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on the same communities which the HOLC redlined in the 1930s. Research published in
September 2020 overlaid maps of the highly affected COVID-19 areas with the HOLC maps, showing that those areas marked "risky" to lenders because they contained minority residents were the same neighborhoods most affected by COVID-19. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) looks at inequities in the social determinants of health like concentrated poverty and healthcare access that are interrelated and influence health outcomes with regard to COVID-19 as well as quality of life in general for minority groups. The CDC points to discrimination within health care, education, criminal justice, housing, and finance, direct results of systematically subversive tactics like redlining which led to chronic and toxic stress that shaped social and economic factors for minority groups, increasing their risk for COVID-19. Healthcare access is similarly limited by factors like a lack of public transportation, child care, and communication and language barriers which result from the spatial and economic isolation of minority communities from redlining. Educational, income, and wealth gaps that result from this isolation mean that minority groups' limited access to the job market may force them to remain in fields that have a higher risk of exposure to the virus, without options to take time off. Finally, a direct result of redlining is the overcrowding of minority groups into neighborhoods that do not boast adequate housing to sustain burgeoning populations, leading to crowded conditions that make prevention strategies for COVID-19 nearly impossible to implement.
1339:
415:
403:
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1495:
43:
832:
335:
775:
101:
1314:". While the market will bid up compensation for rare and desired skills to reward wealth creation, greater productivity, etc., it will also prevent successful entrepreneurs from earning excess profits by fostering competition to cut prices, profits and large compensation. A better explainer of growing inequality, according to Stiglitz, is the use of political power generated by wealth by certain groups to shape government policies financially beneficial to them. This process, known to economists as rent-seeking, brings income not from creation of wealth but from "grabbing a larger share of the wealth that would otherwise have been produced without their effort".
1016:
1251:. According to Kuznets, countries with low levels of development have relatively equal distributions of wealth. In the early stages, individual sectors or industries are developed first, which leads to an unequal distribution of income and wealth, resulting in growing inequality within a country. As the economy progresses and development takes place in more economic sectors, eventually attracting more workers, economic inequality decreases. Although the Kuznets curve described the development of inequality well at the time of its publication, there is now a growing number of critical voices questioning the link between inequality and development.
1203:, which set back economic development as a whole for blacks of African citizenship more than any other region. The degree to which colonizers stratified their holdings on the continent on the basis of race has had a direct correlation in the magnitude of disparity experienced by nonwhites in the nations that eventually rose from their colonial status. Former French colonies, for example, see much higher rates of income inequality between whites and nonwhites as a result of the rigid hierarchy imposed by the French who lived in Africa at the time. Another example is found in South Africa, which, still reeling from the socioeconomic impacts of
347:
64:
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those of Afro-descent (such as Mexico, Colombia, Chile, etc.) income levels can be roughly half as high as those experiences by white demographics, and this inequity is accompanied by systematically unequal access to education, career opportunities, and poverty relief. This region of the world, apart from urbanizing areas like Brazil and Costa Rica, continues to be understudied and often the racial disparity is denied by Latin
Americans who consider themselves to be living in post-racial and post-colonial societies far removed from intense social and economic stratification despite the evidence to the contrary.
1207:, experiences some of the highest racial income and wealth inequality in all of Africa. In these and other countries like Nigeria, Zimbabwe, and Sierra Leone, movements of civil reform have initially led to improved access to financial advancement opportunities, but data shows that for nonwhites this progress is either stalling or erasing itself in the newest generation of blacks that seek education and improved transgenerational wealth. The economic status of one's parents continues to define and predict the financial futures of African and minority ethnic groups.
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968:. In arguing against this explanation, Jonathan Rothwell notes that if technological advancement is measured by high rates of invention, there is a negative correlation between it and inequality. Countries with high invention rates – "as measured by patent applications filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty" – exhibit lower inequality than those with less. In one country, the United States, "salaries of engineers and software developers rarely reach" above $ 390,000/year (the lower limit for the top 1% earners).
86:
51:
613:
847:
389:, the pandemic's "most significant outcome" will be rising economic inequality in the United States and between the developed and developing world. The 2024 Oxfam report found a significant increase in inequality as roughly five billion people have become poorer while at the same time the fortunes of the five richest individuals have doubled. The report warns that current trends are paving the way for the world's first trillionaire within a decade and global poverty eradication being postponed for 229 years.
1144:. Studies have uncovered the emergence of what is called "ethnic capital", by which people belonging to a race that has experienced discrimination are born into a disadvantaged family from the beginning and therefore have less resources and opportunities at their disposal. The universal lack of education, technical and cognitive skills, and inheritable wealth within a particular race is often passed down between generations, compounding in effect to make escaping these racialized
1075:
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out of high school and college, are typically employed for fewer hours at lower wages, have lower than average intergenerational wealth, and are more likely to use welfare as young adults than their white counterparts. The racial wealth gap in the US has been maintained throughout history. In 1863, two years prior to emancipation from slavery, Black people owned 0.5 percent of the US national wealth, while in 2019 it is just over 1.5 percent.
1230:
1572:, pestilence and state collapse have significantly reduced inequality. He has stated that "only all-out thermonuclear war might fundamentally reset the existing distribution of resources" and that "peaceful policy reform may well prove unequal to the growing challenges ahead." However, Scheidel also stated that "There is certainly room for incremental change, that's what the example of Latin America shows in the past 15 years or so."
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thereby encouraging growth and innovation, which are necessary for progress. Some have also argued that economic inequality is a natural and fair outcome in market economies, in which the rewards are distributed based on different economic contributions because individuals have different attitudes and talents. Many who feel that economic inequality is not a significant issue are associated with conservative or
980:
2013, 70% of TaskRabbit's workforce held a bachelor's degree, 20% a master's degree and 5% a PhD). The development of platforms, which are increasingly capturing demand for these manual services at the expense of non-platform companies, may therefore benefit mainly skilled workers who are offered more earning opportunities that can be used as supplemental or transitional work during periods of unemployment.
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found in this category. A Gini index value lower than 30% is considered low; countries including
Austria, Germany, Denmark, Norway, Slovenia, Sweden, and Ukraine can be found in this category. In the low-income inequality category (below 30%) is a wide representation of countries previously being part of Soviet Union or its satellites, like Slovakia, Czech Republic, Ukraine and Hungary.
2246:, which "defines well-being as utility maximization", economic growth and income are considered a means to an end rather than the end itself. Its goal is to "wid people's choices and the level of their achieved well-being" through increasing functioning (the things a person values doing), capabilities (the freedom to enjoy functionings) and agency (the ability to pursue valued goals).
1822:, child conflict, drug use) in countries and states with higher inequality. Their research included 24 developed countries, including most U.S. states, and found that in the more developed countries, such as Finland and Japan, the heath issues are much lower than in states with rather higher inequality rates, such as Utah and New Hampshire. Some studies link a surge in "
2169:, that "as long as the problems of the poor are not radically resolved by rejecting the absolute autonomy of markets and financial speculation and by attacking the structural causes of inequality, no solution will be found for the world's problems or, for that matter, to any problems." He later declared that "inequality is the root of social evil."
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risk-taking in the United States to the more egalitarian societies supported by a strong safety net in
Scandinavia, rather than reflecting differences in fundamentals between the citizens of these societies, may emerge as a mutually self-reinforcing world equilibrium. If so, in this equilibrium, 'we cannot all be like the Scandinavians,' because
1426:, in the foreword to the report, said "this elite will need to reduce their footprint by a factor of 30 to stay in line with the Paris Agreement targets." A 2022 report by Oxfam found that the business investments of the wealthiest 125 billionaires emit 393 million metric tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions annually.
1477:(2012) that the economic inequality is inevitable and permanent, because it is caused by the great amount of political power the richest have. He wrote, "While there may be underlying economic forces at play, politics have shaped the market, and shaped it in ways that advantage the top at the expense of the rest."
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well as income inequality. As a result, those who are unable to afford an education, or choose not to pursue optional education, generally receive much lower wages. The justification for this is that a lack of education leads directly to lower incomes, and thus lower aggregate saving and investment. Conversely,
1926:: A 2016 meta-analysis found that "the effect of inequality on growth is negative and more pronounced in less developed countries than in rich countries", though the average impact on growth was not significant. The study also found that wealth inequality is more pernicious to growth than income inequality.
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and customs may prevent a woman from receiving an education or working outside the home. There may be an epidemic that causes widespread panic, or there could be rampant violence in the area that prevents people from going to work for fear of their lives. As a result, income inequality increases, and
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It has also been argued that economic inequality invariably translates to political inequality, which further aggravates the problem. Even in cases where an increase in economic inequality makes nobody economically poorer, an increased inequality of resources is disadvantageous, as increased economic
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The liberal champions of equality under the law were fully aware of the fact that men are born unequal and that it is precisely their inequality that generates social cooperation and civilization. Equality under the law was in their opinion not designed to correct the inexorable facts of the universe
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While the progression of civil rights movements and justice reform has improved access to education and other economic opportunities in politically advanced nations, racial income and wealth disparity still exists. In the United States for example, African
American populations are more likely to drop
1152:
Redlining intentionally excluded black
Americans from accumulating intergenerational wealth. The effects of this exclusion on black Americans' health continue to play out daily, generations later, in the same communities. This is evident currently in the disproportionate effects that COVID-19 has had
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increasingly difficult. Additionally, ethnic groups that experience significant disparities are often also minorities, at least in representation though often in number as well, in the nations where they experience the harshest disadvantage. As a result, they are often segregated either by government
639:
Income distribution can differ from wealth distribution within each country. The wealth inequality is also measured in Gini index. There the higher Gini index signify greater inequality within the wealth distribution in country, 0 means total wealth equality and 1 represents situation, where everyone
489:
According to a 2020 study, global earnings inequality has decreased substantially since 1970. During the 2000s and 2010s, the share of earnings by the world's poorest half doubled. Two researchers claim that global income inequality is decreasing due to strong economic growth in developing countries.
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In the countries of the
Caribbean, Central America, and South America, many ethnicities continue to deal with the effects of European colonization, and in general nonwhites tend to be noticeably poorer than whites in this region. In many countries with significant populations of indigenous races and
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may shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale. When rich countries trade with poor countries, the low-skilled workers in the rich countries may see reduced wages as a result of the competition, while low-skilled workers in the poor countries may see increased wages. Trade economist
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increases as the taxable base amount increases. In a progressive tax system, the level of the top tax rate will often have a direct impact on the level of inequality within a society, either increasing it or decreasing it, provided that income does not change as a result of the change in tax regime.
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property income by virtue of ownership titles in capital equipment, financial assets and corporate stock. By contrast, the vast majority of the population is dependent on income in the form of a wage or salary. In order to rectify this situation, socialists argue that the means of production should
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An important factor in the creation of inequality is variation in individuals' access to education. Education, especially in an area where there is a high demand for workers, creates high wages for those with this education. However, increases in education first increase and then decrease growth as
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In the United States, real wages are flat over the past 40 years for occupations across income and education levels, e.g., auto mechanics, cashiers, doctors, and software engineers. However, stock ownership favors higher income and education levels, thereby resulting in disparate investment income.
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value above 50% is considered high; countries including Brazil, Colombia, South Africa, Botswana, and
Honduras can be found in this category. A Gini index value of 30% or above is considered medium; countries including Vietnam, Mexico, Poland, the United States, Argentina, Russia and Uruguay can be
140:
inequality (how the total sum of money spent by people is distributed among the spenders). Each of these can be measured between two or more nations, within a single nation, or between and within sub-populations (such as within a low-income group, within a high-income group and between them, within
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policies in comparison to continental
European liberalism, where unions have remained strong, they concluded "The U.S. economic and social model is associated with substantial levels of social exclusion, including high levels of income inequality, high relative and absolute poverty rates, poor and
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There are various reasons for economic inequality within societies, including both global market functions (such as trade, development, and regulation) as well as social factors (including gender, race, and education). Recent growth in overall income inequality, at least within the OECD countries,
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has increased economic inequality substantially; the wealthiest people across the globe were impacted the least by the pandemic and their fortunes recovered quickest, with billionaires seeing their wealth increase by $ 3.9 trillion, while at the same time the number of people living on less than $
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The majority of researchers who analyze economic inequality argue that today's levels are problematic and deserve some mitigation. There are however, some who disagree, and feel that current levels of inequality are necessary because it encourages individuals to gain useful skills and take risks,
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in India leave their marks as well. While the disparity is greatly improving in the case of India, there still exists social stratification between peoples of lighter and darker skin tones that cumulatively result in income and wealth inequality, manifesting in many of the same poverty traps seen
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Access to education was in turn influenced by land inequalities. In the less industrialized parts of 19th century Europe, for example, landowners still held more political power than industrialists. These landowners did not benefit from educating their workers as much as industrialists did, since
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argued that government redistributes wealth by force (usually in the form of taxation), and that the ideal moral society would be one where all individuals are free from force. However, Nozick recognized that some modern economic inequalities were the result of forceful taking of property, and a
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In addition, there is an important phenomenon of labour substitution as manual tasks traditionally performed by workers without a degree (or just a college degree) integrated into the labour market in the traditional economy sectors are now performed by workers with a high level of education (in
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Taking the example of TaskRabbit, a labour service platform, she shows that a large proportion of providers already have a stable full-time job and participate part-time in the platform as an opportunity to increase their income by diversifying their activities outside employment, which tends to
213:
inequality reduce growth more than inequality of income. Inequality is at the center stage of economic policy debate across the globe, as government tax and spending policies have significant effects on income distribution. In advanced economies, taxes and transfers decrease income inequality by
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wrote in
December 2013: "A minimum wage, providing it is not set too high, could thus boost pay with no ill effects on jobs....America's federal minimum wage, at 38% of median income, is one of the rich world's lowest. Some studies find no harm to employment from federal or state minimum wages,
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reveals that gender is one of the driving forces of income inequality, and being female has a significant negative effect on income when other factors are held equal. The results show more than 50% gender pay gap in all three countries. These findings are because usually employers tend to avoid
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to increases in economic inequality, as automation raises the returns to wealth and contributes to stagnating wages at the lower end of the wage distribution. Several economists have suggested that automation has increased income inequality by causing low skill jobs to be replaced with machines
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It has also been proposed that information technologies contribute to "winner take most" market concentration, reducing the need for labor across competing suppliers. Market concentration drives down labor's share of the GDP, increasing the wealth of capital and thereby exacerbating inequality.
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Research has shown that biased decision-making does not alone explain a significant proportion of inequality, therefore inequality cannot be explained by cognitive biases of a specific sub-population, such as temporal discounting (i.e., not preferring immediate funds over larger future gains),
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Mexican-Americans, while suffering less debilitating socioeconomic factors than black Americans, experience deficiencies in the same areas when compared to whites and have not assimilated financially to the level of stability experienced by white Americans as a whole. These experiences are the
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Widening income inequality is the defining challenge of our time. In advanced economies, the gap between the rich and poor is at its highest level in decades. Inequality trends have been more mixed in emerging markets and developing countries (EMDCs), with some countries experiencing declining
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and Thierry Verdier argues that American "cutthroat" capitalism and inequality gives rise to technology and innovation that more "cuddly" forms of capitalism cannot. As a result, "the diversity of institutions we observe among relatively advanced countries, ranging from greater inequality and
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when the rate of return of capital (r) is greater than the rate of growth of the economy (g). According to an IMF report in 2016, after reviewing four decades of neoliberalism, it had warned that certain neoliberal policies including privatization, public spending cuts, and deregulation, have
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Asian regions and countries such as China, the Middle East, and Central Asia have been vastly understudied in terms of racial disparity, but even here the effects of Western colonization provide similar results to those found in other parts of the globe. Additionally, cultural and historical
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and to make natural inequality disappear. It was, on the contrary, the device to secure for the whole of mankind the maximum of benefits it can derive from it. Henceforth no man-made institutions should prevent a man from attaining that station in which he can best serve his fellow citizens.
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overestimation (i.e. thinking you are better than you are at making decisions), over-placement (i.e. thinking you are better than the average person at making decisions), and extremeness aversion (i.e. taking the 'middle option' simply because it seems safer than the highest or lowest).
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inequality can lead to a power shift due to an increased inequality in the ability to participate in democratic processes. According to Paul and Moser, countries with high income inequality and poor unemployment protections experience worse mental health outcomes among the unemployed.
253:
refers to the phenomenon of people marrying people with similar background, for example doctors marrying other doctors rather than nurses. OECD found out that 40% of couples where both partners work belonged to the same or neighbouring earnings deciles compared with 33% some 20 years
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has argued that though income inequality has increased within nations, globally it has fallen over the 20 years leading up to 2014. He argues that though income inequality may make individual nations worse off, overall, the world has improved as global inequality has been reduced.
453:, own as much wealth as the bottom half of the population, or 160 million people, and that the growing disparity between the wealthy and the poor has created a "moral crisis", noting that "we have not witnessed such extreme levels of concentrated wealth and power since the first
640:
has no wealth, except an individual that has everything. For instance, countries like Denmark, Norway and Netherlands, all belonging to the last category (below 30%, low-income inequality) also have very high Gini index in wealth distribution, ranging from 70% up to 90%.
1104:, claims that this difference is due to women not taking jobs due to marriage or pregnancy. A U.S. Census's report stated that in US once other factors are accounted for there is still a difference in earnings between women and men. A study done on three post-soviet countries
2000:"). This process exerts a downward pressure on wages. The substitution of capital equipment for labor (mechanization and automation) raises the productivity of each worker, resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of
1527:. On the other hand, high-income persons have higher propensity to save. Robin Maialeh then shows that increasing economic wealth decreases propensity to spend and increases propensity to invest which consequently leads to even greater growth rate of already rich agents.
1938:: Studies indicate that economic inequality leads to greater political instability, including an increased risk of democratic breakdown and civil conflict. A significant impact of inequality on civil war probability has been found through anthropometric methods.
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generally have lower levels of inequality. Many factors constrain economic inequality – they may be divided into two classes: market driven, and government sponsored. The relative merits and effectiveness of each approach is a subject of debate:
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emissions (size of pie charts) differ substantially among high-emitting regions, the pattern of higher income classes emitting more than lower income classes is consistent across regions. The world's top 1% of emitters emit over 1000 times more than the bottom
465:
The existing data and estimates suggest a large increase in international (and more generally inter-macroregional) components between 1820 and 1960. It might have slightly decreased since that time at the expense of increasing inequality within countries. The
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a century ago." In 2016, the world's billionaires increased their combined global wealth to a record $ 6 trillion. In 2017, they increased their collective wealth to 8.9 trillion. In 2018, U.S. income inequality reached the highest level ever recorded by the
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found that in countries where neoliberal institutions have significant influence over policies, the psychology of those population are shaped to have both a higher tolerance of large levels of income inequality, and prefer it over more egalitarian outcomes.
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that inequalities in the distribution of wealth are only justified when they improve society as a whole, including the poorest members. Rawls does not discuss the full implications of his theory of justice. Some see Rawls's argument as a justification for
58:
as of 2018. The Gini coefficient is a number between 0 and 100, where 0 corresponds with perfect equality (where everyone has the same income) and 100 corresponds with absolute inequality (where one person has all the income, and everyone else has zero
2053:, including centrist or left-of-center political groups, believe that the capitalist economic system should be fundamentally preserved, but the status quo regarding the income gap must be reformed. Social liberals favor a capitalist system with active
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in new sources of creating wealth or to otherwise leverage the accumulation of wealth, and thus they are the beneficiaries of the new wealth. Over time, wealth concentration can significantly contribute to the persistence of inequality within society.
628:(expressed in percent %) that is a number between 0 and 1. Here 0 expresses perfect equality, meaning that everyone has the same income, whereas 1 represents perfect inequality, meaning that one person has all the income and others have none. A
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requires redistribution of high incomes and large concentrations of wealth in a way that spreads it more widely, in order to "recognize the contribution made by all sections of the community to building the nation's wealth." (Patrick Diamond and
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Some researchers, such as Juliet B. Schor, highlight the role of for-profit online sharing economy platforms as an accelerator of income inequality and calls into question their supposed contribution in empowering outsiders of the labour market.
782:
taxes: federal+state income tax, sales tax, property tax, etc) for the richest Americans declined by 2018 to a level beneath that of the bottom 50% of earners, contributing to economic inequality. Analysis by economists Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel
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485:
found this to be true in their research conducted in 2011. The actual wealth going to the top quintile in 2011 was around 84%, whereas the average amount of wealth that the general public estimated to go to the top quintile was around 58%.
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favors an eventual society where an individual's success is a direct function of his merit, or contribution. Economic inequality would be a natural consequence of the wide range in individual skill, talent and effort in human population.
