: 3164: 3159: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3107: 3100: 3092: 3085: 3077: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3047: 3042: 3035: 3021: 3017: 3010: 3002: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2982: 2976: 2968: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2952: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2872: 2865: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2814: 2806: 2800: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2736: 2729: 2713: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2696: 2680: 2676: 2669: 2665: 2659: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2613: 2606: 2599: 2590: 2589: 2580: 2572: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2544: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2471: 2464: 2458: 2451: 2445: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2422:Peter Turchin 2417: 2410: 2404: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2386: 2380: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2352: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2315: 2300: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2180: 2172: 2165: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2088:. p. 5. 2087: 2083: 2082: 2074: 2066: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2040: 2030: 2029: 2024: 2018: 2009: 2001: 2000: 1995: 1989: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1972:The Scientist 1969: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1935: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1915: 1906: 1904: 1889: 1882: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1854:Physics Today 1848: 1841: 1833: 1829: 1823: 1820:. p. 6. 1819: 1815: 1814: 1809: 1803: 1801: 1794: 1790: 1784: 1782: 1774: 1770: 1764: 1762:0-8265-1528-2 1758: 1754: 1750: 1749: 1741: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1684: 1682: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1650: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1629: 1627: 1618: 1612: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1559: 1557: 1541: 1540: 1532: 1525: 1523: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1493: 1492:World Futures 1488: 1484: 1477: 1469: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1433: 1429: 1422: 1420: 1411: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1392: 1390: 1381: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1362: 1360: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1331: 1323: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1299: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1203: 1201: 1196: 1193: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1137: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1122:Stewart Brand 1119: 1114: 1111: 1110:Ester Boserup 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055:James Steuart 1052: 1048: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1036:laissez-faire 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1018: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1000: 997: 993: 989: 984: 982: 981:David Ricardo 976: 972: 962: 958: 955: 954:Kenneth Arrow 950: 948: 944: 939: 935: 930: 928: 927:birth control 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 880: 872: 864: 855: 853: 849: 848: 843: 842:Gregory Clark 831: 827: 817: 814: 810: 806: 805:Jared Diamond 802: 797: 794: 790: 788: 783: 778: 774: 770: 765: 754: 752: 748: 744: 739: 734: 730: 728: 723: 720: 716: 712: 708: 703: 702: 701: 696: 692: 689: 685: 684: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 662: 657: 653: 652: 647: 643: 642: 637: 632: 630: 626: 621: 619: 615: 612:will lead to 611: 607: 604:may increase 603: 599: 594: 592: 588: 584: 580: 577: 571: 568: 564: 560: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 522: 521: 519: 515: 506: 501: 491: 487: 485: 481: 477: 473: 466: 462: 453: 451: 445: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 417: 415: 408: 406: 401: 399: 395: 391: 387: 384: 379: 377: 373: 369: 368:working class 364: 362: 358: 354: 350: 343:Early history 340: 338: 329: 322: 314:, Chapter II. 313: 306: 301: 298: 294: 292: 291: 286: 271: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 228: 226: 222: 221:birth control 218: 214: 209: 205: 201: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 178: 173: 168: 166: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 144:social unrest 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 106: 103: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 39:Malthusianism 32: 19: 9158:Evolutionary 9090:Contemporary 9069:Neoclassical 9038: 9014:Distributist 8959:Mercantilism 8946:Early modern 8818: 8761:Cyberwarfare 8479:Third Temple 8334:Lake of fire 8144:Rogue planet 8112:Impact event 8102:Proton decay 8055:Astronomical 8005:Bioterrorism 7851:Supervolcano 7749:Flood basalt 7695:Anoxic event 7630: 7604:Collapsology 7592:Sociological 7463:Cyberwarfare 7333:John R. Saul 7318:Noam Chomsky 7310:Non–academic 7250:Susan George 7245:Nancy Fraser 7215:Walden Bello 7160:David Harvey 7150:Stephen Gill 7070:Jayati Ghosh 6976:Earth system 6842:Human rights 6782:Water crisis 6679:early modern 6505: > 6501: > 6497: > 6493: > 6489: > 6485: > 6481: > 6479:Organ system 6477: > 6473: > 6469: > 6465: > 6461: > 6457: > 6346:Labour force 6174:Suicide rate 6159:Obesity rate 6116:Urbanization 6057:Divorce rate 6029:demographics 5770:World cities 5561: 5373:Publications 5332:Antinatalism 5282: 5270: 5247:World3 model 5107:Major topics 4679:urban sprawl 4674:Urbanization 4622:Particulates 4607:Overdrafting 4322:Human impact 4295:Anthropocene 4210:the original 4205: 4185:Cliodynamics 4184: 4165: 4146: 4127: 4118: 4104: 4096:Cliodynamics 4095: 4089:(2): 112–47. 4086: 4080: 4040:. Retrieved 4035: 4005: 3980: 3956: 3940:. Retrieved 3936: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3869: 3863: 3851: 3846: 3833: 3820: 3812: 3803: 3787:. Atlantic. 3784: 3778: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3733: 3728: 3697: 3691: 3679:. Retrieved 3675: 3666: 3658: 3653: 3641: 3620: 3613: 3604: 3598: 3573: 3565: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3515: 3505: 3498: 3488: 3481: 3448: 3444: 3434: 3425: 3415: 3408: 3367: 3363: 3353: 3329: 3319: 3305: 3296: 3283: 3255: 3249: 3239: 3230: 3224: 3213: 3201: 3192: 3186: 3161: 3152: 3144:the original 3134: 3115: 3109: 3099: 3084: 3066:Viking Press 3064:. New York: 3061: 3055: 3034: 3023:. Retrieved 3019: 3009: 2985: 2975: 2950: 2942: 2925: 2921: 2915: 2880: 2874: 2864: 2852:. Retrieved 2848:the original 2843: 2834: 2823: 2813: 2799: 2788: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2734: 2728: 2716:. Retrieved 2712:the original 2705: 2695: 2683:. Retrieved 2678: 2674: 2658: 2646:. Retrieved 2634: 2630: 2620: 2598: 2587: 2579: 2560: 2551: 2531: 2524: 2489: 2483: 2470: 2462: 2457: 2449: 2444: 2439:et al. 2006. 2416: 2408: 2403: 2393:– via 2389: 2385:Lenin, V. I. 2379: 2367:. Retrieved 2361: 2351: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2302:. 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Retrieved 1339:the original 1334: 1328: 1288:Resource war 1257:Cliodynamics 1245: 1222:Antinatalism 1197: 1190: 1160:Hans Rosling 1153: 1138: 1131: 1125: 1118:Ecomodernism 1115: 1108: 1103: 1102:believed in 1098: 1094: 1089: 1086:Henry George 1084: 1080:accumulation 1071: 1065:, Wallace". 1045: 1034: 1030: 1021: 1014: 1009:George Ensor 1002: 995: 991: 985: 978: 959: 951: 931: 923:urbanization 921:, increased 904: 888:World War II 885: 858:20th century 845: 838: 808: 807:in his book 798: 793:Robert Fogel 791: 775:. 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