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over the period 1990β2015. In 2015, the OECD reported in 2015 that income inequality is higher than it has ever been within OECD member nations and is at increased levels in many emerging economies. According to a June 2015 report by the
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dramatically improves labor-market outcomes. Despite popular prejudices to the contrary, the U.S. economy consistently affords a lower level of economic mobility than all the continental European countries for which data is available."
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that has been passed through racial generations to the present. These are lasting financial inequalities that apply in varying magnitudes to most non-white populations in nations such as the US, the UK, France, Spain, Australia, etc.
876:"educated workers have more incentives to migrate to urban, industrial areas than their less educated counterparts." Consequently, lower incentives to promote education in regions where land inequality was high led to lower levels of
177:
after World War II. Whereas globalization has reduced the inequality between nations, it has increased the inequality within the population in most nations. Income inequality between nations peaked in the 1970s, when world income was
5693:
Hertz, Tom (December 31, 2009), Bowles, Samuel; Gintis, Herbert; Osborne Groves, Melissa (eds.), "Chapter Five. Rags, Riches, and Race The Intergenerational Economic Mobility of Black and White Families in the United States",
237:
In 1820, the ratio between the income of the top and bottom 20 percent of the world's population was three to one. By 1991, it was eighty-six to one. A 2011 study titled "Divided we Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising" by the
173:, there has been a long-run trend towards greater economic inequality over time. The exceptions to this during the modern era are the declines in economic inequality during the two World Wars and amid the creation of modern
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852:
A 1916 ad for a vocational school appealed to Americans' belief in the possibility of self-betterment, as well as threatening economic insecurity through lack of education and the consequences of downward mobility in the
1992:. In this analysis, capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs (workers) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits. Over the long term, this trend increases the
1094:. Several factors other than discrimination contribute to this gap. On average, women are more likely than men to consider factors other than pay when looking for work and may be less willing to travel or relocate.
1826:", suicide, drug overdoses and alcohol related deaths, to widening income inequality. Conversely, other research did not find these effects or concluded that research suffered from issues of confounding variables.
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and family benefits). While the "optimum" amount of economic inequality is widely debated, there is a near-universal belief that complete economic equality (Gini of zero) would be undesirable and unachieveable.
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macroeconomic policies and progressive taxation (to even out differences in income inequality). Research indicates that people who hold liberal beliefs tend to see greater income inequality as morally wrong.
548:, shows that "the world is marked by a very high level of income inequality and an extreme level of wealth inequality" and that these inequalities "seem to be about as great today as they were at the peak of
246:
Changes in the structure of households can play an important role. Single-headed households in OECD countries have risen from an average of 15% in the late 1980s to 20% in the mid-2000s, resulting in higher
1523:: with rising wealth & income, a person may spend more. In an extreme example, if one person owned everything, they would immediately need to hire people to maintain their properties, thus reducing the
512:
In October 2017, the IMF warned that inequality within nations, in spite of global inequality falling in recent decades, has risen so sharply that it threatens economic growth and could result in further
1409:
says that the wealthiest 10% of the global population were responsible for more than half of global carbon dioxide emissions from 1990 to 2015, which increased by 60%. According to a 2020 report by the
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of people of different races. In many nations, data exists to suggest that members of certain racial demographics experience lower wages, fewer opportunities for career and educational advancement, and
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1156:
As a general rule, races which have been historically and systematically colonized (typically indigenous ethnicities) continue to experience lower levels of financial stability in the present day. The
1310:
argues that rather than explaining concentrations of wealth and income, market forces should serve as a brake on such concentration, which may better be explained by the non-market force known as "
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By Daniel Alpert, Westwood Capital; Robert Hockett, Professor of Law, Cornell University; and Nouriel Roubini, Professor of Economics, New York University, New America Foundation, October 10, 2011
1944:
One study finds that economic inequality prompts attempts by left-leaning politicians to pursue redistributive policies while right-leaning politicians seek to repress the redistributive policies.
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Social connectedness to people of higher income levels is a strong predictor of upward income mobility. However, data shows substantial social segregation correlating with economic income groups.
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unequal educational outcomes, poor health outcomes, and high rates of crime and incarceration. At the same time, the available evidence provides little support for the view that U.S.-style
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Nicolini, Esteban A.; Ramos Palencia, Fernando (2016). "Decomposing income inequality in a backward pre-industrial economy: Old Castile (Spain) in the middle of the eighteenth century".
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When a person's capabilities are lowered, they are in some way deprived of earning as much income as they would otherwise. An old, ill man cannot earn as much as a healthy young man;
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Antony, JΓΌrgen, and Torben Klarl. "Estimating the income inequality-health relationship for the United States between 1941 and 2015: Will the relevant frequencies please stand up?."
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depends in part on the knowledge spillovers created by the more cutthroat American capitalism." A 2012 working paper by the same authors, making similar arguments, was challenged by
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is incoherent because, without redistribution, one generation's successful individuals would become the next generation's embedded caste, hoarding the wealth they had accumulated'.
2013:
1910:
Study made by Jared Bernstein and Elise Gould suggest, that the poverty in the United States could have been reduced by the lowering of economic inequality for the past few decades.
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4020:
840:
university admissions rates vary with the income of the students' parents, with the acceptance rate of the top 0.1% income percentile being almost twice as much as other students.
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in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest 48 nations combined. The combined wealth of the "10 million dollar millionaires" grew to nearly $ 41 trillion in 2008.
268:
Income inequality in OECD countries is at its highest level for the past half century. The ratio between the bottom 10% and the top 10% has increased from 1:7 to 1:9 in 25 years.
1177:, higher levels of downward mobility, and poverty that is more easily transmitted to offspring as a result of the disadvantage stemming from the era of slavery and post-slavery
7739:
4158:
2017:). According to Marxist philosophy, equality in the sense of free access is essential for freeing individuals from dependent relationships, thereby allowing them to transcend
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effects of the measured disparity due to race in countries like the US, where studies show that in comparison to whites, blacks suffer from drastically lower levels of upward
4493:
242:(OECD) sought to explain the causes for this rising inequality by investigating economic inequality in OECD countries; it concluded that the following factors played a role:
5343:"The Promise of Prevention: The Effects of Four Preventable Risk Factors on National Life Expectancy and Life Expectancy Disparities by Race and County in the United States"
9616:"New evidence and new methods to measure human capital inequality before and during the industrial revolution: France and the US in the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries"
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3622:
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plays a role in increasing economic inequality between countries, boosting economic growth in developed countries while hampering such growth in developing nations of the
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rates are consistently lower. A 2016 study finds that interregional inequality increases terrorism. Other research has argued inequality has little effect on crime rates.
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argues that the fundamental force for divergence is the usually greater return of capital (r) than economic growth (g), and that larger fortunes generate higher returns.
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7904:
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1794:: For long time the higher material living standards lead to longer life, as those people were able to get enough food, water and access to warmth. British researchers
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in the early 20th century." According to the report, the bottom half of the population owns 2% of global wealth, while the top 10% owns 76% of it. The top 1% owns 38%.
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1548:: the rich are taxed proportionally more than the poor, reducing the amount of income inequality in society if the change in taxation does not cause changes in income.
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470:
in 2014 asserted that greater investments in social security, jobs, and laws that protect vulnerable populations are necessary to prevent widening income inequality.
6966:
1445:
and Thomas Piketty, warned that if the sharp increase in economic inequality is not reversed, it will "entrench poverty and increase the risk of climate breakdown."
5640:
Bhattacharya, Debopam; Mazumder, Bhashkar (2010). "A Nonparametric Analysis of Black-White Differences in Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States".
5412:
5016:
4830:
Autor, David; Dorn, David; Katz, Lawrence F; Patterson, Christina; Van Reenen, John (May 1, 2020). "The Fall of the Labor Share and the Rise of Superstar Firms*".
491:
6364:
10458:
9462:
Smeeding, Timothy M.; Thompson, Jeffrey P. (2011). "Recent Trends in Income Inequality". In Immervoll, Herwig; Peichl, Andreas; Tatsiramos, Konstantinos (eds.).
2242:
The capabilities approach β sometimes called the human development approach β looks at income inequality and poverty as form of "capability deprivation". Unlike
964:
has been credited with increasing income inequality. Technology has been called "the main driver of the recent increases in inequality" by Erik Brynjolfsson, of
3863:
3309:
1874:(the benefits of goodwill, fellowship, mutual sympathy and social connectedness among groups who make up a social units) suggest greater community involvement.
239:
9854:"Growth and inequality in the great and little divergence debate: a Japanese perspective; Covers 1600β1868 with comparison to Stuart England and Mughal India"
7800:
Christina Mumme and JΓΆrg Baten (2014). "Civil War Determinants From a Long-Term Perspective: Was There Impact Of Anthropometric Deprivation From 1816β1999?".
6945:
4301:
3138:
6150:
2587:
1553:
4659:
10498:
10453:
6096:
3570:
9783:
3516:
1920:, as high earners bid up the price of real estate and middle income earners go deeper into debt trying to maintain what once was a middle class lifestyle.
8716:
5965:
Stiglitz, Joseph E. (June 4, 2012). The Price of Inequality: How Today's Divided Society Endangers Our Future (pp. 30β31, 35β36). Norton. Kindle Edition.
517:. The Fund's Fiscal Monitor report said that "progressive taxation and transfers are key components of efficient fiscal redistribution." In October 2018
441:
may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a "substantial head start". A 2017 report by the IPS said that three individuals,
10660:
10463:
8950:
6056:"Methodological note: ... The analysis accounts for energy-related CO2, and not other greenhouse gases, nor those related to land use and agriculture."
5528:
2861:
3375:
3248:
7116:
6885:
6043:
3832:
6852:
6994:
10521:
10473:
3914:
1422:, and the wealthiest 1% of the world's population are responsible for more than double the greenhouse gas emissions of the poorest 50% combined.
6725:
6017:
3915:"A huge study of 20 years of global wealth demolishes the myth of 'trickle-down' and shows the rich are taking most of the gains for themselves"
3167:
3793:
2011:
based on the common ownership of the means of production, where each individual citizen would have free access to the articles of consumption (
1160:
is considered to be particularly victimized by this phenomenon, though the exact socioeconomic manifestations change across different regions.
9228:
Hatch, Megan E.; Rigby, Elizabeth (2015). "Laboratories of (In)equality? Redistributive Policy and Income Inequality in the American States".
4409:
Hatch, Megan E.; Rigby, Elizabeth (2015). "Laboratories of (In)equality? Redistributive Policy and Income Inequality in the American States".
3434:
10531:
2120:
believed that if government action is taken in pursuit of economic equality then political freedom would suffer. In a famous quote, he said:
1758:, who posited that, among other things, the Nordic countries are consistently ranked as some of the world's most innovative countries by the
3542:
2899:
1866:: Research has shown an inverse link between income inequality and social cohesion. In more equal societies, people are much more likely to
1635:
Deferred investment programs that increase stock ownership amongst lower income levels can supplement income to compensate wage stagnation.
997:
operated by technologically skilled workers, thereby reducing the demand for unskilled labor while increasing the demand for skilled labor.
525:
which measured social spending, tax and workers' rights to show which countries were best at closing the gap between the rich and the poor.
10448:
6428:
Huber, Evelyne; Nielsen, François; Pribble, Jenny; Stephens, John D. (2006). "Politics and Inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean".
4520:
4070:
3596:
353:
152:
141:
an age group and between inter-generational groups, within a gender group and between them etc, either from one or from multiple nations).
7954:
O'Donnell, Michael, and Serena Chen. "Political Ideology, the Moralizing of Income Inequality, and Its Social Consequences." Available at
3460:
3192:
2109:
since even the poorest members of society theoretically benefit from increased innovations under capitalism; others believe only a strong
10655:
7272:
4327:
3684:
2413:
2124:
A society that puts equality before freedom will get neither. A society that puts freedom before equality will get a high degree of both.
271:
There are tentative signs of a possible convergence of inequality levels towards a common and higher average level across OECD countries.
5892:"The Paradox of Redistribution and Strategies of Equality: Welfare State Institutions, Inequality, and Poverty in the Western Countries"
4622:
3990:
2936:
Neves, Pedro Cunha; Afonso, Γscar; Silva, Sandra Tavares (2016). "A Meta-Analytic Reassessment of the Effects of Inequality on Growth".
1904:: Studies have found evidence that in societies where inequality is lower, population-wide satisfaction and happiness tend to be higher.
1277:
concentrates in the possession of already-wealthy individuals or entities. Accordingly, those who already hold wealth have the means to
561:
8071:
1338:
10546:
10478:
5168:
Becker, Gary S.; Tomes, Nigel (December 1979). "An Equilibrium Theory of the Distribution of Income and Intergenerational Mobility".
1701:
6579:"How Can Education Policy Improve Income Distribution?: An Empirical Analysis of Education Stages and Measures on Income Inequality"
4554:"An Interview With Education for Sustainable Development "Young Voices": Beliefs and Values From the Next Generation of ESD Leaders"
3942:
414:
10516:
8918:
Alesina, Alberto; Di Tella, Rafael; MacCulloch, Robert (2004). "Inequality and happiness: Are Europeans and Americans different?".
8163:
7404:
Corvalana, Alejandro, and Matteo Pazzonab. "Does Inequality Really Increase Crime? Theory and Evidence." In Technical Report. 2019.
5847:
Hnatkovska, Viktoria; Lahiri, Amartya; Paul, Sourabh B. (2013). "Breaking the Caste Barrier: Intergenerational Mobility in India".
9910:"The One Percent across Two Centuries: A Replication of Thomas Piketty's Data on the Concentration of Wealth in the United States"
4765:"Does the sharing economy increase inequality within the eighty percent?: findings from a qualitative study of platform providers"
4497:
182:
into "rich" and "poor" countries. Since then, income levels across countries have been converging, with most people now living in
10551:
7577:
6865:
2285:
2094:
certain amount of redistribution would be justified to compensate for this force but not because of the inequalities themselves.
1819:
1693:
8992:
Andersen, Robert; Fetner, Tina (2008). "Economic Inequality and Intolerance: Attitudes toward Homosexuality in 35 Democracies".
1456:
by 2030, up from $ 1.5 trillion in 2015. $ 1.7 trillion in green energy investment is required each year, while the majority of
10541:
10536:
10468:
7029:
Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James A.; Verdier, Thierry (2017). "Asymmetric Growth and Institutions in an Interdependent World".
6618:
Clark, J. R.; Lawson, Robert A. (2008). "The Impact of Economic Growth, Tax Policy and Economic Freedom on Income Inequality".
1617:
1141:
1121:, which implies that women are usually accumulated in lower-paid positions and sectors, such as social services and education.
1034:
812:
for an income distribution before taxation and the Gini index after taxation is an indicator for the effects of such taxation.
402:
9853:
9818:
9675:
9640:
7908:
7208:
6925:
9191:
8662:
8496:
5938:
5290:
4999:
2619:
2423:
2263:
1975:
473:
There is a significant difference in the measured wealth distribution and the public's understanding of wealth distribution.
7426:
5485:
Herring, Cedric; Conley, Dalton (March 2000). "Being Black, Living in the Red: Race, Wealth, and Social Policy in America".
4526:(report no. CRR WP 1999-06). Chestnut Hill, MA: Center for Retirement Research at Boston College. p. 43. Archived from
10443:
10420:
8039:
The liberal theory of justice : a critical examination of the principal doctrines in A theory of justice by John Rawls
4463:
2418:
2296:, who may also feel that policies which would reduce inequality are direct attacks on their favored version of capitalism,
1841:
1697:
1398:. The study says that 25% of gap between the developed world and the developing world can be attributed to global warming.
603:
467:
232:
4594:
Baten, JΓΆrg; Hippe, Ralph (2017). "Geography, land inequality and regional numeracy in Europe in historical perspective".
3220:
2529:
6697:
6067:
5933:(1st Harvard University Press paperback ed.). Cambridge, MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
5024:
4131:
3649:
NovotnΓ½, Josef (2007). "On the measurement of regional inequality: Does spatial dimension of income inequality matter?".
1988:
within capitalism. The process of job automation conflicts with the capitalist property form and its attendant system of
1494:
1288:
801:
7819:
Connell, Brendan J.; Dorr, Dalton C.; Shin, Adrian J. (March 6, 2021). "Inequality and the Partisan Political Economy".
5420:
5039:
2537:
1932:: Higher income inequality led to less of all forms of social, cultural, and civic participation among the less wealthy.
1366:
744:, if competition is imperfect; information unevenly distributed; opportunities to acquire education and skills unequal;
9481:
8884:
8856:
8834:
8812:
8788:
8766:
8740:
8724:
8700:
8681:
8641:
8620:
8601:
8575:
8522:
8453:
8396:
8264:
8021:
7983:
7939:
7887:
7370:
Kang, Songman (2015). "Inequality and crime revisited: Effects of local inequality and economic segregation on crime".
7092:
6905:
6768:
6668:
6356:
5743:
5711:
5442:
Bloome, D.; Western, B. (December 1, 2011). "Cohort Change and Racial Differences in Educational and Income Mobility".
5152:
4975:
3122:
3052:
3032:
2917:
2879:
2687:
931:
has published studies which found that the decline of unionization in many advanced economies and the establishment of
8115:"NS Essay β 'Accumulation of wealth is unjust where it arises not from hard work and risk-taking enterprise, but from
8114:
7343:
Ezcurra, Roberto; Palacios, David (2016). "Terrorism and spatial disparities: Does interregional inequality matter?".
3998:
42:
10526:
10170:
8912:
here seems to some sort of cap on inequality β a limit to the economic divisions a country can ultimately cope with.
8222:
5341:
Danaei, Goodarz; Rimm, Eric B.; Oza, Shefali; Kulkarni, Sandeep C.; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Ezzati, Majid (2010).
4224:
3068:
1884:, increasing socioeconomic inequality, along with rising healthcare costs, surging addiction rates, and an unhealthy
1849:
1423:
897:
686:. This is an important measure of inequality as the basic utility of the wealth or income is the expenditure. People
186:. However, inequality within the population in most has risen significantly in the last 30 years, particularly among
8478:
7535:"No Matter How We Measure Poverty, the Poverty Rate Would Be Much Lower If Economic Growth Were More Broadly Shared"
3146:
2196:
In most western democracies, the desire to eliminate or reduce economic inequality is generally associated with the
10435:
10071:
9351:; Turnovsky, Stephen J. (2007). "Growth, Income Inequality, and Fiscal Policy: What Are the Relevant Trade-offs?".
8099:'KILLING THE NOOB' A thesis on Meritocracy and what it has to do with Massive Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games
7620:
7199:"Life expectancy in the US keeps going down, and a new study says America's worsening inequality could be to blame"
6474:; Turnovsky, Stephen J. (2007). "Growth, Income Inequality, and Fiscal Policy: What Are the Relevant Trade-offs?".
6357:"'Friending Bias' / A large new study offers clues about how lower-income children can rise up the economic ladder"
5812:
Peil, Margaret (January 1990). "Intergenerational mobility through education: Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe".
5393:
5323:
5091:"Income inequality and its driving forces in transitional countries: evidence from Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia"
1552:
Research shows that since 1300, the only periods with significant declines in wealth inequality in Europe were the
575:
420:
The logarithmic scale shows how wealth has increased for all percentile groups, though moreso for wealthier people.
323:
9463:
7932:
The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present
7509:
3344:
2584:
1149:
policy or social stratification, leading to ethnic communities that experience widespread gaps in wealth and aid.
155:, which is a statistic composite index that takes inequality into account. Important concepts of equality include
10782:
10777:
10717:
10254:
4521:
Lifetime Earnings Patterns, the Distribution of Future Social Security Benefits, and the Impact of Pension Reform
2041:
was facilitated by men advancing through their own merit rather than because of family or political connections.
1770:
1705:
1406:
1136:
915:
260:
The main reason for increasing inequality seems to be the difference between the demand for and supply of skills.
4805:
4685:
1766:, with Sweden ranking as the most innovative nation, followed by Finland, for 2012β2013; the U.S. ranked sixth.
831:
10131:
9806:
8549:
8355:
8046:
4144:
2018:
1993:
1782:
1520:
869:
437:
on July 22, 2014, the "richest 1 percent in the United States now own more wealth than the bottom 90 percent".
408:
The average personal wealth of people in the top 1% is more than a thousand times that of people in bottom 50%.
170:
34:
5135:
Brady, David; Burton, Linda M., eds. (April 5, 2017). "The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Poverty".
3891:
1646:
recommend much higher top marginal tax rates on the wealthy, up to 50 percent, 70 percent or even 90 percent.
1325:
argues that countries with larger financial sectors have greater inequality, and the link is not an accident.
4464:"Diversifying Society's Leaders? The Determinants and Consequences of Admission to Highly Selective Colleges"
2293:
1746:
1717:
1453:
8973:
8319:
Fukuda-Parr, Sakiko (2003). "The Human Development Paradigm: Operationalizing Sen's Ideas on Capabilities".
7316:
Neapolitan, Jerome L (1999). "A comparative analysis of nations with low and high levels of violent crime".
3286:
10802:
10787:
10415:
10389:
10300:
9412:
Sala-i-Martin, X. (2006). "The World Distribution of Income: Falling Poverty and ... Convergence, Period".
8391:, Sterling, VA & Ottawa, Ontario: Earthscan International Development Research Centre, pp. 22β48,
7672:
Robert C. Lieberman; Suzanne Mettler; Thomas B. Pepinsky; Kenneth M. Roberts; Richard Valelly (June 2019).
5553:
Vallejo, Jody Agius (December 2010). "Generations of exclusion: Mexican Americans, assimilation and race".
4437:
3383:
1763:
1737:
1023:": Change in real income between 1988 and 2008 at various income percentiles of global income distribution.
774:
334:
183:
9385:(1932) , "Part I, Chapter VIII: Economic welfare and changes in the distribution of the national dividend
8143:
7763:"Does inequality lead to civil wars? A global long-term study using anthropometric indicators (1816β1999)"
5258:
Richardson, Jason; Mitchell, Bruce C.; Meier, Helen C.S.; Lynch, Emily; Edlebi, Jad (September 10, 2020).
3848:
Era Dabla-Norris; Kalpana Kochhar; Nujin Suphaphiphat; Frantisek Ricka; Evridiki Tsounta (June 15, 2015).
2141:
Patrick Diamond and Anthony Giddens (professors of Economics and Sociology, respectively) hold that 'pure
1787:
A lot of research has been done about the effects of economic inequality on different aspects in society:
1015:
494:, economic inequality between states had declined, but intrastate inequality has increased for 70% of the
10797:
10792:
10425:
10410:
10397:
9724:
Morrisson, Christian; Wayne, Snyder (2000). "The income inequality of France in historical perspective".
7558:
7534:
4336:(Chart labeled "Effective tax rates by income".) Analysis by economists Emmanuel Saez and Gabriel Zucman.
4089:
928:
500:
368:
27:
8755:
The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century
7483:
7004:
6756:
The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century
1996:, meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs, increasing unemployment (the "
10807:
10754:
10558:
8758:
8437:
7973:
6760:
6545:
4711:
4360:: (n) progressive tax (any tax in which the rate increases as the amount subject to taxation increases)
3808:"Rising inequality affecting more than two-thirds of the globe, but it's not inevitable: new UN report"
3406:
1604:
reduces absolute income inequality when the higher rates on higher-income individuals are paid and not
1542:: increasing the supply of skilled labor and reducing income inequality due to education differentials.
914:
as one of the causes of economic inequality. In an analysis of the effects of intensive Anglo-American
474:
303:
202:
9709:
7762:
7671:
6305:
Chetty, Raj; Jackson, Matthew O.; Kuchler, Theresa; Stroebel, Johannes; et al. (August 1, 2022).
2648:
942:
have been proven to not be effective in resolving economic inequalities but have instead worsened it.
10405:
10249:
8139:
3704:
Norton, Michael I.; Ariely, Dan (2011). "Building a Better America β One Wealth Quintile at a Time".
2396:
1655:
1457:
920:
872:
raises incomes and promotes growth because it helps to unleash the productive potential of the poor.
431:, the top 400 richest Americans "have more wealth than half of all Americans combined." According to
364:
228:
144:
107:
9870:
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9692:
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9365:
9149:
9045:
8951:"Support for Democracy in Cross-national Perspective: The Detrimental Effect of Economic Inequality"
8413:"Neoliberal Policies, Institutions Have Prompted Preference for Greater Inequality, New Study Finds"
6488:
3623:"Income inequality in America is the highest it's been since census started tracking it, data shows"
752:
this means that there is an enormous potential role for government to correct such market failures.
10138:
10126:
8932:
8541:
5214:
Borjas, George (July 1991). Ethnic Capital and Intergenerational Mobility (Report). Cambridge, MA.
4641:
2408:
2297:
1709:
1449:
1118:
1010:
805:
649:
346:
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posits that, since the Stone Age, only extreme violence, catastrophes and upheaval in the form of
10483:
10214:
9348:
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6471:
3193:"The '1%' are the main drivers of climate change, but it hits the poor the hardest: Oxfam report"
2381:
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2310:
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which aims to garner international efforts in reducing economic inequality considerably by 2030.
1751:
1473:
1100:
675:
529:
514:
478:
193:
Research has generally linked economic inequality to political and social instability, including
164:
137:
8510:
6378:
Bradley, David; Huber, Evelyne; Moller, Stephanie; Nielsen, François; Stephens, John D. (2011).
6237:
5759:
Bossuroy, Thomas; Cogneau, Denis (April 18, 2013). "Social Mobility in Five African Countries".
3487:
3024:
3018:
1452:'s World Investment Report, poorer countries would need $ 4 trillion per year to accomplish the
100:
10600:
10323:
9865:
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9144:
9040:
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1997:
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1037:. He attributes this trend to increased trade with poor countries and the fragmentation of the
961:
955:
939:
735:
133:
125:
9441:
Seguino, Stephanie (2000). "Gender Inequality and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Analysis".
6627:
6201:
5144:
1681:
Public policy responses addressing causes and effects of income inequality in the US include:
367:
reported that the richest 1% of adults alone owned 40% of global assets in the year 2000. The
326:), gaps in access to education, and barriers to employment and career progression for women."
318:. It concluded that key sources of inequality in these countries include "a large, persistent
286:), the wages of the 10% best-paid workers have risen relative to those of the 10% lowest paid.
10731:
10582:
9124:
8364:
7484:"How Much do External Factors Affect Wellbeing? A Way to Use 'Happiness Economics' to Decide"
7078:
4609:
4022:
OECD Framework for Statistics on the Distribution of Household Income, Consumption and Wealth
2038:
1965:
by a class of owners, creating a situation where a small portion of the population lives off
1885:
1217:
1049:
858:
508:
inequality, but pervasive inequities in access to education, health care, and finance remain.
92:
63:
10592:
8536:
7574:
6784:
Moyes, P (1988). "A note on minimally progressive taxation and absolute income inequality".
4527:
4357:
2511:
2300:. In addition, some feel that economic inequality has not actually increased significantly.
2200:. One practical argument in favor of reduction is the idea that economic inequality reduces
1056:", a significant driver of surging global inequality. Another driver Hickel mentions is the
10639:
10634:
10624:
10338:
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10099:
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9988:
9938:"Tracing the beginning of the Kuznets curve: Western Europe during the early modern period"
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9473:
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7299:
7273:"Social Democratic Nations Rank Happiest on Global Index (Again). US Ranking Falls (Again)"
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Improving job quality and reducing gender gaps are essential to tackling growing inequality
2556:
2483:
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2355:
2070:
1833:
1795:
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Paul Krugman estimates that trade liberalisation has had a measurable effect on the rising
179:
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7723:
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7162:
Pickett, KE; Wilkinson, RG (March 2015). "Income inequality and health: a causal review".
8:
10709:
10606:
10363:
10293:
10244:
10219:
10121:
10116:
8904:(September 2, 2019). "Widening Gyre: The rise and fall and rise of economic inequality".
8148:
8011:
6971:
6910:
6870:
4105:
4071:"Consumption Inequality: What's in Your Shopping Basket? | JPMorgan Chase Institute"
4025:. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2013 – via OECD iLibrary.
3627:
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2488:
2478:
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2100:
2054:
1962:
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per person, though the rate of increase diminishes with average GDP/pp of about $ 10,000.
1038:
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667:
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565:
160:
9992:
9563:
8197:
6546:"Why Market Imperatives Invigorate Economic Inequality? Cobb-Douglas Utility Remodelled"
6322:
6278:
6261:
6245:
6151:"Billionaires emit a million times more greenhouse gases than the average person: Oxfam"
6124:
3314:β Michael Moore says 400 Americans have more wealth than half of all Americans combined"
1894:: The cross national research shows that in societies with less economic inequality the
1430:
9973:
9960:
9937:
9909:
9770:
9741:
9710:
How rich were the rich? An empirically-based taxonomy of pre-industrial bases of wealth
9595:
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factors such as returns from property. Inheritance is a form of brute-luck inequality'"
7844:
7654:
7387:
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6453:
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6410:
6339:
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8829:. Radcliffe Lectures. Oxford & New York: Clarendon Press Oxford University Press.
7329:
5825:
5726:
de Ferranti, David; Perry, Guillermo E.; Ferreira, Francisco; Walton, Michael (2004).
2726:
1273:
Wealth concentration is the process by which, under certain conditions, newly created
748:
results. Many such imperfect conditions exist in virtually every market. According to
636:
In 2012 the Gini index for income inequality for whole European Union was only 30.6%.
136:(how the total sum of wealth owned by people is distributed among the owners), and c)
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10288:
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10038:
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The Great Separation: Top Earner Segregation at Work in Advanced Capitalist Economies
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8616:
8597:
8571:
8545:
8518:
8492:
8480:
The Lion's Share: Inequality and the Rise of the Fiscal State in Preindustrial Europe
8449:
8392:
8260:
8052:
8042:
8017:
7989:
7979:
7955:
7935:
7883:
7848:
7836:
7782:
7650:
7634:
7464:
7391:
7179:
7088:
7060:
6866:
Wealth Gap Widens In Rich Countries As Austerity Threatens To Worsen Inequality: OECD
6846:
6805:
6764:
6623:
6497:
6457:
6344:
6283:
5990:
Inequality and Instability: A Study of the World Economy Just before the Great Crisis
5934:
5903:
5864:
5829:
5798:
5786:
5739:
5707:
5667:
5622:
5582:
5570:
5502:
5459:
5374:
5308:
5296:
5286:
5197:
5185:
5148:
5114:
5090:
4971:
4886:
4847:
4786:
4660:"Huge new study shows trickle-down economics makes inequality worse, researchers say"
4627:
4573:
4371:
4286:
4274:
4220:
4214:
4140:
4109:
3774:
3721:
3461:"You call this a meritocracy? How rich inheritance is poisoning the American economy"
3118:
3064:
3028:
2999:
2913:
2875:
2843:
2782:
2742:
2730:
2683:
2615:
2463:
2453:
2438:
2370:
2365:
2209:
2165:
2050:
2008:
1985:
1981:
1867:
1823:
1689:
1613:
1609:
1569:
1345:
1174:
1130:
1109:
1069:
854:
381:
187:
129:
54:
Differences in national income equality around the world as measured by the national
20:
9745:
8340:
8276:
7674:"The Trump Presidency and American Democracy: A Historical and Comparative Analysis"
7658:
7175:
6044:"The world's top 1% of emitters produce over 1000 times more CO2 than the bottom 1%"
5876:
5679:
5471:
5248:"Mapping Inequality." Digital Scholarship Lab, dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/.
5065:
4348:: Tax levied at a rate that increases as the quantity subject to taxation increases.
3670:
1580:
A 2011 OECD study makes a number of suggestions to its member countries, including:
1247:
argued that levels of economic inequality are in large part the result of stages of
10266:
10104:
10028:
9996:
9952:
9924:
9896:
9875:
9840:
9798:
9762:
9733:
9697:
9662:
9627:
9577:
9567:
9540:
9512:
9504:
9469:
9450:
9421:
9370:
9328:
9287:
9258:
9237:
9200:
9154:
9091:
9079:
9050:
9009:
9001:
8965:
8937:
8484:
8389:
An introduction to the human development and capability approach freedom and agency
8328:
8240:
7828:
7778:
7774:
7718:
7685:
7646:
7379:
7356:
7352:
7325:
7203:
7171:
7141:
7046:
7038:
6793:
6590:
6557:
6524:
6493:
6437:
6402:
6394:
6334:
6326:
6273:
6265:
6246:"The persistence of cognitive biases in financial decisions across economic groups"
5856:
5821:
5776:
5768:
5731:
5699:
5657:
5649:
5612:
5562:
5494:
5451:
5364:
5354:
5278:
5215:
5177:
5140:
5102:
5066:"Evidence From Census 2000 About Earnings by Detailed Occupation for Men and Women"
4878:
4839:
4776:
4565:
4418:
4383:
4266:
4159:"Neoliberalism is increasing inequality and stunting economic growth, the IMF says"
4101:
4052:
3919:
3760:
3733:
3713:
3658:
3110:
3056:
2989:
2949:
2945:
2905:
2867:
2823:
2772:
2722:
2564:
2375:
2360:
2345:
2335:
2173:
2074:
1971:
1721:
1539:
1145:
911:
800:
Additionally, steeper tax progressivity applied to social spending can result in a
723:
625:
617:
612:
591:
495:
438:
206:
148:
55:
50:
10033:
10016:
8941:
8239:
The relation between economic inequality and political inequality is explained by
7832:
6414:
6379:
6220:"UNSDG | Developing countries face staggering $ 4 trillion investment gap in SDGs"
4994:
4345:
4270:
85:
10749:
10665:
10353:
10328:
10057:
8750:
8652:
8589:
8585:
6750:
6702:
6669:"Inequality Has Historically Been Leveled Only By Terrible Violence And Upheaval"
5359:
5106:
5003:
4940:
3547:
3517:"Bill Gates, Jeff Bezos and Warren Buffett are wealthier than poorest half of US"
3465:
3349:
3174:
2609:
2591:
2448:
2433:
2428:
2315:
2217:
2213:
2201:
2154:
2117:
2078:
2001:
1966:
1853:
1682:
1624:
legislation has also been proposed as a means of reducing income inequality. The
1601:
1557:
1545:
1468:
1442:
1415:
1322:
1307:
846:
792:
769:
749:
587:
482:
386:
319:
264:
The study made the following conclusions about the level of economic inequality:
9887:
Stewart, Frances (2016). "Changing perspectives on inequality and development".
9425:
9278:
Kenworthy, Lane (2010). "Rising Inequality, Public Policy, and America's Poor".
8332:
7596:"'Trickle-down consumption': How rising inequality can leave everyone worse off"
6018:"The United States has caused the most global warming. When will China pass it?"
4244:
1516:
outside of government intervention that can reduce economic inequality include:
214:
one-third, with most of this being achieved via public social spending (such as
10017:"Inequality as experienced difference: A reformulation of the Gini coefficient"
9802:
8969:
8906:
8901:
8776:
7074:
6754:
6441:
6330:
6269:
5617:
5600:
4905:"SOF/Heyman | The Society of Fellows and Heyman Center for the Humanities"
4553:
4328:"America's richest 400 families now pay a lower tax rate than the middle class"
4126:
3807:
2677:
2325:
2289:
2197:
2185:
2149:
1917:
1871:
1807:
1755:
1742:
1725:
1659:
1643:
1419:
1391:
1283:
1117:
hiring women because of possible maternity leave. Other reason for this can be
1087:
1020:
745:
741:
703:
545:
537:
450:
9900:
9844:
9737:
9701:
9666:
9517:
9465:
Who Loses in the Downturn? Economic Crisis, Employment and Income Distribution
9204:
9083:
7993:
7690:
7673:
7383:
7231:
6642:
6511:
Carroll, Christopher; Slacalek, Jiri; Kiichi, Tokuoka; White, Matthew (2017).
5781:
5703:
5300:
4642:
IMF: The last generation of economic policies may have been a complete failure
4569:
3662:
2835:
2777:
2760:
714:
resulted in "increased inequality" and are stunting economic growth globally.
10771:
10723:
10688:
10333:
10184:
10042:
9332:
9135:
Galor, Oded; Zeira, Joseph (1993). "Income Distribution and Macroeconomics".
8531:
8506:
8380:
8056:
7905:"The Normative View of Marxian Theory on Income Distribution under Socialism"
7840:
7786:
7581:
7277:
6999:
6950:
5907:
5868:
5833:
5790:
5671:
5626:
5574:
5506:
5463:
5189:
4924:
4890:
4851:
4790:
4577:
4278:
4136:
4113:
3717:
3571:"World's witnessing a new Gilded Age as billionaires' wealth swells to $ 6tn"
3492:
3371:
3340:
3114:
3060:
3003:
2909:
2871:
2814:
MacCulloch, Robert (2005). "Income Inequality and the Taste for Revolution".
2800:
2786:
2734:
2243:
2205:
2177:
2110:
2090:
1815:
1685:
1666:
1651:
1639:
1513:
1244:
1238:
1095:
1060:
system which advanced the need for structural adjustment in the first place.
1006:
932:
583:
541:
533:
459:
210:
174:
121:
9316:
9291:
9031:
Barro, Robert J. (1991). "Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries".
7934:. Cambridge & New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
7621:"Income Inequality and Participation: A Comparison of 24 European Countries"
7468:
6244:
Ruggeri, Kai; Ashcroft-Jones, S.; Abate Romero Landini, G. (June 26, 2023).
5529:"Why the racial wealth gap persists, more than 150 years after emancipation"
4302:"More than half of U.S. households have some investment in the stock market"
2037:
stated that the progression of Western economic development that led to the
976:
restrict the volume of work remaining for the minority of platform workers.
46:
Share of income of the top 1% for selected developed countries, 1975 to 2015
10616:
10358:
10204:
9591:
9572:
9212:
9116:
8870:
8712:
Income Distribution Dynamics of Economic Systems: An Econophysical Approach
8613:
Affluence and influence: Economic inequality and political power in America
8555:
8353:
8126:
8102:(Bachelor of Arts with Honours thesis). Swinburne University of Technology.
7183:
6901:
6348:
6287:
6101:
6092:
5378:
4781:
4764:
3947:
3725:
3689:
3253:
2458:
2160:
2066:
2034:
1837:
1799:
1729:
1675:
1438:
1395:
1311:
1301:
1157:
1091:
1045:
893:
315:
9784:"The evolution of top incomes: a historical and international perspective"
9404:
9070:
Barro, Robert J. (2000). "Inequality and Growth in a Panel of Countries".
8710:
8488:
8226:
6562:
6125:"Climate change: Global 'elite' will need to slash high-carbon lifestyles"
6097:"World's richest 1% cause double CO2 emissions of poorest 50%, says Oxfam"
5860:
5735:
5282:
4843:
4037:
2994:
2977:
2208:, thereby weakening the society. There is evidence that this is true (see
1078:
The gender gap in median earnings of full-time employees according to the
883:
808:
in the US can also decrease income inequality. The difference between the
128:(how the total sum of money paid to people is distributed among them), b)
10682:
10343:
10273:
10239:
10209:
10179:
9112:
8822:
8798:
7051:
6967:"How an anti-rentier agenda might bring liberals, conservatives together"
6643:"The top rich in Europe in the long run of history (1300 to present day)"
6398:
6243:
6004:
The Price of Inequality: How Today's Divided Society Endangers Our Future
5976:
The Price of Inequality: How Today's Divided Society Endangers Our Future
5653:
4216:
The Price of Inequality: How Today's Divided Society Endangers Our Future
3765:
3748:
2898:
Cederman, Lars-Erik; Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede; Buhaug, Halvard (2013).
2340:
2320:
2277:
2250:
2212:) and it is intuitive, at least for small face-to-face groups of people.
2181:
2142:
2129:
2029:
1961:
attribute the vast disparities in wealth to the private ownership of the
1647:
1605:
1506:
1264:
1135:
There is also a globally recognized disparity in the wealth, income, and
707:
549:
9928:
9433:
9299:
9023:
6604:
6449:
6406:
5662:
5566:
5455:
3943:"Global inequality 'as marked as it was at peak of western imperialism'"
3850:
Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality : A Global Perspective
2569:
10368:
10158:
9964:
9526:
9270:
9185:
Goudarzi, Shahrzad; Badaan, Vivienne; Knowles, Eric D. (May 10, 2022).
9166:
9062:
9014:
8007:
7157:
7155:
6797:
6595:
6578:
6307:"Social capital I: measurement and associations with economic mobility"
5915:
5891:
5772:
5514:
4479:
4395:
4056:
3318:
2106:
2095:
2073:
regardless of whether it leads to unequal wealth distribution. In 1966
1989:
1629:
1621:
1594:) would help to boost their productivity potential and future earnings.
1532:
1434:
1113:
1074:
1029:
993:
907:
837:
809:
788:
765:
727:
710:
706:
argues that widening economic disparity is an inevitable phenomenon of
699:
has been driven mostly by increasing inequality in wages and salaries.
687:
643:
629:
454:
446:
442:
428:
194:
9879:
9766:
9241:
8676:(3rd ed.). Manchester, NY: Manchester University Press Palgrave.
6836:"Unequal Inequalities: Do Progressive Taxes Reduce Income Inequality?"
4882:
4519:
Bosworth, Barry; Burtless, Gary; Steuerle, C. Eugene (December 1999).
4422:
3685:
Jobs and social security needed as income inequality widens, UNDP warn
2270:
690:
the inequality directly in consumption, rather than income or wealth.
10587:
10278:
10193:
10163:
10153:
10148:
8567:
7623:
GINI Discussion Paper No. 6 (Amsterdam Centre for Inequality Studies)
5236:
Economic Mobility Project: An Initiative of the Pew Charitable Trusts
2713:
Hung, Ho-Fung (2021). "Recent Trends in Global Economic Inequality".
2473:
2443:
2221:
1958:
1628:
asserts that public spending is vital in reducing the ever-expanding
1561:
1268:
1204:
821:
655:
616:
Countries' income inequality according to their most recent reported
363:
A study by the World Institute for Development Economics Research at
307:
291:
198:
9956:
9508:
9262:
9158:
9054:
7959:
7152:
6926:
Economists to Congress: It's Time for a "Robin Hood Tax" on the Rich
5498:
4867:"Uneven Growth: Automation's Impact on Income and Wealth Inequality"
4387:
4183:
Ostry, Jonathan D.; Loungani, Prakash; Furceri, Davide (June 2016).
2978:"Is Economic Inequality Really a Problem? A Review of the Arguments"
2254:
it becomes more difficult to reduce the gap without additional aid.
2069:
generally do not take a stance on wealth inequality, but believe in
1429:
In July 2023, a letter sent to the United Nations secretary general
9554:
9492:
8636:. WIDER Studies in Development Economics. Oxford University Press.
8097:
7042:
6513:"The distribution of wealth and the marginal propensity to consume"
5181:
4482:
schools plus others with similar prestige, rankings or selectivity.
4261:
3249:"World's five richest men double their money as poorest get poorer"
2827:
1895:
1811:
1713:
1229:
877:
796:
385:
5.50 a day likely increased by 500 million. According to economist
9187:"Neoliberalism and the Ideological Construction of Equity Beliefs"
8876:
The spirit level: why more equal societies almost always do better
8223:"Inequality and Happiness: Are Europeans and Americans Different?"
7865:. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2007. p. 107.
6821:
The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better
6529:
6512:
5220:
4623:
IMF agrees: Decline of union power has increased income inequality
2761:"Rising Inequality As a Threat to the Liberal International Order"
597:
555:
10261:
10049:
9534:
Stewart, Alexander J.; McCarty, Nolan; Bryson, Joanna J. (2020).
9249:
Kaldor, Nicholas (1955). "Alternative Theories of Distribution".
8693:
Class war?: What Americans really think about economic inequality
4610:
Is the U.S. a Good Model for Reducing Social Exclusion in Europe?
3868:
3543:"The Paradise Papers Are Just a Glimpse at the Unreal Wealth Gap"
3278:
2014:
From each according to his ability, to each according to his need
1803:
1199:
African countries, too, continue to deal with the effects of the
1105:
731:
693:
215:
9121:"Theoretical and methodological pathways for research on elites"
8164:
Pope Francis condemns inequality, thus refusing to play the game
6835:
5259:
4968:
The Divide: A Brief Guide to Global Inequality and its Solutions
3991:"Country Comparison: Distribution of family income β Gini index"
3597:"World's billionaires became 20% richer in 2017, report reveals"
2220:, and Robert MacCulloch find that inequality negatively affects
257:
In the bottom percentiles, number of hours worked has decreased.
10695:
10310:
10081:
8354:
UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) (January 1, 1990).
7707:"Unwelcome Change: Coming to Terms with Democratic Backsliding"
6380:"Distribution and Redistribution in Postindustrial Democracies"
5324:"Can the Racial Wealth Gap Be Closed Without Speaking of Race?"
3053:
Press Release for Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising
2176:
will be relatively high, because more people who want ordinary
1916:: Income inequality has been the driving factor in the growing
1857:
1654:, the United Front Against Austerity, among others, call for a
1590:
Better job-related training and education for the low-skilled (
1437:
by a group of over 200 economists from 67 countries, including
1278:
1274:
1178:
683:
679:
571:
311:
295:
275:
68:
9186:
8849:
The impact of inequality: how to make sick societies healthier
7799:
5931:
Global inequality: a new approach for the age of globalization
5725:
4806:"Temping fate: can TaskRabbit go from side gigs to real jobs?"
4462:
Chetty, Raj; Deming, David J.; Friedman, John N. (July 2023).
10143:
8731:
Salverda, Wiemer; Nolan, Brian; Smeeding, Timothy M. (2009).
8654:
Foundations of Real-World Economics (3rd Edition) Section 9.1
8630:
GradΓn, Carlos; Leibbrandt, Murray; Tarp, Finn, eds. (2021).
6177:"Top economists call for action on runaway global inequality"
5955:
U.S. university endowment size vs. real annual rate of return
3969:
3864:"IMF calls for fiscal policies that tackle rising inequality"
1402:
518:
377:
299:
283:
279:
9468:. Research in Labor Economics. Vol. 32. pp. 1β50.
8383:(2009), "The human development and capability approach", in
7635:"Income distribution, political instability, and investment"
6304:
6042:
Cozzi, Laura; Chen, Olivia; Kim, Hyeji (February 22, 2023).
5257:
3642:
2801:"Parametric estimations of the world distribution of income"
1769:
There are however global initiative like the United Nations
1671:
others see a small one, but none finds any serious damage."
1535:
initiatives intended to reduce economic inequality include:
151:
being a widely used one. Another type of measurement is the
9536:"Polarization under rising inequality and economic decline"
6427:
5698:, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 165β191,
4990:
3836:
3197:
1625:
1411:
1386:
1344:
Scaling the effect of wealth to the national level: richer
1079:
1057:
579:
532:, a four-year research project organized by the economists
6906:
Time for a Sales Tax on Wall Street Financial Transactions
6510:
6299:
6297:
4865:
Moll, Benjamin; Rachel, Lukasz; Restrepo, Pascual (2022).
4738:"Myths of the 1 Percent: What's Putting People at the Top"
4455:
4088:
Neckerman, Kathryn M.; Torche, Florencia (July 18, 2007).
1662:) to bolster the social safety net and the public sector.
902:
John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer (2006) of the CEPR point to
8917:
8361:(Report). Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
8304:
Amartya Sen (1999). "Poverty as Capability Deprivation".
7236:
6377:
4939:
Slaughter, Matthew J.; Swagel, Phillip (September 1997).
4904:
3411:
2007:
Marxist socialists ultimately predict the emergence of a
1041:, resulting in low skilled jobs becoming more tradeable.
965:
16:
Distribution of income or wealth between different groups
9347:
8783:. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press.
8072:"Income Inequality Is Not Rising Globally. It's Falling"
6834:
Duncan, Denvil, Klara Sabirianova Peter (October 2012).
6470:
4518:
2280:
think tanks funded by corporations and the wealthy like
1575:
492:
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
7463:(2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River N.J: Prentice-Hall.
7028:
6726:"A Dilemma for Humanity: Stark Inequality or Total War"
6294:
3852:. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
2897:
1860:
issued) in countries and states with higher inequality.
1802:
have found higher rates of health and social problems (
1587:
Facilitation and encouragement of access to employment.
884:
Economic liberalism, deregulation and decline of unions
562:
List of countries by wealth per adult Β§ By country
9752:
4829:
4491:
4036:
Attanasio, Orazio P.; Pistaferri, Luigi (April 2016).
2538:"World Wealth Distribution And Income Inequality 2022"
290:
A 2011 OECD study investigated economic inequality in
240:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
9184:
8730:
5340:
5275:
The good citizen: the markers of privilege in America
4438:"More than a Dozen Alternative Ways of Spelling Gini"
674:
for judging economic inequality, comparing levels of
9533:
8629:
7880:
Karl Marx's Economics: Critical Assessments I and II
7136:
7134:
6886:
For Two Economists, the Buffett Rule Is Just a Start
5846:
5639:
5394:"How Redlining, Racism Harm Black Americans' Health"
4461:
4182:
2611:
As Gods Among Men: A History of the Rich in the West
2180:
and services will be able to afford them, while the
1974:
so that income differentials would be reflective of
1328:
791:
coupled with the progressivity of the tax system. A
644:
Consumption distribution within individual countries
586:
and their expected development, real estate prices,
33:"Rich and poor" redirects here. For other uses, see
9819:"Income inequality in the United States, 1913β1998"
8505:
8299:
8297:
8144:
Pope: "King Money" Culture is Hurting Young and Old
7761:Baten, Joerg; Mumme, Christina (December 1, 2013).
4369:
4035:
3273:
3271:
2271:
Arguments that economic inequality is not a problem
1984:attributes rising inequality to job automation and
10661:Socialism for the rich and capitalism for the poor
8735:. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
8554:
7704:
6009:
5599:Bowles, Samuel; Gintis, Herbert (August 1, 2002).
5266:
4864:
3913:Kaplan, Juliana; Kiersz, Andy (December 7, 2021).
3892:"The Commitment to Reducing Inequality Index 2018"
3168:"Growth of millionaires in India fastest in world"
3139:"Stock quotes, financial tools, news and analysis"
2585:Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)
481:and Dan Ariely of the Department of Psychology at
380:'s 2021 report on global inequality said that the
9493:"A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth"
7131:
4941:"Does Globalization Lower Wages and Export Jobs?"
4769:Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society
3746:
3308:Kertscher, Tom; Borowski, Greg (March 10, 2011).
3307:
2378:, disproportionate economic advancement of Europe
1356:countries. Emissions are roughly proportional to
10769:
9889:Studies in Comparative International Development
9461:
8865:
8369:
8294:
7161:
6037:
6035:
5814:International Journal of Educational Development
5413:"Communities, Schools, Workplaces, & Events"
4996:OECD Employment Outlook 2008 β Statistical Annex
4897:
4319:
3890:Lawson, Max; Martin, Matthew (October 9, 2018).
3787:
3279:"Evolution of wealth indicators, USA, 1913β2019"
3268:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2935:
2859:
2758:
935:economics have fueled rising income inequality.
574:is calculated by various factors, for instance:
10459:Largest financial services companies by revenue
9816:
9781:
8691:Page, Benjamin I.; Jacobs, Lawrence R. (2009).
8112:
7818:
7342:
6698:"One Recipe for a More Equal World: Mass Death"
5758:
4938:
4435:
4208:
4206:
4087:
598:Income distribution within individual countries
556:Wealth distribution within individual countries
9723:
8991:
8958:Research in Social Stratification and Mobility
8584:
8375:
7632:
7413:
4729:
4492:Becker, Gary S.; Murphy, Kevin M. (May 2007).
3794:Peterson Institute for International Economics
3452:
2863:Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy
2759:Flaherty, Thomas M.; Rogowski, Ronald (2021).
694:Factors proposed to affect economic inequality
147:are used for measuring income inequality, the
10454:Largest corporations by market capitalization
10065:
9676:"Russian inequality on the eve of revolution"
9673:
9411:
8674:The distribution and redistribution of income
8016:. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
8000:
7619:Bram Lancee and Hermanvande Werfhorst (2011)
7230:Coughlan, Sean; Brown, David (May 14, 2019).
7229:
6068:"How global warming has made the rich richer"
6032:
5968:
5959:
5484:
5441:
3221:"COVID Has Made Global Inequality Much Worse"
3107:Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising
3050:
3046:
3044:
2956:
1888:, are causes of unhappiness around the world.
938:Contrary to the proponents of neoliberalism,
10014:
9674:Lindert, Peter H.; Steven, Nafziger (2014).
8476:
8198:"inequity - Traduction anglais-arabe | PONS"
8036:
6851:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6148:
6041:
5598:
4300:Parker, Kim; Fry, Richard (March 25, 2020).
4203:
3912:
3889:
3703:
3480:
3426:
3398:
2860:Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James A. (2005).
2554:
2191:
201:. Research suggests that greater inequality
10656:The rich get richer and the poor get poorer
9613:
9399:(4th ed.), London: Macmillan and Co.,
8318:
8303:
7737:
7633:Alesina, Alberto; Perotti, Roberto (1996).
7407:
6617:
5167:
5134:
5009:
4703:
4372:"Distributive Politics and Economic Growth"
4370:Alesina, Alberto; Dani Rodrick (May 1994).
3790:The Future of Worldwide Income Distribution
3364:
3333:
3301:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
2675:
2414:List of countries by distribution of wealth
2136:
1728:spending, and placing limits on and taxing
1678:are popular across the political spectrum.
1460:continues to flow to established nations.
1418:by the rich is a significant driver of the
354:inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
153:Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
10464:Largest manufacturing companies by revenue
10072:
10058:
9227:
9134:
9098:Cousin, Bruno; Chauvin, SΓ©bastien (2021).
8733:The Oxford handbook of economic inequality
8690:
8410:
8259:, 2006, 120 pages, Yale University Press,
7760:
7665:
7315:
5993:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).
5889:
5417:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4915:
4593:
4408:
3747:Hammar, Olle; WaldenstrΓΆm, Daniel (2020).
3041:
3020:The World Transformed: 1945 to the Present
2813:
804:across the board. Tax credits such as the
490:According to a January 2020 report by the
395:Net personal wealth in the U.S. since 1962
10032:
9869:
9834:
9691:
9656:
9581:
9571:
9553:
9516:
9364:
9314:
9277:
9148:
9044:
9013:
8931:
8843:
8821:
8477:Alfani, Guido; Tullio, Matteo Di (2019).
7722:
7689:
7507:
7458:
7442:
7050:
6594:
6561:
6528:
6487:
6354:
6338:
6277:
6149:Ward-Glenton, Hannah (November 8, 2022).
5928:
5780:
5661:
5616:
5368:
5358:
5219:
4780:
4677:
4299:
4260:
3788:Hellebrandt, TomΓ‘Ε‘; Mauro, Paolo (2015).
3764:
3405:Pepitone, Julianne (September 22, 2010).
3023:. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. pp.
2993:
2866:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2776:
2568:
2512:"GINI index (World Bank estimate) | Data"
1953:
91:Tents of the homeless on the sidewalk in
9817:Piketty, Thomas; Emmanuel, Saez (2003).
9782:Piketty, Thomas; Emmanuel, Saez (2006).
8948:
8775:
8749:
8695:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8436:
8253:Market Capitalism and Human Dispositions
7740:"How to Lose a Constitutional Democracy"
7232:"Inequality driving 'deaths of despair'"
7196:
6749:
6666:
5063:
4736:Rothwell, Jonathan (November 17, 2017).
4735:
4686:"Is technology making inequality worse?"
4657:
4212:
3861:
3404:
3191:Clifford, Catherine (January 26, 2021).
3190:
3084:
2976:Peterson, E. Wesley F. (December 2017).
2975:
2231:
2224:in Europe but not in the United States.
1840:have found lower rates of social goods (
1493:
1228:
1073:
1014:
773:
611:
62:
49:
41:
10474:Largest technology companies by revenue
9886:
9638:
9614:Crayen, Dorothee; Joerg, Baten (2010).
9440:
8671:
8249:The Distribution of Political Resources
7902:
7587:
7552:
7416:"Happiness: Has Social Science A Clue?"
6964:
6924:Erika Eichelberger (October 30, 2013).
6859:
6691:
6689:
6543:
6122:
6015:
5552:
5145:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.001.0001
5088:
4608:Schmitt, John and Ben Zipperer. 2006. "
4219:(Kindle ed.). Norton. p. 34.
3940:
3749:"Global Earnings Inequality, 1970β2018"
3648:
3620:
3458:
3432:
3407:"Forbes 400: The super-rich get richer"
2535:
2113:can satisfy Rawls's theory of justice.
2044:
1694:Aid to Families with Dependent Children
1674:General limitations on and taxation of
1254:
1224:
10770:
10542:Income inequality in the United States
10537:Wealth inequality in the United States
10015:Bowles, Samuel; Carlin, Wendy (2020).
9935:
9641:"Real inequality in Europe since 1500"
9248:
9100:"Is there a global super-bourgeoisie?"
8900:
8610:
8517:. Amsterdam & New York: Elsevier.
8173:
7971:
7929:
7593:
7481:
7446:
7270:
7259:The Journal of the Economics of Ageing
7024:
7022:
6992:
6833:
6723:
6695:
6667:Scheidel, Walter (February 23, 2017).
6640:
6576:
6091:
5594:
5592:
5391:
5321:
5213:
4965:
4803:
4763:Schor, Juliet B. (February 10, 2017).
4709:
4658:Srikanth, Anagha (December 17, 2020).
4551:
4485:
4325:
4242:
3862:Dunsmuir, Lindsay (October 11, 2017).
3621:Telford, Taylor (September 26, 2019).
3540:
3218:
2607:
2506:
2504:
2257:
1584:Well-targeted income-support policies.
1163:
205:and macroeconomic stability, and that
19:For the more general social form, see
10469:Largest software companies by revenue
10053:
9907:
9851:
9490:
9381:
9317:"Why the Surge in Income Inequality?"
9192:Perspectives on Psychological Science
9069:
9030:
8994:American Journal of Political Science
8807:. New York: Oxford University Press.
8347:
8069:
8006:
7767:European Journal of Political Economy
7724:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-114628
7508:Bernstein, Jared (January 13, 2014).
7345:European Journal of Political Economy
7197:Woodward, Aylin (November 30, 2019).
6993:Grusky, David B. (MarchβApril 2013).
6783:
6065:
6050:. International Energy Agency (IEA).
5890:Korpi, Walter; Palme, Joakim (1998).
5692:
5272:
5209:
5207:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5095:Journal of Comparative Social Welfare
5037:
4928:. London. April 19, 2008. p. 81.
4762:
4589:
4587:
4552:Shealy, Craig N. (November 1, 2009).
4238:
4236:
4156:
4090:"Inequality: Causes and Consequences"
3706:Perspectives on Psychological Science
3594:
3568:
3514:
3370:
3339:
3246:
2931:
2929:
2901:Inequality, Grievances, and Civil War
2893:
2891:
2855:
2853:
2754:
2752:
2708:
2706:
2671:
2669:
2424:List of countries by wealth per adult
2264:Perspectives on Psychological Science
1576:Policy responses intended to mitigate
1489:
322:, widespread regional divides (e.g.,
10449:Largest corporate profits and losses
9353:Journal of Money, Credit and Banking
8650:
7874:
7802:European Review of Political Economy
7731:
7698:
7559:"Conservative Inequality Denialism,"
7369:
7073:
6724:Porter, Eduardo (December 6, 2016).
6686:
6476:Journal of Money, Credit and Banking
6367:from the original on August 1, 2022.
5811:
5404:
4970:. Windmill Books. pp. 175β176.
4683:
4106:10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131755
3016:
2712:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2596:United Nations Development Programme
2419:List of countries by income equality
1718:organizing community interest groups
778:Total effective tax rates (includes
604:List of countries by income equality
468:United Nations Development Programme
233:List of countries by income equality
71:by wealth group, Credit Suisse, 2021
10522:Countries by number of billionaires
9971:
9726:European Review of Economic History
8797:
8442:The Political Economy of Inequality
7510:"Poverty and Inequality, in Charts"
7019:
6841:. Institute for the Study of Labor.
6355:Leonhardt, David (August 1, 2022).
6174:
6123:McGrath, Matt (December 10, 2020).
6054:from the original on March 3, 2023.
6028:from the original on March 1, 2023.
5589:
5410:
5260:"Redlining and Neighborhood Health"
5040:"A Bargain At 77 Cents To a Dollar"
4476:from the original on July 31, 2023.
4469:. Opportunity Insights. p. 2.
4245:"Income Inequality, Cause and Cure"
4132:Capital in the Twenty-First Century
3941:Elliott, Larry (December 7, 2021).
3433:Kristof, Nicholas (July 22, 2014).
3376:"The Forbes 400 vs. Everybody Else"
3285:. World Inequality Database. 2022.
2501:
1480:
1317:
1289:Capital in the Twenty-First Century
787:Another cause is the rate at which
13:
10079:
9497:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
9474:10.1108/S0147-9121(2011)0000032004
9414:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
9173:Godechot, Olivier et al. (2024). "
9033:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
8633:Inequality In The Developing World
8465:
8095:
7711:Annual Review of Political Science
7414:Richard Layard (March 3β5, 2003).
6696:Taylor, Matt (February 22, 2017).
6641:Alfani, Guido (January 15, 2017).
5392:Howell, Brittani (June 24, 2020).
5204:
5121:
5017:"Are Women Earning More Than Men?"
4832:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
4710:Rotman, David (October 21, 2014).
4621:Michael Hiltzik (March 25, 2015).
4584:
4334:from the original on May 11, 2024.
4326:Picchi, Aimee (October 17, 2019).
4233:
3595:Neate, Rupert (October 26, 2018).
3569:Neate, Rupert (October 26, 2017).
3515:Neate, Rupert (November 8, 2017).
3247:Neate, Rupert (January 14, 2024).
3219:Joseph, Stiglitz (March 1, 2022).
3051:GurrΓa, Angel (December 5, 2011).
2926:
2888:
2850:
2749:
2703:
2666:
1597:Better access to formal education.
1556:and the two World Wars. Historian
14:
10819:
10171:Primitive accumulation of capital
10008:
9974:"Geography of inequality in Asia"
9936:Van, Zanden; Jan, Luiten (1995).
8113:Anthony Giddens (June 27, 2005).
7738:Huq, Aziz; Ginsburg, Tom (2018).
6620:The Journal of Private Enterprise
6006:, p. 334. Norton. Kindle Edition.
4947:. 11. International Monetary Fund
4684:Basu, Kaushik (January 6, 2016).
4494:"The Upside of Income Inequality"
3541:Taylor, Matt (November 9, 2017).
3289:from the original on July 5, 2023
2727:10.1146/annurev-soc-090320-105810
2628:
1329:Global warming and climate change
1048:contends that globalization and "
898:Labor unions in the United States
802:more equal distribution of income
624:Income inequality is measured by
594:and technical advancements, etc.
10517:Cities by number of billionaires
10001:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2016.12212.x
9714:Explorations in Economic History
9632:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00499.x
9375:10.1111/j.0022-2879.2007.00029.x
9006:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00352.x
8430:
8404:
8312:
8269:
8245:The Presence of a Market Economy
8233:
8215:
8190:
8156:
8133:
8106:
8089:
8063:
8030:
7965:
7948:
7923:
7896:
7868:
7855:
7812:
7793:
7754:
7626:
7613:
7568:
7527:
7501:
7475:
7452:
7423:Lionel Robbins Memorial Lectures
7398:
7363:
7336:
7309:
7292:
7271:Conley, Julia (March 20, 2019).
7264:
7251:
7223:
7190:
7101:
7067:
6986:
6965:Konczal, Mike (March 30, 2013).
6958:
6938:
6918:
6895:
6878:
6827:
6812:
6777:
6743:
6717:
6660:
6634:
6611:
6570:
6537:
6504:
6498:10.1111/j.0022-2879.2007.00029.x
6464:
6421:
6371:
6212:
6194:
6168:
6142:
6116:
6085:
6059:
6016:Stevens, Harry (March 1, 2023).
5996:
5981:
5978:(p. 32). Norton. Kindle Edition.
5947:
5922:
5883:
5840:
5805:
5752:
5719:
5686:
5633:
5605:Journal of Economic Perspectives
5546:
5521:
5478:
5435:
5385:
5334:
4045:Journal of Economic Perspectives
3459:Bruenig, Matt (March 24, 2014).
3435:"An Idiot's Guide to Inequality"
2816:The Journal of Law and Economics
2157:, June 27, 2005, New Statesman)
1365:
1337:
1185:
1000:
845:
830:
717:
413:
401:
345:
340:Countries by total wealth (2022)
333:
110:, roughly 12 miles from downtown
99:
84:
78:Wealth disparity in major cities
10718:The Theory of the Leisure Class
10593:Acquired situational narcissism
8709:Ribeiro, Marcelo Byrro (2020).
8566:(2nd ed.). Massachusetts:
8515:Handbook of income distribution
8162:Andrew Brown (April 28, 2014).
7594:Plumer, Brad (March 27, 2013).
7372:Journal of Population Economics
7176:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.12.031
6884:Annie Lowrey (April 16, 2012).
6583:The Journal of Developing Areas
5601:"The Inheritance of Inequality"
5315:
5251:
5242:
5228:
5161:
5082:
5064:Weinberg, Daniel H (May 2004).
5057:
5038:Lukas, Carrie (April 3, 2007).
5031:
4984:
4959:
4932:
4858:
4823:
4797:
4756:
4651:
4635:
4615:
4602:
4545:
4512:
4478:Figure 3. "Ivy-Plus" refers to
4429:
4402:
4363:
4351:
4346:Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
4339:
4293:
4176:
4150:
4120:
4081:
4063:
4029:
4013:
3983:
3962:
3934:
3906:
3883:
3855:
3842:
3826:
3800:
3781:
3740:
3697:
3683:Mark Anderson (July 24, 2014).
3677:
3614:
3588:
3562:
3534:
3508:
3488:"Inequality β Inherited wealth"
3240:
3212:
3184:
3161:
3131:
3010:
2807:
2793:
2679:The Globalization of Inequality
2172:When income inequality is low,
2081:of economic thought, explains:
1948:
1771:Sustainable Development Goal 10
1458:green foreign direct investment
1407:Stockholm Environment Institute
1295:
1035:inequality in the United States
222:
10532:Countries by wealth inequality
10132:History of economic inequality
9823:Quarterly Journal of Economics
9251:The Review of Economic Studies
9137:The Review of Economic Studies
8615:. Princeton University Press.
8483:. Cambridge University Press.
8070:Cowen, Tyler (July 19, 2014).
7779:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2013.06.007
7357:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2016.01.004
6577:Keller, Katarina R.I. (2010).
6202:"WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 2023"
5322:Badger, Emily (May 10, 2019).
5023:. May 12, 2006. Archived from
4804:Newton, Casey (May 23, 2013).
4376:Quarterly Journal of Economics
3970:"World Inequality Report 2022"
3651:The Annals of Regional Science
2950:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.038
2904:. Cambridge University Press.
2682:. Princeton University Press.
2676:Bourguignon, François (2015).
2614:. Princeton University Press.
2601:
2577:
2548:
2536:Ventura, Luca (June 6, 2023).
2024:
1994:organic composition of capital
1783:Effects of economic inequality
1086:In many countries, there is a
906:and the reduction of business
1:
10034:10.1016/j.econlet.2019.108789
9607:
9455:10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00018-8
9179:American Journal of Sociology
8942:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2003.07.006
8537:Inequality: What Can Be Done?
8356:Human Deuelopment Report 1990
7833:10.1080/00344893.2021.1883100
7705:Walder, D.; Lust, E. (2018).
7330:10.1016/S0047-2352(98)00064-6
7300:"World Happiness Report 2019"
7164:Social Science & Medicine
6995:"What to Do about Inequality"
5826:10.1016/s0738-0593(09)90008-6
4496:. The America. Archived from
4271:10.1080/05775132.2022.2046883
4243:Kausik, B. N. (May 3, 2022).
4191:. International Monetary Fund
2557:"Measuring income inequality"
2495:
2294:American Enterprise Institute
1142:intergenerational wealth gaps
987:
945:
10499:Number of billionaire alumni
10444:Largest companies by revenue
7651:10.1016/0014-2921(95)00030-5
7031:Journal of Political Economy
6935:Retrieved November 15, 2013.
6430:American Sociological Review
6066:Uchoa, Pablo (May 6, 2019).
6002:Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2012).
5974:Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2012).
5896:American Sociological Review
5360:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000248
5170:Journal of Political Economy
5107:10.1080/17486831.2012.749504
5006:. OECD, Paris, 2008, p. 358.
4358:Princeton University WordNet
4213:Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2012).
2649:"Introduction to Inequality"
2077:, a prominent figure in the
1764:Global Competitiveness Index
1738:Journal of Political Economy
960:The growth in importance of
815:
124:for a) income inequality or
7:
9708:Milanovic, Branko (2024). "
9680:Journal of Economic History
9645:Journal of Economic History
9639:Hoffman, Philip T. (2002).
9426:10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.351
8920:Journal of Public Economics
8825:; Foster, James E. (1997).
8333:10.1080/1354570022000077980
8153:Retrieved December 8, 2013.
8096:Li, Robert (July 1, 2011).
7459:Blanchard, Olivier (2000).
7318:Journal of Criminal Justice
5761:Review of Income and Wealth
5728:Inequality in Latin America
4712:"Technology and Inequality"
4157:Stone, Jon (May 27, 2016).
2598:. Retrieved: March 3, 2019.
2583:Human Development Reports.
2303:
1844:, educational performance,
1720:, increasing and reforming
1688:adjustments, strengthening
1463:
929:International Monetary Fund
501:International Monetary Fund
197:, democratic breakdown and
10:
10824:
9972:Wei, Yehua Dennis (2017).
9803:10.1257/000282806777212116
9072:Journal of Economic Growth
8970:10.1016/j.rssm.2012.04.002
8759:Princeton University Press
8717:Cambridge University Press
8672:Lambert, Peter J. (2001).
8540:Cambridge, Massachusetts:
7975:Anarchy, state, and utopia
7930:Landes, David. S. (1969).
7482:Oswald, Andrew J. (2003).
6892:Retrieved August 17, 2013.
6761:Princeton University Press
6442:10.1177/000312240607100604
6331:10.1038/s41586-022-04996-4
6270:10.1038/s41598-023-36339-2
6206:UN Trade & development
5929:MilanoviΔ, Branko (2018).
5849:Journal of Human Resources
5618:10.1257/089533002760278686
4596:Journal of Economic Growth
4185:"Neoliberalism: Oversold?"
4094:Annual Review of Sociology
2765:International Organization
2715:Annual Review of Sociology
2555:Trapeznikova, Ija (2019).
2262:A 2022 study published in
2235:
2184:will not be as relatively
2004:for the capitalist class.
1942:Political party responses:
1842:life expectancy by country
1780:
1776:
1384:A 2019 study published in
1299:
1258:
1236:
1201:Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
1128:
1067:
1004:
949:
910:along with the decline of
887:
819:
763:
721:
647:
601:
559:
274:With very few exceptions (
226:
32:
25:
18:
10745:
10674:
10648:
10615:
10578:
10571:
10527:Countries by total wealth
10509:
10434:
10406:List of centibillionaires
10388:
10381:
10309:
10250:High-net-worth individual
10232:
10095:
10088:
9901:10.1007/s12116-016-9222-x
9845:10.1162/00335530360535135
9738:10.1017/S1361491600000149
9702:10.1017/S002205071400059X
9667:10.1017/S0022050702000529
9491:Solow, Robert M. (1956).
9205:10.1177/17456916211053311
8949:Andersen, Robert (2012).
8411:Communications, NYU Web.
8365:Human Deuelopment Reports
8308:. New York: Anchor Books.
7691:10.1017/S1537592718003286
7539:Economic Policy Institute
7384:10.1007/s00148-015-0579-3
7080:Social Democratic America
6786:Social Choice and Welfare
5953:pp. 384 Table 12.2,
5704:10.1515/9781400835492.165
5002:December 6, 2008, at the
4632:Retrieved March 26, 2015.
4570:10.1891/1942-0617.1.2.135
4189:Finance & Development
3663:10.1007/s00168-007-0113-y
3310:"The Truth-O-Meter Says:
2778:10.1017/S0020818321000163
2397:Income inequality metrics
2192:Effects on social welfare
1656:financial transaction tax
1433:and World Bank president
1194:
1090:in favor of males in the
1063:
666:is an alternative to the
523:Reducing Inequality Index
365:United Nations University
229:Income inequality metrics
145:Income inequality metrics
108:Holmby Hills, Los Angeles
10139:International inequality
10127:Consumption distribution
9791:American Economic Review
9396:The economics of welfare
9349:GarcΓa-PeΓ±alosa, Cecilia
9333:10.1177/0094306116681789
9315:Kenworthy, Lane (2017).
8542:Harvard University Press
8387:; Shahani, Lila (eds.),
8181:The Economics of Welfare
7978:. Blackwell Publishing.
7678:Perspectives on Politics
7639:European Economic Review
6472:GarcΓa-PeΓ±alosa, Cecilia
4436:Shlomo Yitzhaki (1998).
4038:"Consumption Inequality"
3718:10.1177/1745691610393524
3694:Retrieved July 24, 2014.
3115:10.1787/9789264119536-en
3061:10.1787/9789264119536-en
2910:10.1017/cbo9781139084161
2872:10.1017/cbo9780511510809
2409:International inequality
2298:laissez-faire capitalism
2137:Social justice arguments
1976:individual contributions
1880:: According to the 2019
1870:each other, measures of
1119:occupational segregation
1011:International inequality
921:labor market flexibility
806:Earned Income Tax Credit
759:
660:consumption distribution
650:Consumption distribution
10215:Conspicuous consumption
9945:Economic History Review
9908:Sutch, Richard (2017).
9858:Economic History Review
9755:Economic History Review
9620:Economic History Review
9292:10.2753/0577-5132530606
9084:10.1023/A:1009850119329
8781:The elements of justice
8611:Gilens, Martin (2012).
8170:Retrieved May 27, 2014.
7972:Nozick, Robert (1974).
7085:Oxford University Press
6915:Retrieved June 5, 2013.
6818:Pickett and Wilkinson,
6544:Maialeh, Robin (2019).
5137:Oxford Handbooks Online
5089:Habibov, Nazim (2012).
2542:Global Finance Magazine
2382:Human Development Index
2331:Criticism of capitalism
2311:Accumulation of capital
2282:The Heritage Foundation
1978:to the social product.
1752:Scandinavian capitalism
1474:The Price of Inequality
1352:per person than poorer
1210:
1124:
1101:Knowledge and Decisions
992:Economists have linked
530:World Inequality Report
479:Harvard Business School
203:hinders economic growth
184:middle-income countries
165:equality of opportunity
10783:Economic globalization
10778:Distribution of wealth
10601:Argumentum ad crumenam
9917:Social Science History
9573:10.1126/sciadv.abd4201
9321:Contemporary Sociology
9230:Policy Studies Journal
8879:. London: Allen Lane.
8827:On economic inequality
8804:Development as Freedom
8594:The new egalitarianism
8306:Development as Freedom
8277:"The toll of job loss"
6875:Retrieved May 14, 2013
6517:Quantitative Economics
6095:(September 20, 2020).
5642:Quantitative Economics
5487:Contemporary Sociology
5411:CDC (April 30, 2020).
5273:Myers, JoAnne (2020).
4966:Hickel, Jason (2018).
4411:Policy Studies Journal
3345:"America Is Not Broke"
3173:June 23, 2013, at the
3017:Hunt, Michael (2004).
2608:Alfani, Guido (2023).
2590:July 12, 2019, at the
2126:
2088:
2071:equality under the law
2061:However, contemporary
1998:reserve army of labour
1954:Socialist perspectives
1882:World Happiness Report
1832:: British researchers
1724:subsidies, increasing
1616:result in progressive
1499:
1348:countries emit more CO
1234:
1216:practices such as the
1083:
1024:
962:information technology
956:Information Technology
940:trickle-down economics
795:is a tax by which the
784:
736:Neoclassical economics
664:consumption inequality
621:
515:political polarization
510:
134:distribution of wealth
126:distribution of income
72:
60:
47:
10732:The Wealth of Nations
10583:Diseases of affluence
9852:Saito, Osamu (2015).
9812:on December 26, 2011.
9125:Socio-Economic Review
8867:Wilkinson, Richard G.
8851:. London: Routledge.
8845:Wilkinson, Richard G.
8560:Sala-i-Martin, Xavier
8511:Bourguignon, François
8489:10.1017/9781108568043
8257:On Political Equality
8037:Barry, Brian (1975).
7876:Wood, John Cunningham
7863:Using Political Ideas
6763:. pp. 438, 444.
6563:10.2298/PAN160220031M
5861:10.1353/jhr.2013.0012
5736:10.1596/0-8213-5665-8
5283:10.4324/9781351006705
5027:on December 10, 2008.
4716:MIT Technology Review
4075:www.jpmorganchase.com
3997:. CIA. Archived from
2995:10.3390/socsci6040147
2236:Further information:
2232:Capabilities approach
2148:They also state that
2122:
2083:
2039:Industrial Revolution
1936:Political instability
1846:trust among strangers
1566:Communist revolutions
1497:
1232:
1077:
1050:structural adjustment
1018:
859:Industrial Revolution
777:
615:
505:
180:distributed bimodally
106:An affluent house in
93:Skid Row, Los Angeles
66:
53:
45:
10640:Venture philanthropy
10635:Philanthrocapitalism
10547:Most expensive items
10421:Wealthiest Americans
10401:list of billionaires
10100:Capital accumulation
8532:Atkinson, Anthony B.
8507:Atkinson, Anthony B.
8448:. pp. 240β241.
8229:on February 1, 2014.
8149:Moyers & Company
8142:(December 2, 2013).
8129:on December 9, 2007.
7261:. 17 (2020): 100275.
7211:on December 18, 2019
7146:equalitytrust.org.uk
7119:on November 27, 2020
6954:. December 14, 2013.
6399:10.1353/wp.2003.0009
5987:James K. Galbraith,
5654:10.2139/ssrn.1066819
4782:10.1093/cjres/rsw047
4744:. The New York Times
4690:World Economic Forum
3753:The Economic Journal
3149:on September 5, 2011
2484:Wealth concentration
2387:Humanistic economics
2356:Economic equilibrium
2045:Liberal perspectives
1834:Richard G. Wilkinson
1796:Richard G. Wilkinson
1760:World Economic Forum
1735:A 2017 study in the
1602:Progressive taxation
1546:Progressive taxation
1525:wealth concentration
1261:Wealth concentration
1255:Wealth concentration
1225:Economic development
1030:Trade liberalization
26:For other uses, see
10803:Population concepts
10788:Economic inequality
10696:Greek god of wealth
10607:Prosperity theology
10426:Wealthiest families
10411:Female billionaires
10245:Captain of industry
10220:Conspicuous leisure
10122:Income distribution
10117:Wealth distribution
10112:Economic inequality
9993:2017GeoRv.107..263W
9981:Geographical Review
9929:10.1017/ssh.2017.27
9564:2020SciA....6.4201S
8926:(9β10): 2009β2042.
8041:. Clarendon Press.
8013:A Theory of Justice
6972:The Washington Post
6946:"The logical floor"
6911:The Huffington Post
6890:The New York Times.
6871:The Huffington Post
6673:The Huffington Post
6323:2022Natur.608..108C
6262:2023NatSR..1310329R
6022:The Washington Post
5567:10.1057/lst.2010.45
5533:The Washington Post
5044:The Washington Post
4844:10.1093/qje/qjaa004
4445:Economic Inequality
4306:Pew Research Center
3628:The Washington Post
3226:Scientific American
2803:. January 22, 2010.
2570:10.15185/izawol.462
2489:Wealth distribution
2479:Theories of poverty
2392:Income distribution
2286:Manhattan Institute
2258:Societal acceptance
2238:Capability approach
2101:A Theory of Justice
1963:means of production
1930:Civic participation
1692:provisions such as
1658:(also known as the
1618:government spending
1592:on-the-job training
1521:propensity to spend
1164:Westernized Nations
1039:means of production
927:More recently, the
904:economic liberalism
890:Economic liberalism
672:wealth distribution
668:income distribution
608:Income distribution
566:Wealth distribution
550:western imperialism
161:equality of outcome
118:Economic inequality
10798:Occupy Wall Street
10793:Libertarian theory
10559:Wealthiest animals
9518:10338.dmlcz/143862
9387:(section I.VIII.3)
8910:. pp. 26β29.
8385:Deneulin, SΓ©verine
8377:Deneulin, SΓ©verine
8321:Feminist Economics
8186:Arthur Cecil Pigou
8076:The New York Times
7580:July 11, 2012, at
7565:(October 25, 2012)
7142:"The Spirit Level"
7087:. pp. 88β93.
6904:(April 18, 2013).
6798:10.1007/BF00735763
6730:The New York Times
6596:10.1353/jda.0.0052
6361:The New York Times
6250:Scientific Reports
5782:10.1111/roiw.12037
5773:10.1111/roiw.12037
5328:The New York Times
4922:"Economic Focus".
4742:The New York Times
4558:Beliefs and Values
4500:on January 2, 2014
4057:10.1257/jep.30.2.3
3995:The World Factbook
3814:. January 21, 2020
3766:10.1093/ej/ueaa109
3759:(632): 2526β2545.
3439:The New York Times
2561:IZA World of Labor
2516:data.worldbank.org
2469:Spatial inequality
2403:Inequality for All
2351:Economic democracy
2116:Classical liberal
2063:classical liberals
1856:, even numbers of
1702:food stamp program
1614:social safety nets
1500:
1490:Mitigating factors
1235:
1084:
1054:race to the bottom
1025:
952:Digital Revolution
880:in these regions.
785:
622:
620:values as of 2018.
434:The New York Times
251:Assortative mating
188:advanced countries
73:
61:
48:
10808:Social inequality
10765:
10764:
10741:
10740:
10630:The Giving Pledge
10567:
10566:
10377:
10376:
10021:Economics Letters
9880:10.1111/ehr.12071
9767:10.1111/ehr.12122
9443:World Development
9242:10.1111/psj.12094
9103:Sociology Compass
8664:978-1-000-84789-5
8498:978-1-108-56804-3
7911:on March 14, 2015
7861:Barbara Goodwin.
7109:"Goal 10 targets"
7007:on April 20, 2013
6317:(7921): 108β121.
5940:978-0-674-98403-5
5456:10.1093/sf/sor002
5423:on August 5, 2020
5292:978-1-351-00669-9
4883:10.3982/ECTA19417
4646:Business Insider.
4628:Los Angeles Times
4423:10.1111/psj.12094
3374:(March 7, 2011).
3343:(March 6, 2011).
2938:World Development
2621:978-0-691-22712-2
2464:Social inequality
2454:Public university
2439:Poverty reduction
2371:Equal opportunity
2366:Economic security
2210:inequity aversion
2166:Evangelii gaudium
2009:communist society
1986:capital deepening
1982:Marxian economics
1886:workβlife balance
1824:deaths of despair
1690:social safety net
1610:transfer payments
1570:French Revolution
1502:Countries with a
1401:A 2020 report by
1146:cycles of poverty
1131:Social inequality
1070:Gender inequality
870:quality education
855:income inequality
592:natural resources
382:COVID-19 pandemic
352:Countries by the
130:wealth inequality
21:Social inequality
10815:
10625:Gospel of Wealth
10576:
10575:
10386:
10385:
10197:
10188:
10105:Overaccumulation
10093:
10092:
10074:
10067:
10060:
10051:
10050:
10046:
10036:
10004:
9978:
9968:
9942:
9932:
9914:
9904:
9883:
9873:
9848:
9838:
9813:
9811:
9805:. Archived from
9788:
9778:
9749:
9705:
9695:
9670:
9660:
9635:
9603:
9585:
9575:
9557:
9548:(50): eabd4201.
9541:Science Advances
9530:
9520:
9487:
9458:
9449:(7): 1211β1230.
9437:
9408:
9391:Pigou, Arthur C.
9383:Pigou, Arthur C.
9378:
9368:
9359:(2β3): 369β394.
9344:
9311:
9274:
9245:
9224:
9199:(5): 1431β1451.
9170:
9152:
9095:
9066:
9048:
9027:
9017:
8988:
8986:
8984:
8979:on June 24, 2021
8978:
8972:. Archived from
8955:
8945:
8935:
8914:
8890:
8862:
8840:
8818:
8794:
8772:
8751:Scheidel, Walter
8746:
8706:
8687:
8668:
8651:John, K (2023).
8647:
8626:
8607:
8590:Diamond, Patrick
8586:Giddens, Anthony
8581:
8556:Barro, Robert J.
8528:
8502:
8460:
8459:
8434:
8428:
8427:
8425:
8423:
8408:
8402:
8401:
8373:
8367:
8362:
8360:
8351:
8345:
8344:
8327:(2β3): 301β317.
8316:
8310:
8309:
8301:
8292:
8291:
8289:
8287:
8273:
8267:
8243:in the chapters
8241:Robert Alan Dahl
8237:
8231:
8230:
8225:. Archived from
8219:
8213:
8212:
8210:
8208:
8194:
8188:
8177:
8171:
8160:
8154:
8137:
8131:
8130:
8125:. Archived from
8110:
8104:
8103:
8093:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8082:
8067:
8061:
8060:
8034:
8028:
8027:
8004:
7998:
7997:
7969:
7963:
7952:
7946:
7945:
7927:
7921:
7920:
7918:
7916:
7907:. Archived from
7900:
7894:
7893:
7872:
7866:
7859:
7853:
7852:
7816:
7810:
7809:
7797:
7791:
7790:
7758:
7752:
7751:
7735:
7729:
7728:
7726:
7702:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7669:
7663:
7662:
7645:(6): 1203β1228.
7630:
7624:
7617:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7606:
7591:
7585:
7572:
7566:
7563:The New Republic
7561:by Timothy Noah
7556:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7545:
7531:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7520:
7505:
7499:
7498:
7491:The Psychologist
7488:
7479:
7473:
7472:
7456:
7450:
7440:
7434:
7433:
7432:on June 3, 2013.
7431:
7425:. Archived from
7420:
7411:
7405:
7402:
7396:
7395:
7367:
7361:
7360:
7340:
7334:
7333:
7313:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7296:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7285:
7268:
7262:
7255:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7244:
7227:
7221:
7220:
7218:
7216:
7207:. Archived from
7204:Business Insider
7194:
7188:
7187:
7159:
7150:
7149:
7138:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7124:
7115:. Archived from
7105:
7099:
7098:
7071:
7065:
7064:
7054:
7037:(5): 1245β1305.
7026:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7003:. Archived from
6990:
6984:
6983:
6981:
6979:
6962:
6956:
6955:
6942:
6936:
6922:
6916:
6899:
6893:
6882:
6876:
6863:
6857:
6856:
6850:
6842:
6840:
6831:
6825:
6816:
6810:
6809:
6792:(2β3): 227β234.
6781:
6775:
6774:
6751:Scheidel, Walter
6747:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6736:
6721:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6710:
6693:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6679:
6664:
6658:
6657:
6655:
6653:
6638:
6632:
6631:
6615:
6609:
6608:
6598:
6574:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6541:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6491:
6482:(2β3): 369β394.
6468:
6462:
6461:
6425:
6419:
6418:
6384:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6352:
6342:
6301:
6292:
6291:
6281:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6198:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6175:Elliott, Larry.
6172:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6120:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6089:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6063:
6057:
6055:
6039:
6030:
6029:
6013:
6007:
6000:
5994:
5985:
5979:
5972:
5966:
5963:
5957:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5809:
5803:
5802:
5784:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5665:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5620:
5596:
5587:
5586:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5482:
5476:
5475:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5419:. Archived from
5408:
5402:
5401:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5372:
5362:
5338:
5332:
5331:
5319:
5313:
5312:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5255:
5249:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5211:
5202:
5201:
5176:(6): 1153β1189.
5165:
5159:
5158:
5132:
5119:
5118:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5070:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5013:
5007:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4877:(6): 2645β2683.
4862:
4856:
4855:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4784:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4655:
4649:
4639:
4633:
4619:
4613:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4591:
4582:
4581:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4533:on July 19, 2010
4532:
4525:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4468:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4442:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4335:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4264:
4240:
4231:
4230:
4210:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4154:
4148:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4042:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4006:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3920:Business Insider
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3859:
3853:
3846:
3840:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3768:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3701:
3695:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3496:. March 18, 2014
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3386:on March 9, 2011
3382:. Archived from
3380:michaelmoore.com
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3275:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3188:
3182:
3181:. June 25, 2008.
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3145:. Archived from
3135:
3129:
3128:
3103:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3055:(Report). OECD.
3048:
3039:
3038:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2997:
2973:
2954:
2953:
2933:
2924:
2923:
2895:
2886:
2885:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2710:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2645:
2626:
2625:
2605:
2599:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2508:
2376:Great Divergence
2361:Economic migrant
2346:Economic anxiety
2336:Cycle of poverty
2188:by the wealthy.
2174:aggregate demand
2075:Ludwig von Mises
1722:higher education
1540:Public education
1481:Cognitive biases
1431:AntΓ³nio Guterres
1369:
1341:
1318:Finance industry
1137:economic welfare
912:union membership
849:
834:
742:market economies
724:Labour economics
626:Gini coefficient
496:world population
439:Inherited wealth
417:
405:
349:
337:
149:Gini coefficient
103:
88:
67:Global share of
56:Gini coefficient
10823:
10822:
10818:
10817:
10816:
10814:
10813:
10812:
10768:
10767:
10766:
10761:
10737:
10670:
10666:Too big to fail
10644:
10611:
10563:
10505:
10484:Philanthropists
10430:
10373:
10305:
10228:
10084:
10078:
10011:
9976:
9957:10.2307/2598128
9940:
9912:
9871:10.1.1.160.1932
9836:10.1.1.160.1932
9809:
9786:
9693:10.1.1.701.8331
9658:10.1.1.824.3130
9610:
9509:10.2307/1884513
9484:
9366:10.1.1.186.2754
9263:10.2307/2296292
9159:10.2307/2297811
9150:10.1.1.636.8225
9111:Cousin, Bruno;
9055:10.2307/2937943
9046:10.1.1.312.3126
8982:
8980:
8976:
8953:
8902:Ahamed, Liaquat
8887:
8859:
8837:
8815:
8791:
8777:Schmidtz, David
8769:
8743:
8703:
8684:
8665:
8644:
8623:
8604:
8578:
8564:Economic growth
8525:
8499:
8468:
8466:Further reading
8463:
8456:
8438:Stilwell, Frank
8435:
8431:
8421:
8419:
8409:
8405:
8399:
8374:
8370:
8358:
8352:
8348:
8317:
8313:
8302:
8295:
8285:
8283:
8275:
8274:
8270:
8238:
8234:
8221:
8220:
8216:
8206:
8204:
8196:
8195:
8191:
8178:
8174:
8161:
8157:
8138:
8134:
8111:
8107:
8094:
8090:
8080:
8078:
8068:
8064:
8049:
8035:
8031:
8024:
8005:
8001:
7986:
7970:
7966:
7953:
7949:
7942:
7928:
7924:
7914:
7912:
7901:
7897:
7890:
7873:
7869:
7860:
7856:
7817:
7813:
7798:
7794:
7759:
7755:
7744:UCLA Law Review
7736:
7732:
7703:
7699:
7670:
7666:
7631:
7627:
7618:
7614:
7604:
7602:
7600:Washington Post
7592:
7588:
7575:The Way Forward
7573:
7569:
7557:
7553:
7543:
7541:
7533:
7532:
7528:
7518:
7516:
7506:
7502:
7486:
7480:
7476:
7457:
7453:
7441:
7437:
7429:
7418:
7412:
7408:
7403:
7399:
7368:
7364:
7341:
7337:
7314:
7310:
7302:
7298:
7297:
7293:
7283:
7281:
7269:
7265:
7256:
7252:
7242:
7240:
7228:
7224:
7214:
7212:
7195:
7191:
7160:
7153:
7140:
7139:
7132:
7122:
7120:
7107:
7106:
7102:
7095:
7075:Lane, Kenworthy
7072:
7068:
7027:
7020:
7010:
7008:
6991:
6987:
6977:
6975:
6963:
6959:
6944:
6943:
6939:
6923:
6919:
6900:
6896:
6883:
6879:
6864:
6860:
6844:
6843:
6838:
6832:
6828:
6817:
6813:
6782:
6778:
6771:
6748:
6744:
6734:
6732:
6722:
6718:
6708:
6706:
6694:
6687:
6677:
6675:
6665:
6661:
6651:
6649:
6639:
6635:
6616:
6612:
6575:
6571:
6542:
6538:
6523:(3): 977β1020.
6509:
6505:
6489:10.1.1.186.2754
6469:
6465:
6426:
6422:
6382:
6376:
6372:
6302:
6295:
6242:
6238:
6228:
6226:
6218:
6217:
6213:
6200:
6199:
6195:
6185:
6183:
6173:
6169:
6159:
6157:
6147:
6143:
6133:
6131:
6121:
6117:
6107:
6105:
6090:
6086:
6076:
6074:
6064:
6060:
6040:
6033:
6014:
6010:
6001:
5997:
5986:
5982:
5973:
5969:
5964:
5960:
5952:
5948:
5941:
5927:
5923:
5888:
5884:
5845:
5841:
5810:
5806:
5757:
5753:
5746:
5724:
5720:
5714:
5696:Unequal Chances
5691:
5687:
5638:
5634:
5597:
5590:
5551:
5547:
5537:
5535:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5499:10.2307/2654395
5483:
5479:
5440:
5436:
5426:
5424:
5409:
5405:
5390:
5386:
5353:(3): e1000248.
5339:
5335:
5320:
5316:
5293:
5271:
5267:
5256:
5252:
5247:
5243:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5212:
5205:
5166:
5162:
5155:
5133:
5122:
5087:
5083:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5062:
5058:
5048:
5046:
5036:
5032:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5004:Wayback Machine
4989:
4985:
4978:
4964:
4960:
4950:
4948:
4945:Economic Issues
4937:
4933:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4863:
4859:
4828:
4824:
4814:
4812:
4802:
4798:
4761:
4757:
4747:
4745:
4734:
4730:
4720:
4718:
4708:
4704:
4694:
4692:
4682:
4678:
4668:
4666:
4656:
4652:
4640:
4636:
4620:
4616:
4607:
4603:
4592:
4585:
4550:
4546:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4523:
4517:
4513:
4503:
4501:
4490:
4486:
4473:
4466:
4460:
4456:
4440:
4434:
4430:
4407:
4403:
4388:10.2307/2118470
4368:
4364:
4356:
4352:
4344:
4340:
4324:
4320:
4310:
4308:
4298:
4294:
4255:(3β4): 93β105.
4241:
4234:
4227:
4211:
4204:
4194:
4192:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4165:
4163:The Independent
4155:
4151:
4127:Piketty, Thomas
4125:
4121:
4086:
4082:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4040:
4034:
4030:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4004:
4002:
4001:on June 4, 2011
3989:
3988:
3984:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3939:
3935:
3925:
3923:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3895:
3888:
3884:
3874:
3872:
3860:
3856:
3847:
3843:
3839:, May 21, 2015.
3831:
3827:
3817:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3786:
3782:
3745:
3741:
3702:
3698:
3682:
3678:
3647:
3643:
3633:
3631:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3593:
3589:
3579:
3577:
3567:
3563:
3553:
3551:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3513:
3509:
3499:
3497:
3486:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3469:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3441:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3415:
3403:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3353:
3350:Huffington Post
3338:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3277:
3276:
3269:
3259:
3257:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3229:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3189:
3185:
3175:Wayback Machine
3166:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3105:
3104:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3015:
3011:
2982:Social Sciences
2974:
2957:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2858:
2851:
2812:
2808:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2757:
2750:
2711:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2674:
2667:
2657:
2655:
2647:
2646:
2629:
2622:
2606:
2602:
2592:Wayback Machine
2582:
2578:
2553:
2549:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2510:
2509:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2449:Precarious work
2434:Paradise Papers
2429:Occupy movement
2316:Anti-capitalism
2306:
2273:
2260:
2240:
2234:
2218:Rafael Di Tella
2214:Alberto Alesina
2202:social cohesion
2194:
2155:Anthony Giddens
2139:
2118:Milton Friedman
2079:Austrian School
2051:social liberals
2047:
2027:
2002:property income
1956:
1951:
1924:Economic growth
1864:Social cohesion
1854:social mobility
1785:
1779:
1706:Social Security
1638:The economists
1578:
1558:Walter Scheidel
1492:
1483:
1469:Joseph Stiglitz
1466:
1443:Joseph Stiglitz
1416:overconsumption
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1372:Though total CO
1370:
1362:
1361:
1351:
1342:
1331:
1323:Jamie Galbraith
1320:
1308:Joseph Stiglitz
1304:
1298:
1271:
1259:Main articles:
1257:
1241:
1233:A Kuznets curve
1227:
1213:
1197:
1188:
1166:
1133:
1127:
1072:
1066:
1052:" set off the "
1044:Anthropologist
1013:
1005:Main articles:
1003:
990:
958:
950:Main articles:
948:
900:
888:Main articles:
886:
865:
864:
863:
862:
861:
850:
842:
841:
835:
824:
818:
793:progressive tax
789:income is taxed
772:
770:Progressive tax
764:Main articles:
762:
750:Joseph Stiglitz
738:
722:Main articles:
720:
696:
652:
646:
610:
602:Main articles:
600:
588:human resources
568:
560:Main articles:
558:
483:Duke University
425:
424:
423:
422:
421:
418:
410:
409:
406:
397:
396:
387:Joseph Stiglitz
361:
360:
359:
358:
357:
350:
342:
341:
338:
320:informal sector
235:
227:Main articles:
225:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
104:
96:
95:
89:
80:
79:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10821:
10811:
10810:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10763:
10762:
10760:
10759:
10758:
10757:
10746:
10743:
10742:
10739:
10738:
10736:
10735:
10728:
10721:
10714:
10713:
10712:
10700:
10699:
10698:
10686:
10678:
10676:
10672:
10671:
10669:
10668:
10663:
10658:
10652:
10650:
10646:
10645:
10643:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10627:
10621:
10619:
10613:
10612:
10610:
10609:
10604:
10597:
10596:
10595:
10590:
10579:
10573:
10569:
10568:
10565:
10564:
10562:
10561:
10556:
10555:
10554:
10544:
10539:
10534:
10529:
10524:
10519:
10513:
10511:
10507:
10506:
10504:
10503:
10502:
10501:
10496:
10494:Endowment size
10488:
10487:
10486:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10446:
10440:
10438:
10432:
10431:
10429:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10416:Richest royals
10413:
10408:
10403:
10394:
10392:
10383:
10379:
10378:
10375:
10374:
10372:
10371:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10315:
10313:
10307:
10306:
10304:
10303:
10298:
10297:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10276:
10271:
10270:
10269:
10259:
10258:
10257:
10247:
10242:
10236:
10234:
10230:
10229:
10227:
10226:
10225:
10224:
10223:
10222:
10217:
10202:
10201:
10200:
10191:
10177:
10176:
10175:
10174:
10173:
10161:
10156:
10151:
10146:
10141:
10136:
10135:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10109:
10108:
10107:
10096:
10090:
10086:
10085:
10077:
10076:
10069:
10062:
10054:
10048:
10047:
10010:
10009:External links
10007:
10006:
10005:
9987:(2): 263β275.
9969:
9951:(4): 643β664.
9933:
9923:(4): 587β613.
9905:
9884:
9864:(2): 399β419.
9849:
9814:
9797:(2): 200β205.
9779:
9761:(3): 747β772.
9750:
9721:
9706:
9686:(3): 767β798.
9671:
9651:(2): 322β355.
9636:
9626:(2): 452β478.
9609:
9606:
9605:
9604:
9531:
9488:
9483:978-0857247490
9482:
9459:
9438:
9420:(2): 351β397.
9409:
9379:
9345:
9312:
9275:
9246:
9236:(2): 163β187.
9225:
9182:
9171:
9132:
9109:
9096:
9067:
9039:(2): 407β443.
9028:
9000:(4): 942β958.
8989:
8964:(4): 389β402.
8946:
8933:10.1.1.203.664
8915:
8907:The New Yorker
8897:
8896:
8892:
8891:
8886:978-1846140396
8885:
8863:
8858:978-0415372695
8857:
8841:
8836:978-0198281931
8835:
8819:
8814:978-0198297581
8813:
8795:
8790:978-0521539364
8789:
8773:
8768:978-0691165028
8767:
8747:
8742:978-0199231379
8741:
8728:
8725:978-1107092532
8707:
8702:978-0226644554
8701:
8688:
8683:978-0719057328
8682:
8669:
8663:
8648:
8643:978-0198863960
8642:
8627:
8622:978-0691162423
8621:
8608:
8603:978-0745634319
8602:
8582:
8577:978-0262025539
8576:
8552:
8529:
8524:978-0444816313
8523:
8503:
8497:
8473:
8472:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8461:
8455:978-1509528653
8454:
8429:
8403:
8398:978-1844078066
8397:
8381:Alkire, Sabina
8368:
8346:
8311:
8293:
8268:
8265:978-0300126877
8232:
8214:
8189:
8172:
8155:
8132:
8105:
8088:
8062:
8047:
8029:
8023:978-0674017726
8022:
7999:
7985:978-0631197805
7984:
7964:
7947:
7941:978-0521094184
7940:
7922:
7895:
7889:978-0415087148
7888:
7867:
7854:
7827:(4): 575β601.
7821:Representation
7811:
7792:
7753:
7730:
7697:
7684:(2): 470β479.
7664:
7625:
7612:
7586:
7567:
7551:
7526:
7500:
7474:
7461:Macroeconomics
7451:
7443:Blanchard 2000
7435:
7406:
7397:
7378:(2): 593β626.
7362:
7335:
7324:(3): 259β274.
7308:
7291:
7263:
7250:
7222:
7189:
7151:
7130:
7100:
7094:978-0190230951
7093:
7066:
7043:10.1086/693038
7018:
6985:
6957:
6937:
6917:
6894:
6877:
6858:
6826:
6811:
6776:
6770:978-0691165028
6769:
6742:
6716:
6685:
6659:
6633:
6610:
6569:
6556:(2): 145β163.
6550:Panoeconomicus
6536:
6503:
6463:
6436:(6): 943β963.
6420:
6393:(2): 193β228.
6387:World Politics
6370:
6293:
6236:
6211:
6193:
6167:
6141:
6115:
6084:
6058:
6031:
6008:
5995:
5980:
5967:
5958:
5946:
5939:
5921:
5902:(5): 661β687.
5882:
5855:(2): 435β473.
5839:
5820:(4): 311β325.
5804:
5751:
5745:978-0821356654
5744:
5718:
5713:978-1400835492
5712:
5685:
5648:(3): 335β379.
5632:
5588:
5561:(4): 572β574.
5555:Latino Studies
5545:
5520:
5477:
5450:(2): 375β395.
5434:
5403:
5384:
5333:
5314:
5291:
5265:
5250:
5241:
5227:
5203:
5182:10.1086/260831
5160:
5154:978-0199914050
5153:
5120:
5101:(3): 209β211.
5081:
5056:
5030:
5008:
4983:
4977:978-1786090034
4976:
4958:
4931:
4914:
4896:
4857:
4838:(2): 645β709.
4822:
4796:
4775:(2): 263β279.
4755:
4728:
4702:
4676:
4650:
4634:
4614:
4601:
4583:
4564:(2): 135β141.
4544:
4511:
4484:
4454:
4428:
4417:(2): 163β187.
4401:
4382:(2): 465β490.
4362:
4350:
4338:
4318:
4292:
4232:
4225:
4202:
4175:
4149:
4119:
4100:(1): 335β357.
4080:
4062:
4028:
4012:
3982:
3961:
3933:
3905:
3882:
3854:
3841:
3825:
3799:
3780:
3739:
3696:
3676:
3657:(3): 563β580.
3641:
3613:
3587:
3561:
3533:
3507:
3479:
3451:
3425:
3397:
3372:Moore, Michael
3363:
3341:Moore, Michael
3332:
3300:
3267:
3239:
3211:
3183:
3179:Thaindian News
3160:
3130:
3124:978-9264119536
3123:
3109:. OECD. 2011.
3083:
3069:
3040:
3034:978-0312245832
3033:
3009:
2955:
2925:
2919:978-1107017429
2918:
2887:
2881:978-0521855266
2880:
2849:
2836:10.1086/426881
2828:10.1086/426881
2806:
2792:
2771:(2): 495β523.
2748:
2721:(1): 349β367.
2702:
2689:978-0691160528
2688:
2665:
2627:
2620:
2600:
2576:
2547:
2528:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2326:Class conflict
2323:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2290:Cato Institute
2272:
2269:
2259:
2256:
2233:
2230:
2204:and increases
2198:political left
2193:
2190:
2178:consumer goods
2163:stated in his
2150:social justice
2138:
2135:
2046:
2043:
2026:
2023:
1972:socially owned
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1918:household debt
1911:
1905:
1899:
1889:
1875:
1872:social capital
1861:
1850:women's status
1827:
1816:teenage births
1808:mental illness
1781:Main article:
1778:
1775:
1756:Lane Kenworthy
1747:James Robinson
1743:Daron Acemoglu
1726:infrastructure
1660:Robin Hood tax
1644:Thomas Piketty
1599:
1598:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1577:
1574:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1529:
1528:
1491:
1488:
1482:
1479:
1465:
1462:
1424:Inger Andersen
1420:climate crisis
1392:global warming
1373:
1371:
1364:
1363:
1349:
1343:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1319:
1316:
1300:Main article:
1297:
1294:
1284:Thomas Piketty
1256:
1253:
1237:Main article:
1226:
1223:
1212:
1209:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1165:
1162:
1129:Main article:
1126:
1123:
1098:, in his book
1088:gender pay gap
1068:Main article:
1065:
1062:
1021:Elephant curve
1002:
999:
989:
986:
947:
944:
885:
882:
851:
844:
843:
836:
829:
828:
827:
826:
825:
820:Main article:
817:
814:
761:
758:
746:market failure
719:
716:
704:Thomas Piketty
695:
692:
648:Main article:
645:
642:
599:
596:
584:exchange rates
557:
554:
546:Gabriel Zucman
538:Thomas Piketty
475:Michael Norton
451:Warren Buffett
419:
412:
411:
407:
400:
399:
398:
394:
393:
392:
391:
372:richest people
351:
344:
343:
339:
332:
331:
330:
329:
328:
288:
287:
272:
269:
262:
261:
258:
255:
248:
224:
221:
199:civil conflict
175:welfare states
105:
98:
97:
90:
83:
82:
81:
77:
76:
75:
74:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10820:
10809:
10806:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10775:
10773:
10756:
10753:
10752:
10751:
10748:
10747:
10744:
10734:
10733:
10729:
10727:
10726:
10722:
10720:
10719:
10715:
10711:
10708:
10707:
10706:
10705:
10701:
10697:
10694:
10693:
10692:
10691:
10687:
10685:
10684:
10680:
10679:
10677:
10673:
10667:
10664:
10662:
10659:
10657:
10654:
10653:
10651:
10647:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10626:
10623:
10622:
10620:
10618:
10614:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10602:
10598:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10585:
10584:
10581:
10580:
10577:
10574:
10570:
10560:
10557:
10553:
10550:
10549:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10538:
10535:
10533:
10530:
10528:
10525:
10523:
10520:
10518:
10515:
10514:
10512:
10508:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10491:
10490:Universities
10489:
10485:
10482:
10481:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10447:
10445:
10442:
10441:
10439:
10437:
10436:Organizations
10433:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10419:
10417:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10400:
10396:
10395:
10393:
10391:
10387:
10384:
10380:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10319:Concentration
10317:
10316:
10314:
10312:
10308:
10302:
10299:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10281:
10280:
10277:
10275:
10272:
10268:
10265:
10264:
10263:
10260:
10256:
10253:
10252:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10237:
10235:
10231:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10212:
10211:
10208:
10207:
10206:
10203:
10199:
10196:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10186:Nouveau riche
10183:
10182:
10181:
10178:
10172:
10169:
10168:
10167:
10166:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10114:
10113:
10110:
10106:
10103:
10102:
10101:
10098:
10097:
10094:
10091:
10087:
10083:
10075:
10070:
10068:
10063:
10061:
10056:
10055:
10052:
10044:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10026:
10022:
10018:
10013:
10012:
10002:
9998:
9994:
9990:
9986:
9982:
9975:
9970:
9966:
9962:
9958:
9954:
9950:
9946:
9939:
9934:
9930:
9926:
9922:
9918:
9911:
9906:
9902:
9898:
9894:
9890:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9863:
9859:
9855:
9850:
9846:
9842:
9837:
9832:
9828:
9824:
9820:
9815:
9808:
9804:
9800:
9796:
9792:
9785:
9780:
9776:
9772:
9768:
9764:
9760:
9756:
9751:
9747:
9743:
9739:
9735:
9731:
9727:
9722:
9719:
9715:
9711:
9707:
9703:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9685:
9681:
9677:
9672:
9668:
9664:
9659:
9654:
9650:
9646:
9642:
9637:
9633:
9629:
9625:
9621:
9617:
9612:
9611:
9601:
9597:
9593:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9565:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9547:
9543:
9542:
9537:
9532:
9528:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9510:
9506:
9502:
9498:
9494:
9489:
9485:
9479:
9475:
9471:
9467:
9466:
9460:
9456:
9452:
9448:
9444:
9439:
9435:
9431:
9427:
9423:
9419:
9415:
9410:
9406:
9402:
9398:
9397:
9392:
9388:
9384:
9380:
9376:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9358:
9354:
9350:
9346:
9342:
9338:
9334:
9330:
9326:
9322:
9318:
9313:
9309:
9305:
9301:
9297:
9293:
9289:
9286:(6): 93β109.
9285:
9281:
9276:
9272:
9268:
9264:
9260:
9257:(2): 83β100.
9256:
9252:
9247:
9243:
9239:
9235:
9231:
9226:
9222:
9218:
9214:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9198:
9194:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9180:
9176:
9172:
9168:
9164:
9160:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9133:
9131:(2): 225β249.
9130:
9127:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9114:
9110:
9107:
9104:
9101:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9085:
9081:
9077:
9073:
9068:
9064:
9060:
9056:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9038:
9034:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9007:
9003:
8999:
8995:
8990:
8975:
8971:
8967:
8963:
8959:
8952:
8947:
8943:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8925:
8921:
8916:
8913:
8909:
8908:
8903:
8899:
8898:
8894:
8893:
8888:
8882:
8878:
8877:
8872:
8871:Pickett, Kate
8868:
8864:
8860:
8854:
8850:
8846:
8842:
8838:
8832:
8828:
8824:
8820:
8816:
8810:
8806:
8805:
8800:
8796:
8792:
8786:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8764:
8760:
8757:. Princeton:
8756:
8752:
8748:
8744:
8738:
8734:
8729:
8726:
8722:
8718:
8714:
8713:
8708:
8704:
8698:
8694:
8689:
8685:
8679:
8675:
8670:
8666:
8660:
8657:. Routledge.
8656:
8655:
8649:
8645:
8639:
8635:
8634:
8628:
8624:
8618:
8614:
8609:
8605:
8599:
8595:
8591:
8587:
8583:
8579:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8561:
8557:
8553:
8551:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8538:
8533:
8530:
8526:
8520:
8516:
8512:
8508:
8504:
8500:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8481:
8475:
8474:
8470:
8469:
8457:
8451:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8433:
8418:
8414:
8407:
8400:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8372:
8366:
8357:
8350:
8342:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8322:
8315:
8307:
8300:
8298:
8282:
8278:
8272:
8266:
8262:
8258:
8254:
8250:
8246:
8242:
8236:
8228:
8224:
8218:
8203:
8199:
8193:
8187:
8183:
8182:
8176:
8169:
8168:The Guardian.
8165:
8159:
8152:
8150:
8145:
8141:
8136:
8128:
8124:
8123:New Statesman
8120:
8118:
8109:
8101:
8100:
8092:
8077:
8073:
8066:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8044:
8040:
8033:
8025:
8019:
8015:
8014:
8009:
8003:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7981:
7977:
7976:
7968:
7961:
7957:
7951:
7943:
7937:
7933:
7926:
7910:
7906:
7903:Oldrich Kyn.
7899:
7891:
7885:
7882:. Routledge.
7881:
7877:
7871:
7864:
7858:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7826:
7822:
7815:
7807:
7803:
7796:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7757:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7734:
7725:
7720:
7717:(1): 93β113.
7716:
7712:
7708:
7701:
7692:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7675:
7668:
7660:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7629:
7622:
7616:
7601:
7597:
7590:
7583:
7582:archive.today
7579:
7576:
7571:
7564:
7560:
7555:
7540:
7536:
7530:
7515:
7514:Economix Blog
7511:
7504:
7496:
7492:
7485:
7478:
7470:
7466:
7462:
7455:
7448:
7444:
7439:
7428:
7424:
7417:
7410:
7401:
7393:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7366:
7358:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7339:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7319:
7312:
7301:
7295:
7280:
7279:
7278:Common Dreams
7274:
7267:
7260:
7254:
7239:
7238:
7233:
7226:
7210:
7206:
7205:
7200:
7193:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7158:
7156:
7147:
7143:
7137:
7135:
7123:September 23,
7118:
7114:
7110:
7104:
7096:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7081:
7076:
7070:
7062:
7058:
7053:
7052:1721.1/118645
7048:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7025:
7023:
7006:
7002:
7001:
7000:Boston Review
6996:
6989:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6961:
6953:
6952:
6951:The Economist
6947:
6941:
6934:
6932:
6927:
6921:
6914:
6912:
6907:
6903:
6898:
6891:
6887:
6881:
6874:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6854:
6848:
6837:
6830:
6823:
6822:
6815:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6780:
6772:
6766:
6762:
6759:. Princeton:
6758:
6757:
6752:
6746:
6731:
6727:
6720:
6705:
6704:
6699:
6692:
6690:
6674:
6670:
6663:
6648:
6644:
6637:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6614:
6606:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6573:
6564:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6540:
6531:
6530:10.3982/QE694
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6507:
6499:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6467:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6424:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6381:
6374:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6350:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6300:
6298:
6289:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6240:
6225:
6221:
6215:
6207:
6203:
6197:
6182:
6178:
6171:
6156:
6152:
6145:
6130:
6126:
6119:
6108:September 22,
6104:
6103:
6098:
6094:
6093:Harvey, Fiona
6088:
6073:
6069:
6062:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6038:
6036:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6012:
6005:
5999:
5992:
5991:
5984:
5977:
5971:
5962:
5956:
5950:
5942:
5936:
5932:
5925:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5886:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5843:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5808:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5755:
5747:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5722:
5715:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5689:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5636:
5628:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5595:
5593:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5549:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5481:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5444:Social Forces
5438:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5407:
5399:
5395:
5388:
5380:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5347:PLOS Medicine
5344:
5337:
5329:
5325:
5318:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5269:
5261:
5254:
5245:
5237:
5231:
5222:
5221:10.3386/w3788
5217:
5210:
5208:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5164:
5156:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5067:
5060:
5045:
5041:
5034:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4979:
4973:
4969:
4962:
4946:
4942:
4935:
4927:
4926:
4925:The Economist
4918:
4910:
4906:
4900:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4826:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4743:
4739:
4732:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4691:
4687:
4680:
4665:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4631:
4629:
4624:
4618:
4611:
4605:
4597:
4590:
4588:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4548:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4499:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4450:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4405:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4354:
4347:
4342:
4333:
4329:
4322:
4307:
4303:
4296:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4239:
4237:
4228:
4226:9780393088694
4222:
4218:
4217:
4209:
4207:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4137:Belknap Press
4135:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4084:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4024:
4023:
4016:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3971:
3965:
3950:
3949:
3944:
3937:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3909:
3893:
3886:
3871:
3870:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3845:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3634:September 30,
3630:
3629:
3624:
3617:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3537:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3495:
3494:
3493:The Economist
3489:
3483:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3455:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3401:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3313:
3304:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3243:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3215:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3126:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3072:
3070:9789264111639
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3045:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2930:
2921:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2894:
2892:
2883:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2856:
2854:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2822:(1): 93β123.
2821:
2817:
2810:
2802:
2796:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2755:
2753:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2709:
2707:
2691:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2672:
2670:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2623:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2604:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2580:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2268:
2265:
2255:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2244:neoliberalism
2239:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2206:social unrest
2203:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2144:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2111:welfare state
2108:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2091:Robert Nozick
2087:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1820:incarceration
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1686:tax incidence
1684:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:The Economist
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1652:Jeffrey Sachs
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:Emmanuel Saez
1636:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:Market forces
1511:
1508:
1505:
1496:
1487:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:According to
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1368:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1340:
1326:
1324:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1245:Simon Kuznets
1240:
1239:Kuznets curve
1231:
1222:
1219:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1186:Latin America
1183:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1096:Thomas Sowell
1093:
1089:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1007:Globalization
1001:Globalization
998:
995:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
967:
963:
957:
953:
943:
941:
936:
934:
930:
925:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
899:
895:
891:
881:
879:
873:
871:
860:
856:
848:
839:
833:
823:
813:
811:
807:
803:
798:
794:
790:
781:
776:
771:
767:
757:
753:
751:
747:
743:
737:
733:
729:
725:
718:Labour market
715:
712:
709:
705:
700:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
651:
641:
637:
634:
631:
627:
619:
614:
609:
605:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
567:
563:
553:
551:
547:
543:
542:Emmanuel Saez
539:
535:
534:Lucas Chancel
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
509:
504:
502:
497:
493:
487:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
463:
461:
460:Census Bureau
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:
430:
427:According to
416:
404:
390:
388:
383:
379:
375:
373:
371:
366:
355:
348:
336:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
285:
281:
277:
273:
270:
267:
266:
265:
259:
256:
252:
249:
245:
244:
243:
241:
234:
230:
220:
217:
212:
211:human capital
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
176:
172:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:umbrella term
119:
109:
102:
94:
87:
70:
65:
57:
52:
44:
40:
36:
35:Rich and Poor
29:
22:
10730:
10724:
10716:
10703:
10689:
10681:
10617:Philanthropy
10599:
10398:
10324:Distribution
10301:Robber baron
10210:Veblen goods
10205:Luxury goods
10194:
10185:
10111:
10024:
10020:
9984:
9980:
9948:
9944:
9920:
9916:
9895:(1): 60β80.
9892:
9888:
9861:
9857:
9826:
9822:
9807:the original
9794:
9790:
9758:
9754:
9732:(1): 59β83.
9729:
9725:
9717:
9713:
9683:
9679:
9648:
9644:
9623:
9619:
9545:
9539:
9503:(1): 65β94.
9500:
9496:
9464:
9446:
9442:
9417:
9413:
9395:
9386:
9356:
9352:
9324:
9320:
9283:
9279:
9254:
9250:
9233:
9229:
9196:
9190:
9178:
9143:(1): 35β52.
9140:
9136:
9128:
9123:
9117:Ashley Mears
9105:
9102:
9075:
9071:
9036:
9032:
8997:
8993:
8981:. Retrieved
8974:the original
8961:
8957:
8923:
8919:
8911:
8905:
8875:
8848:
8826:
8823:Sen, Amartya
8803:
8799:Sen, Amartya
8780:
8754:
8732:
8711:
8692:
8673:
8653:
8632:
8612:
8593:
8563:
8535:
8514:
8479:
8441:
8432:
8420:. Retrieved
8416:
8406:
8388:
8371:
8349:
8324:
8320:
8314:
8305:
8286:November 26,
8284:. Retrieved
8280:
8271:
8256:
8252:
8251:(p. 84) und
8248:
8244:
8235:
8227:the original
8217:
8205:. Retrieved
8201:
8192:
8179:
8175:
8167:
8158:
8147:
8140:John Nichols
8135:
8127:the original
8122:
8116:
8108:
8098:
8091:
8079:. Retrieved
8075:
8065:
8038:
8032:
8012:
8002:
7974:
7967:
7950:
7931:
7925:
7915:November 30,
7913:. Retrieved
7909:the original
7898:
7879:
7870:
7862:
7857:
7824:
7820:
7814:
7805:
7801:
7795:
7770:
7766:
7756:
7747:
7743:
7733:
7714:
7710:
7700:
7681:
7677:
7667:
7642:
7638:
7628:
7615:
7603:. Retrieved
7599:
7589:
7570:
7562:
7554:
7542:. Retrieved
7538:
7529:
7517:. Retrieved
7513:
7503:
7494:
7490:
7477:
7460:
7454:
7438:
7427:the original
7422:
7409:
7400:
7375:
7371:
7365:
7348:
7344:
7338:
7321:
7317:
7311:
7294:
7282:. Retrieved
7276:
7266:
7258:
7253:
7243:December 18,
7241:. Retrieved
7235:
7225:
7215:December 18,
7213:. Retrieved
7209:the original
7202:
7192:
7167:
7163:
7145:
7121:. Retrieved
7117:the original
7112:
7103:
7079:
7069:
7034:
7030:
7009:. Retrieved
7005:the original
6998:
6988:
6976:. Retrieved
6970:
6960:
6949:
6940:
6931:Mother Jones
6929:
6920:
6909:
6902:Nader, Ralph
6897:
6889:
6880:
6869:
6861:
6829:
6819:
6814:
6789:
6785:
6779:
6755:
6745:
6733:. Retrieved
6729:
6719:
6707:. Retrieved
6701:
6676:. Retrieved
6672:
6662:
6650:. Retrieved
6646:
6636:
6619:
6613:
6589:(2): 51β77.
6586:
6582:
6572:
6553:
6549:
6539:
6520:
6516:
6506:
6479:
6475:
6466:
6433:
6429:
6423:
6407:10419/160937
6390:
6386:
6373:
6360:
6314:
6310:
6256:(1): 10329.
6253:
6249:
6239:
6227:. Retrieved
6224:unsdg.un.org
6223:
6214:
6205:
6196:
6184:. Retrieved
6181:The Guardian
6180:
6170:
6158:. Retrieved
6154:
6144:
6134:December 11,
6132:. Retrieved
6128:
6118:
6106:. Retrieved
6102:The Guardian
6100:
6087:
6075:. Retrieved
6071:
6061:
6047:
6021:
6011:
6003:
5998:
5988:
5983:
5975:
5970:
5961:
5954:
5949:
5930:
5924:
5899:
5895:
5885:
5852:
5848:
5842:
5817:
5813:
5807:
5767:: S84βS110.
5764:
5760:
5754:
5727:
5721:
5695:
5688:
5663:10419/150324
5645:
5641:
5635:
5608:
5604:
5558:
5554:
5548:
5536:. Retrieved
5532:
5523:
5490:
5486:
5480:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5425:. Retrieved
5421:the original
5416:
5406:
5397:
5387:
5350:
5346:
5336:
5327:
5317:
5274:
5268:
5253:
5244:
5235:
5230:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5136:
5098:
5094:
5084:
5074:February 21,
5072:. Retrieved
5059:
5047:. Retrieved
5043:
5033:
5025:the original
5020:
5011:
4995:
4986:
4967:
4961:
4949:. Retrieved
4944:
4934:
4923:
4917:
4908:
4899:
4874:
4871:Econometrica
4870:
4860:
4835:
4831:
4825:
4813:. Retrieved
4809:
4799:
4772:
4768:
4758:
4748:November 17,
4746:. Retrieved
4741:
4731:
4721:November 17,
4719:. Retrieved
4715:
4705:
4695:November 17,
4693:. Retrieved
4689:
4679:
4667:. Retrieved
4663:
4653:
4645:
4637:
4626:
4617:
4604:
4595:
4561:
4557:
4547:
4535:. Retrieved
4528:the original
4514:
4502:. Retrieved
4498:the original
4487:
4457:
4448:
4444:
4431:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4379:
4375:
4365:
4353:
4341:
4330:. CBS News.
4321:
4309:. Retrieved
4305:
4295:
4252:
4248:
4215:
4193:. Retrieved
4188:
4178:
4166:. Retrieved
4162:
4152:
4130:
4122:
4097:
4093:
4083:
4074:
4065:
4048:
4044:
4031:
4021:
4015:
4003:. Retrieved
3999:the original
3994:
3985:
3973:. Retrieved
3964:
3952:. Retrieved
3948:The Guardian
3946:
3936:
3924:. Retrieved
3918:
3908:
3898:November 13,
3896:. Retrieved
3885:
3873:. Retrieved
3867:
3857:
3844:
3828:
3818:September 6,
3816:. Retrieved
3811:
3802:
3789:
3783:
3756:
3752:
3742:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3690:The Guardian
3688:
3679:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3632:. Retrieved
3626:
3616:
3604:. Retrieved
3601:The Guardian
3600:
3590:
3578:. Retrieved
3575:The Guardian
3574:
3564:
3554:November 10,
3552:. Retrieved
3546:
3536:
3524:. Retrieved
3521:The Guardian
3520:
3510:
3498:. Retrieved
3491:
3482:
3470:. Retrieved
3464:
3454:
3442:. Retrieved
3438:
3428:
3416:. Retrieved
3410:
3400:
3388:. Retrieved
3384:the original
3379:
3366:
3354:. Retrieved
3348:
3335:
3323:. Retrieved
3317:
3311:
3303:
3293:September 6,
3291:. Retrieved
3282:
3258:. Retrieved
3254:The Guardian
3252:
3242:
3230:. Retrieved
3224:
3214:
3204:February 14,
3202:. Retrieved
3196:
3186:
3178:
3163:
3151:. Retrieved
3147:the original
3142:
3133:
3106:
3076:December 16,
3074:. Retrieved
3019:
3012:
2985:
2981:
2941:
2937:
2900:
2862:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2795:
2768:
2764:
2718:
2714:
2693:. Retrieved
2678:
2656:. Retrieved
2652:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2579:
2560:
2550:
2541:
2531:
2519:. Retrieved
2515:
2459:Rent-seeking
2401:
2274:
2261:
2251:gender roles
2248:
2241:
2226:
2195:
2171:
2164:
2161:Pope Francis
2159:
2147:
2140:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2099:
2089:
2084:
2067:libertarians
2060:
2049:Most modern
2048:
2035:David Landes
2028:
2012:
2006:
1980:
1957:
1949:Perspectives
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1891:
1877:
1863:
1838:Kate Pickett
1830:Social goods
1829:
1800:Kate Pickett
1791:
1786:
1768:
1736:
1734:
1730:rent-seeking
1680:
1676:rent-seeking
1673:
1665:
1664:
1637:
1634:
1600:
1579:
1551:
1530:
1512:
1504:left-leaning
1501:
1484:
1472:
1467:
1447:
1439:Jayati Ghosh
1428:
1400:
1396:Global South
1385:
1383:
1354:(developing)
1321:
1312:rent-seeking
1305:
1302:Rent-seeking
1296:Rent seeking
1287:
1286:in his book
1272:
1242:
1218:caste system
1214:
1198:
1189:
1171:
1167:
1158:global South
1155:
1151:
1134:
1099:
1092:labor market
1085:
1046:Jason Hickel
1043:
1028:
1026:
991:
982:
978:
974:
970:
959:
937:
926:
901:
894:Deregulation
874:
866:
786:
779:
754:
739:
701:
697:
678:rather than
663:
659:
653:
638:
635:
623:
569:
527:
522:
521:published a
511:
506:
488:
472:
464:
432:
426:
376:
369:
362:
316:South Africa
289:
263:
236:
223:Measurements
192:
171:Historically
169:
143:
117:
116:
39:
10683:Das Kapital
10552:by category
10274:Millionaire
10240:Billionaire
10198:(old money)
10195:Vieux riche
10189:(new money)
10180:Upper class
9829:(1): 1β41.
9113:Shamus Khan
9078:(1): 5β32.
9015:11375/22293
8417:www.nyu.edu
8281:www.apa.org
8255:(p. 87) in
8202:fr.pons.com
8008:Rawls, John
7447:Oswald 2003
7170:: 316β326.
6652:January 16,
6353:Charted in
6160:November 8,
5611:(3): 3β30.
5427:December 9,
4051:(2): 3β28.
3975:December 8,
3954:December 8,
3926:December 8,
3875:October 30,
3712:(1): 9β12.
3606:November 5,
3580:October 27,
3526:November 9,
3260:January 15,
2944:: 386β400.
2341:Donor Class
2321:Aporophobia
2278:libertarian
2186:monopolized
2182:labor force
2143:meritocracy
2130:Tyler Cowen
2030:Meritocracy
2025:Meritocracy
1683:progressive
1648:Ralph Nader
1554:Black Death
1507:legislature
1390:found that
1346:(developed)
1265:Billionaire
1249:development
1221:elsewhere.
857:during the
708:free market
676:consumption
576:liabilities
324:urban-rural
247:inequality.
138:consumption
10772:Categories
10755:by country
10704:Superclass
10349:Management
10159:Plutocracy
10027:: 108789.
9608:Historical
9555:1807.11477
9327:(1): 1β9.
9108:(6): 1β15.
8596:. Polity.
8550:0674504763
8422:August 20,
8117:brute luck
8048:0198245092
7994:1120103788
7497:: 140β141.
7284:August 21,
6303:Data from
5493:(2): 349.
5301:1111653987
4909:SOF/Heyman
4669:August 20,
4537:October 1,
4504:January 8,
4480:Ivy League
4262:2201.10726
4195:August 20,
4168:August 20,
4145:067443000X
3500:August 24,
3472:August 24,
3418:August 11,
3390:August 11,
3356:August 11,
3325:August 11,
3319:PolitiFact
2988:(4): 147.
2695:August 19,
2496:References
2128:Economist
2107:capitalism
2098:argued in
2096:John Rawls
2019:alienation
1990:wage labor
1959:Socialists
1630:wealth gap
1622:Wage ratio
1533:government
1471:argues in
1435:Ajay Banga
1306:Economist
1243:Economist
1114:Azerbaijan
994:automation
988:Automation
946:Technology
933:neoliberal
908:regulation
810:Gini index
766:Income tax
740:In modern
728:Capitalism
711:capitalism
702:Economist
688:experience
630:Gini index
618:Gini index
455:gilded age
447:Bill Gates
443:Jeff Bezos
429:PolitiFact
195:revolution
28:Inequality
10588:Affluenza
10479:Charities
10344:Inherited
10339:Geography
10294:Ukrainian
10164:Plutonomy
10154:Overclass
10149:Oligarchy
10043:0165-1765
9866:CiteSeerX
9831:CiteSeerX
9775:154988112
9720:: 101592.
9688:CiteSeerX
9653:CiteSeerX
9600:216144890
9361:CiteSeerX
9341:151979382
9308:154630590
9280:Challenge
9221:237727224
9145:CiteSeerX
9041:CiteSeerX
8928:CiteSeerX
8568:MIT Press
8562:(2003) .
8247:(p. 63),
8057:476228713
7849:233845379
7841:0034-4893
7787:0176-2680
7773:: 56β79.
7750:: 78β169.
7605:March 27,
7544:April 30,
7519:April 30,
7392:155852321
7351:: 60β74.
7061:154662416
6806:189918945
6735:March 30,
6678:March 30,
6647:VoxEU.org
6484:CiteSeerX
6458:144270746
5908:0003-1224
5869:1548-8004
5834:0738-0593
5799:154317227
5791:0034-6586
5672:1556-5068
5627:0895-3309
5583:143814091
5575:1476-3435
5507:0094-3061
5464:0037-7732
5309:211349002
5198:153939481
5190:0022-3808
5115:153681101
4891:0012-9682
4852:0033-5533
4815:April 30,
4810:The Verge
4791:1752-1378
4648:May 2016.
4578:1942-0617
4311:April 21,
4287:246285783
4279:0577-5132
4249:Challenge
4114:0360-0572
3775:157907204
3283:WID.world
3232:August 3,
3143:MSN Money
3004:2076-0760
2844:154993058
2787:0020-8183
2743:235574406
2735:0360-0572
2474:Tax haven
2444:Precariat
2222:happiness
2055:Keynesian
1878:Happiness
1812:homicides
1562:total war
1269:Oligarchy
1205:Apartheid
822:Education
816:Education
656:economics
528:The 2022
308:Indonesia
292:Argentina
10750:Category
10364:Religion
10354:National
10329:Dynastic
10284:Business
10279:Oligarch
10267:Business
10089:Concepts
10080:Extreme
9746:33000439
9592:33310855
9434:25098796
9300:27896630
9213:35536556
9119:(2018).
9024:25193859
8895:Articles
8873:(2009).
8847:(2005).
8801:(1999).
8779:(2006).
8753:(2017).
8592:(2005).
8534:(2015).
8513:(2000).
8440:(2019).
8341:18178004
8207:June 18,
8081:July 26,
8010:(2005).
7878:(1996).
7808:: 56β79.
7659:51838517
7578:Archived
7469:42454429
7184:25577953
7077:(2015).
7011:April 6,
6978:April 6,
6847:cite web
6753:(2017).
6709:April 7,
6605:40376250
6450:25472438
6365:Archived
6349:35915342
6288:37365245
6279:10293260
6229:June 27,
6186:July 19,
6052:Archived
6026:Archived
5877:13341683
5680:55109224
5472:16514651
5379:20351772
5000:Archived
4951:June 18,
4664:The Hill
4471:Archived
4451:: 13β30.
4332:Archived
4129:(2014).
3726:26162108
3671:51753883
3444:July 22,
3287:Archived
3171:Archived
3153:July 24,
2588:Archived
2521:July 23,
2304:See also
1967:unearned
1908:Poverty:
1896:homicide
1714:Medicaid
1710:Medicare
1531:Typical
1464:Politics
1405:and the
1175:mobility
878:numeracy
838:Ivy-Plus
797:tax rate
216:pensions
59:income).
10649:Sayings
10572:Related
10289:Russian
10262:Magnate
9989:Bibcode
9965:2598128
9583:7732181
9560:Bibcode
9527:1884513
9393:(ed.),
9271:2296292
9167:2297811
9092:2089406
9063:2937943
8983:May 12,
7962:(2018).
7960:3253666
6628:2566842
6340:9352590
6319:Bibcode
6258:Bibcode
6077:June 5,
6048:iea.org
5916:2657333
5538:July 5,
5515:2654395
5370:2843596
5262:. NCRC.
5238:. 2010.
4396:2118470
3894:. Oxfam
3869:Reuters
3812:UN News
3734:2013655
2292:or the
1902:Welfare
1858:patents
1804:obesity
1777:Effects
1698:welfare
1110:Georgia
1106:Armenia
916:liberal
783:Zucman.
732:Marxism
503:(IMF):
477:of the
254:before.
10725:Wealth
10690:Plutus
10399:Forbes
10390:People
10334:Effect
10311:Wealth
10233:People
10082:wealth
10041:
9963:
9868:
9833:
9773:
9744:
9690:
9655:
9598:
9590:
9580:
9525:
9480:
9432:
9405:302702
9403:
9389:", in
9363:
9339:
9306:
9298:
9269:
9219:
9211:
9165:
9147:
9090:
9061:
9043:
9022:
8930:
8883:
8855:
8833:
8811:
8787:
8765:
8739:
8723:
8699:
8680:
8661:
8640:
8619:
8600:
8574:
8548:
8521:
8495:
8452:
8446:Polity
8395:
8339:
8263:
8055:
8045:
8020:
7992:
7982:
7958:
7938:
7886:
7847:
7839:
7785:
7657:
7467:
7390:
7182:
7091:
7083:. US:
7059:
6824:, 2011
6804:
6767:
6626:
6603:
6486:
6456:
6448:
6415:873271
6413:
6347:
6337:
6311:Nature
6286:
6276:
5937:
5914:
5906:
5875:
5867:
5832:
5797:
5789:
5742:
5710:
5678:
5670:
5625:
5581:
5573:
5513:
5505:
5470:
5462:
5377:
5367:
5307:
5299:
5289:
5196:
5188:
5151:
5113:
5049:May 3,
5021:Forbes
4974:
4889:
4850:
4789:
4612:" CEPR
4576:
4394:
4285:
4277:
4223:
4147:p. 571
4143:
4112:
4005:May 8,
3773:
3732:
3724:
3669:
3121:
3067:
3031:
3002:
2916:
2878:
2842:
2834:
2785:
2741:
2733:
2686:
2658:May 9,
2618:
2288:, the
2284:, the
1792:Health
1712:, and
1700:, the
1608:, and
1606:evaded
1568:, the
1450:UNCTAD
1279:invest
1275:wealth
1267:, and
1195:Africa
1179:racism
1112:, and
1064:Gender
896:, and
734:, and
684:wealth
680:income
658:, the
572:wealth
564:, and
544:, and
314:, and
312:Russia
296:Brazil
282:, and
276:France
163:, and
157:equity
120:is an
69:wealth
10675:Media
10510:Other
10382:Lists
10359:Paper
10255:UHNWI
10144:Elite
9977:(PDF)
9961:JSTOR
9941:(PDF)
9913:(PDF)
9810:(PDF)
9787:(PDF)
9771:S2CID
9742:S2CID
9596:S2CID
9550:arXiv
9523:JSTOR
9430:JSTOR
9337:S2CID
9304:S2CID
9296:JSTOR
9267:JSTOR
9217:S2CID
9163:JSTOR
9088:S2CID
9059:JSTOR
9020:JSTOR
8977:(PDF)
8954:(PDF)
8471:Books
8359:(PDF)
8337:S2CID
7845:S2CID
7655:S2CID
7487:(PDF)
7430:(PDF)
7419:(PDF)
7388:S2CID
7303:(PDF)
7057:S2CID
6839:(PDF)
6802:S2CID
6601:JSTOR
6454:S2CID
6446:JSTOR
6411:S2CID
6383:(PDF)
5912:JSTOR
5873:S2CID
5795:S2CID
5676:S2CID
5579:S2CID
5511:JSTOR
5468:S2CID
5305:S2CID
5194:S2CID
5111:S2CID
5069:(PDF)
4531:(PDF)
4524:(PDF)
4474:(PDF)
4467:(PDF)
4441:(PDF)
4392:JSTOR
4283:S2CID
4257:arXiv
4041:(PDF)
3771:S2CID
3730:S2CID
3667:S2CID
3466:Salon
2840:S2CID
2832:JSTOR
2739:S2CID
1892:Crime
1868:trust
1403:Oxfam
760:Taxes
580:debts
519:Oxfam
378:Oxfam
370:three
304:India
300:China
284:Spain
280:Japan
10710:List
10039:ISSN
9588:PMID
9478:ISBN
9401:OCLC
9209:PMID
8985:2019
8881:ISBN
8853:ISBN
8831:ISBN
8809:ISBN
8785:ISBN
8763:ISBN
8737:ISBN
8721:ISBN
8697:ISBN
8678:ISBN
8659:ISBN
8638:ISBN
8617:ISBN
8598:ISBN
8572:ISBN
8546:ISBN
8519:ISBN
8493:ISBN
8450:ISBN
8424:2023
8393:ISBN
8363:Via
8288:2023
8261:ISBN
8209:2022
8083:2014
8053:OCLC
8043:ISBN
8018:ISBN
7990:OCLC
7980:ISBN
7956:SSRN
7936:ISBN
7917:2013
7884:ISBN
7837:ISSN
7783:ISSN
7607:2013
7546:2021
7521:2021
7465:OCLC
7286:2023
7245:2019
7217:2019
7180:PMID
7125:2020
7113:UNDP
7089:ISBN
7013:2013
6980:2013
6853:link
6765:ISBN
6737:2017
6711:2017
6703:Vice
6680:2017
6654:2017
6624:SSRN
6345:PMID
6284:PMID
6231:2024
6188:2023
6162:2022
6155:CNBC
6136:2020
6110:2020
6079:2019
5935:ISBN
5904:ISSN
5865:ISSN
5830:ISSN
5787:ISSN
5740:ISBN
5708:ISBN
5668:ISSN
5623:ISSN
5571:ISSN
5540:2024
5503:ISSN
5460:ISSN
5429:2020
5398:WYSO
5375:PMID
5297:OCLC
5287:ISBN
5186:ISSN
5149:ISBN
5076:2017
5051:2010
4991:OECD
4972:ISBN
4953:2022
4887:ISSN
4848:ISSN
4817:2021
4787:ISSN
4750:2017
4723:2017
4697:2017
4671:2023
4574:ISSN
4539:2012
4506:2014
4313:2022
4275:ISSN
4221:ISBN
4197:2023
4170:2023
4141:ISBN
4110:ISSN
4007:2017
3977:2021
3956:2021
3928:2021
3900:2018
3877:2017
3837:OECD
3820:2020
3722:PMID
3636:2019
3608:2018
3582:2017
3556:2017
3548:Vice
3528:2017
3502:2014
3474:2014
3446:2014
3420:2013
3392:2013
3358:2013
3327:2013
3312:True
3295:2023
3262:2024
3234:2022
3206:2021
3198:CNBC
3155:2010
3119:ISBN
3078:2011
3065:ISBN
3029:ISBN
3000:ISSN
2914:ISBN
2876:ISBN
2783:ISSN
2731:ISSN
2697:2017
2684:ISBN
2660:2022
2616:ISBN
2523:2020
2065:and
1914:Debt
1836:and
1798:and
1642:and
1626:OECD
1612:and
1454:SDGs
1412:UNEP
1387:PNAS
1211:Asia
1125:Race
1082:2015
1080:OECD
1058:debt
1009:and
954:and
768:and
606:and
570:The
449:and
231:and
209:and
207:land
10369:Tax
10029:doi
10025:186
9997:doi
9985:107
9953:doi
9925:doi
9897:doi
9876:doi
9841:doi
9827:118
9799:doi
9763:doi
9734:doi
9712:".
9698:doi
9663:doi
9628:doi
9578:PMC
9568:doi
9513:hdl
9505:doi
9470:doi
9451:doi
9422:doi
9418:121
9371:doi
9329:doi
9288:doi
9259:doi
9238:doi
9201:doi
9177:".
9155:doi
9080:doi
9051:doi
9037:106
9010:hdl
9002:doi
8966:doi
8938:doi
8485:doi
8329:doi
7829:doi
7775:doi
7719:doi
7686:doi
7647:doi
7449:, .
7380:doi
7353:doi
7326:doi
7237:BBC
7172:doi
7168:128
7047:hdl
7039:doi
7035:125
6794:doi
6591:doi
6558:doi
6525:doi
6494:doi
6438:doi
6403:hdl
6395:doi
6335:PMC
6327:doi
6315:608
6274:PMC
6266:doi
6129:BBC
6072:BBC
5857:doi
5822:doi
5777:hdl
5769:doi
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